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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculie 

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Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


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D 


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Bound  with  other  material/ 
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Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
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Additional  comments:/ 
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L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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Th 

PC 
of 
fill 


Or 
be 
th( 
sic 
oti 
fir 
sic 
or 


Th 
sh 
Til 
w» 

Mi 
dif 
en' 
bei 
rig 
rec 
me 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


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16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exempiaire  film4  f ut  reproduit  grftce  d  la 
g6n6rosit4  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

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filmage. 

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par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimAs  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  mirrofiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  6tre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  ciichd,  il  est  fiimi  i  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I 


THE    WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOAVE  BANCROFT. 


I 


J'ljj-:  woiiKs 


ov 


JRJJIERT  JIOWE  BANOROFT. 


^oLTTAn-:  xTir. 


JIISTOIJV  OK    MKXICo 


^'"i"    N.      isiM    |s,|| 


«A\  FKAXCISCO- 
A.  L.  JiAXCH„KT  .t  COMPAXV,   VVHUsUKHs. 

3885. 


Krilcrcil  arnnding  to  Act 


(if  ('. 


'■«1      ill      till'      Vl'lll-      iKV..     l,y 


HUHKKT  H.  HAXriJOlT, 


111  tlic  itMi,-,.  ,,r  11,,.  |,ii„,irl„ii  „f 


roiifri',  —  .  al   \Va»lii 


•■1//  fHi/fils  Ih^rrnd. 


CONTEMNS  OF  TIILS  VOLUME. 


I'AUB 


CHAPTKll  f. 

Ki:n  r.i.icAN  ouiiAMZATiu.v, 

18-23- 18-.»-t. 

I 
iViiioralizcd  Condition  cif  tho  Army — A  T>;i<l  Prpceilent— The  Xow  O  tv- 
crniiiciit  -(^Ningit'ssidiwil  Ai^t.s  — Tlio  TiiuiiiviraU' — Funi'^ii  Ld.nn  ami 
l''iniinci;il  Mvasnies — Xaiioniil  Ciiat  of  Aims  and  i'lau'  1m  ili  ralists 
and  tViitralists — Their  I'lfsa  Or^'ans  -I'oliiical  'I'ruulih's  -Hoiun's  to 
IkTiK'ti  (if  th(!  Indfpcndcnce  — .\.  Constltncnt  Congress  Installed^ 
Acta  Constitutiva-  rcdtral  Systcni  Adopted— ]li.'\<)hitii>ns  -  I.oltii- 
tii's  llcvdlt — I)i,stnrl>an«'s  in  .lalisco — Victoria  Kh-e'ti'd  I'n'.sidi'Ml  — 
Thi'  I '(institntion— Organization  of  States  and  Territories — I'nion  of 
CLiajwa  witli  Mexico  -Tlic  Federal  l)i.strict.  . .    I 


CITAPTEll   II. 

CONSTITl  TIONA[,   C'V KllNM KNT. 
1S-'J-1V_'!». 

Authovitios  Inaugnrnted — rresi<lent  N'icloria — Injtislico  to  his  Character 
—  L'oHtical  .Situation — Aiiniesty  for  i'olitieal  OHenders  — l''irst  Ordi- 
nary Congress — Arizpe's  Chaiaeter  ami  I'uhlio  Career— Oernis  of 
Fnturo  (.alaniity — Musonio  Lodges  and  Political  I'aities — I'oinsctt — 
Tin;  Press — Financial  'l'toiil)les  -l)istiirt)ances  in  Veia  Cruz — Novc- 
iiario.s — Plan  of  Montafio — liravo's  iieliellion  and  its  Sniipres>i(in — 
I'Ajiatriation  of  l$ravo  and  Ot'uis — Tiio  Yorkinos  'I  riiiniphant — 
Pie^idential  l'',leclioii  —  Inipareiales  versus  ( !uerrerists~-Sanla  Anna's 
IMuUinii--  l;e\,ilt  of  ].a  Aeordada  'ilu;  Parian  SaeUi'd  -Congri  s- 
sioiud  Arljdn — (iuerrero  Made  Pr.rident  — Knd  of  \'ietoria's  lUi!c  — 
iiis  Last  Lays  and  1  »eath '27 


CIIAPTJlll  ni. 

DOMESTIC   ASI>    liiUKKIV    I;  i;i.ATIo\S. 

1823-18-20. 

Ilocognition  hy  Foreign  Powers —Xegotiations  with  the  Pope— Treaties 
witli  I'niteil  States  — Poinsett's  I'ulilie  Career— Mis  Xntes  mi  Mexieo 
--Diplomatic  Pelalions  willi  (ireal    liritain  and   I'raue.-  'iVeulios 

IV) 


Ti  CON  TF,  NTS. 

with  Kuriipcan  Xiitiniis— Ilu'^tility  to  Spanini'ls — Ttoyal  Plan  of 
l{c<()ii(|iicst  Al'ilias'  I'lot  llxi'iutioiiH  ami  I>aiii.sliiiulit.s--K\iiiil- 
k'ikh  of  Spaniarils— Siege  ol'  San  .liiaii  do  L'liia  Tlii'  SpaiiiMii  ('diu- 
iiiaiiiliT  < 'a[iit  ilatoH-  Iic|iarturc  nf  tlic  S|iaiii>li  ( iaiii.<iin --('iiimiiii- 
tlore  l'<  itiT  ami  Naval  Opi  ratiuiiM-  'I'lio  Wai'  iSii^  (linrnro — 
Surit'iider  of  Sliiiis  on  tlic  Tucilic 4(» 

CHAPTER  IV. 

FOREIGN    AND    DOMES  IK!  Tltomi.F.fl. 

is-2,s-is:m. 

Spauisli  Scheme  nf  Rcconqiicst — Bnrradas'  Invasion — His  Defeat  and  Sur- 
rtmliT — KejcpiLing  in  Muxieo — Mimarciiical  Inlri;,'iies — Vicente  tiiicr- 
ren>  Seeonil  I'resiilent — His  Atlniinistration  Aliolition  of  Slavery 
— Kxti'aonliiiary  Powers  -Parly  Aniinn^ity — Uecall  of  Poin.sett  — 
Cliar'.'eH  ayainst  Ministers -Jlistory  of  Viieatan — Sece.-sion  of  Vnea- 
tan  — Uevoliiticin  of  Jalapa — Its  Kll'eets  in  Mexico — Provisional  (Jov- 
iinnient  -I'ustaniantc  as  the  Executive — (Jucrrero  l)ei)i)se(l — War 
in  the  South — Trtacliery  against  (iuerrero — His  Cajiture,  Tiial, 
anil  Kxecutiun — Ministers'  Imjieachnient — Honors  'm  (luerrero'a 
Memory 71 


CHAPTER  V. 

CONSEIiVATI VE   UlTLK. 

is:;i>-is;v_>. 

Djspotic  Moasnrcs — Coilallos'  Revolution — Yorkino  Opjiosition — Polit- 
eal  r.luaders — Institutions  Prostituted — Inchm's  All'uir— ImpcndiuL; 
Changes — Sanbi  Anna's  I'roniincianiiento — His  Defeat  at  'J'oloiiiu 
— Sieu'o  of  Vera  (,'ruz — Hs  Failure— Kevolutioiis  in  Tamaulijias — 
'J'eian's  Suicide — Santa  Anna's  lleformed  Plan — It  is  Seconded 
J'^lsuwJKM'e — P>attlc  of  Los  Carnielos — i-'all  of  San  Luis  Polosi  -Its 
Effects  in  Mexico — Acting  President  Mu/qui/. — IJustaniante's  \'ic- 
tory  in  tiuanajuato — Santa  Anna's  Success — Bustainante's  Defeats 
in  Puel)la — Armistice — Plans  of  Pacification — The  Kevolution  Tri- 
unipUaut 102 


CHAPTER  VI. 

^n\\  FEDERAL  SYSTEM    AND    US   OVEHTmuiW. 

isn'2-is.ir;. 

Ad.mini.sti'ation  of  (Jomcz  Pedraza-  His  Suhscijucnt  farcer,  Character, 
anil  l)cath — Biograjjliy  of  Gomez  Farias — His  Political  Principles 
i'.ud  Adniinisti'ation — Distiu-hauccH  in  Michoacan  Santa  Anna's 
Paradoxical  Action— Aristn's  liexolt  and  its  Suppi'cssion — I'irst 
Movements  iu    Favor  of    Centialism — Political   Defeat  of    Farias 


COXTKNTS. 


vil 


—  Saiitr»  Anna's  l'iiij,'niiiliy  ami  ClKinicter— I)i)\viir:in  of  tlic  WA- 
ei'iil  Sj.^tein  — S;uit;i  Auiiii  l>ictatci|-  l'i>litii'iil  Parties  ainl  <'<iiit(»l» 
— The  \fW  Coiiyiv88— L'ellt^ali^'lrl  1  uiui, 'united  -Tlie  New  ("oiiHtitii- 
tiiiiKil  Law  -Dissutibfuctioii — Attiini'ts  U)  Ueestublish  Fcileruliain.    l-.'i 

CHArTEll  VII. 

IKXW    INDEt'F.Nl>i:N<K;    M1XU'<)'S   (KNTU.VLIZEI>   (iOVKIf.  M  K.NT. 
ISIO-ISII. 

lyiuulaiy  Line— Amciienn  Aims— Long's  Invasions— Culoni/atioii  Plans 
— Colonies  Korin<'il  liy  Austiiiand  Otliers — Mexieo'tt  Lilieri;!  P.ilii'v  - 
Coahiiila  anil  'J'exas-  Stoiilien  V.  Austin's  Lnpiisonnient  Texas 
Sepai'ates  ficiii  (,'oaliuila  — Ilevoliilionary  Acts — Mexiean  Tr'>oi)s 
Assaileil  -  -San  Antonio  de  IVjar  'I'.ilien  ( 'ourse  of  the  United  States 
— Neutr.dity  N'ioiatud  -Anieiiean  Troojis  Livadc  Texas  I)eelaration 
of  IndeiieiuleiieiMiy  Texas — Texan  (iarrison  at  Alanio  Massiicred -- 
Kattli!  of  San  .laeinto,  and  its  Itosults-  President  Corro's  Adminis- 
tration— President  IJuctainante — Spain  Keeognizes  Mexican  Nation- 
ality—Financial Distress — Political  Troubles l.")l 

CHAPTEll  VIII. 

TIIK    1-ASrUY   WAK. 

ls:!S-is;«). 

Foreign  Rcclam.itions — French  Denianils— ITtimatiiin  and  Pdiukad.e — • 
Federalist  Agitation  —  Adndral  T'audin  Ainuars  on  the  Seene--( 'on- 
fereneo  at  Jalaiia  -The  Mexiean  ( iihraltar- -  liondianhiu'nt  and  Fall 
of  San  Juan  dc  Uli'ia — Mexico  Declares  War — Expulsion  of  I'reuili- 
nien — De.si'ont  on  Vera  Cruz — Santa  Anna  Poses  as  a  Hero  and 
Martyr — Critical  Condition  of  the  (Jovernnient — The  Ministry  of 
Three  Days — Santa  Anna  Called  to  Assi-t  lUistainante  -lai;_disli 
Mediation — Arrangement  witii  IJaudin — Disappointing  l!e;iult  of 
the  French  Expedition ISG 


CIIAPTEIl   IX. 

FKKEKAI.Isr   A( STATION-. 
IS:lS-IS40. 

Chcektd  in  the  West,  the  Federalist'^  llise  in  the  East — Tampico  TaUea' 
the  Lead — The  ^lovement  Spreads  from  Tuxpau  to  the  Uio  (Irando 
del  Norte — Dilatory  Action  of  liuslaniante  —Santa  Anna  Fiunirisas 
Ilefonner — His  I'hiergy  Saves  the  Cove'rnment — Defeat  and  Jv\ecu- 
tion  of  Mejia — Tampico  and  Tuxpau  Capitulate— Ikistamantu  lle- 
sumes  the  Presidency — ^'ncatan  Secedes  from  the  liepuhlie — Itevo- 
lution  in  Tabasco — Urrea's  Pronunciamiento  at  Mexico — IJomliaid- 
nicut  of  the  Palace — Failure  of  the  Outbrouk— A  Monarchical  Breeze.  "200 


Vlll 


rO\TK\T><. 


ClIAPTKlt    X. 

BA.SKS     (IF     T\(IIIAV.\. 
1S41    \S\-2. 


PAOB 


More  Taxes  ainl  ]a'm  lloform — I'mcdc^*  rronounccs  nt  fiimdalajara — Va- 
lencia Si'OoikU  linn  at  the  Capital — Santa  Anna  Sti'iis  Forward  to 
A--iiinie  tlic  Lcadorsliip — llasoH  of  Taculiaya  — Kidcralist  CiamttT- 
lironuncianiicntd  liy  the  rresidont  -Mi^xici)  aL;ain  llL'r<i,';_'iMl  -linsta- 
nianti!  IJc.-iiv'ns— Ilia  (.'iiarautcr  anil  iJnle — Santa  Aaii;i  Vaults  into 
tlic  L'luiir  Small  (^'onct's^siiins  to  Cover  Lar;,'i!  Kncroailiiiicnts  and 
Aliusi'H  -Viicataii  Defeats  the  Centralist  'rrodjis  and  Olttains  I'raeti- 
cal  Aiitciiioniy — Sentniaiiat's  Invasion  of  'I'aliasuo — ^lovenientH  alonj{ 
tho  Texan  liorder — Claims  of  the  I'liited  States  and  (Irowin-,'  IJitter- 
uesa '220 


CHAPTini  XT. 

l.NTUUa'KS,     MISUULE,     AM)    (iVKIiTIinoW    OV    SANTA    ANNA. 

1S4J-I(S4,-.. 
A  Prospcetivo  Liberal  Con.Htitution— Santa  Anna  Witiiclraws  liehind  tiio 
Anas — lnti'ij,'ues  aiiainnt  ('loit^ress — Tiit!  Chamlier.s  I'nreilily  l»is- 
solved — Installation  of  the  .liinta  do  Xotaliles— Xew  Or^^'imic  liases 
—  Kiuther  Political  JiigLdini^-A  hiininiy  President  -Uerleetion  of 
Santa  Anna — Ilis  Ridiculous  \'anity  and  Peculiar  Muilcdf  Life — Ad- 
iniiiistrativo  Corruption  and  Abuse — Paredea  ai^'aiu  Pi'oiiounce.s  at 
(iuadalajara — Santa  Anna  Promptly  Takes  the  ]''ield  -Tiu:  Hall  of 
Congress  Closed — The  Capital  .loins  tiie  S[ire.idiiiL;  M(jvement  — 
Ilerrera  Proclaimed  President — Dluster  and  Vacillation  of  Santa 
Anna — His  Flight,  Capture,  Impeachment,  and  ]'',xile — Kllorts  at 
Reform  Hampered  by  Factions 2.i2 

CHAPTER  XII. 

POLITICAL    CO^IMOTIONS. 

LS4J-KS47. 
Jose  Joaquin  do  Ilerrera  as  Constitutional  President — Opposition  to  his 
Policy  on  the  Texan  Question — Preparations  for  War — Archbishop 
Posada's  Course — Plan  of  San  Luii  Potosi — Ilerrera  iK'iiosed — Pare- 
des  aa  Provisional  President — Dissatisfaction — Revolution  atCuada- 
lajara— Paredcs  Overthrown — Sunta  Anna  Rocalled-^IIe  is  Fleeted 
President —Comez  Farias  as  Vice-president  Assumes  tiie  Executive 
Ollice — Santa  Anna  Supersedes  llim 288 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

CAUSES  OF   WAR   WITH   TUK    INITKO  STATES. 

1S:50-1S4(!. 
Coercive    Diplomacy — Claims  against   Mexico — Their    Remarkable  In- 
crease—Demands  for  Adjustment — American   Hostility  and  Me.\i- 


c()xti:nts. 


ix 


cull  ForlH-aranw-Diiilomntii'  nilMtinim  SuMjifiuliil  iiiul  Ituiiewcil- 
Arliiti-.itiiiti  unci  its  INsult.s— More  Aiiuriiiiii  ClniriiH  (iiul  Mixii'an 
CouiiltT-i'liiiiii.s  riifaiiiirss  (if  flio  I'liiti'il  Stutcs  Unvi'iiiliiflit  — 
Kocognitinii  of  'rt'xaii  Iiuliiitiiilfnco— Finvij,'!!  Iiitri^'ius  Aiiiux- 
atiim  of  'IVxas-Mians  of  Ac "•iiipl'sliiiunt— A  Casiia  llilli  -Kiip- 
tiiri' of  llclatioiis— I'li'.-Him;  oil  I.,  vioo-  -WarliUo  ])t'moi(.stiatioiia — 
JSlidcH'a  Unsuuct'saful  Mismiuii 


r.\(iie 


;ii)7 


CH.VPTKU  XIV. 

C.VMPAKIN    ON    TIIK    Ulo    tillANUE. 

Maivli-May,  1X40. 
Tiiyl'ir  Moves  to  Point  I.saln'l  -A<lvaiiii'  .•ij^aiiist  Mataiiinros— Kit.  tiori 
of  Fort  'I'txas— Arista  Aiipointeil  ( iiniral-in-Cliiif— Tiie  McNicr.iH 
Assiimi,' the  <  (ll'ni.-iivi'  ( 'a|itiir(!  of  Ciiitaiii  Tlionitoirs  ('oiniii-  i  — 
Tiiylcjr  ititircs  to  I'oiiit  Isaliel — lioliiliardliient  of  Fort  Texas  liie 
llattle  of  I'alo  Alt '  —  Arista  Jtetieat.-t  to  Itcsaea  do  la  Faliiia-  De- 
scriiitiuu  of  liu  I  olil — The  liatlle-- Ueieat  o'  tlic  Mexieaiis  -Tin 
Giirriaoii  at  Fort  Tuxus — Dcatli  of  Major  lliowii — Aii.sta"s  Ketr.  ,  ^  to 
I.iuai    .  —Taylor  Uceiii)ied  Mataiiioio.s ',Ui> 


CH.\PT]:il   XV. 

CArrrUK    of     MoNTKKEy. 

May-.'~!ejiti'iiilier,  1SJ<». 
The  United  States  Peelarea  War- Soott  and  the  (iovcrninent  at  V.v 
rianee — Call  for  N'oluntcers — dailies'  Unadvised  Action —Tlic  \'ol- 
untecr  yuestioii — Want  of  a  War  Plan — Mareii  to  Monterey-- Prep- 
nratiiiiis  of  the  Mexicans — Ainimdia  Apiiointed  Coniniaiider-inC  hief 
— Description  of  Monterey  The  SicL,'e  — L'apturo  of  Fort  Teiieri'a— 
Hard  Fi.iihling— Worth's  Operationa — Ainpudiii  Capitulatea — ilon- 
tcrey  Kvucuated— l)issrttisfactioa  in  the  United  States .'{03 


cH.vPTEii  xvr. 

OPERATIONS   IN    TlIK    NDliTII  —  IlIENA    VISTA, 

July,  lS4t)-.Mar(h,  1S47. 
Expeditions  ngain.«t  New  Mexico  and  Californi.a — ^Doniphaii'.s  March  to 
Cliihuahiia--liattle  of  Sacianiento — Operations  of  thciiulf  ."^(luadroii 
— Taylor's  Plans — He  Advances  to  S.iUillo — Taiiii)ico  l^vaeiiateii  liy 
the  Mexicans — Taylor  Occupies  Victoria  and  Almui'ons  It — Seott 
Takes  Command — Withdrawal  of  American  Troops— .\.  xiean  Prepa- 
rations—Santa Anna  at  San  Luis  Potosf — His  .Marcli  to  Agua  \ii-va 
— Taylor  Takes  up  a  Position  at  Ia  Angostura — l)escri[)tion  of  the 
I'ass — Kispositions  of  the  Two  Armies— P.attle  of  iJuena  Vista— The 
Final  Charge  Kepulaed — Santa  Anna  lletreats 403 


(•()Xti:nts. 


PACE 


CHAPTi;ii  xvir. 

sckit's  MAKfii   lu  rri:i!LA. 
Ffl>niary-July,  1847. 

Tiiyliir  Ititiinis  to  Monterey — IVcparntions  njjainst  Vera  Cinz— I-aiuliii{j 
of  United  States  Forces — Apathy  nf  the  Mi  xieaii  (loveniment — 
Fortificatiiins  of  Vera  Ci'ii/  SicLjr  ami  Caiiitiilatiim  Itespeetivc 
Losiieri-Operatious  of  the  (iult  Fleet-  Santa  Anna's  I'lrparatioiis  — 
Ho  'Jakes  \ip  a  Position  at  i'vvn)  lionh) — Scott  Ailvaueca  into  the 
Interior  -  Ikittle  of  Cei  ro  <  iordn-  Tlie  Ilei^iit  Carried— Seott  Filters 
Jalapa  'I'lie  Castle  of  I'erote  Evaluated  — Wmtli  I'roeceds  tn  I'liilila 
— Trist  Ajipointed  Conindssioner  to  Mexieo— His  liisagrienient  witli 
Scott— Attempts  at  Negotiatiim  witli  Santa  Anna 4.'f7 


CIIArXEK  XVIII. 

iNVAHioN  Of  iiii:  VAi.i.r.Y  or  mi.xko. 
August,  1817. 
Scott  Advnnees — Mustering;  of  the  Mexieaus — defences  of  the  Capital  — 
Tlie  (  liaK'ii  Itoute-   A  l''lanlc  Movement— A'aleneia's  Insiiliordiiiatioti 

-  His  Aniliitious  Hesiijns — Tlie  Hattlo  of  I'adierna  Begins — Santa 
Anna's  Inaction —The  MiinMiiL;Surp;ise     I'-ll'ictuf  X'aleni  ia's  Defeat 

—  IJravo  Outlhiidied  -  I'ortilicatiiins  of  Churuhusco  —  Antiipiatiil 
Tactics — Cannonading  the  Cmnent  — Criti<  al  Position  of  Sidelds  — 
The  Tete  de  Pont  -  ( lallantiv  of  Pincou  and  Aliaya— Sant:i  Anna 
lletrcuts  witliiii  tlie  tiates— Peril  of  tlie  City -lOS 

CHArTKU  XIX. 

I'AI.I,     OK    Tin-:     CAIMIAI,. 

Auunst-Septemlier,  1S47. 
J'-iiiicat  Mexico— Scott  is  Lured  into  an  Armistice — Htlusivc  Peace  Xc- 
goliations — Patriotic  Sentimeni;— Santa  Anna  .MaiKcuvring  to  (Jaiii 
Time — Mutual  lircriininations  -Mnlinu  del  Key  ('apturc  and  lle- 
eaptnre  of  tlie  Patti'iy — Some  Mexie'an  Heroes — A  l>aireii  Tiininplt 
— Inner  l>efences  of  the  ("apital  The  Hill  Fortress  of  Cliapulte|iec  — 
l)Oinl>ardineiit  and  Storming  of  the  Castle  AVortli  Carries  the  (Sato 
iif  San  (."osnie-  (^iiitinan's  Oiieratioiis  against  Helen  -Santa  Anna 
Evacuates  the  City — Entry  of  Scott — A  Patriotic  Uprising 4S9 


CHAPTKll    XX. 

KN1>    OF    TlIK     IMTKl)    STATl'S    WAU. 
IS  17    1S48. 

Santa  Anna's  Administration  -Anaya's  I'"irst  Term  — Fidcial  Constitu- 
tion Restored— State  of  (lUeriiM'o -Santa  Anna  Resigns — President 
Peua  and   his  Eli'jrt-;  fur  I'cace -Invader's  Pule  and  Opei-alioiis — 


CONTEXTS. 


XI 


Santa  Anna  Doiirivml  of  Command— Anaya  again  Prcsiilont — Pcfia 
Succeuila— I'eacc  Policy  Continunl  -Internal  Distiirhances— W  ar  of 
Races  in  Yucatan -Treaty  witii  tlio  riiitcd  States,  wiiose  Fin-ce.s 
Lvacuatc  Mexico — (iains  and  Losses — Kvils  of  tlie  War  — I'aredes' 
Ilcvolution — End  of  Tcua'a  Adniiuistratiun 5_'4 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

KEOnCANIZATION    INDEIl   UEUKEUA. 
1849. 

Obbtacles  to  Reform— Weakness  of  tlic  ( Jovernincnt- Party  Agitation — 
()l>poscd  by  Popular  Si-ntinient — Arrangement  with  Foreign  Credi- 
tors— Consolidation  of  the  Interior  1  >cbt— KlFort  to  Hednce  Kxpcnses 
— Smuggling  and  Other  Inroads  on  the  Revenue— Involved  Finances 
— A  Succession  of  Ministeiial  Ciiaiiges  -Military  Corruption  The 
Service  in  Disrepute — Its  IJecoustruction— New  Annanieiit  -Heduc- 
tion  of  Force — Tiio  Navy — Militia  System —FllVirts  at  Colonization 
— Military  CoLuuics  ou  the  I'"ruuticr,  and  their  Value 5.")7 


CHArXEll  XXII. 

WAR  OF    IIACES. 

1S40-1SJ1. 

Uace  Fooling— Condition  of  the  Indian  Population— TTostilities  in  tlio 
Sierra  (lonla — A  Projected  Northern  Repul)]ic— I>t)rder  liaids — • 
Scalp-iuniting — The  War  in  Yucatan — Altitmle  of  liritisli  Setth'rs 
in  Delize — The  Paealar  Expedition— Selling  Prisoners  into  Foreign 
Slavery — Dissensions  among  the  Kebeis  -Iiieliicient  f  "ami)aigu  Plans 
of  Michcltorcna  and  Vega — Revolutionary  Movements  in  the  South- 
ern States — Agitation  for  lieligious  Tolerance— Presidential  Elec- 
tion— Obstacles  to  Reform — Cliaracter  ami  Services  of  Ilerrera oTtJ 


CHAPTJ'.R  XXIII. 

AUISTa's   AliMIMSrilATIO.V. 
ISol-lS.VJ. 

A  Reformed  Turncoat — False  Economy  -  A  National  Finance  Council — 
Clamoring  Creditors — Calnnet  Ciiaiiges  Ramirez  as  I'rinie  Minis- 
ter— Inaction  of  the  Chambers  -Carl)ajal  Invades  the  Norlii-east- 
ern  Provinces— Tho  Avalos  Tarifi"-  Indian  Raids— Severity  toward 
Journalists  and  I'arty  Leaders  -lilancarte  Starts  tlie  Itevolntitm  - 
Plan  of  Guadalajara— Uraga  Mauteuvring- Attitude  of  Congress- 
Growth  of  tlio  Hostile  Party— Vera  Cruz  Turns  tlio  Scale— Resig- 
nation of  Arista— llis  Character  and  Death o'M 


!ii 


xU  CWNTIATS. 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

HIS   MOST   SKlilCNE    lllcllNKSS,    llIK    lilCTATOR. 

PAOR 

Ceballos  is  ronfirined  as  PrL'sik'nt — Incllk'ii'iit  Measures — Suppression 
of  till'  Cijiigross  I'l;m  of  Airnyo/areo — ricsignation  of  Cel)allos — 
L()iii1(;inliiii  Succcccls  — N<  potism  ami  (^>riiiption — Klcctural  ("aiii- 
puij,'ii — Victi  ry  of  Saiitaiiists  aii'l  ( 'ipiisc  ivativcs-ra'turii  df  Santa 
Anna  —  His  Ministry  anil  I'dliiy— A  ( 'cntrali/cil  Aiiiniiiistration — 
IJuciinst ruction  of  the  Army  and  its  Olijrct—  Favoritism,  K.spionagi", 
iinil  I'irseeutioli— A  lew  lUileiinini,'  lltlorts— Ileatli  of  Alanian, 
the  Great  CoiKservativo  Leailir—l'omp  ami  Arrogance  of  the  l)iutii- 
tor — Orders  and  Titles — Visions  of  l-^mpire C15 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

OVERTHROW   OF   DILI  ATOUIAL   lUTLK. 

1854-1855. 

Santa  Anna's  Despotism  and  its  C'onse<iiienccs — Plan  of  Ayntla — Juan 
Alvarez  and  J;_;nacio  (jimonfoit — Santa  Anna's  I'ampaii^n  iniluci'- 
rcro  — Dislmhed  Condition  of  Mcxieo — Sale  of  Xational  Territory — 
A  Farcical  I'leliiscit— Santa  Anna(\)nlirmed  in  Power — His  Attempt 
at  a  Ciianu'c  of  Policy — (.'oiiseivative  Opi)osition— Knd  of  Santa 
Anna's  I'ulilie  t'areer — Counter-revolution  in  ^lexico  —  President 
Carrcra — His  Conciliatory  l',li'orts--i;eactionary  Intrigues — Liberal 
Triumph — Alvarez  Chosen  I'rovisional  President (j40 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LIBERAL    INSllTITIONS   UEsSTORED. 

lS.-)5-l.S50. 
President  Alvarez'  Administration — Reforms  Initiated— Ley  Juarez — 
Dillcrenccs  in  the  Liberal  Paity — Alvarez  Retires — Ignacio  Comon- 
fort,  the  Substitute  President — His  Conciliatory  Policy — Lilliculties 
with  the  Clergy  and  Military — Seditions  Movements — Puebla  Cam- 
paign— Decrees  against  the  Clergy— L'ongrcssional  Work — Raonsset's 
and  Walker's  Invasions — Resignation  of  Alvarez — Dissensions  be- 
tween the  I'^xeeutive  and  Congress — I'^statuto  Org:inico — Adoption 
of  Liberal  Principles GCG 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

CONSTiirTlON    AND    1!EF0101>(. 

1S5()-1S57. 
Comonfort  Suspected— Archbishop  La  C.arza's  Course— I,ey  Lerdo— Co- 
monfort  and  Congress  Reconciled— Constitution  of  LS.")7 — Rebellious 
Clergy — Second  I'nebla  Campaign — More  Seditious  Acts  ->i'egotia- 


\ 


C(1XTi:XT.S. 


\m 


tinnswilli  tlio  I'l'iio  Fail — Mc/ii'  Susi>iiii)ns  agiiiiist  Coiiioiifnit— I'o- 
lititiil  ('oiifu.sinii--J^i\vs  Alli'flini;  tin:  I'li'i'^ry — C'im.scrv;tti\c  Mauuu- 
vrus — Liberal  Dciuaiids— Cuaioiilurt's  N'aciiiatioii GKO 

ClIArTKPi  XXVIII. 

DOW  MAIL  (ir  i.ii;i;i:ai.  in.stiti'Tions. 
I>."i7   IS.JS, 
Cdiiscrvativc  TntriirHcs — Tulk  of  a  Coup  iri'.tat— Spanish  roniplications 

-  ('onion fort "s  N'aciilating  Coursi' — Hostility  of  tlie  Cleri.'y  ("ontiuuos 

—  ConLrrcss  Instalhil — ronionl'oit  Avows  Liliinilistii — His  I'iltction 
as  Coiu'titutional  I'l't'sidint — I'lomisi's  Made  and  ^'iolatl•d — Plan  of 
'I'acnijava — Cunionfurt  Ik'couu's  its  Cliii:f — Action  of  Congress— Ar- 
rest of  .Iiiariz  and  Otlurs  Uiaotionists  Viotorions-  (.'oinonfort's 
Overthrow — Civil  War  in  I'ull  lUast — Zuloaga,  lieactionaiy  I'usi- 
dt'ut  -  Juarc/,  C(  nstitutional  I'lisiilcnt — His  Narrow  Kscajio  from 
Capture — Ho  KstaLlijlius  iiis  (.iovunmR'nt  in  Vera  Cruz 71 J 

CHAPTEIl   XXIX. 

STlill'K    Vi)\L    srrul-.MACY. 

lSoS-\So'J. 

rit'sidcnt  Jiiare/— His  CJovcrnnicnt  at  \'<ra  Cruz — War  Oprralions — Zu- 
loiiL'a's  1  tiilicuhics-  His  t 'lian;j(.:  of  I'oliey — I'^flicauaiay's  I'] nuuuci.i- 
niii'uto  and  I'lan  -KoMis  I'l/.uela'a  liifornied  I'lan — Zuloaga.  Set 
Aside  Miranion  ( 'onies  to  the  Front  Zuloaga  Itciiistati'd  lIoKKs 
I'ezuela  Ketires — Zulua^'a  Names  a  Suhstitute-Mirainoii  as  Ties!- 
dent — His  Campaign  iu  \'era  Cm/,  a  I'ailiire  —  IJattle  of  'i'ai  uliaya — 
Constitutionalists'  Defeat— A  I  >ay  of  Horrors  and  its  Jv.il  Conse- 
t^ucuces 73S 


CUArTEIl   XXX, 

TUIiMPlI  i'V  llir.  CUSSIITLIHINAI.ISTM. 

is.">!»-1m;i. 

UuitPil  States' ]{ei()gniti. in  uf  .luare/.  Miramon's  Action-- Confiseation 
of  Cliui'eli  i'rojierty — Interior  ('anijiaign  of  I N."i'.l--'J'reaties— Mira- 
mon's Second  i]x)ieilitiou  to  \'era  Cruz — United  States'  Armed  In- 
tervention—  Interior  Cam[jiiigu  of  ISIlO — Miramon's  ili'turn  to  Mex- 
ico and  Kesignation  —  President  I'avnn  -Miramon's  'I'ltlc  to  the 
rresideney— Approach  of  Constitutionalists  -Miramon's  l)efeat  and 
Escape—  Juarez'  Triumphant  Kulry  into  Mexico 7<J7 


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I 


HISTORY  OF  MEXICO. 


CHAPTEE  I. 

REPUBUCAN  ORGANIZATION. 
1823-18-24. 

Demohalized  Condition  op  tite  Army— A  Bad  Precedent — The  New 
Government  —  Congressional  Acts  —  The  Triumvirate  —  Foreion 
Loans  and  Financial  Meascres— National  Coat  of  Arm::  and 
Flao— Federalists  and  Centralists— Their  Press  Organs — Pt,LiTi- 
CAL  Trovbles — Honors  to  Heroes  of  the  Independence — A  Con- 
stituent Congress  Installed— Acta  Constitutiva — Federal  System 
Adopted — Revolutions — Lobato's  Revolt — Disturbances  in  Jalis- 
co— Victoria  Elected  President — The  Constitution — Organiza- 
tion of  States  and  Territories — Union  of  Chiapas  with  Mexico — 
The  Federal  District. 

Liberty,  equality,  fraternity:  these  words  fall  pleas- 
antly on  ears  accustomed  for  three  centuries  only  to 
the  grinding  of  the  chains  of  tyranny.  But  even  now 
all  is  not  sunshine;  and  what  lijxht  there  is  dazzles 
rather  than  cheers.  JMany  years  must  yet  elapse  be- 
fore the  full  benefits  of  the  long  and  bloody  struggle 
fur  independence  will  be  fully  felt.  But  the  more  im- 
mediate infelicities,  whence  do  they  arise? 

After  this  manner.  There  is  set  in  motion  among 
men  carmg  more  for  themselves  than  for  their  coun- 
try the  wheel  of  retribution,  which  scarcely  stops 
turning  for  half  a  century.  Somewhat  as  Iturbido 
had  dethroned  the  viceroy  Apodaca,  Santa  Anna  ^.nd 
others  had  dethroned  Iturbide.  Made  governor  in 
Vera  Cruz,  Santa  Anna  revolted,  and  detached  that 

Vol.  v.    1 


i\   . 


2  KKl'UI'.MCAN  ORiJANIZATlON. 

|)ln<'i>  rmin  tin-  ciiiiMM-or's  «-oiiir(»l.  l']fli;iviin'i,  t1i(< 
tlllstrd  iViiMid,  prDclailiu'd  the  plan  ol"  ( 'asji  Mala  at- 
{\\c  lu-ad  of  tlu-  tr(M>|>s  L,M\'fM  him  to  j»ut  ilown  Saiila 
.Anna.  Otlirr  luilitai'V  (ifliccis  ciiidviiiLr  hui'l»i<l«''^ 
foiilldciici'  were  (Mnially  pcrtidioiis.  Hut  tlit;  cliii'l' 
tntulili'  was  (he  raitldcssiicss  ol"  Ids  ai'iiiy.  Itui'Mdf 
].;'  I  Idmscir  set  a  had  (.'xainplc  to  his  ti'onps.  h.  was 
a  pfrnifious  lesson  to  teach  sohhers;  niul  uid'oiln- 
natcly  lor  Mr\i<'o's  rutiirc,  it  was  too  well  learned, 
'riieneerorlh  all  ju'etensions,  whethei"  ])ersonal  oi*  olhei'- 
wise,  found  a  I'eady  sn|i|)oit  in  that  lai*L;e  and  demoral- 
ized element  of  the  army  nhidi  h-d  no  resjiect  I'or 
pill. lie  opinion,  pei'sonal  ii;_;hls,  or  any  interest  in  the 
national  welfare,  and  was  always  willin;^  to  iiL,dd.  [\>v 
tiiose  who  paid  hest,  either  in  money  or  some  sjteeies 
of  personal  advanecment. 

The  national  eonjj^ress,  as  heretofore  narrated,  hav- 
ing' heeu  ri'installt>d  on  tlu;  'JDth  of  .March,  1H2;;,' 
det'reed  on  the  olst  the  ei'ssation  of  the  powers  eon- 
firrod  on  the  e\eeutive  created  on  the  IDtli  of  ^lay, 
IS--,  appoint ini;-  in  it^  place  a  triiim\irat(\  eonsistiuL;' 
of  «>\'neia!s  Xieoliis  IJravo,  ()!iiadalu[>e  A'ictoria,  and 
iV'dro  Celestino  Ne<>:rete.  This  selection  of  military 
]\\on  exclusively  estahlished  a  had  ]>ri'ced(.'nt.  'i'he 
ni'\t  tlay  ^Eariano  ^lichelena  and  ^liijfuel  J)omin- 
o'uez  were  chosen  suhstitutes  to  discharge  the  dutie^^ 
of  the  reu'ular  triumviri  in  the  event  of  ahsence,  or  in- 
ability  to  act  from  deatli  or  any  other  cause.'^ 

The  executive  authority,  now  held  by  Bruyo,  Xe- 
o'rete,  and  ^lichelena  in  Victoria's  ahsence,  at  once 
iMitered  upon  its  duties.  One  of  its  llrst  acts  was  the 
construction  of  a  cabinet:  Lucas  Alaman,  minister  of 
furoisiii  and  interior  rehitions;  Pablo  de  la  Llave,  of 


'  niiKfamatifc.  CwvL  in<f.,  M;^.,  viii.  Ur,-M;  A'nnimi,  lli^t.  M,j.,  v.  741-0, 
7."iO-(JO,  700-7;  (!«:.  di>  Mix.,  i.,  1S23,  171-4;  iJi-po.^.  I'm:,  iii.  1-22;  J/<.i'.  CvL 
Ihc.  .'^oh.  Cmuj.   Mr. v.,  D'J-.'l. 

■'Mcv.  Col.  L,;/,^,  Onl.  ;i  Ih'r.,  ii.  S9-!1I,  118;  Mc.v.  Col.  ])<c.  Sob.  Cniiq. 
Mex.,  U:5-4;  nH<t'uibn)t,\  l'i;.<i.  Iturbidc,  14'J-jO,  loS;Id.,  Cuad.  Jli6l,,  MS., 
viii.  lOo-l;  )Vard'i  Mi.v.,  i.  2S1. 


MILITAItV  TUJUMVIIIATR.  S 

jiisticcjuulcfclrsiasticiilairairs;  i<'rau('isc<ul(! Anilla<,'a, 
of  llu!  tjvasury;  and  .l<»si'  I-^nacio  (jarci'a  Illiiitca,  of 
v.ar  and  tin;  iiavy;  l)iil-  (his  last  (lc|>artim!iit,  on  tin; 
(U-atli  of  tlic  inniniliciit,  July  \-2,  lH'j;i,  wus  j^Ivmi  to 
JJii'j^adii'f  .lost"  .)o;i(|uiu  dc  J  IciTfra.' 

Tlic  whoK;  systmi  <»r  administration  was  soon 
(•lian<4rd:  tin;  caijitanias  j^cniTalfs  instituted  l»y  Itur- 
l)idt'  wcir  icdinrd  to  incTu  (■oniaiidaiMMas  in  each 
]>i(>\  inc*'/  TIh!  ciinLjrcss  and  Ljovt  rnmcnt  «l('VotiMl 
tlifir  (iicrLCics  to  repair  the  evils  inliietcd  on  the  eoun- 
try  during'  tin;  last  days  of  the  empire.  Political 
prisoners  were  lihorutiid;  tin;  appointments  lor  inem- 
iicis  ol'  a  snpri'nK;  court  wert;  made  null;"  the  eoimcil 
ol'  state  was  sup|>resse(l.  I'jVery  mark  or  hadj^e  of  tho 
lati'  em|)ire  was  done  away  with,  it  heiuL,^  takin  I'oi" 
granted  that  the  future  form  ol"  ^^tverninent  would 
he  repuhlican.  "^I'lie  issut;  otpajtei"  money  was  discon- 
tinued," and  olhei'  im|>ortant  commercial  and  financial 
measures  were  enacte(|.  To  |)rovide  rt-sources  lor  tho 
current  expenses  and  ioi"  oth"-'-  ui'^eiit  ohlinations  was 
a  matter  of  |iaiamount  necessity.'  ()r<](;rs  were  ac- 
cordingly issued  lor  the  inunediato  sale  at  lower  than 
rcL^'ular  rates  of  all  tohacco  and  cij^ars  in  tlu;  i^overu- 

•'Tlu!  four  i)iirtfi)li(,).i  luul  Ik'cii  for  a  timo  in  (•liiir;,'(:  <if  Illiiccii;  that  of  I'lla- 
tions  to  tlio  l.")lli  of  Aiiiil;  tliat  of  tlii'  U'ca^iay  till  tlio  ;i()lii  of  April;  iiinl  timt 
of  justici'  till  tlie  (Uli  of  .luiic  M(  .r.  M<ni.  IIiu'k  iidfi,  IsTO,  l(C7:  M'lnini), 
ApiiKlit  Jii'iij.,  I'J,  "Jl--;  liiiiiiinz  II  Si-.tiiKi,  i.'dl.  J)ic.,  ;{()7;  Jiti.^liuiKiiili ,  llUt. 
Itiirh'i'li,  l,"i('>. 

^'I'liat  of  Moxic'o  was  left  ia  rliar'^c  of  tlio  Mari|iirH  ilc  \'iviiiico,  dctaflii'il 
from  tiio  oivil  goviTiiiiii;iit;  Kcliavani  went  liutU  to  that  of  I'luliia;  N'ictoiia 
ri'laiiicil  that  of  Vi^ra  Cni/,  Imt  liaviiig  j^'oik;  toJalapa  to^'rthef  with  tho  Spaii- 
i.-li  comiriissioiiers,  left  tlic  eoiiitiiainl  witli  Colonel  lMiloL;io  de  Villa  L'rrutia; 
Aua.sta.si(j  JJiistaniante  le.sig.ied  his  iio-iilion  in  the  pinvineias  intenias,  tho 
eastern  portion  of  which  was  again  dctai'lied  from  the  Mcstern,  and  its  com- 
mand given  to  iJrigadier  Felipe  de  la  <  lai'/ji.  IJnstainaiite  lieeann!  eomandanto 
general  of  ( iua<lalajara,  his  native  place.   Ahnnati,  lll<t.  Mij.,  v.  Tl'O. 

'■'Ml.,-.  <;,l.  L<y,s,  Onl.  y  Ike,  ii.  IK'i;  M,x.  Col.  Dif.  Suh.  Comj.  J/cu;., 
9j,  1;M,  147-S. 

'''i'his  measnre  was  decreed  hy  tlie  junta  instituyente  at  tile  latter  part 
of  18-_'-'.  It  was  ordercil  that  notes  to  liie  amount  of  .'?i,Oi)(),(M)()  shimld  be 
inannlactured.  From  .Ian.  I,  IS'J.'i,  one  third  of  all  public  salaries  was  to  ho 
jiaid  in  this  money,  which  was  also  made  a  leg.al  tender,  in  tlie  same  propor- 
tion, in  all  eonnnercial  and  retail  transactions  for  amounts  over  three  dollars. 
T'lis  currency  was,  however,  received  with  disfavor.  Alamuu,  lllst.  Mij.,  v. 
6Li2-3. 

'  On  the  day  the  provisional  government  was  iustallcd  there  were  only  §42 
ui  the  treasury.  Atuiiiaii,  JlUt,  JlvJ.,  v,  Sll. 


4  RKPUnLICAN  OUfJANFZATION. 

nicnt  wnrdiouscs,  aiul  for  the  disposjil  of  the  tonipO' 
raliti(>H  of  the  Jfsiiits,  niul  nfilu'  |)»<)|u'rt.y  of  the  lios- 
])itullcrs  and  iiM|uisitlorj.  Money  ^va.s  horrowi'd  fr»»n» 
an  Kni^lisli  liotjMc^,  which  was  icpaid  later  out  of  the 
|»rocoe(lK  of  a  loan  of  .*?  1(5,000,000  ne'L,'otiated  in  l^on- 
don.  The  ^'ovonnnent  likewise,  as  a  nmtter  of  poliey, 
efteetod  a  second  loan  of  an  ecjual  anjount  from  the 
house  of  Harclay  and  Conipany  in  J'^ni^Iand,  helievinLj 
that  the  Ihitish  i^ovenunont,  for  t]\v,  protection  ot 
these  ititerests,  would  have  to  nn'oi^nize  and  uphold 
Mexican  independence.  The  terms  of  the  loans  wen; 
indeed  hurdensome,  a  lariJie  part  of  the  H(?cond  heinuf 
received  in  military  supi>lies,  such  as  armament,  ships, 
and  dothinu^,  at  exorhitant  prices.  Jtowever,  theships 
proved  useful,  for  with  them  two  years  afterward  was 
captured  San  .fuan  de  IJlua  from  the  Spaniards. 
With  the  specie  received  the  j^overnment  met  its 
most  pressing  ohliijations,  such  as  |)ayin!j^  for  the  Ma- 
nila conducta,  and  for  the  ouo  which  had  been  seized 
at  Perote,  and  cancellinijf  a  number  of  forced  loans. 

Another  measui'e  of  tlu;  congress,  enacted  on  the 
14th  of  A[)ril,  IHiJ.'J,  was  the  establishment  of  the  na- 
tional coat  of  arms  and  flag.  The  former  repres(Miti'd 
an  eagle  pei'ched  on  a  nopal  growing  on  a  rock  rising 
from  the  waters  of  the  lake;  in  his  right  claw  he 
liolds  a  snake,  and  is  in  the  attitude  of  tearing  it  to 
])ieces  with  his  beak.  The  flag  consists  of  three  ver- 
tical bars,  resj)ectively  green,  white,  and  red,  the  first 
color  being  next  to  the  tlag-staft'.  These  '.'olors  are 
symbolical  of  the  three  guaranties  of  the  ])lan  of 
Iguala.  White  denotes  the  purity  of  the  Komau 
catholic  religion;  the  gi  m,  independence;  and  red, 
the  vmion  of  the  Spanisli  ^lenient  with  the  Mexican 
nation.  The  bars  were  or  inally  horizontal,  but  were 
changed  to  vertical  by  th'   first  congress.*^ 

I  will  now  review  the  pohtical  condition  of  the 
country.      The    victorious  republicans    soon    divided 

"Jiieem,  Hist,  Jaktpa,  ii.  145;  Mix.  Col,  Leyts,  Ord.  ij  Dec,  ii.  94, 


I'OLITICAL  PARTIKS.  5 

t1u'ins(lv«>s  into  two  distinct  |)artioH,  namely,  li'dfial- 
ists  ati<l  (•(•iitialists.  The  lornur,  ais  tluir  nanit'  tle- 
nott's,  iirctriTi'd  a  t'cdcial  syst<'n»  of  j^oviTunu'iit,  and 
t(»  tluMn  the  partisans  of  Itiirl»ide  attatlu-tl  thonisolvL's 
in  order  to  \n;  revenjjfed  on  tlio  men  that  overthrew 
him.  This  party  had  an  or^'an  in  the  j>ress  called  at 
lirst  the  Arfhiristn.  hut  which  later  assumed  th»' 
name  of  /./  A<iiiiln  Mcchhuki,  and  huin<^  edited  undt  r 
till'  intinence  «»f  Juan  (itunez  Navarrete,  Iturhitle's 
attorney,  and  j)rinted  on  his  premises  added  streiiLjlh 
to  the  Iturhidists.  The  centralist  party  was  formed  of 
till'  masons  of  the  Scottish  rite,  ancl  tht?  old  monarch- 
ists, from  whom  it  unjustly  obtained  the  nickname  of 
Hourhonists.  To  this  paity  beK)nufed  the  existiiii^  o**^'" 
einment  and  con<j;ri!Ss.  Jts  press  orj^an,  h'/  So/,  was 
ahly  supported  hy  Santa  Atarfa,  the  Colonihian  min- 
ister, wli<>  was  honorably  reinstated  in  his  *)tKcial  |)o.si- 
tion  from  which  he  had  been  dismissed  by  Iturbide's 
j(overnment.  His  writing's  were  widgly  rea<l,  and  ap- 
|>eared  under  the  psoudonymo  of  Capitan  Chinchilla. 
Jn  some  issues,  with  no  small  wit,  he  would  criticise 
tile  occurrences  of  ihe  day;  in  others  he  would  cen- 
sure with  jj^reat  bitterness  the  errors  of  the  opposimj; 
|)arty,  or  ridicule  them  as  mercilessly  as  ho  had  the 
ceremonials  of  the  imperial  court. 

The  government  had,  however,  most  to  fear  from 
tlu^  exajifuferated  pretensions  of  the  [>rovincial  juntas. 
These  from  the  first  ki'pt  the  country  in  agitation; 
but  timely  rebuke  put  them  down. 

Commissioners  from  Oajaca,  Zacatecas,  San  Luis 
Potosi,  Vallailolid,  and  Guanajuato  demanded  a  new 
congress."  The  minister  cf  relations  laid  btjforc!  the 
chamber  the  information  that  in  Alonterey  a  junta  of 
ilelegates  had  been  organizi'd,  representing  Xuevo 
Leon,  Tamaulipas,  Coahuila,  and  Texas,  which  desired 


'  This  was  on  April  4th.  BuKtamante,  Ilisf.  Itxrhnlv,  l.")9-00.  Bustam.aiito, 
n  nu'inbor  of  tiiu  congress,  and  a  coatrali.st,  calls  those  men  tlenmg<);,'ucs  w  ant- 
inj,'  a  Icgislattne  suljaerviout  to  their  will,  us  their  bcheuius could  tiuU  uo  favor 
with  tlic  oue  then  yittiiiK* 


ilij' 


REPUBLIC  AX  ORG  AXIZ  ATIOX. 


a  federal  union  with  the  province  of  ^Mexico.*"  A  few 
ilays  later  news  readied  tlie  capital  that  the  i^overnor  of 
'^Pexas  had  proclaimed  the  empire,  and  had  hc(;fi  J!)ined 
by  sev(!ral  savage  trihes,  Tho  hishoji  of  Sonoi'a  I'efused 
his  support  to  the  jtlan  of  Casa  ^Eata.  This  was  of 
little  consequence;  hut  aifairs  in  ( Juadalajara  wei-e 
assuming  a  serious  aspect.  The  <'li'rgy  was  ridiculed 
in  Kl  Peiisudor  }f('xic(.iuo,  a  popular  journal,  and  mani- 
festations of  disloyalty  and  disobedience  to  the  gov- 
enment  were  daily  occurring. 

The  di]iutacion  and  people  of  that  cit}',  seconded 
later  by  other  provincial  cai)itals,  demanded  the  con- 
\'ocation  of  a  C()ngress  to  establish  the  federal  system 
with  a  suitable  constitution.  On  the  12th  of  ^Fay 
resolutions  were  passed  in  that  city  to  suspend  the 
enforcement  of  decrees  and  orders  issued  by  the  exec- 
utive or  (H)ngress  until  the  popular  demand  was  com- 
}ilied  with.  The  ehii'f  authoi'ity  within  the  pi'<»vinco 
Avas  then  vested  in  thediputacion  provincial,  strength- 
ened with  the  mcndjers  of  the  ayuntamiento  of  (;lua- 
dalajara.'^ 

The  congress,  in  its  anxiety  to  allay  the  agitation, 
increased  tlu'  pow(M's  of  the  provincial  deputations  in 
the  nomination  of  public  otHcers  within  the  resjiec- 
tive  ])i'ovinces,  giving  them  also  sujiervision  over  the 
administration  of  their  revenue,  and  at  the  same  time 
declared  its  willingness  to  accept  the  desired  federal 
system.  l»ut  these  concessions  did  not  satisfy  the 
ilemands,  and  it  iinally  became  necessary  to  convoke 
a  constituent  congress  to  asseml)le  in  Mexico  on  the 
:»lst  of  October.  The  decree  was  issued  on  the  21st 
of  ^.Tay,*"  and  the  rules  for  the  elections  ap[)eared  on 
the  17th  of  .June. 


f 


'"  The  UKittiT  was  submitted  April  '21st.  /-/.,  <'h'«I.  Ifl^f.,  MS.,  viii.  177. 

"Otlicr  priiviiiics  wore  urL'dl  to  }mi'yiit'  tliu  .s,-inio  course.  Ilio'iiiti'inir^ 
Jlisl.  Ilitrhhh,  KIJ  S,  17-'-t:  hi..  CiKnI.  //,W.,  MS.,  viii.  I7."i  7,  ISO!!;  .1/..C, 
j'i'-ti'uiii  II  ill'  Id  Coiii.,  I  '2'2;  }'«•■.  Il<  iiri"!  III.,  .'!  .">;  linin-'ins,  Kii<.  Yin-,,  iii. 
.ip.  4-.H;  Sii'irr:,  Iii/nrnir,  ,'-0;  I. a  Mimrrn,  1 84."),  M.iy  1."),  1. 

'-'I'lic  latio  tor  the  election  was  o!ie  ileputy  for  every  ."iD.OOD  iiiliiihitants, 
every  treeniuii  of  eigiitecu  years  ;ui(l  upwanls  heini,'  a  voter  without  other 
restriction.    Alainan,  ilUt.   JI'J.,  700-0,  771--;   llu-!auiuitti ,   Cwul.   llht., 


R  KVOLrXIOXARY  MOVK.M EXTS. 


)]is  ill 

1 

•SlICC- 

V  tlio 

tiiii'.i 

M 

(liTill 

f 

'  tlio 
voko 
1   tlio 

1 

•21st 

1 

(I  on 

• 

i.  177. 

nl'lll'r, 

" 

;   .1/...-. 

■* 

'*.,     111. 

■■) 

itan'^s, 

. 

otluT 

m 

J  Hit., 

m 

In  scvoral  iirovinccs  revolutionary  iiiovomont.s 
aLjainst  the  government  had  been  pi'oniotcd,  not  only 
1)V  those  \vho  in  l;()0(1  faith  desired  the  cstahlishnieiit 
oi"  the  federal  reii,i!ne,  hut  in  some  of  them  hy  Jtur- 
hidists  who  lioped  to  secure,  in  the  midst  of  the  tur- 
moil, the  I'estoration  of  the  empii'e.  Guadalajara  and 
San  Luis  .l*(it()si  presented  the  most  formidable  (>})j)o- 
sitiitn.  In  the  lattt^r  jirovinee  Santa  Anna  with  his 
troops'''  had  estahlished  a  pi'oteetorate  to  1)0  main- 
tained until  the  federation  of  states  should  ho  (-on- 
stituted;  hut  the  enerL,a'tie  resistance  of  the  author- 
ities, sujtjioited  hy  General  Armijo  with  the  force 
])laced  under  his  command,  soon  comj)elled  Sant^i 
.Vnna  to  abandon  his  plan,  and  i'e])ort  himself  in 
3.Iexico  to  answer  I'oi-  his  conduct.'*  In  Guadalajara 
the  case  was  (piito  dilferent;  the  cry  for  u  federation 
was  a  mere  ])retext,  the  ai;itatoi"s'  real  aim  beinij 
Itui'bide's  recall.  The  dei>uties  from  thei'o  had  boon 
instructed  to  demand  that  (»ne  person  only  should 
liold  the  executive  authority,  and  that  a  strictly  I'ed- 
ei'al  constitution  should  be   IVamed.     The  authorities 

)b 


]H!ople  ]) 


Uled 


a  wniui'ji 


Lo 


I.". 


boy 


Ll'OV 


eminent,  but  continued  the  opposition 

The  executive,  tliereibre,  resolved  to  check  by  foivo 
the    insubordination  u{'  iho   Iturbidists,  whoso  chiefs 


wci'e<«\ 


iierals  (,)uiiiLaiiaraud  JJut-tamante.     Two  th 


ou- 


sand  men  uiuU'r  l>ra\-oand  Xe;4'retenuirched  toGuada- 
lajai'a,  and  on  a[)[)ro;u;hinL;'  Xueva(»alicia,  XoLj'rett;  in- 


MS.,  viii.   l!):i-7,  •-'Ol-:i;  1:1.,  Ilist.  Jiiirhhh 


Jh>\  (\,l.  L' 


<h-'l.  11  J)'-;,  ii.  121-: 


IIJ- 


iii.  lis -•_•;!;  ,s'/ 


.1/ 


.'/  A-' 


//; 


•ISO;    Il',()v/-.v  ^rrr.,  i 
IM,   172  :!,  ISO-l:  />; 


2S1; 


.1/- 


'I;  J/r.arili,  A'd 


IS; 


aii[i'uslii  ih I  {'on:/.  il(l  l^at.  I   C.'!. 


'  After  t 


I 


le  <l';i  luriui'iii  1 


'f  the  phili  <,f  (':i.s;l   Miitll 


iita  Ajma  i)layLil 


itit  i>ai't  111  Milisi'(|ii('at  event.-'  ooiineeteil   with  the   dnw  iit'all   of   Itiii- 
lie  leiiiainoil  in  \eni  Ciut;  when  the  ariuy  iiiarclicd  t.nvanl  tin;  eaiii- 


tal,  ami  somi  afterwanl  went  tn  Tainiiie:)  t'>  jriUMnte  t 


lOl^KlU. 


ii 

His  ti 


lal 


reviilutmn  in 


that 


er  iiia<le  enuiainlaiiti!  general  uf  ^'IU■atil 


ips   Mere  transterre 


1  t..n 


lli.^i.  M, 


uentarii.   ,>ini>n 


J/, 


(/;(//. 


11-1; 


■|7,  7."*S,  70^G,  781 


Siifin. :  1/  y(trarro,  lll^t,  J/t 


'■''riie  province,  belnir  called  (in  for  a  i|iioti4  of  troop.s  to  sorvu  in  ^'el•a 
(  luz  against  tlie  Spaniiinls  on  San  .luan  de  L'h'-  ,  refused  to  furiiisli  i:  imles^t 
Biavo  and  Ncgrctu  were  rciuovcil  from  oliicc.  Llu-.tuiuauk,  Cuad.  Hist.,  AL5., 
viii.  'JOS. 


]i 


il 


8  REPUBLIC  AX  ORGANIZATION". 

iluccd  Collina  vitli  all  its  district  to  refuse  furtlior 
rocogiiition  of  tho  autlioi'ities  at  (xuadalajara,  and  the 
troops  stationed  there  under  C'olonel  Corrca  joined 
Brave's  force.  This  acticjn  led  to  tho  erection  of 
Colinia  as  a  federal  territory/"  and  brought  about 
temporarily  the  settlement  of  affairs  in  that  quarter, 
an  arranufement  beini;  made  at  Laws  between  Bravo 
and  C^uintanar.  The  former  then  retired  with  his 
army  to  (Juanajuato  and  established  his  head(juarters 
at  C'elaya,  his  troojis  acting  as  a  corps  of  observation 
to  bi;  reatly  for  pos^^ible  disturbances  in  the  future. 

The  absence  of  Victoria  in  Vera  Cruz,  and  of  ]^ravo 
and  XcLfrete  in  Xueva  (Jalicia,  had  left  tho  executive 
in  charge  of  tho  substitutes  ]\[ichelena  and  Domin- 
guez,  and  necessitated  tho  ajipointment  of  a  third 
substitute,  the  choice  by  the  congress  falling  on  (Gen- 
eral Vicente  Guerrero.  Tho  government  was  then 
practically  in  charge  of  ^Michelena.^'^ 

The  conu'ress  in  its  deliberations  enacted  measures 
for  the  improvement  of  the  country's  intlustries,  and 
ibr  the  reorganization  of  the  army.  Tho  fre(iuency 
of  conspiracies  in  favor  of  the  ex-emperor,  as  well  as 
of  robberies  on  the  public  highways,  prompted  the 
adoiMion  of  a  law  <nvin!4'  the  ct)!>'nizanco  of  such  cases 
to  the  military  courts,  and  fixing  a  very  short  and 
peremptory  term  for  tho  termination  of  each  cause. 
This  law  was  used  afterwanl  as  a  weapon  in  tho  war- 
fare of  [larties.  The  govermnent  was  also  authorized, 
()ct(»ber  2(1,  to  coiiiine  at  convenient  })laces  persons  of 
whose  n'uilt  tlu-re  was  a  moral  certainty,  e\  en  though 
it  had  not  beeti  actually  jirovi'd  by  ])rocess  of  law. 
This  last  nu'asure  was  ailopted  in  conse([Uenco  of  tho 
alleged  discoveiy  of  it  plot  that  was  to  bo  carried  into 

"'Tlu' authorities  of  Ounila'.ajiirji  in  tho  hittor  part  of  182.*?  maile  ati  im- 
succcsslul  atti'iiipt  to  hriii-  Colinia  again  uiulir  thi'ir  control.  UuMniniuitt , 
llht.  JlHi-hld..  isi»,  '217,  "'J;!:  I.'i;  /'/.,  .l/'./(.  //^^V.  .][,.,:,  MS.,  ii.  i;!;  /,/., 
Ciiial.  llhl.,  MS.,  viii.  ITil,  l!l-_'-;i,  'Ji:., 'J'.'K-^O;  />/>■/<(«.  V(u:,\V\.  .V),  11(1;  Co- 
liiiiti,  JiC/in yi lit.,  7;  J/'.''.  Col.  /.(.'/I-',  "(•(/.  ji  J)i<-.,  ii.  117-S,  l.")!t. 

"  noniingui'/.  was  vory  agoil,  (Inorrcro,  thiiiii,'li  iiosscsscd  of  nnich  jienu- 
tration  and  simml  .sense,  Vins  uneilucateil,  and  inexiierieneed  in  state  nli'airs. 
JL'hc  latter's  appoLutuicut  ap^jcoi-a  in  Mcx,  Vol.  i-(-,'/t»,  Onl,  y  Dec,  ii.  llJ-2. 


!"• 


HONORS  TO  DEAD  HEROES. 


i 

I 
f 


execution  on  the  foiirtli  of  tliat  month,  and  in  whiih 
were  iiu|)lieate(l  several  oifieers  and  bodies  of  troops, 
whose  chief,  GtMieral  An(h"ide,  though  a  deputy,  was 
arresteil,  and  tinally  exiled  to  Guayaijuil,  where  ho 
died.'« 

Connfress  did  not  nci>U^ct  to  pay  duo  lienor  to 
the  oriijinal  heroes  of  national  independence.  On 
the  llHli  of  July  a  law  was  enacted  recognizing  the 
si'rvices  rendered  in  the  first  eleven  years  of  the  war 
as  good  and  meritorious.  Its  ])ronioters  and  K-ad- 
ei's  '■'  were  declared  "benenieritos  de  la  })atriaen  grado 
hei-(')ico,"  and  their  names  were  ordered  to  he  inscribed 
in  letters  of  gold  in  the  hall  (»f  sessions  of  the  national 
eono-ress.  ]Monunients  to  the  memory  of  those  who 
had  sufiercd  for  the  cause  were  ordered  to  be  raised 
on  the  sites  where  they  were  exeeuLed,  and  their 
remains,  such  as  could  be  found,  were  exhumed  and 
broU!>ht  to  Mexico,  where  funeral  honors  on  a  mag- 
niiicent  scale  were  paid  them  at  the  cathedral,  sev- 
eral of  the  very  men  who  had  caused  them  to  be  shot 
being  jiresent  at  the  ceremonies.  Their  bones  were 
placed  in  an  urn  and  dejiosited  in  the  vault  of  tlu; 
.Vltar  lie  los  L'eves,  and  the  two  silver  keys  of  the  urn 
deli\ered,  one  to  the  congress,  and  the  other  to  the 
executive.  Tlu^  latter  was  ))laced  in  chargt>  of  the 
department  i)f  relations.'-"^     In  the  midst  of  these  sol- 


•'tllKlllh  , 

Ji:!:  /''.. 
IlKi;  Co- 

|i'h  iK'Ue- 
•  nll'airs. 


i 


AlxMit  50  iicrsons  wore  arrostod; 


lis. I. 


Vo!;i 


l)i'si(le.s   Aiidindf,  •'(' 


i/4tic/  am 


1  th 


.1.' 


Sail 


IV.li 


il  Ali 


lapt^iius,  ami  alxiut  II  .suljalU'riis;  scluiDliiiaatois, 


1.1 


n- 
lino,  .")   i'uIdiu'Is,  7 


aiiit  fvcii  hallifls.  \\  iii'  uii- 


I'li 
Mr 


d  f. 


11 


4;   / 

mail,'!), 


Il'  L'iiiii[ili(.'ity.  .V(, 


,'/ 


//iV.  Mix.,  M:  AIh 


/n<t. 


)IIS'lllll<lll 


/i\  I  list,  iinrhuh,  isar). 


A  He 


Al.la 


Al 


inlo  ami  Niiirml  liiavo,  liiriiu'iiCLrililn  ( laliaiia,  .11 


Morcliis,  Matai 


Rosal. 


A  littlo  laU  r  wi 


.)( 


ilik'd  to  thf  list  N'i 


acjiiiii 


L 


ml  otluTs.  AliiiHdii,  Jli^f.  .1/i 


./• 


Ml 


<(kS, 


M 


ort'lio 


an 


u  toiia,  ( ilicr- 


.1/ 


( J\ 


>l. 


Jkr.  Soh.  I'oiKj.  M>x.,  lt;f,  IT.'n  IS!). 

'"'On  oiu'  occasion  wluu  tiio  national  pal.u'o  \\aM  >;;iitiiii'il  I)y  revolutionists, 
tliis  key  was  stolen,  t(iL;t'tlii'r  witli  the  silver  .seals  of  treaties  w  it h  forciim 


1" 


Tl 


nioiuiiiieiits  or 


ilereil 


were   not   al 


■teil; 


one  was   raisei 


I'lielila  where  Mii:iiil  l?iavo  wa.s  shot,  ami  one  in  Mondia  on  the  sile  of  .\Iata- 


•  leath 


Al 


th 


.f  C 


lasolo  liavin 
I   1 


(lieil  in  Cailiz,  iiis  1 


)i)iies  were  no 


t  ohta 


leaiia  ani 


leoiia 


r.lo  1 


>iavo  were  not  foiiiul.   AI'iiikhi,  lli^t. 


M'j.,  v.  7(!!);  Jlii-<lti  111(1  iif(,  ViKiil.  l{i\f.,  MS.,  viii.  '20'J-;{.  A  deseriiition  of 
the  tiineral  corcmouics  may  bo  found  in  the  (Juccla  ExtmvrdiiKiriutjf  Sciitoii;- 
bcr  ■20,  18l>3. 


i 


10 


REPUBLICAN  ORGANIZATION. 


cnin  obscqnios,  the  rabid  liatcrs  of  Spain  and  ovcry- 
tliiiiL,'  Spanlsli  urged  the  Indians  to  fall  upon  Ilernan 
Cortes' sepulclu'e,  burn  his  bones,  and  throw  the  aslies 
to  the  winds.  The  di.sg-raceful  plan  would  have  been 
acc'()ni[)lished  liad  not  the  government  averted  it  by 
causing  the  st'[)u]chre  to  be  opened  in  the  night,  and 
the  remains  to  be  deposited  in  a  place  of  .safety. 

In  the  mean  time  tlie  elections  for  the  constituent 
congress  were  |)roceeding,  and  as  was  to  be  expected, 
the  majority  of  the  members  chosen  were  federalists; 
there  were  also  some  centralists  elected,  ecjually  hostile 
to  Iturbide.  The  freemasons  lost  the  [)reponderan('e 
they  had  in  the  preceding  body,  and  the  monarchists 
were  wholl}'  excluded,  Fagoaga,  Tagle,  and  others 
of  their  i)artv  not  being  reelected.  Had  it  not  been 
for  subse(juent  mistakes  on  the  part  of  the  re[)ub- 
licans,  the  royalist  party  would  have  been  forever  dead 
in  ]\Iexict). 

The  old  congress,  after  adopting  measures  for  pay- 
ing the  deputies,  and  apiK)inting  a  permanent  de})uta- 
tion  iVom  its  btxlv,  closed  its  sessions  on  the  oOth  of 
October,  just  t)ne  year  from  the  date  of  its  disst)luti<tn 
by  Iturbide,  thus  ceasing  to  exist  at  the  urgent  de- 
mand of  the  very  di])utaciones  provinciales  that  had  re- 
volted against  Iturbide  in  order  to  force  its  reinstate- 
nient. 

Ill  the  midst  (»f  so  nuu-h  agitation,  the  constituent 
congi'ess  was  installed  with  great  solemnitv,  and  on 
tile  7th  of  Xovendjer,  18'2;3,  l)egan  its  labors'-'  to  i)laci 


the  countrv  under  the 


■i'2 
nu)s 


t  liberal   institutions,  ac- 


cording to  the  express  national  will.  The  most  in- 
fluential man  among  the  feileralists  was  ^Miguel  lianios 
Arizpe, deputy  from  Coahuila;  he  was  aided  by  llejon, 
A'clez,  Ciordoa,  Gomez  Farias,  (larcia,  (lodoy,  and 
others.     Among  the  centralists  iigured  prominently 

'"  The  jiroecpilings  of  installatioii.  list  nf  iiiuinbors,  otc,  ;n)i)c';ir  in  J/'.i\ 
Col.  L,;t.  Fnii,/.,  IKi;  A/.,  (  „/.  /,.//.>•,  <'h-<l  ;i  />-.'..  iii.  !-■_',  S4-7;  //.,  AiUm 
L'oiiij,  Coiiilituc,  I-'-';  I'roc.  Mt.v,  Listu  CitiUad  ihj.,  1. 


Ill 


THE  XEW  CONGRESS. 


11 


tlU'llt 

|k1  oh 
Iplaco 
IS,  ac- 
;t  ill- 
la  mos 

ami 


tiy 


k".i 


■1  Mrx: 
Alius 


i 


Jose  L.  Boocrm  and  Son'ando  T.  do  Mior,  Carlos  ^f. 
J^uslainar.te,  Jimenez  Mtuigino,  Cabrera,  Espinosa, 
Ibarra,  and  Paz. 

The  secretary  of  justice  and  ecclesiastical  afliiirs, 
Pal)lo  de  la  Llave,  l)y  order  of  the  executive,  moved 
on  the  14th  that  the  house  should  proceed  at  onct.^  to 
carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  people;  and  Jiainos 
Ariz])e,  as  president  of  the  coininittec  on  constitution, 
promised  to  present  within  three  days  the  draught  of 
an  organic  law  fulfilling  that  ohject,  and  which  was  to 
icinain  in  force  until  a  constitution  could  be  framed 
and  iironmlLTated,  Such  is  the  history  of  the  acta 
constitutiva,--  the  drauLjht  of  which  was  circulated  to 
the  authorities  on  the  22d  of  Xovember,  the  discussion 
of  it  beiiii"-  forinallv  be<>"un  on  the  -Id  of  December. 

Tiie  main  point  to  be  detiM'mined  was  the  system 
of  <jovernment  embodied  in  the  fifth  article,'-'  vet  in 
the  face  of  the  provincial  demands,  it  was  made  tlie 
subject  of  a  warm  discussion.  Several  deputies  spoke 
again-<tthe  ])lan  of  federation,  and  Doctor  Miei",  dep- 
uty iVom  Xuevo  Leon,  on  the  l.'Uh  of  J^ecembei',  expa- 
tiated on  the  evils  that  a  se})aratioii  of  the  till  tlieii 
united  ])rovinci'S  would  bring  upon  the  country.  The 
projMiscd  a(^ta  constitutiva,  he  said,  was  but  a  trans- 
lated ''opy  of  the  constitution  of  the  Ignited  States 
of  America,  which  he  conteiuU'd  was  entirely  un- 
suited  to  ]\[exico.  The  fedel'atiug  of  her  provinces 
Would  l»(M'(piivalent to  sepai'ating  them — a  ])olicy  that 
must  necessarily  entail  upon  them  the  \ery  evils  (h;it 
tile   AiK'io-Americans   of    tlie    north    en(leavor''d    to 


avert  with   their  fcdei'ation 


It 


mu 


4    1 


)e    CO 


llfc-st'd 


U.V(! 


Aria  Coii-'i;/.  (Mox.  1S-_'.J),  Ml?;  .l/,.c.  (_:,'.  Ihr.  Sn',.  C 


»l'.h 


M 


'L"llull;4l>  lii>t   l('li''tliv,  tlio   filtui 


llpllll  It. 

ll 


u 


f..ll> 


stitution^  lit'  tilt"  (.'ciuiitry  ili-jn'inlcil 


uiiir,  r 


riu'  intioii  ailopts  thr  I'ciiuMiLaii,  IVmIcimI.  [I'lii' 


Olircsilltiltivi'  follll  lif    U'lVtMlHllt'llt.  '    .1/iJ'.    (\il.    ('Qll.<lil 


AW  sui.l  that  tho  fiiitiMl  Siatus  lia>l  1 


itlMl    t' 


St    1'. 


>ppri'>siiiii. 


T 


lui'ii  si'pai'ati'  jmjviin 


I's  wliieh   ffil- 


U'V  siniiirt.' 


tlu'ir  i.'oiistitatiiiii,  ami  tlie  instrmiuMit  i 


ll  tlu'  kill''".'*  luimc  fimii 


L-rid  very  wuU  for  Uu'ir  roimld 


IlV 


u!n'ivas  Mixicx  had  as  a  wlmk"   suH'eivd  tlio  yoUo  of  an  uljsolutL-  ni'^iiarcli 
dmiii;,'  ;i  H)  yoar.-i.      He  tlieivfore   tiiollt^lit  the"  ditlereiicu   hetweeii    tile   t\ 


-M 


SOS  to  he  iiiiiiiense.  M'ui\  I'i'ojvcia  Polit.,  3--^;  UnMainiinh-,  t'luul.  JIi!<t. 


S.,  viii.  ■2k){). 


12 


REPUBLICAN  ORGANIZATION. 


II 


that  Doctor  Mior's  prophecy  bocaine  no  i,rly  roahzcd, 
the  threatened  evils  actually  covering  a  long  period 
of  years.  However,  article  five  was  ado[)ted  and  sol- 
emnly proclaimed;  and  when  the  discussion  was  ended, 
and  the  acta  adopted  on  the  31st  of  January,  1824,-" 
both  the  executive  and  congress  made  known  to  tlie 
peo[)le  the  patriotic  spirit  that  had  i)rcsidcd  at  its 
ibrmation,  expressing  hopes  for  the  best  results. 

The  adoption  of  the  fifth  article,  so  boisterously 
demanded,  should  have  acted  like  oil  upon  troubled 
waters;  but  it  did  not.  Revolutions  followed  one 
another  with  various  intents,  and  arising  from  differ- 
ent causes.  In  the  tierra  caliente,  and  in  Puebla,  San 
Luis  Potosi,  Guadalajara,  and  Queretaro  the  govern- 
ment had  to  (jucll  disturbances.  The  infamous  nuiti- 
lator  of  Spaniards,  Vicente  Gomez,  el  capador,  was 
forced  to  sue  for  pardon,  which  was  granted  him  on 
condition  of  his  living  in  California.-"  General  Echii- 
varri,  who  had  given  siijns  of  hostility  to  the  ij^overn- 
ment  in  Puebla,  was  removed  by  force,  and  Gomez 
Pedraza  sent  there  to  hold  the  civil  and  military 
authority. ^^  Disorders  in  Cuernavaca  and  Cuautla 
obliged  Guerrero  to  hasten  thither  in  person.  Hi: 
presence  sufficed  to  restore  quiet  in  the  south.  The 
most  serious  trouble  occurred  in  jNEexico  in  the  niglit 
of  January  23,  1824.  It  was  headed  by  General  Lo- 
bato,  and  had  for  its  pretext  the  same  one  advanced 
in  Cuernavaca  by  Colonel  Hernandez,  namely,  hostil- 
ity to  the  Spaniards.  The  executive  authority,  now 
held  by  Miclielenaand  Dominguez,  found  itself  without 
other  support  than  a  small  body  of  troops.  The  two 
triumviri  repaired  to  the  hall  of  congress  and  re- 
ported the  alarming  state  of  afl'airs.  Santa  Anna, 
who  was  then  subject  to  prosecution  for  his  acts  at 

'■  Ahtwan,  Ilht.  Mi'}.,  v.  77(5-7;  Biistnmniiti',  CnniL  IlUt.,  MS.,  viii.  227- 
.  /,'.,  liht.  J/it)-hi(k;'\Sr)-[),  l!)!)-2;i0,  21;},  270-7;  M<'.v.  Col.  Lri/e-^,  ('h-<l.  // 
iii.  18-24;  Acliudtl,  Con;/.  Const II 111/.  iv. ;  Coinj.  Coihslitin/enfi',  Manif., 


i'' .  .\ii.i\  Col.  Coiislifuc. 


1-1,-);  M,.i:  Mi'in.  Iln 


I  ((I,  1S7(),  70- 


'.\Toru  of  him  in  11  i4.  Ctd.,  iii.;  Mex.  i'ol.  df  Lei/cs,  Ovil.  //  !)<• 


111.  i) 


-'  Oom  r.i.  v^iuerrero's  report  to  the  suci'etary  of  war,  from  I'liuljla,  .Jan.  0, 
1824,  at  11  r.  m.,  in  Guccta  Exlraord.  O'vb.  Hup.  Mex.,  iii.  Jan.  Stli,  1j-1G. 


THE  LOBATO  REVOLT. 


13 


\)r<t.  11 

li.  .">:?. 

Lin.  G, 


San  Lui.s  Potosi,  tciHlered  liis  sjfood  offices  as  a  modi- 
.Mtor;  l)ut  tlio  c()nL,MVss  eiicrg'etioally  refused,  at  two 
o'eloek  in  the  morning  of  tlie  24th,  to  con.sider  any 
rej»resentation  of  the  rebels  until  they  laid  down 
their  arms;  and  on  the  2()th  stringently  ordered  all 
army  officers  that  were  not  with  the  mutineers  to 
hasten  to  the  defence  of  the  country  and  its  consti- 
tuted authorities.  All  officers  failing  to  ohey  that 
order  were  declared  traitors,  and  outlawed.  The 
ivbels,  finding  themselves  unsupported  and  awed  by 
tlie  jirestigc  of  the  authority  vested  in  the  executive 
and  congress,  and  more  so  by  their  fear  of  liravo, 
Guerrero,  and  Gomez  Pedraza,  who  with  their  forces 
would  soon  bo  upon  them,  submitted  to  the  govern- 
ment, with  the  exception  only  of  the  mounted  gren- 
adiei's  under  Lieutenant-C(jlonel  Staboli;  but  these 
were  soon  forced  to  surrender.  Staboli  was  tried  and 
.'sentenced  to  sutler  death;  but  the  penalty  was  Hiially 
comnuitod  to  cxilo.^^  The  revolution  was  thus  re- 
pressed ;  Lobato  accusing  ]\Iichelena  and  Santa  Anna""'' 
of  beinu"  the  chief  V)i'(»moters. 

"^riie  acta  constitutiva  having  been  published  on 
the  olst  of  Januarv,  1824,  cono-ress  sunnnoned  tlie 
reticular  members  of  the  executive  to  the  discharge  of 
their  functions,  and  Michelena  was  given  leave  to  re- 
tire. General  Bravo  obeved  the  summons  in  ^Tareh, 
and  the  executive  was  then  represented  by  him  with 
])onn"nguez  and  Guerrero,  as  Negrete,  who  had  also 
leturned,  resigned  his  position  under  the  pretext  of 
ill  lu>alth. 

Disturbances  soon  broke  out  afresh  in  Guadalajara. 
The  authorities  had  not  only  I'efused  to  recognize 
(^eiKn'al  Jose  Joaipiin  de  Ilei'rera  as  coiuandante 
general,  but   also  exhibited   a  marked   partiality  for 

''^Onoof  the  reasons  assigncil  was  that  lii.s  wife  was  a  (lau'.litor  of  tlio 
scnljitor  Tulsa.  Ihtiita,n(nite,]lhl.  Itiirhiih\  1S8-9;  /</.,  ('liml.  //i^f.,  MS.,  viii. 
L'l.S-'J(i;  J/,x.  Co/.  Lri/c^,  Onl.  11  Dec,  iii.  I.VIT;  Alamnn,  Hist.  Mi^J.,  v. 
77S;  SiKiiTzp  Js'nrcirm,  llht.  Mi.i\,  'iX-'-l;  Zurnhi,  J!i'rol.  Mix'.,  i.  '2(i7-7-; 
Toniil,  JSrcri:  Ji'isct'ia  Jlisl.,  lG.S-4;  Liccicjd,  Ailh\  ij  Hal.,  (il7-lS. 

-"■'S.iiita  Anna  was  aciiuitted.  His  course  in  Wvix,  (,'raz  was  declared  mer- 
itorious, llic  nation  having  adopted  tlie  teileral  regiiuo. 


It 


i:i:i'LT.LIC'AX  ORGANIZATION. 


the  enemies  of  the  movcrmneiit,  and  bc^^an  to  exiTcisc 
j)o\veis  not  vested  in  thi-m  under  tlie  acta  eonstitu- 
tiva.  Indi-ed,  they  niunilostcd  i;i'nrrjdly  ii  spiiit  of 
insul)oi'(Hniition  to  the  national  autlioiity,  and  !j;avc 
enconrai^enient  to  the  lturl)i(Hst  party.  Tlie  L^'overn- 
ment,  therel'ore,  again  sent  liravo  and  Xegrete  to 
tliMt  part  of  tlie  re[»uhht',  which  now  bore  the  name  of 
Jahsco,  with  a  strong  (hvisit)n.  Victoria  having  by 
this  time  returned  to  the  ca|)ital,  took  tlie  pla>.'e  of 
]>ravo  in  the  triumvirate.  IJravo  and  Xegiete  en- 
tered CI  uadalajara  June  I  Ith,  without  meeting  with 
resistance,  having  made  a  convention  with  Quintanar 
and  Ihistamante.  lleirera  was  installed  as  coman- 
dante  general.  A  relative  ol'  Iturbiile,  named  ICduardo 
(hircia,  and  ]>aron  de  Kossembcrg,  a  German  whom 
Iturbide  had  made  a  lieutenant-colonel,  attem[)ted 
resistance  in  Tej)ic,  but  Colonel  J^uis  Correa  defeated 
them,  and  Garcia,  Rossembei'g,  and  some  others  were 
executed.  Quintanar  and  J^ustamante  were  sent  ts) 
Aca})ulco  for  the  pur[)ose  of  being  shi[)[)cd  to  South 
America,  but  the  order  of  banishment  was  not  carried 
out,'"  and  both  were  allowed  to  go  un[)Uiiislied. 

These  revolutionary  movements  }>laced  the  govern- 
ment and  congress  in  so  difficult  a  ])osition  that  the 
extreme  measure  was  contemplated  of  vesting  the 
executive  authority  in  a  single  mendier  of  the  trium- 
virate, under  the  title  of  Supremo  Director,  with  large 
though  well  defined  powers.  The  executive,  however, 
opposed  the  creation  of  this  supreme  magistrate,  and 
circumstances  beini>;  now  changed,  it  became  uimeces- 
saiy.  The  terminati<»n  of  the  attempted  effort  on 
behalf  of  Iturbide,  ibllowcd  shortly  after  by  his  death, 
gave  the  coui)  de  grace  to  his  party.^' 

After  the  Jalisco  campaign  General  Bravo  returned 

'"Bravo  was  falsely  accused  hy  Zavala,  A'l  (v/,  Mcx.,  i.  2SG~7,  of  I'ad  faith; 
it  is  oil  record  tliat  every  act  (if  liis  was  juii'suaiit  to  orders  from  Mexico.  All 
tlio  occurrences  in  (iuadalajara  and  '\\'\\n-  aiJiJcared  in  tiic  ),'ovt'i-nnieut  .'^acedi 
for  June  and  .luly.  I>ii.<taiiiaitlt',  Ciaai.  Hinl.,  MS.,  viii. '210-7,  -ti-;  A/o.,>/iii, 
Jlist.  Ml  J.,  v.  787. 

'■'^  liimtaiHiiiile,  Caad.  I[!-<t.,  M.S.,  viii.  ^33-8;  Id.,  Hid.  Iturbide,  230, 
233-G;  Aluiiuui,  lliof.  Mij.,  v.  787. 


"M 


m 


1.1 

N)7 


J. I., 
-I, 
lillli 

Cei 

t>  ( 

Arri 

l'), 

./u!v 

JoJt 


WORK  OX  THE  COXSTITUTIOX. 


15 


.1' 


nvcrn- 

the 
•luin- 
lar,L;o 
ever, 
),  and 
icces- 
I't    oil 
.Icatli, 


tnruec 


I 


liid  faith; 
xi.o.    All 

■nt  ;4iU'i't:V 
Aki.  "til, 

bide,  '230, 


m. 


to  ^[('xico,  and  conujn'ss  dccret'd  lliat  tlie  cxeoutivo 
filiould  consist   oi'  A'ictoiia,  as  ])i-esi(K'Mt,  l-Jruvo,  and 
(lucrrero;  the  last  named  being  authoiized  to  retire  if 
liis  liealth  demanded   it,  in  wliirli   event   J)oniin,i(uez 
v>as  to  replace  him.      l''rom  this  time  to  tlu;  end   of 
the  |>ro\isional  rule  A'ictoria,  Dravo,  and   ])ominL;'Uez 
constituted  the  executive.      Till  then  the  ministei-  of 
relations,   Lucas  Alaman,   and   the  minister  <»f  war, 
]\Ianuel   ^[ier  y  Teran,  who    were    intimate    iVim.ls 
jind  i-ntertained  the  same  views  on  })ul)lic  |K»hcy,  had 
the  chief  inthience  in  the  administration  of  the  •gov- 
ernment.'^'    Victoria's    presence    in    tin;    <4o\-ernmi'nt 
caused  a  material  chanij^e,  which    o'reatly   inihieucrd 
subse(|uent  events.      lie  caused  Ai'rillan'a  to  lie  dis- 
missed, notwithstandinn'  tlie  opposition  of  l>!'a\-o  autl 
])omInn'Ui'Z,  and  of   ministt-rs  Alaman   and    Mier    y 
IV'ran;  hut  .1  )ominL|,'ue/C  iinally  assenting',  Jose  I^'iiai-io 
I^^steva  was  placed  in  chai'i^-e  of  the  treasury. ^^     The 
new  minister  was  an  ahle,  eneru'etic,  industrious  man. 
]  [e  laid  himself  open  to  ohhxjuy,  however,  l>y  unduly 
interferiiiL;'  in  the  ailaii's  of  other  dej)artments;   lieneo 
his  dill'erences  with  the  minister  of  wai-. 

^Meanwhile  the  discussion  of  i]\c  iV'deral  constitu- 
tion had  heen  .n'oinL,^  on  in  conuj'ress  since  tlu'  lii'st  of 
A]»ril.  The  work  pron'ressed  slowly,  owini;'  to  tlie 
necessity  of  atteiidiiiL;'  to  much  executive  l.'Usiness, 
and  it  was  only  on  the  1st  of  Auu^'ust  that  the  first 
article  was  adopted.     After  that  date,  iLurbiile  hav- 

'-Arrilliiga  attciidoil  oxt'luKivdy  ti>  lii^i  i1(i«i'tiiu'nt,  the  trcisurv;  iuhI 
l.lavc  spent  iiiiK'li  of  lii.s  time  in  scientillc  st.U(lirs.  Ahimnii,  JJi-f.  S/'J.,  v. 
N)7  S. 


■"Tin;  followini;  sfcitcsmcn  had  the  ncvcial  jiiii'tt'ulio.s  lietwocn  Ain'il  I, 
IS'j;!,  ami  (K'tohrr  10,  IS'Jl:  Krlatinns:  .),,si''  Il^umi'Io  Carciii  Iliu.Ta.  April  2 
to  1."),  INJ;?;  I.ucas  Alaman,  Apiil  !(!,  IS'.';!,  to  April  'j;',,  ISL'l;  i'aj,!..  do  la 
Liavf  (ail.  int.),  April  21  to  May  11,  IsJI;  I.iu.as  Alaman,  Mav  I.")  to  S,  pt. 
-I,  l.S'Jl;  .liian  (dizman,  chii.-f  dcrk,  Sept.  •J'Jd  to  Oct.  10,  Is'l'I.  .Iiisti.'c: 
lihioca,  April  '_'  to  .lune  (i,  IS'J:!;  Llavc,  .liino  0,  1S_>:{,  to  .I;in.  L'.'.,  IsjJ; 
tlcn.ninio  'ronisiano,  chief  eleil;,  .Ian.  '.'(i  to  .April  20,  IS-J4:  Llave,  A)):  d  21 
t)  (.Ktohor  10,  1,V_'4.  Treasniy:  lUneea,  .\prd  1  to  ."iO,  ISj:!;  Kraneiseo  de 
Arrilia,-,'a,  May.',  IS'J.'J,  to  Au.i,'.  H,  1S24;  Jos.'  It;nacio  Ksteva,  Am,',  it  to  Oet. 
10,  l^^t.  War:  llhieoa,  Aprils  to  .Inly  Ij,  l,S-j;f;  .lose  .loacpun -le  Heirer.i, 
.Inly  li.>.  l,Si.';{,  to  March  11,  ISi'l;  .Manuel  Mier  y  Teran,  Mareli  [2  to  Oct.  10, 
1:3-4.  JIljc.  AluH.  Uackndu,  1S70,  1027. 


' 


10 


RKPUBLICAX  OltOANIZATIDX. 


J  I 


iiiL;'  1)0011  jnit  out  of  tlio  way,  and  with  him  all  dynastic 
])rot<'nsi()ns,  tho  pi-oi^ross  attiiinod  was  satislaotoiy. 
Tiifio  was  not  much  warmth  in  tlio  (K'hatos  till  tho 
point  was  reachod  whothor  tho  oxooutivo  authority 
sliould  1)0  vostod  in  ono  porson  or  in  throo.^*  It  was 
finally  cK'cidod  in  favor  of  ono,  with  tho  oxj)ootaLiou 
that  in  tho  courso  of  tim(>,  and  ohockod  hy  laws  i-n- 
actod  liy  ooni^i'oss,  tho  prosidont  would  not  havo  it  in 
his  powor  to  do  much  harm.  In  tho  mattor  of  terri- 
torial (hvision,  uravo  ditlicultios  woro  oncountorod  from 
tho  alisunco  of  rt-liahlo  statistical  data  rospcotinL;'  po[)- 
ulatioii,  rovonuo,  and  rosouroos;  for  it  was  no'locd  that 
sonn^  of  tho  states  Avoro  moi'o  powerful  than  others, 
and  it  was  necossaiy  to  establish  a  sort  of  o(piilibrium. 
Tho  last  territorial  division  of  intondeneias  under  tho 
S[)anish  rule  was  roconnnondcd  by  some  members, 
but  objected  to  by  others,  because  Quoretaro  and 
Tlascala,  which  at  that  time  woro  mere  conryiuu'cKfo.", 
<le  l('f/-(is,  wanted  to  bo  separate  states.  Some  trouble 
was  oxporioneod  with  rcs[)ect  to  the  territories,  namely, 
Colima,  the  Californias,  and  Tehuanto[)ec.  But  the 
greatest  ditlicult}'  was  to  fix  upon  the  quota  of  reve- 
nue that  each  state  was  to  contribute  for  tl\e  sup[)ort 
of  tho  general  government,  inasmuch  as  tho  revenue 
of  each  being  unknown,  the  distribution  as  fixed  upon 
was  mere  guess-work,"'''' and  tho  result  was,  that  after- 
word very  few  of  the  states  j)unctually  paid  their 
quotas. 

Each  part  of  the  constitution,  when  passed,  was 
publisluxl  and  given  the  force  of  law.  This  was  done 
respecting  the  election  of  president  and  vu;e-presidont 

"  The  point  -was  in  doulit,  bpoausc.  accordiuf;  to  Bustaiiiante,  Ciiad.  Jlinl., 
MS.,  viii.  -(i'J,  it  was  iiii-siiuRil  that  if  tliu  iimvcr  was  vf.stoil  in  (nuMHily,  X'ic- 
toi'iii  voiilil  Im  tlio  chosoii  one.  liustaniaiite  and  ins  follow-centralists  iU<l  not 
like  \'iotoria. 

"■'The  Mini  of  $3,]??0,S7r)  was  to  lie  yearly  paid  into  tlie  national  treasury 
by  tlie  ^;tates  as  follows:  Mexico,  .S!t7.")."<X)0;  Jalisco.  l?.T),").(i'_'.');  Tuehla,  .S'iu'S,- 
iLVi;  Oaiaca,  8-.'(J'>,r>0();  Onauajiiato,  .S2IS,7.")0;  Miclioacan,  $17'),<li-K);  Ynuatan, 
$l,i(i,-J..(l;  /acatecas.  .'?14(M)i;.'i;  San  Luis  J'otosi,  I^IOl.'jriO.  'J'lio  rest  laiyed 
from  .'?!I7.87.")  (Vera  Cruz)  down  to  !?l'i,<i-'>  (t'oahuila).  1'lic  paynieiits  were 
to  be  made  in  iiis^aliuents  every  month  or  lit'teendays  from  the  time  the 
Btates  collected  their  revenue.  Mtx.  Col,  dc  Lci/fis,  Urd.  y  Due,  ill.  tiO-'i. 


VICTORIA  AND  RRAVO. 


17 


was 

(lone 

4deut 


rcasiii'y 

ucntan, 
t  raiiLicil 
it3  were 
inio  the 


Jiiid  tlioir  saliirii's,  and  the  niaimor  of  ck-etiiii,^  d('|mlic'.s 
and  senators,  and  jiistici's  of"  the  supreme  court."'' 

At  the  ) (residential  election  the  centralists  mado 
Nicohis  JJravo  their  candidate,  (jruadalu|)(!  A"icli)ria 
luini;'  the  favorite  of  the  federalists.  The  latter 
ohtained  a  maJDrity  of  tlic  .se\'cnteon  votes  that 
M'ore  cast,  and  congress  declared  him  constitutionally 
elected.  The  votes  for  vice-president  being  divided 
hetweeii  Nicolas  liravo  and  A'^icente  ({uerrero,  neltlier 
of  them  having  the  re(|uisite  majority,  congress  chose 
the  lirst-named."' 

The  constitution  required  that  the  president  and 
vice-jtresident  elect  should  assume  their  ollices  on  the 
tii'st  of  .Vpril,  and  hold  f  )r  four  years;  nevertheless 
the  congress  dt'cn.'ed  that  they  should  enter  at  once 
uijon  the  (lischarLje  of  their  duties,  inauguratinix  with- 
out  loss  (»f  time  the  new  s3"stem  of  government. 

The  constitution  of  Los  Estados  Unidos  ]\[cxica- 
nos,  the  name  given  the  republic,"^  having  been  sol- 
enudy  jtul Wished  on  the  4th  of  October,  1824,'"  this 
day  and  the  IGth  of  September  were  declared  the 
only  national  anniversaries. 

The  constitution  tlius  ado})ted  confirmed  the  fed- 
eral svstem  aheadv  established  by  the  acta  constitu- 
tiva.  After  declaring  the  absolute  independence  of 
the  counti'y,  and  the  Jloman  catholic  religion  as  the 
oidy  one  jjermitted  therein,  and  recognizing  the  states 
that  were  to  be  the  component  i)arts  of  the  federation, 

^"Tlie  ptosident's  salary  was  tixeil  at  S;U).()00,  and  tlic  vico-prosiik-iit's  at 
.^•lO.OOO.     'I'lif  otluT  laws  \MTepas.SL-(l  An-.  Mi  ami  'jytli.    Jh.,:,  Col.  <A   O/v/. 

;/  J'rr..  iii.  (;J-.^,  07_!t,  -■>. 

^' 'i'lic  ci)iigressioiial  acts  appear  in  Oiz.  Gnh.  Sup.,  ],S-J4,  Oct.  ")tli,  "JO:); 
JA.r.  r'o/.  Onl.  n  ]>rr.,  iii.  7S:  A/nni'ui,  Jlhi.  Afr/..  v.  ,S()S-1I;  lltLsttiiinuiti, 
Ciirul.  //(V.,  MS.,  viii.  200;  11.,  Ill<t.  Iltirlwl,',  'j;.'*   t. 

■'"  Willi  tho  oliauge  of  system  wa.s  ^.ttrodnei'il  a  now  practice  in  sonic  jiar- 
ticulais.  iianu'ly;  to  tlio  date  of  .i  (loijrce  or  ollirial  lett;'r  were  added,  .;'  th 
In  (nili-]<rnil('ii<-in,  ;l'  df  la  lihrrtml,  and  J'  dr  la  fnU-rnrion:  tlic  word  Cimld- 
iHiio  siipm-.seded  Bon  hcforc  a  iiuivson'.s  given  name;  and  in  lieu  of  Jtio-^  'jiian/c 
(i  I  (/  miir/ing  into-',  with  which  oliicial  letters  were  formerly  ended,  were  put 
Jjiiifi  y  I/tht  rtnd. 

^'■'  Approjiriatc  addres.ses  wen?  made  on  this  day  to  the  Mexican  nation  hy 
the  congress  and  tiie  executive.   liuxtiimniiU',  li'i<i.  Itiirhhh',  'JTS-Ul;  Mix. 
Col.  I.njr!t  Fnuil.,  li.')-."?!;  (lac  t!oh.  Sup.  Mux.,  \S1\,  '221-1:  Dlnm.    Var.. 
iii.  r2J-8;   TornrI,  Xnr.  J/,;/.,  24-o. 
llisT.  Mes.,  Vol.  V.'    2 


13 


nr.rur.LicAN  onfiAMZATioy. 


tilt!  iiistrumojit  divides  the  j)(>\ver.s  of  tlio  supremo 
,L;()Vi'i'miici>t  into  tlirtc  limiiclies,  to  wit,  tlio  Iryislii- 
tivo,  ('XL'ciiti\e,  and  judicial.  The  in.striiuiout  Is epito- 
i:iized  in  a  note.*' 

^''TlK^cj.'islativo  pgwcr  in  vcHttil  in  n  ooiiL'rrsn  cnnsistini,'  of  a  linuso  of 
<loputii  .i  iiiid  u  .scimti';  the  iir'IiiI)li',s  (if  tin?  fi.riiicr  to  liu  chosi'ii  ovcry  two 
yi.iir.s,  Olio  for  every  Stl,(>IH)  iiiluJiitaiits,  as  well  u*  for  every  fraction  excuccl- 
i;i;,'  40,(i;)0.  A  (Icimly  must  no'./  he  uiiiler  'J.'>  ycar.-t  of  a;_;i';  i;\u.st  liavo  reaideil 
two  eoiisccntive  years  in  tin-  state  eleetin'^  iiim.  Ailopted  citi/(  nn  with  eij^'Iit 
ycais'  resilience  and  iiidpcrty  t)  the  value  of  .^'S,0(K),  or  un  oci'U[)ation  yield- 
i:i','  .f'l, ()()()  yearly,  eoiild  lie  chosen.  Natives  of  oilier  Spnni.ili  colonies  needed 
(  nly  three  years'  residence.  'I'ho  ])resident  and  vice-president,  iiienil(ers  of 
tlietiipreine  court,  secretaries  of  u  late,  and  eni()loyi\s(if  their  departnienls  could 
not  lie  elected  de]mties;  neither  ould  ^'overnor.i  of  state's  or  territoi  icf,  mili- 
tary coiniiiaiidants.  archliishops,  liisho]is,  vieai's-L'eneral,  judj^'es  of  districts, 
and  coniiiiissarics  general  of  linanci;  and  war,  for  the  f  tates  or  territories  in 
V.  liicli  they  exercised  their  functions.  To  become  dejnities,  .^ueli  otiicials  had 
tori.u^Mi  their  ollices  at  least  .'<ix  months  hi  fore  the  election.  Th((M(!nate  iseom- 
jMse  I  of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  hy  a  iilnrality  of  votes  in  the  utato 
ic^idatuic  or  coni,'ress.  1'he  junior  fir  last  chosen  senator  is  replaced  liy  a 
new  apiMiintnient  at  the  end  of  two  ycus;  the  lirst  chosen  holds  his  place  for 
fi),ir  ye;us.  llotli  must  he  ."()  years  of  a;,'c  or  upwards,  and  )iossi:.is  ail  tlio 
(lUalilications  reipiisite  for  a  deputy.  Deputiea  and  senators  are  matlc  invio- 
l,:l)le.  The  eonynjss  is  recpiired  to  meet  every  year  on  the  1st  of  .liinuarv, 
closing;  its  session  on  the  l.'ith  of  April,  unless  it  or  the  exccuti\c  deem  it 
neeciisaiy  to  prol.ing  the  session  for.'H)  days  more.  It  may  also  hold  iu  estni 
sc3J:ion  lietwecn  the  dates  of  the  ordinary  .sessions.  Either  eliamher  nu'.y  im- 
p  aeh  thi^  pi'esldcnf,  fuiprenio  judges,  secretaries  of  state,  pnd  tiie  governcra 
of  states  fir  infractioiLS  of  the  con.stitutioii;  if  two  thirds  <if  the  votc3  sustain 
ilie  iinpeachment,  tlie  aceustd  is  .sus])«iuled  from  oliiec  and  surrendered  to  a 
eoiiipi'tent  co\irt  to  try  him  for  the  oU'ence. 

The  executive  power  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  president;  in  the  event 
of  liis  liccomin,.;  morally  or  physically  <lis(jualiiied,  the  vice-president  art.-ur.n.4 
his  functions,  temporarily  or  for  the  rest  of  the  term,  as  the  ease  mny  lie. 
None  lint  a  .Mi^xican-horn,  at  least  'A'>  years  old,  and  a  resident  of  the  country 
is  elijrilih;  tor  president  or  vice-president.  Tim  president  can'.iot  lie  reelocted 
tid  fviur  years  have  elapsed  after  his  tenn.  Tho  eU'ction  o-'  president  and 
vice-president  i;*  made  liy  the  coiii^'rcsses  of  the  star  -:,  each  (  f  wIulIi,  on  tiio 
1st  of  Scptemljer  of  the  year  immediately  precedin'.i  tit'  '  ist:.lIatioii  of  a  new 
president,  names  two  individuals  as  candidates,  one  ol  .vhoni  at  least  must 
not  lie  a  native  of  the  state.  A  coinmitice  of  tho  1  >v.e'  house  of  tin,'  national 
empress,  coinposod  of  one  deputy  from  each  stato,  ]>:.■  -ics  upon  the  validiiy  of 
the  ccrtiheates  received  from  each  .state,  and  tho  ciiamher  then  declares  who 
are  tho  elect.  Should  t\\(>  candidates  have  an  e(|Ual  numher  of  votes,  or  m 
one  have  ;;n  alisolute  majority,  then  the  house  of  deputies  elioosea  the  presi- 
tlent  or  vice-president  from  amonu!  the  candidates  having  the  j^reatest  iium- 
lur  of  votes  from  the  state  eungre.'.-ic.s.  Many  precautions  are  enjoined  against 
po.ssiblo  encroachments  on  the  ]iart  of  the  jiresidcut. 

Tiic  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court  of  justice,  and  in  supe- 
rior couits  of  departments  and  districts,  'i'he  supremu  court  is  eonipo-cd  of 
i''t'ven  ju<l;.'es  and  the  attorney-i.'eiieral.  Tiie  memlijrs  must  lie  natives  of 
Mexico,  and  l!5  years  of  a'^'e  or  upwar.ls.  'J'hey  ai'C  elected  liy  the  lc;;is!aturea 
eif  the  states  in  liic  .same  manner  and  with  the  .same  formalities  as  the  pre.,i- 
deiit  of  the  rei-ublic. 

The  state  giivernments  are  also  divided  into  three  liranclica,  tho  same  a3 
.the  federal  goveruuieut.     The  .states  have  the  mauagemeut  of  their  local 


/.< 


TiiF  rrrnniAL  c;)N.stitutiox. 


10 


•ountry 

'(■'.Octl'il 

:nt  nr.il 
(III  the 
:i  new 

iK'itin'.Kll 

jiiliiy  of 

•LM  who 

111"  no 

|iro»i- 

st  iiiini- 

|;ig:iiuot 

111  suiie- 

L.c.iof 

['was  (jf 

,'.:itart':i 

prcoi- 

lanic  ;i3 
Ir  local 


Several  of  its  arti<-K's  an'  transcripts  of  rorn'sjioiid- 
iii;^^  clauses  in  the  constitution  of  the  nortliej-n  I'nited 
States.  lIiTo  and  thero  ajUH-ars  the  old  Spanish 
leaven,  |t;ntieularly  in  the  tourtli  article,  which  de- 
clares tliat  the  lionian  catholic  religion  "is  and  shall 
l)er[»etually  l»i'  the  relit,Mon  of  the  ^lexican  nation," 
and  lorhids  the  enjoynu-nt  of  any  other.  It  must  he 
said,  however,  to  tJie  honor  of  the  franiers  iA'  the  in- 
strument, that  they  manifested  a  praiseworthy  interest 
in  the  improvement  of  the  countiy  and  in  the  ad- 
vancement of  education,  science,  and  tra<le;  for  the 
esta!>lishjnent  of  coj)yri^hts  and  patents,  freedom  of 
the  press,  and  aholishment  of  barharous  practices  in 
the  administi'ation  of  justice,  such  as  torture,  arbi- 
trary imprisonment,  confiscation  of  property,  retro- 
active laws,  and  othei"  j)rocetlures  l»y  which  life,  limh, 
]»eisonal  liberty  and  i)ro[)i'rty  were  at  the  mercy  of 
unscru[)ulous  tril)unals  or  officials.  We  note  the  al>- 
seiico  (^f  clauses  to  estal)lisli  trial  by  jury  and  pub- 
licity in  administering  justice.     It  cannot  be  denied 

isions  of  this  constituti 


V 


P 


duced  L;-ood  residts  and  roused  the  country  into  nsefid 
a(.'tivity,  even  in  the  midst  of  the  turmoil  and  confu- 
sion ^Mexico  was  afterward  subjected  to  durin;^  the 
succecdinj^  half-eentur}'  or  more.  Comments,  almost 
vitliout  nund)er,  were  made  even  in  those  early  days, 
bv  both  ]\[e.\icans  and  foreiu'ners,  endeavorlnu"  to  show 


that  the  troubles  Mexic( 


o  seon  loumi  iiers( 


I  h 


•If 


invo 


Ived 


in  were  the  result  of  the  liberal  institutions  she  hail 
adopted  by  servilely  copying'',  as  the  commentators 
said,  her  more  fortunate  nei'dibor  of  tlu^  north,     'i'he 


f>nnonen 


'PI 


ts  of 


.bl 


I'epuolican  i,n)vernment  liave  arij'ued  U'.)in 


th 


d  fi 


tlieir  ,stand[)oint  tl'e  manifest  incompatibility,  as  they 
alleijfe,  of  such  {tolitical  institutions  with  tlu."  liabits  and 
education  of  a  people  wlio  had  been  for  three  centuries 
in  leadin''-strin!jfs,  ruled  bv  a  system  of  royal  command 

allaM's  with  entire  iiiilcpeinlt'iioc  of  the  /^ciienil  govoniniont.     Their  ooiistitii- 
tioll^^  iinist  rdiifoiiii  witli  tlio  niiuiivnH^nts  of  the  ii.iti'iiial  organic  liw. 
,    'l"ho  full  text  may  lie  fimiul  in  Mr.v.  Col.  ('uii.-''i!'ii:,  i.  10-101;  Jf'.c.  Col. 
Or  J.  y  Dec,  iii.  TiJ-lOti;  <Jaz.  dc  Mix:,  1324,  iv.  17o;   U'urd'^  Mcx.,  i.  "Jiio-aO-i. 


1'^' 


20 


REPUBLICAN  ORGANIZATION. 


cmanatinjif  from  a  court  several  thousand  miles  awav. 
and  enforced  by  officials  who  had  notliing  in  common 
with  the  country.  No  good  could,  in  the  estimation 
of  these  men,  be  expected  from  the  sudden  change, 
tlie  fact  that  the  change  was  absolutely  needed  being 
ignored.  The  subsequent  troubles  that  constantly 
succeeded  one  another  confirmed  them  in  their  pre- 
conceived ideas,  affording  them  the  opportunity  to 
ascribe  to  the  fiideral  institutions  faults  that  were 
really  fliults  of  the  enemies  of  such  institutions — of 
those  who  caused  the  disturbances  for  their  own  self- 
ish puri>oses,  and  often  forced  well  intentioned  men 
in  power,  in  order  to  save  the  government  and  them- 
selves, to  go  beyond  the  orbit  of  their  constitutional 
authority.  It  will  be  seen  in  the  course  of  this  his- 
tory that  such  was  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary 
movements  that  disturbed  Mexico  almost  from  the 
promulgation  of  the  first  constitution.*^ 

The  functions  of  the  provisional  government  ceased 
W'hen  the  constitutional  executive  went  into  office. 
During  the  interregnum  of  eighteen  months  the  coun- 
try  was  often  imperilled,  and  the  provisional  autliori- 
ties  experienced  much  difficulty  in  securing  the  free 
institutions  that  the  people  demanded.  Among  the 
obstacles  they  had  to  contend  against  was  the  scarcity 
of  property.  Amidst  constant  political  disturbance, 
and  nf)twithstanding  the  frequent  changes  in  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  executive,  and  the  unanimous  disapproval 
by  it  and  the  cabinet  of  the  system  of  government  de- 
niandod,  all  rose  suj^erior  to  their  preferences,  labor- 
ing zealously  to  satisfy  the  popular  aspiration.  By 
blending  moderation  with  rigor,  they  restored  public 
l)eace,  left  abundant  resources,  though  unfortunately 
the  proceeds  of  loans,  and  removed  all  hinderances  to 

*'  Tlie  following  authorities  are  referred  to:  Atnmnii,  Hit'.  Mi'j.,  v.  SS3-0; 
Suariz  1/  Xai'nrro,  llisf.  Mi'.v. ,  ll-'i];  (htwlah  Exiwvdon  (Id  Cahildo,  1-10; 
V.  Cnn,  El  Plan  A'rpuh.,  1-'21;  Mnrtitiv-.,  Siudp.  Jllst.  Ix'n-ol.  Mr.r.,  i.  in5  0; 
Gntiirrf.,  Carfn  ;/  Opiii.  Auf.,  G-  18;  Jircerrn,  Voto  Parlh'iiliv,  l-Hi;  Xorfh 
A  m.  Ii'i't'.,  xxxi.  I  l'2-l  1.  Ciirlos  M.  IJustamanto  solemnly  protested  on  the  4th 
of  October,  1.S-J4,  .against  the  adoption  of  the  constitution.  Tlie  text  is  given 
in  his  Gabinete  Mcx.,  ii,  24S-y. 


-•«« 


STATES  AND  TEKRITORIES. 


21 


;  away, 
amnion 
matioii 
change, 
lI  being 
stantly 
sir  pre- 
nity  to 
it  were 
ons — of 
wn  self- 
ccl  men 
1  them- 
tutional 
:his  his- 
itionary 
•om  the 

t  ceased 
b  office, 
ic  conn- 
authori- 
thc  free 
ong  the 
scarcity 
irbance, 
he  per- 
pproval 
lent  de- 
labor- 

By 

pubhc 
unately 
nces  to 

I,  V.  m^c; 

lilh,  1-10; 

.,i.  in:.  0; 

-Ki;  Xor/h 
.  on  the  4tli 
Ixt  ia  given 


I ) 

tn. 


administrative  action.  The  provisional  government 
was  accused  of  excessive  severity,  but  the  facts  prove 
that  no  more  was  used  than  the  preservation  of  the 
pubhc  peace  called  for,  and  that  the  government  and 
(jon'Tess  made  themselves  respected  without  resorting 
to  arbitrary  penalties.  Punishments  inflicted  were  in 
almost  every  instance  pronounced  under  process  of  law 
by  the  regularly  established  courts. 

Having  arrived  at  the  end  of  the  provisional  admin- 
istration, I  will  now  consider  the  organization  of  the 
country  into  states  and  territories. 

The  constituent  congress  on  the  8th  of  January, 
1824,  passed  a  law  establishing  constituent  legisla- 
tures in  the  "provinces  that  had  been  declared  states 
of  the  Mexican  federation,"  and  in  which  such  legis- 
latures did  not  yet  exist.  The  states  thus  summoned 
to  choose  their  own  legislative  bodies  were  Guana- 
juato, Mexico,  ^lichoacan,  Puebla  de  los  Angeles, 
Queretaro,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Vera  Cruz.  Tlie 
same  law  prescribed  the  mode  of  choosing  the  deputies, 
whose  number  was  to  be  for  each  legislature  no  less 
than  eleven,  nor  more  than  twenty-one,  aside  from  the 
suplentes,  who  were  to  be  respectively  no  less  than 
four,  nor  more  than  seven. 

Meanwhile  the  authorities  then  existli.g  in  ench  of 
the  states  were  recognized,  and  were  to  continue  in 
power  till  the  legislatures  tihould  bj  installed,  l)y 
which  time  the  nation's  acta  constitutiva  would  be 
already  promulgated.  Under  that  acta  the  states  of 
the  federation  were:  Guanajauto;  Interne  de  Occi- 
dentc,  composed  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa;  Interno  de 
Oriente,  formed  of  Coahulla,  Xuevo  Leon,  and  Texas; 
Interno  del  Norte,  v/'-.  i  comprised  Chihuahua,  Du- 
rango,  and  Xow  Mexico;  Jalisco;  Michoacan;  Oajaca; 
Puebla  de  los  Angeles;  Queretaro;  San  Luis  Potosi; 
Tabasco;  Tamaalipas,  formerly  Nuevo  Santander; 
Vera  Cruz;  Yucatan;  and  Zacatecas.  The  two  Cali- 
fornias  and  the  partido  de  Celiuia  were  temporarily 


22 


REPUBLICAX  ORGANIZATION. 


made  territories  of  the  federation,  to  be  under  the 
direct  control  of  the  general  governnient.''- 

A  law  of  May  7th  made  Nuevo  Leon  a  state,  and 
Coahuila  and  Texas  another.  ]3ecrees  of  May  22d 
and  July  Gth  raised  Durango  and  Chihuahua  respec- 
tively to  the  same  rank,  New  Mexico  being  made  a 
territory." 

Under  the  acta  constitutiva  the  consrress  of  the 
state  of  Mexico  was  installed  on  the  2d  of  March, 
1824,  and  the  next  day  the  election  of  governor  took 
place.  General  ]Manuel  Gomez  Pedraza  being  chosen 
for  the  position."**  On  the  Otli  of  August  the  state 
congress  adopted  a  provisional  organic  law,  which  bears 
tlie  signatures  of  Jose  Figneroa,  president,  and  Manuel 
do  Cortazar  and  Joaquin  Villa,  deputies,  acting  as  sec- 
retaries.*^ The  other  states  pursued  the  same  course, 
organizing  their  I'cspective  congresses,  and  choosing 
their  o-ovornors.  All  in  due  time  were  actinof  in  their 
capacity  as  sovereign  states  of  the  federation.*'^ 

Chiapas,  during  the  conl'usion  prevailing  after  Itur- 
bide's  fall,  kept  aloof  from  all  participation  in  Mexican 
events.  The  partisans  of  ]\Iexico  and  Guatemala  in 
that  province  endeavored  to  arrive  at  a  conclusion 
that  would  1'avor  their  respective  wishes.  The  govern- 
jnents  of  Mexico  and  Guatemala  invited  the  province  to 


*'  .Ut-x.  CoL,  Onl.  y  Dcr.,  iii.  12-14.  A  law  of  Feb.  4th  provideil  that 
for  tiK'  h\Lrishitiuv  of  tho  cstado  intcnio  ilo  Oooiiknite,  Siiiuloa  ;<hoiihl  chiniso 
six  (lipu^ados  iirDprii'tarios  {iiid  t\v;'  supk'iites,  a-id  Soiuira  live  (li[iutadi)3 
ami  two  siipknitt's;  for  that  of  the  iutcnio  ik'l  Norte,  Cliilniahiia  the  il!pu- 
ta(u)s  and  one  siijik'nte;  Ihiraugo,  live  iliputados  and  two  supk'Utes;  Now 
Me::ico,  one  di]iiitado  and  one  .'snpleiite;  for  that  of  tlie  inteii.o  (k  Oriente, 
Co;. haihv  was  to  olioose  live  di|Kitado3,  Nuevo  Leon  live,  and  Texas  one;  of 
i'lplentis,  Nuevo  Loon  was  to  ek'et  two,  an<l  the  others  (■no  eaeh.  Tlie  ful- 
1  .win,,'  plaees  were  provisionally  made  eapitals  for  the  purposes  of  thodeeree: 
\'il!a  del  l''uerte  lor  the  estado  interno  tknioeidente;  ciuihid  de  Chihuahua  for 
tlie  interno  del  Norte;  and  eiiulad  de  .Monterey  ^or  the  iuterno  de  0;iente. 
Tile  legislatures  were  to  desii.'iiate  their  future  eajiitals. 

'■'Oil  .Inly  I'.Hli  eaeh  territory  >\!is  uiven  the  privilege  of  ehoosing  onj 
p'.'opriet.iry  deputy  and  one  .substitute  to  represent  it  in  the  national  eoii- 
gress.  /(/.,  IH,  111,  'J,"),  '.'(j,  4t),  47,  oT,  oS;  Aufi'tii,  t'^pos.  ul  I't'ih.,  A.iuiilvs  da 
:/'.;r,.s  14-1,-). 

■■»  /!iist,ij)iivit,;  Ctial  //;■</.,  MS.,  viii.  '231;  /(/.,  Ifisl.  Ilni-hide,  2'.\Q. 

*' Mix.  I.ri/  (ir'iiiiiira.  l-'_'4. 

*'■■<,■«;.  (,■„/).  SiijK  .l/«.r..  ISlU.  nos  40,  4j,  47;  J/f.v.  Vol.  Constituc,  ii. 
294-308;  /iamuvoi.i,  Jlht.  JlcJ.,  xi.  u7'>. 


CUIAPAS. 


23 


cr 


the 


tc,  and 

^B 

ly  22cl 

Wf 

L'ospec- 
lacle  a 

■  ^^W- 

of  the 

9 

Marcli, 

fl 

)r  took 

'^M 

chostMi 

H 

0  state 

9 

•h  bears 

H 

Manuel 

wi 

as  sec- 

course, 

hoosinuj 

in  their 

10 

er  Itur- 

rloxican 

mala  in 

iclusiou 

govcrn- 
vinccto 

IV idea  tliilt 
iliputailoa 

i 

,  tivi'  il'-pu- 
•iitcs;  New 
ilo  Orii'iite, 

ic^B 

xiis  tiiie;  of 

'I'lR'    ful- 

tlnMl'.'ori'o: 
liiialma  fcil' 
Ic  Diiciito. 

■ 

(insinu;  oiij 
timitii  oon- 
Astintoa  de 

1 

•2:!0. 

1 

tiatifuc,  ii. 

^ 

^ 

unite  licr  fate  with  the  nation  they  respectively  repre- 
sented. The  former  was  for  a  time  indisposed  to  allow 
her  the  discretion  conceded  to  the  other  provinces  of 
Central  America,*'  and  she  was  in  hourly  danger  of  be- 
cominirabone  of  contention  between  these  two  nations, 
or  a  jirt'Y  to  internal  strife, each  power  havnig  numerous 
})artisn!is  in  Chiapas.'*^  Fortunately  a  more  generous 
])()licy  was  adopted  bythe  Mexican  congress,  on  the  20th 
of  ]\Iay,  1824,  the  executive  being  instructed  to  place 
Chiapas  in  absolute  liberty  to  make  her  choice.*^  Tlie 
decr^v  V  .Ts  !iailcd  by  the  junta  suprema  gubernativa 
of  llu'  pn.. ;  0  with  demonstrations  of  delight.  Com- 
pliaiu'c  thtrewith  was  decreed  June  24th,  and  the  de- 
partments were  required  to  clearly  manifest  their 
opinions  and  di.^band  the  troops.  The  ayuntan)ientos 
of  the  capital  aiul  of  almost  all  the  other  towns,  hold- 
ing the  junta  in  high  respect,  left  to  it  the  decision  of 
the  (piestion.  The  partisans  of  Guatemala  did  not 
fail  to  make  eft'orts  to  win  the  province  for  Central 
America.  Opposition  was  also  encountered  on  the 
part  of  the  asamblea  of  Guatemala,  and  much  trouble 
was  caused  by  the  contending  elements.  The  junta 
in  all  its  proceedings  t\vhibited  prudence,  and  thereby 
averted  a  revolutioM  \v\ih  its  concomitant  evils.  On 
the  12th  of  Septcj>d>cr  he  juirta  proceeded  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  Me.:ic:  n  eoui'iiissioner^*  to  the  examination 
andqualiticatiouorti'i"  /•ej)ortsoft]\e  committees  named 
at  the  sessior.  of  Augi,  t.:,>iii.  It  aj)peaivd  therei'rom 
that  there  were  12  dejtartments,  one  (.f  wliieh  was 
Soconusco,  with   104  pueblos,  the   population   being 

"  ^Fcxico  recognized  tlio  iiuippcndcnco  of  tlio  united  provinces  of  CcntrMl 
Aineriea,  l)y  deerec  of  congress,  oa  tlio  "JOtli  of  Au^'iist,  ISl'I.  Miw,  Col. 
Lttj'  ■■>.  Vrd.  y  Dec,  iii.  (III. 

'*J/'.(;.  Dcarroilil  S  '\  Co)"j.  Mex"",m  Dinpos.  I'tir.,  iii.  no.  8, '2:  Lnrrn'nt- 
za,;  A'o/,V.  J/i-<t.  Sor,,.  .  v),  Sl-.TJ;  I'imiUt,  Ihwrip.  Chiaims,  in  .ioc.  M'j: 
Oe'Kj./lo/iliii,  iii.  3,"i('-     '  ■■•nun,  /Jisf.  M,J.,  v.  T.'iD. 

^''The  cxistini;  )_'v  a  u;:  -it  of  tiic  province,  namelv,  tlie  jnnta  .suprema 
Kuhenintiva,  wliioli  had  ir.-  i  rcirstaied  hy  tlie  action  of'tiio  .Mexican  military 
aiitlioritics,  was  called  up.'U  lu'onvoke,  within  three  mouths  from  the  date  (if 
the  decree,  a  cciui,'ress  to  deiare  it.s  will  on  the  suliject  of  uunexation  to  Mcx- 
io.   Mi.r.  Ciil.  /.'/;c>',  <i,tl.  y  pif.,  iii.  Til). 

Guatemala  Lad  failed  to  Beud  such  uu  olDcor,  though  iuvited  so  to  do. 


24 


REPUBLICAN  ORGANIZATION. 


I' 


172,953  inhabitants,  9G,829  of  wliom  favored  aggrega- 
tion to  Mexico,  and  00,400  annexation  to  Guatemala. 
In  this  last  number  were  included  the  voters  of  So- 
conusco;  15,724  cast  no  votes.  The  junta  therefore 
declared  that  Chiapas  had  legitimately  pronounced  in 
favor  of  union  with  Mexico.  This  declaration  was 
solenmly  made  on  the  14th,^^  and  celebrated  with  a 
to  deuni.  Thus  were  the  destinies  of  Chiapas  fixed. 
With  the  aofgreijation  to  Mexico  the  office  of  the 
junta  properly  ceased;  but  as  there  was  no  political 
organization  of  the  proving",  that  body  undertook  to 
effect  one.  Its  two  princip^^  '  s  were  to  bring  to- 
gether a  convention  to  form  i  constitution  of  the 
state,  and  to  see  that  the  oath  to  support  the  federal 
constitution  was  duly  taken.  As  to  the  first  duty,  it 
issued  the  necessary  convocation,  and  fixed  upon  No- 
vember 12th  for  the  publication  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution, and  the  13th  and  14th  for  administering 
the  oath.  Notwithstanding  some  opposition  on  the 
part  of  the  partisans  of  Guatemala,  its  decrees  were 
carried  out.  On  the  27th  of  September  the  junta  ad- 
dressed an  energetic  note  to  Guatemala  containing  a 
formal  reclamation  of  Soconusco,  which  had  been  occu- 
pied by  that  government,  but  no  effect  was  produced. 
However,  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Chiapas, 
framed  November  19,  1825,  in  designating  her  terri- 
tory, included  Soconusco,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
document  being  Pedro  Corona,  as  representative  of 
that  department.  The  Mexican  government  con- 
firmed Manuel  Zebadua  as  gefe  politico.  State  con- 
gress was  installed  on  the  fifth  of  January,  1825.*^ 

Under  the  constitution  of  1824  the  following  polit- 
ical divisions  were  declared  to  be  states  of  the  union, 
namely:  Chiapas,   Chilmahua,   Coahuila  and  Texas, 

"The  acta  were  forwarded  to  Mexico  at  once.  Gaz.  Extra.  Gob.  Sup., 
1S24,  'JOl. 

•"■-Tlie  junta's  functions  finally  ceased  the  same  day.  Lurrainzar,  Not'ic. 
Jfisf,  Socinniwo,  ,')'2-~';  Zarahi,  /icrof.  Mex.,  IDS;  Jliixlaniniili ,  ( 'initl.  /list., 
}il6.,  viii.  liOU-7;  id.,  iJiarlo  Mtx.,  MS.,  xlv.  203;  Id.,  Hist.  Jlurbidc,  "273-4. 


THE  FEDERAL  DISTRICT. 


10 


Diirango,  Guanajuato,  Jalisco — then  .spelled  Xalisco — 
Mexico,  Miclioacan,  Nuevo  Leon,  Oajaca,  Puebla  de 
los  Angeles,  Queretaro,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Sonora  and 
8inaloa  under  the  title  of  Estado  de  Occidente,  Ta- 
basco, Tamaulipas,  Vera  Cruz,  Yucatan,  and  Zacatecas. 
The  two  Californias,  Colima,  and  New  Mexico  were  ad- 
mitted as  territories.  Tlascala's  position  was  loft  ()[»en 
for  future  decision,  and  finally,  on  the  24th  of  Novxiu- 
ber,  the  congress  decreed  that  it  should  also  be  a 
territory.^ 

The  states  proceeded  to  franu  their  constitutions, 
making  them  conform  with  the  gLUoral  one.  In  a 
note  1  give  the  dates  on  which  each  adopted  its 
organic  law.^* 

Amonsf  the  last  acts  of  the  constituent  congress 
was  the  creation  of  a  federal  district.  During  the 
work  of  framing  the  constitution  no  thought  had  been 
given  to  the  establishment  of  a  capital  or  place  of 
residence  for  the  supremo  powers  of  the  republic,  it 
being  taken  for  jT^ranted  that  the  city  of  Mexico  was 
the  natural  capital  of  the  nation.  But  no  sooner  had 
the  state  authorities  become  established  than  differ- 
ences arose  with  the  governor,  Melchor  Muzquiz,  and 
it  was  decreed  by  the  national  congress,  on  the  18th 
of  November,  that  the  city,  including  a  radius  of  two 
leagues  from  the  centre  of  the  main  plaza,  should  be 
under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  general  goveru- 
ment,  which  was  to  appoint  a  governor  to  exercise 


it- 
n. 


'^  The  territory  of  each  state  ia  clearly  defined  in  lior  organic  law.  M,  .r. 
Col  Lpi/cs,  Onl.  rj  Dec,  iii.  7t),  I'Jo;  >Voc.  Mcx.  G<oij.  JJulctiit,  i.  iiti;  liuhnri, 
2lkh.,  1,")0-1;  Col.  VoiiKftiiic,  vols,  i.,  ii.,  and  iii.,  iia.ssini. 

°' Chiapas,  Nov.  19,  lS2o;  Chihiiahaa,  Dec.  7,  IS-V);  Coahiiila  and  '[Vxai, 
March  11,  I8'27;  i>uranf,'o,  Sept.  1,  Ih^d;  (iuanajiiato,  April  14,  ISJO;  .lalisct,, 
Xov.  18,  18l'4;  Mexico,  at  Tezcuco,  Feb.  14,  18Jr:  Michuacan,  July  l'.»,  \>^S); 
Nuevo  Leon,  March  "),  18'_\");  Oajaca,  Jan.  10,  18.'.');  Puebla  do  lo's  Anu'ilcs, 
]>ec.  7,  18'_'r);  San  Lui.s  I'otosi,  Oct.  Hi,  18"2(j;  Kstado  do  Occidente  (Smiora 
and  Siuahwi),  Oct.  .31,  18'2o;  Tab.asco,  at  Villa  l[ernio.sa,  Feb.  '>,  18lV);  Tamauli- 
pas, at  Ciiidad  Victoria,  May  7,  18-2.");  Vera  Cruz,  June  3,  IS-T);  Yucatan, 
Aiiril  0,  182");  Zacatecas,  Jan.  17,  18-25.  Gitaii.,  Const.  Polit.,  1-78;  Mirh. 
Const  it  ui:,  1  78;  1,1. ,  Dec.  (Id  Comj.  Constitnyente,  1-83;  Puehla,  Const.  I'o/it., 
l-.">4;  I'inida,  Drsrri/i.  C/iiapns,  in  Soc.  Mix.  Cco'j.  Jlolctin,  iii.  .370;  MiX., 
Col.  Consllliir.,  i.  10'2-47.'5,  ii.  3-4G!),  iii.  .3-484;  Mrx.,  Mmi.  Ilrl.,  '2'J-30;  Pin- 
art,  Due.  Hist.  Son.,  MS.,  38-i»3;  Cor.  Fed.  JJex.,  Nov.  -J,  l&2ii. 


26 


EErUBLICAN  ORGANIZATION. 


u 


civil  jurisdiction  over  the  district.  Jose  Mari'a  !Men- 
divil  became  the  first  appointee.  The  state  of  Mexico 
stron(»ly  remonstrated  against  the  s[)ohation,  declaring 
it  a  manifest  violation  of  her  rights  so  solemnly  guai'- 
anteed  by  the  constitution  lately  adopted.  But  it 
availed  naught;  the  congressional  decree  was  carried 
out,  and  the  city  of  Mexico,  under  the  law  making  it 
the  fedei'al  district,  was  deprived  of  all  participation 
in  framing  the  laws  of  the  country,  and  in  the  choice 
of  the  president,  and  became  subject  to  such  taxation 
and  authorities  as  the  general  government  chose  to 
impose  upon  it.  as  well  as  to  other  inconveniences."^ 
The  altercation,  however,  was  continued,  the  state's 
claims  lieing  supported  by  several  congresses  and 
ayuntamientos,  as  well  as  by  prominent  statesmen  and 
writers;  nor  was  it  till  Jie  evd  of  January  1827  that 
the  state  congress  and  authorities  moved  to  Tezcuco. 
J3urin<;  that  interval  the  consxress  held  its  sessions  in 
the  old  building  of  the  inquisition;  and  when  the 
transfer  was  made  the  authorities  took  with  them 
about  $500,000  that  Governor  Muzquiz  had  saved.'" 
Even  as  late  as  1829  the  state  congress  renewed  the 
claim  for  the  restoration  of  the  city  of  Mexico,^'  but 
all  such  elforts  have  been  unavailing,  and  the  city 
has  ever  since  remained  as  the  national  capital. 

'•'•'  TIic  state  congress  and  governor  were,  however,  poi-mittcd  to  rcsitlc  in 
Mexico  till  such  time  iis  tliey  could  prepare  a  capital  to  remove  to  with  their 
records,  etc.  JUix.  Col.  Lri/a.i,  Ont.  y  Dec,  iii.  I'll;  iJi-ipoK.  Var.,  iii.  lliS-!); 
.S'.  Miijud,  Se(j.  Gtiia,  1S9-'J1;  Mex.  liejireseiit.  Ayunt.,  \-\'l;  Mex.  Mem.  lie!., 
.30-1. 

•'"  They  were  saou  coiisiuned  for  necessary  expenses.  Buatamante,  Voz  da 
Li  Pa'ria,  ii.  no.  5,  ")-G. 

'"''  Mu:.,  Inkiatha  que  la  Leg.  del  Ed.  elcvci  ul  Cong,  de  la  Union.  I-IG. 


CHAPTER  II. 

COXSTITDTIOXAL  GOVERNTHENT. 

1S24-1829. 

ArriTORITIF.S  I\.\I-firR.VTF.D — PUKSIDKNT  VICTORIA — IxjrSTICE  TO  HIS  ClIAR- 
ACTICR— l'()LITI(!AL  SlTI'ATIOX— AMNESTY   FOR    POLITICAL    OfFKNUEIIS— 

First  Ordinary  Concress— Arizpe's  Characteh  and  Public  Career 
— (Jerms  of  Fi;ti;re  Calamity — ^Jasoniu  Louges  and  1\ilitical 
Parties— Poinsett— Tue  1're.ss— Financial  Troubles — Disturbances 
IN  Vera  Cruz— Novenarios — Plan  of  MontaSo— Bravo's  Rebel- 
lion  AND   ITS   Sri'PRESSlON— ExrATRIATION   OF    BitAVO    AND    OtIIERS — 

The  Yorkinos  Truimpiiant — Presidential  Election— Impahci ales 

VERSUS     GUERRERISTS  —  SaNTA     AnNa's     KeBELLION  —  I'lEVOLT     OF     La 

AcoRDADA — The  Parian  Sacked — CoNCiREssioNAL  Action — Cueureuo 
Made  President— End  of  Victoria's  Rule — His  Last  Days  and 
Death. 


Ic  i;i 

llicir 
.'S  :>; 

y.v.'., 

1/,;  (A; 
I-IO. 


The  constitutional  era  was  now  fairly  boi^iin.  On 
the  lOtli  of  October,  1824,  President  Guadalupe 
Victoria  and  Vice-president  Nicolils  Bravo  assumed 
their  respective  offices,  after  having  sworn  to  su|)port 
tlie  constitution,  and  to  discharge  their  duties  iaitli- 
full3^  The  president's  inaugural  address  shows  that 
he  was  conscious  of  his  rcsponsihilities.  He  bespoke 
the  aid  of  providence  and  the  cooperation  of  the  peo- 
ple, assuring  them  that  the  prosperity  of  the  nation 
was  near  to  his  heart.  Peliu'ion  should  be  allowed 
neither  to  wear  the  garb  of  superstition  nor  sink  into 
licentiousness,  while  for  independence  he  would  die.' 


con  mi 


La  imlependcncia  so  afianzard  con  mi  sanprc,  y  la  libertad  so  perder.-l 
i  vida.'  Gaz.  <le.  Mex.,  1824,  iv.  '2'2.>-7;  21  ex.  Col.  Lnjiii,  (')i-d.  n  ])><•., 
iii.  107-9;  Biistamante,  Cuad.  IliM.,  MS.,  viii.  270;  /'/.,  Vozde  la  Pn/ria, 
ii.  no.  5,  4-5.  A  portrait  of  Victoria  lu  oil  hangs  in  tiio  Co'.cgio  de  Sua  lldc- 
foiiso  of  Mexico,  of  whicli  lie  had  been  an  ulumuus.  Alaiuaii,  11  iM.  Mtj.,  v. 
811,  9o8. 

(37) 


28 


COXSTITUTIOXAL  GOVERNMKNT. 


»i     If   i 


Victoria  belonged  to  a  respectable  family  of  Dii- 
raimo.  J  lis  real  name  was  Juan  Felix  Fernandez; 
but  during  the  war  of  independence  he  changed  it, 
taking  as  his  first  that  of  Guadalupe,  in  honor  of  tlie 
virgin  patroness  of  Mexico,  and  as  his  surname  that 
of  Victoria,  to  commemorate  a  victory  over  the 
Spaniards.  He  was  tall,  and  though  lame,  capable 
of  great  endurance.^  For  many  years  he  made  only 
one  meal  in  twenty-four  or  even  thirty-six  hours. 
Later  ho  conformed  with  the  usual  hours  of  his  coun- 
trymen in  regard  to  meals,  but  ever  continued  to  bo 
uuist  abstemious,  lie  was  an  honest,  unassuming 
citizen,  amiable  and  kind-hearted,  of  undoubted  cour- 
age, and  a  true  lover  of  freedom.  He  has  been  treated 
fairly  but  by  few.  His  virtues  have  been  set  down 
as  faults,  and  his  talents  ignored.'*  But  for  his  j)ru- 
dencG  and  purity  of  character,  his  country's  troubles 
during  his  administration  would  probably  have  been 
greater;  and  yet  they  were  attributed  to  his  supposed 
indolence  and  apathy.  Because  he  would  not  upliold 
the  schemes  of  those  who  wanted  him  to  be  their 
tool,  they  said  that  he  lacked  decision;  those  who 
could  not  induce  him  to  take  part  in  their  resentments 
called  him  apathetic.  His  errors  wxrc  ascribed  to  a 
relined  malice.     The  truth  is  that  base  ambition  never 

'  In  c.inipaij^ning  he  fared  as  hia  men  did.  It  is  related  that  O'lee  lie  was 
extremely  ill  with  lever,  niid  was  eouveyed  on  a  bed  'it;,  the  hattlc-lield.  As 
soon  us  he  descried  tlie  enemy,  ho  had  hiintself  nionnted  on  a  horse  anil  rushed 
into  tho  skirmish.  In  the  heat  of  it  the  crisis  of  the  fever  took  place,  and 
he  retiu'iied  will  to  his  division.  Abtspa  de  Chiljiaiiriinjo,  '281-5. 

^IIo  has  been  credited  with  only  mediocro  talents,  and  accused  of  inilo- 
lenec,  and  of  relying  too  mindi  on  his  own  judgment.  Bustamanlc,  Voz  dc,  lit 
Patna,  ii.  no.  'j;j,  1.  Alainan  makes  a  statement,  as  received  from  Iturbidc's 
secretary,  Mauso,  that  when  Victoria  visited  that  chief  nt  Sau  Jnaii  del  i;i  > 
he  proposed  in  writing  that  the  plan  sliould  be  ehanged,  and  an  unpardoiic  I 
insurgent — as  if  suggesting  himself — should  be  called  to  the  tiu'one  and  mar- 
ried to  an  Indian  female  of  Guatemala,  to  make  of  the  two  countries  a  singlo 
nati(jn.  Ho  claims  that  the  paper  in  question,  as  ho  and  BusUimante  vcrj 
told  by  Manso,  Mas  liled  in  the  department  of  relations.  ]Ii4.  Mij.,  v.  '110. 
How  is  it,  I  would  ask,  that  Aiatnanand  ISustiimante,  who  had  access  to  that 
ilepartment,  and  M-ere  no  friends  of  Victoria,  at  least  as  a  rulei',  did  nut 
produce  a  copy  of  the  document?  The  story  looks  like  one  of  Alaniau's  ex- 
liibitions  of  R[iite  against  his  former  chief.  Of  llustamante  I  nuist  say,  how- 
ever, that  though  not  friendly  to  Victoria's  administration,  ho  gives  him  the 
highest  commendation  for  military  services,  jiurity  of  character,  modesty, 
auil  generally  for  civic  virtues.  Cuad.  Hint.,  iv.  17o-G. 


mi'- 


was 

As 

slio.l 

aiul 


10. 
Imfc 

'X- 
AV- 
tllO 

ty. 


VICTORIA'S  ADMIXISTRATIOX.  20 

entered  his  lioart.  lie  was  ever  ready  to  lay  aside 
liis  private  opinion  wJien  duty  demanded  it.  His  ab- 
iie^-ation  and  utter  neglect  of  his  own  interests  were 
notorious;  his  country  was  his  idol.*  He  died  so  jioor 
that  he  had  to  be  buried  at  public  expense.^ 

A'ictoria's  administration  began  under  the  happiest 
auspices."  The  republic  was  at  peace;  party  violence 
had  been  kept  under,  and  every  one  hoped  lor  the 
l)est.  Tiic  president's  autliority  was  disputed  l)y  none ; 
and  as  for  nione}-,  all  the  minister  had  to  do  was  to 
draw  l)ills  on  London.  And  yet  there  was  a  dread  of 
impending  trouble.  Eighty  days  after  the  sanction  of 
the  constitution,  congress  authorized  the  executive  to 
expel  all  foreigners  deemed  dangerous;  to  remove  from 
one  j>]ace  to  another,  when  necessary,  any  servant  of 
the  fedei-ation,  or  inhabitants  of  tlie  territories  and  fed- 
eral district,  as  also  those  of  the  states  through  the 
medium  of  their  respective  governors.  Should  the 
.supreme  authorities  of  the  states  conspire  again"^  the 
national  independence,  or  the  ado])ted  finleral  system, 
the  executive  Avas  to  bring  them  under  subjection  by 
military  force  agreeabh"  to  article  110  of  the  consti- 
tution.' Following  this  example,  the  state  legislatures 
voted  ample  jiowers  to  their  governors.^  However, 
on  the  24th  of  December  congress  voted  an  amnesty 
ibr  ])olitical  otfences,  cjxcepting  irom  its  benefits  only 
]icrsons  convicted  of  treacherous  desiijfns  a<jfainst  the 

* 'A  typo  of  riutarcli's  republicans,' says  Gou.  J.  M.  Toriiol,  Iiiinsdf  an 
nl)lc  man  and  an  lionoialilo  citi/.on,  who  acrvcd  nudcr  \'ictoria,  near  to  liia 
lurson.   I'lrtvc  Hi.fcln  /list.,  "Jl-ri, 

'••  Alter  ho  had  lUlod  the  lii:,'host  oHices,  and  had  every  posailtlc  facility  fur 
IK'cidation.   Pdijno,   Ciinit/i.f,  (/.'r-Vox,  ,")',l-)-lll)0;    '/'ii(hiiir<oii'.'<  li'irol/.  JZ-.i-.',  (10. 

"  Warmly  eoiiLCratulat(;d  tmin  all  ((narters,  and  hy  none  more  tiian  N'ieento 
(tuerrero,  whose  ill  health  prever.ted  his  attending  the  inangnration.  Odz.  ilc. 
Mix.,  LS-.U,  no.  ;">;{  et  sei].;  no.  Ci,  Wll   \. 

■  .Vet  of  Deo.  'j;},  KS'Jt.  M,x.  Col.  /.,,/,.<,  Onf.  y  Di'i\,  iii.  MVIW.  Tiieso 
))ower.s  were  in  foreo  till  repealed  in  .May  iSJd.  '  /,'irii-a,  il:<h.  ,lr  J/.x.,  ii. 
IJ.">;  for  all  that,  after  the  latter  date,  the  uovernincid.  on  a  false  aeeu-^aliou, 
had  the  lilieral  writer  .Marehese  do  SantanL;elo  taken  liy  foreo  to  Vera  (  'ru:':, 
and  sent  out  of  the  eountry.  In  \'era  Ciii/.  his  .son,  ISyeaisof  age,  died  of 
yellow  fever  before  his  eyes.  Xnrahi,  l!(vi,l.  J/r  .c,  i.  :i,')S-!»;  KlAin'uio  dtl 
J'tiihlo.  ii.  i;W;  Jlii.->f(ii)inii}i-,   I'lizilria  J'u/ria.  ii.  no.  14,  ."i-O. 

"  •  I'ara  giiardar  la  ti-ani|iiilidad  y  liaeer  resjietar  las  Jeyes  en  sus  rcspeetivoa 
terhtodos.'  Sitarrz  y  yauurro,  Hist.  J/c.r.,  7J. 


ii' 


i.    i 


'  III 

)     '-lli  ■■ 

30 


CONSTITUTIOXAL  OOVERNMFA'T. 


national  iii(l('|)cn(lencc.  ]>y  tliis  act  Buj^tamautc, 
(^niiitanar,  and  others  wlio  had  caused  distui'baiicfs 
in  JaHsco  and  elsewhere  were  I'eheved  of  all  res])onsi- 
hility  for  their  past  procoedinu^sJ'  Whatever  fears 
niii^ht  be  entertained  of  the  minister's  abusini;  such 
})owcrs  under  other  circumstances  wore  quieted  by  the 
<|^eneral  reco^^uition  of  Victoria's  circumspectiou  and 
benevolence.^'^ 

Among  the  acts  of  the  constituent  congress  was 
that  of  declaring  the  constitutionally  chosen  justices 
of  the  national  supreme  court.  They  were  all  promi- 
nent citizens  of  the  capital  and  states.  The  first 
])resident  of  the  court  was  the  licentiate  ^Miguel  l)o- 
mlnguez,  till  lately  a  member  of  the  executive.^' 
The  constituent  assembly  closed  its  sessions  on  the 
'24tli  of  December  to  make  way  for  the  first  constitu- 
tional congress,  which  be<:an  its  labors  on  the  1st  of 

o  '  try 

January,  IS'Jj.^'^  It  must  be  stated  to  tlie  credit  of 
the  former  that  it  not  only  accom])li.shed  much  in  a 
short  time,  but  also  showed  much  iudgment  and 
tact."  The  senators  and  deputies  chosen  for  the  con- 
stitutional congress,  during  the  interval  of  peace,  were 
men  of  sound  judgment  and  moderate  views;  among 
them  were  several  of  the  members  of  the  constituent 
chamber. 

"  Dustamantc,  who  must  have  his  shot  tat  Victoria,  says  that  the  prcsiilcnt 
bhiiidcreil  in  grautiiii;  those  pardons:  '  ciiipoz  j  ;lhacer  snsalcaltladas,  conio  l,i 
(lu  ikjar  impunes  a  Ijiistaniaiitc  y  (^)uintan:u'  pur  las  fejhoi  iaa  q'J  liicieron  ou 
(kiadalaxara.'  CiiU'l.  I/lsf.,  MS.,  viii.  '2&1;  LL,  J/isl.  Ilnrhid,  •_>}•_>,  'JTO. 

'"'I'ho  first  cal)inet  was  constitutt'd  is  follows,  and  iicM  olHce  diirincf  t!io 
terms  appenilcd  to  the  respective  nanus:  Minister  of  relations,  interior  and 
foreign:  .lian  (Jnznian,  cluef  clerk,  (/jt.  1(>,  1S24,  to  dan.  11,  iS2.");  Liicaa 
A'anuan,  Jan.  I'J,  iSJo,  to  Sept.  'J(),  1  SJo;  justice,  Pablo  do  la  Llave,  Oct.  10, 
ISJl,  to  Xov.  '2!),  IS.T);  treasury,  .lose  l;.^naeio  Kstevi,  Oct.  10,  1S1.'4,  to  Sept. 
•j:;,  1S_>.");  war,  Manuel  <le  Mier  y 'leran,  Oct.  10,  1824,  to  Deo.  18,  ISJo. 

"  Domi'igucz  was  a  native  of  (tuanajuato,  and  had  been  'corregidor  ilo 
Ictras  '  of  (Jiicretaro,  an  otiice  that  hronglit  on  liini  nnicli  trimble,  as  has  hcea 
ivcorded  in  the  early  historv  of  the  .Mexican  revolution,  lie  was  ii  leanud 
r.nd  upriglit  man,  and  a  good  statesman.  His  death  occnrrc<l  April  'I'l,  ibiiO. 
/Iiistamniilc,  To-  dc  la,  I'dtrki,  ii.  no.  'J."),  (W! . 

'^T!io  pnsident  of  t!ie  republic  and  his  ministers  were  present  at  tlio 
opening,  and  mutual  congratulations  passed  l;etween  the  executive  ami  tho 
congress.  /(/.,  ii.  no.  0,  1-2;  Mcx.  Col.  Lei/c.'i,  Onl.  y  Dec,  iii.  138,  I(i;{;  J'ive- 
r<i,  Jlist.  Jalctjifi.  ii.  ;i(ji). 

'^Alaman,  JliM.  MrJ.,  v.  815,  though  disapproving  tlie  federal  system 
which  that  congress  established,  speaks  of  it  in  eulogistic  terms. 


■:••»' 


■■■(H 


■-A 


MIfiUEL  RA^[OS  ARIZPR. 


31 


170. 
IriiiS  tho 
Irior  iiml 

oa.  10, 

to  St-'pt. 
lS-2."). 

jidor  ilo 
IliMS  hccn 

ib;iO. 

It  nt  t'lio 
ami  llio 
1)3;  JUve- 

systera 


» 


Prcvjideiit  Vlrtnfia  rt'tiiiiu'd,  as  nvc;  liavo  sihmi,  tho 
fonia-r  ciiMiicI ;  l)ut  early  in  1  SlM,  hciiiL;-  (lis[)!(,>asr(l 
with  ]\Iier  y  Teraii,  lio  S(  wt  liiiii  to  Vera  Cruz  with  a 
iiiihtary  edimiiissioii,  ami  appointed  ns  liis  .successor 
]Maiuiel  (loiiiez  Pe(h'a/.a.'*  JNTiguel  Kaiaos  Arizpe, 
who  liad  not  heeii  I'e-elected  to  (;onL,''res;-!,  became  teni- 
jviiariiv  oliciid  mayor  in  Llave's  dej)iirtment,  and 
v.lieii  that  minister  rosii^nieJ  in  Noveudjer,  tlie  phico 
was  uiven  to  Arizpe. 

There  was  oreat  antipatliy  between  Arizpe  and 
Alanuui.  Tlie  I'ormer  was  impulsive,  frank,  L;"enerous, 
bold, and  imaj^inative,  n'enerally  actin^Mvithout  method 
or  order;  a  man  withal  who  made  many  friends. 
uVlaman  was  in  every  respect  ditt'ercnt.  Aiizpe,  on 
his  return  to  the  Spanish  eortes  in  1820,  after  his 
louij;  inipi'isojunent,  wielded  great  influence,  which  he 
used  to  beneiit  Spanish  America,  never  negleetini^ 
the  private  interests  of  his  countrymen.  He  returned 
to  jMexico  when  she  was  already  a  nation,  to  fill  tho 
office  of  precentor  in  the  diocesan  chapter  of  l^uehla. 
]Ie  at  once  ])laced  himself  on  the  side  of  the  pai'ty 
opposed  to  Iturbide's  empire,  advocating  repul)lican 
princij)les.  In  the  constituent  congress  ho  was  chair- 
man of  the  connnittee  on  constitution,  and  laboicd  at 
tho  task  of  fi'aming  that  instrument  with  all  the  \)vv- 
se\erance  and  assiduity  characteristic  of  the  man. 
]ie  was  a  decided  federalist.  I  give  in  a  note  further 
details  of  his  career.^" 

"  I'eilraza  was  in  bad  oilor  with  the  centralists,  because  of  his  fiieiulslii;) 
fcr  Ittirliide.  Victori:',  adopted  tlio  policy  of  haviiit;  in  liis  cabinet  nun  of 
bolli  jiartics.  Zavaht,  J'cro/.  A/ex.,  i.  341. 

'-'  In  ISoO  he  acted  as  jilenipotentiary  to  conclude  treaties  witli  ( 'Iiile.  In 
IS.il  lie  was  made  dean  of  I'nebla.  Tho  followiiiij  year  he  lalcu-cd  for  the 
peace  of  the  n?])nl)lic,  and  was  again  minister  of  state  till  Nov.  iN.'i;!.  In 
K'U  ho  was  cKeted  from  SaUillo  to  the  eon.slituent  c(ini;ress.  i"ailini,'  to 
111  in;,'  public  at'iairs  to  a  satisfactory  condition,  Ik;  became  (lespondent,  and  in 
^iaivli  ISt'-',  liad  an  apoplectic  lit,  wjiicii  par;dy/,ed  an  arm  and  a  leg.  Ho 
li.'canic  aiVected  with  gangrene  in  Ajiril  (jf  the  following  year,  and  died  on  tho 
•JSth  of  that  month  at  the  ago  of  (IS  years.  Arizpe  Mas  a  great  man,  an  ex- 
cellent clergyman  and  pastor,  wise,  just,  charitalilc,  hnmiile.  In  liis  last 
years,  .says  Tornel,  he  was  a  liberal  without  exaggeration,  and  verypious;  but 
hypocrisy  was  no  part  of  his  nature.  JJnrr  J'cknii  i/ist.,  :W-7;  Jinstdincuite, 
Il'i.-t.  Saii/a  Anna,  14li-3;  L>icc.  Univ.  J/ist.  Otoij.,  vi.  54S-53;  Arrvniz,  Uhj. 
Mcx.,  '272. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


Toward  the  end  of  Scptoiuber  Alainan  rosignod, 
his  iiitluc'iice  l)oin<,Miunifiod  by  that  of  Arizpe,  Estovn, 
l\'(haza,  and  others."  His  successor  in  tliu  depart- 
iiiont  of  relations  was  Gomez  Pedraza,  who  was  soon 
after  replaced  by  Sebastian  Camacho,  and  on  the  latter 
}n']n<r  sent  to  London  as  plenipotentiary,  Juan  Josd 
Es[)inosa  de  los  Monteros  was  placed  in  charge." 

Seeds  of  wild  calamities  are  now  sown  broadcast. 
Different  writers  explain  their  origin  according  to 
tluMr  several  political  tenets.  The  e»Tor  seems  to  lie 
in  attributing  to  individuals  social  troubles  resulting 
from  the  general  condition  of  things.  The  progres- 
sionists and  rotrogressionists,  or  conservatives,  as  the 
latter  prefer  to  be  called,  imagine  that  the  symbol  of 
opposition  has  no  importance  other  than  that  given  it 
by  the  character  and  influence  of  its  supporters.  Hence 
the  conservative  proneness  for  blood-letting,  and  the 
practice  of  the  progressionists  of  exiling  every  political 
opponent. 

There  was  not  now,  or  for  some  time  after,  any 
well  established  social  or  political  system.  There 
was  little  left  of  the  old  one,  bequeathed  by  Spain 
at  an  early  day,  for  its  principles  had  become  vitiated 
and  its  interests  destroyed.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
new  order  of  things  wiclel}'-  disseminated  its  ideas,  but 
failed  either  to  blend  them  with  what  remained  of 
the  former  system,  or  to  cause  its  entire  disappear- 
ance. These  opposing  elements  hindered  every  effort, 
and  the  republic  could  move  neither  backward  nor  for- 
ward. 

About  this  time  a  number  of  political  clubs  which 
wielded  sfreat  influence  bec^an  to  be  orctanized  under  the 
name  and  forms  of  masonic  lodges  of  the  York  rite. 
Their  creation  has  been   ascribed    to    Poinsett,  the 

'*  According  to  his  own  statement.  IfiM.  Mt'j.,  v.  822. 

"  Alaniiin  says  that  Kspinosa  was  much  ostcenieil  by  Victoria,  notwith- 
standing Ilia  pcrnicimis  connscls  to  Itnrhide,  adding  that  those  wliidi  he  gave 
later  to  Victoria  himself  were  equally  so.  lb.  Zavala,  lievol.  Mux.,  i,  3-11-4, 
coutinns  this  statement. 


.f 


i 


MASONIC  LODGES. 


8S 


rnod, 
teva, 
ptirt- 

sooii 
lattor 

Joso 

7 

dcast. 
i)g  to 
to  lio 
ulting 
o^res- 
as  tho 
ibol  of 
iven  it 
Heueo 
ncl  tho 
olitical 

,  any 

bore 
Spain 
^iateil 
kI,  tho 
but 
d  of 
ipear- 
c'ttort, 
lor  for- 

whieh 
Icrtho 
k  ritf. 
tt,  tho 


iiotwith- 

h  ho  j^avo 

i.  311-4, 


as 
lie 


t'.M*/^  but  tlio   real  founder  was  tlio 
Icri^yiiian,  Jose  ^Faria  Alpuclie,  rector  of  a  [)arisli  lu 


Ameriean  nnins 


'J'abusco,  and  senator  from  that  state.'"  To  Poinsett 
was  also  attributed  tlio  formation  of  a  plan  to  do  away 
with  tho  somewhat  aristocratic  character  of  the  <;()V- 
ermnent,  which  was  still  iniluenced  by  tho  old  fami- 
lies, the  clerjify,  and  the  army,  and  of  replacing  it,  not 
witli  a  pure  democracy,  but  by  introducing  a  class  of 
men  who  were  merely  ambitious  ofhce-hunters  less 
rt'spectably  connected.  Alaman  has  fathered  on  Poin- 
sett this  absurd  charge.  Ho  would  also  have  us  Ix-- 
lieve  that  tho  president  had  boon  assured  by  members 
of  the  Scottish  rito  lodges  ihot  though  they  had 
(»pl)osed  his  candidacy,  they  cheerfully  bowed  to  his 
authority,  in  which  assurance  ho  placed  no  faith.-"  In 
these  Scottish  lodges  were  aftiliatod  Barragan,  Xe- 
grete,  Echdvarri,  Guerrero,  Filisola,  and  other  promi- 
'eiit  generals  and  colonels,  besides  many  regular  and 
secular  priests,  and  civilians  of  social  and  political 
standing.  Several  deputies  and  tho  minister  Esteva 
had  been  officers  of  such  lodges,  and  seceded  to  join 
tho  now  societies.  After  tho  overthrow  of  Iturbide, 
due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  action  of  the  ancient 
rito  lodges,  it  is  true  that  many  of  their  members  for- 
sook them  to  join  tho  York  lodges,  but  the  cscocosos 
still  had  for  a  time  much  influence  with  the  government 
and  congress.  Later,  however,  tho  desertion  became 
so  fjeneral  and  simultaneous  that  some  Scottish  lod^'os 
held  meetings  with  tho  object  of  placing  themselves, 

'^Zavala  pronounces  it  a  pure  invention  of  tho  aristocrats,  and  of  somo 
P^iiropeau  agents  who  meddled  witli  iMexican  atl'airs  uiucli  more  than  Poin- 
sett ever  did.  After  five  lodges  had  been  organized  I'oinsett  was  reciuested 
to  procure  a  charter.  This  step,  and  the  insUdlation  of  tiie  grand  lod^e,  was 
all  the  part  that  Poinsett  took  in  the  matter.  That  author  declares,  lie-'ides, 
that  he,  Zavala,  was  invited  to  join  a  lodge,  and  did  so  without  any  pulitical 
design,   h'erol.  Mex.,  i.  340. 

'■'Jle  is  represented  as  a  restless  spirit,  a  sort  of  Danton,  M'ithout  his 
brains.  In  the  senate  ho  worried  the  ministry  with  questions  and  hitter  re- 
proaches. To  his  political  opponents  ho  gave  no  rest,  an<l  they,  in  their  turn, 
gave  him  a  bad  character.  His  death  was  sudden.  Tornel,  lireve  licicua  Hist., 
308-9;  Alpuche.  liasgo  liixt.,  in  Pap.  Si'clton,  no.  xi. 

''"  For  information  on  origin,  political  principles,  ami  action  of  the  escocea 
party,  from  1813  to  1826,  see  Mora,  Pup.  SutUos,  i.  pp.  xii.-xiv. 
HiBT.  Mes.,  Vol.  V.    3 


34 


CONSTITUTIOXAL  GOVERXJIEXT. 


1     t 


•iI'M 


^vit^l  tlioir  arcliivos,  under  tlio  now  {;rvlor,  loaviiiL;'  (lie 
Scottish  sector  party  with  tliensscrtioii  that  they  <';)iikl 
no  hjHLjer  be  aiiiliateil  in  a  society  that  wished  to  restore 
the  iiioiiarchy.     (jonie/Pedraza  retired  ("roiiitlieold  so- 

t.' 

ciety  witliout  joining  the  new  one,  hut  said  tliatthees- 
ooceses  desired  a  ibreii>ii  dvnasty.  A'^ictoria,  ICstevn, 
and  Alpueho  at  once  saw  that  if  a  society  bearini^  the 
name  of  federal  could  be  formed,  it  would  counteract 
tlie  i»lans  and  labors  of  the  escoceses.-^  The  ])resident 
Avanted  the  sujtport  of  such  an  organization,  but  did 
not  Ibresee  that  the  pretensions  of  a  po[)ular  society 
knew  no  limit."'"  It  is  said  that  he  had  nevei'  been 
partial  to  secret  societies,  and  particularly  abhorred 
the  loijidH  cscoccsas,  because  of  the  nicn  belonging  to 
them,  amonu'  whom  was  Ids  rival  Xicohis  Ih'avo;  and 
that  he  now  lamented  having  [latronized  the  lot/ids 
'i;orkinaf<,  as  the  government  had  been  belittled  by 
them.  Some  attempt-,  were  n;ade  in  the  congress, 
Avealdy  su.pported  by  minister  I'^spinosa,  to  pi'ohibit 
secret  societies;  but  nothing  was  then  accr)in|)lished.-'* 
The  two  societies  were  now  like  two  armies  I'aciiig  one 
r.nother  in  battle  arrav.  Such  was  the  orin'in  of  the 
y^rkino  lodges,  or  rather  clubs,-*  whose  sudden  develop- 
ment and  'creased  power  soon  awed  their  own 
authors,  and  whose  sub.ve(|UL'nt  divisions  and  disagree- 
ments nave  a  blooilv  victorc  to  their  foes  tlie  oLl 
cscoceses.  At  the  elections,  toward  the  end  of  182G, 
the  yorkinos  were  \ic!orious  in  the  federal  district — 
the  numici[)al  authorities  of  which  possessed  great  in- 


■-'  The  York  Iodides  were  given  .ittnictivc  iiiimes,  siieli  i"  la.iejieinlL'iu'ia, 
Federal ista,  liiilia  Azteca,  ete, 

■-('(j|M()iiH  iiil'oniiatii)ii  in  ('or.  Ful.  ^fr.r.,  IS'JiJ,  X^ov.  l.staul  I'ec.  -It!]; 
iloini'Z  J'tdncM,  J\ltiiiij'.,  '.i^-'';  M<iiilcni.<,  K^p.  tic  Icn^  Inf.  .'.ftiituii.i;  Jliistd- 
viniilc,  ]'cz  (/('  la  Putrid,  ii.  no.  1"),  .S;  Mi.v.  Iiifor,n<'  Priin.  iSVc., '-''J, 'J,"); 
]'(Z,  Ikiloro.-io  ltfi\  A'Jf.'iiK,  4--);  Mor.i,  Olira.^  .s'»i //a.<,  i.  xiv.  xvi.;  SiKiriz 
y  Santrro,  lllit.  Mij  ,  )(). 

-^Tiio  two  pai'ties  liad  lieennic  too  stronsr,  find  later  liroui^dit  on  two  disas- 
tronM  revolutions.  Toriicl,  Jin  re  nenciid  Ni.-it., -i't-X.  On  the  i.'itli  of  Marcli, 
1.S2.'),  tlio|)ii]>e  had  isHUed  a  hull  a_;,'ainnt  freenia.sonry.  Jt  wan  puhlisheil  iu 
Mexico  toward  tlw  end  of  1S2S.   Manuius,  Uuhi  dc  A'"'"  S'""  I'mlrv  J. con  XII., 

i-:;4. 

-'  Minister  Esteva  w.^a  the  f,'rand  master,  and  Arl/jic  niaiiter  of  one  of  llio 
lodges.     Ocul     '  liravo  waa  grand  nmaler  of  the  looitu  t.fcoaatw. 


■M 


:m 


FINANCIAL  DISASTER. 


33 


fi.-jonro — ill  the  state  of  ]\h\i<-o,  of  wliicli  Lorenzo  do 
Zavjil;>  was  elected  ^-overnor  in  ]\Iarcli  18'J7,  and  in 
most  of  the  states.  The  important  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  however,  went  aj^ainst  theni."^^  Both  these 
societies  were  stroiii;ly  rejjresented  in  the  press.  l)ur- 
ini,'  this  period  of  ]\[exiean  history  the  niunber  of 
jieriocheals  greatly  increased,  and  the  peojde  read- 
them  with  interest.  They  were,  however,  with  hardly 
an  exee})tion,  devoted  to  poUties.-" 

The  year  of  18l'7  was  a  painfid  one  for  jNIoxico. 
Amon,!^'  other  trouhles,  to  compHeate  matters  and  ren- 
der the  situation  of  the  i^overnment  still  more  per- 
jilexin^",  came  news  of  the  failure  of  ]^arclay  and 
Conii»aiiy  of  London,  in  whoso  hands  was  a  balance 
amountinLi;  to  nearly  $2,1250,000  of  the  loan  contracted 
with  that  house.  Li  November  con^'ress  authorized 
the  t;i)vernment  to  borrow  four  millions,  })led^'in!^  the 
revenues  li\)m  customs  and  tobacco,  and  an  ecjual  sum 

'•'Also  a  few  (if  tlic  less  iiifluoiiti;iI.  nmlamniifi\,  Vic  id' la  Palrin,  ii.  no. 
15,  4;  liivifu,  lliM.  Jaliipa,  ii.  4i!0-l;  Id.,  Uoh.  d<:  J/c,'.,ii.  1:20;  Jhtsoinx  >/ 
Elver.,  1-S. 

'-'-'Jii  Yucatan  wiMv  issiiu'l  tlio  Yiirafcro  ami  niK)tlu':  in  Vera  Cruz,  tlio 
Mcrruno,  \vlu)-:o  cilitnr,  Itanmn  ( 'I'luli,  a  Siiani-li  cmiL.'r.uit.  was  a  stout,  chaiu- 
jiioii  of  ))(p|iiilar  lights,  mid  llic  \'i  ni-Tii-ifiio  J.Hirf;  m  .lalapa,  tlio  Onciitr, 
C'.s;al)lislu(l  liy  S(l)asiiaii  ( ';iiii:kIio,  ami  coutinuod  iukUt  Ills  dirci'tiou  after  lio 
litcaiiio  a  uiiuisttTof  slate;  in  Mexico,  El  So/,  tlie  oi'iia?,  of  the  esccces  [larty, 
s'.iinmsed  to  iiavc  ainMUL;  its  eliiif  eoiitrihutors  Luc;is  Aliiniau  ami  otiier  alilo 
]ioli(iriaji-;  well  versod  in  national  all'airs;  El  Aiini'ii  Mi.druiin,  tlie  orpin  of 
tin!  Ituiliidist.*,  ninro  j)oind;ir  tlian  El  So',  which  j.'r:idiialiy  lost  /^Toiiud,  ami 
i;,  ui;iy  lie  said  \\as  siiitained  only  hy  the  great  alii!it_>  of  its  wiiters.  'I'jio 
yorLimia  e.stalili.-<!ied  the  Cdii'io  iIi'  In.  Enlt  rnrion,  whoso  coiitriiiulora  wei'is 
J,()ixii;'.o  de  Zavala,  and  all  the  nu'n  of  the  |)ai'ty  t!iat  I'ould  and  were  inclined 
to  A\rite.  It  was  their  orL;.in  till  IS'Jl).  'rhoii.;li  laclviie,-  in  jilan,  this  ]iaper 
Btrurlv  I'J  .S'.i/  some  sevi're  Mows.  'I'liesi!  i),i|iers  excited  tli<'  ))as-iions  of  their 
icspeciive  supjiorters,  Imt  violated  the  laus  of  decency  and  the  fispect  due  to 
sin'iely  nnicli  le.-s  than  sunie  ncwspajier:!  i>f  tli"  ])reseiit  day.  The  cstoeeses, 
jiietendiiii;  to  respedalnlily,  also  iiulilisiied  El  ()h.<i  rr'nlur,  and  tiie  yorI;iu(W 
lati  r  lironirlit  out  in  opposition  to  it  El  Adi'k/o  ihl  Ptiihlit.     Tlie  former  was 


n-itei 


f, 


>r  its  incisive 


Ic 


tlu'  latter  fo 


popi 


ihi 


il  iiid( 


pendent 


ideas,  and  for  its  liiai'k';il  Aiiierieaii  principles.     The-ic  two  p:ip;  '-s  were  tyiiis 


jf  the  political  exaLru'eratiniis  of  that  \ 


lerioil,  wii 


licli  were  but  the  i.''eliiiiiiKU'it.s 


f  11  civil  ^var.  And  yet  there  was  in  th<'  midst  of  all  a  generous  id'-i— th-.t 
(if  the  country's  welfare  as  eiieli  party  understood  it.  For  all  that,  t'lc  aliiiso 
of  the  liberty  allowed  the  press  had  a  liancfnl  ellcet. 


There  were  periodicals 


ill   (liiadalajaia,   ruelila,  San    Luis   Potojf, 


Oajaca,  Valladolid,  and  a  little  later  in   Daraiig  >,  Simora, 


ind 


even  111  t;io 


■it  (listant  ami  smallest  places.    'I'orinl,  Eri'ir  Ji'csrua  Ill-it.,  ,Si)-l;  Zurul  t 


vl.  Mi 


jjo-ti:  I'cdiiv.d,  Mail 


:i;-: 


' 

■■f 

il  ll- 

1  i 

f 

'\': 

]    ! 

, 

•'    I' 


30 


COXSTITUTIOXAL  GOVERN^tE:>T. 


j]^naraTit(30(l  by  recognized  assets.  In  these  transac- 
tions tlic  treasury  suffered  lieavy  losses.  The  secre- 
tary of  the  department  thought  to  cover  with  the 
orchnary  revenue  the  appropriations  approved  by  con- 
gress f(jr  tlie  following  3'ear,  amounting  to  a  little  over 
liltoen  and  a  half  millions;"^  but  he  found  it  impossible, 
and  the  pa3Mnents  of  the  dividends  on  the  foreign  debt 
had  to  be  sus|)ended.^^ 

Those  who  from  the  begiiuiing  of  the  independence 
had  opposed  the  third  clause  of  the  ))lan  of  Iguala  kept 
up  the  agitation  against  the  Spaniards,  all  of  whom 
were  supposed  to  be  accomplices  of  the  Arenas  plot, 
particulars  of  which  will  be  narrated  in  the  following 
chapter.  The  ])olitical  parties  took  advantage  of  the 
situation  to  push  their  pretensions,  one  of  them  de- 
manding the  destruction  of  secret  societies  and  the 
expulsion  of  Poinsett.  In  that  party  were  affiliated 
Barrao'an  and  Santa  Aima. 

Esteva,  after  resigning  the  portfolio  of  the  treasury 
in  j\[arch  1827,  was  despatched  as  coraisario  general 
de  hacienda  to  Vera  Cruz,  but  the  le<2:islature  of  that 
state,  composed  chiefly  of  escoceses,  refused  to  rccog 
nize  him.  Shortly  before,  on  the  25th  of  June, 
Colonel  Rincon  had  put  the  troops  under  arms,  a  ])ro- 
ceeding  which  the  escoceses  severely  condemned,  and 

^Kllnmai,  IIlM.  M,}.,  v.  S;U-5. 

'■'^'rho  secretary  of  tlic  treasury,  Eatcva,  hail  resigned  March  4.  1827,  and 
was  succeeded  by  'roni;is  Salgado,  who  on  tlic  1st  uf  Xov.  surrendercil  tlio 
oliice  to  Francisco  (iarcia,  who  held  it  only  one  month.  The  department  thou 
was  placed  (td  hifcriin  in  charge  of  the  chief  clerk  Jose  Ignacio  Pavon  till  the 
Till  of  March,  IS'JS,  when  Jose  Ignacio  Kstcva  lesunicd  control  as  minister, 
and  held  it  till  Jan.  12,  182!),  when  he,  resigned,  and  was  replaced  the  next 
day  hy  ISernardo  (Jon/.alcz  Angulo,  in  whoso  charge  the  ollico  icmained  till 
the  end  of  Victoria's  administration.  During  those  years  changes  occurred 
also  in  other  departtncnts.  In  that  of  relations,  Juan  Josi^  Kspinosa  de  loa 
Mont<;ros  was  minister  to  March  lS-28;  Juan  do  Dios  Caiiedo,  from  March  S, 
182S,  to  Jan.  'J.">,  18"2!);  and  Josi'j  Maria  Docancgra,  from  Jan.  '20  to  April  I, 
18"2!K  In  that  of  justice,  Kspinosa  do  los  Monteros  succeeded  Arizpe,  fronj 
March  8,  IS'28.  to  .March  ;U,  1S2!).  In  that  of  war,  with  the  exception  of  tlio 
period  from  Feb.  10  to  March  15,  1S27,  when  Manuel  Kincon  held  it  tenipora- 
•.  dy,  Pcdraza  retained  it  till  Dec.  ;1,  1828,  when  his  "onncction  with  it  ceased. 
Josi^  Castro,  chief  elerk,  held  it  to  Dec.  7th;  Vicente  Guerrero  from  Dec.  8  to 
'2."),  1S28;  Francisco  Moctezuma  from  Dec.  '2U,  18-28,  to  April  1.  182!t.  Mr.v. 
J/rw.  Ilarkuda,  1870,  1027-8;  Cor.  luil.  J/,m-..  1827,  Feb.  8  and  14;  Gnz.  da 
M<'.c.,  1827,  Feb.  3,  13,  and  March  8;  La  PaUuica,  1S27,  Aug.  0;  Arrillwjn, 
Jii'coi).,  1828,  200. 


THE  XOVENAPJOS. 


87 


mill 
tlie 

then 
11  the 

:stcr, 

!uxt 
till 

I  no  1 1 

l03 

:h  8, 

il  1, 

I'oin 
f  tho 


for  which  Rineon  was  arrested.--^  Ho  cfFoetcd  his  es- 
cape, however,  took  eouiiuaiiJ  of  his  battahoii,  and 
issued  a  ])i-oclaniatioii  to  the  effect  that  he  Vv'oiild 
recoi^uize  no  authority  not  emanating  directly  from 
the  supremo  federal  powers. 

Seconded  by  the  artillery  brigade,  liincon  main- 
tained himself  upon  the  defensive,  tih  iinally  the  picsi- 
dent  ordered  him  to  Tlaliscoyam,  there  to  await  fur- 
ther orders.  The  president  also  compelled  several  of 
the  chief  escocescs  to  remove  to  Jala[)a;  placed  8au 
Juan  de  Uh'ia,  which  had  been  surrendered  in  1825 
to  the  Mexicans,  in  trusty  hands;  and  in  July  Barra- 
gan,  who  was  in  command  there,  was  superseded  by 
Cuerrei-o.'" 

The  i'ailure  of  their  plans  in  Vera  Cruz  demoralized 
tho  escocescs,  to  the  great  joy  of  their  opponents. 
The  escoces  party,  which  about  the  middle  of  1827 
had  taken  the  name  of  norenan'os,  had  spread  in 
Vera  Cruz,  Puebla,  and  Guanajuato.  Its  members 
were  not  numerous,  but  among  them  figured  several 
jtrominent  political  men,  and  not  a  few  wealthy  ones. 
The  Spaniards  Ixilonged  to  it,  and  su[)[)orted  it  in  its 
work  by  contriljutions  of  moiK.y.^'  The  society  made 
a  strenuous  efK>it  to  rect)ver  its  influence,  proclaiming 
at  Otumba  on  the  '2'-)d  of  December,  1827,  the  j>lan 
of  ]\Iontano,  so  called  after  an  obscure  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  tho  old  insurgents,  who  was  its  liii'ure-head, 
Xicolas  Jh'avo,  the  grand  master,  being  the  real 
leader.     Tho    plan    embraced   four  articles,   namely: 

'■"A  riot  occunvd,  during  which  the  yorkinos  in  arms  dcstroyod  the  press 
of  ilii'ir  rival;',  who  wire  ;<uj)i)()rted  ]>y  tlie  governor  and  (lenerul  Ikirrauiin. 

■■ 'tiuerrenj  reniiuned  tlierc  a  short  time,  during  wliieh  Ksteva  assumed 
In-i  oliiee.  Cor.  /((/.  Mr.r.,  1S27,  Ap.  '27  to  Nov.  '2A;  JitiK'aiiiaiilt!,  ]'oz  ile  la 
PiUvia,  ii.  nos  'Jl,  '11,  'Jo,  and  'JO;  ZaniJa,  J'( ml.  M<.i\,  ii.  'Jl-4;  V.  i.'riiz, 
Con/<>slac.  ainn:  .'{-10;  JCI  AUi/a,  ISMO,  Ap.  Ki,  47(!;  A'/  OlM-nmh.r  f!,'j). 
J/.'.r.,  i.  ;W-S,  ;n4-l(;,  ii.  77-10(.);  £1  Ai'  <io  (III  I'liihlo,  i.  i:M.'.,  ii.  'JOU,  iii. 
lit,  (H);    r.  Cnr.,  Mnii:/.  ('oii;/.,  ll-'-'3;  i,iirn(,  Jlht.  Jalapii,  ii.  4l.'.V:{!». 

^' Till!  iiiinie  novenarios  was  assumed  lieeau«e  each  nunnher  of  the  grand 
con,sist(jry  had  to  eatoehise  nine  men  and  hi ing  them  into  the  .society;  eacli 
of  tliese  nine  had  to  procure  nine  otliei's,  and  so  on,  thus  multiplying  them- 
.selves  ail  inlinitum.  The  mendiers  of  the  escoces  Jiarty  also  hore  the  namea 
of  hii::il)res  du  Men,  eliaijuetas,  borlionistas,  uristucrutas,  dcfcudorcb  de  la 
cuu'itituciou.  Atletcu  lij30,  Apr.  15,  41)7. 


\V.      Is    ■) 


.i«i. 


38 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


1.  Suppression  of  secret  societies;  2.  Dismissal  of 
tlie  cabinet;  3.  Dismissal  of  Poinsett,  the  American 
minister;  4.  A  strict  i'uliilnient  of  the  constitution 
and  laws.^-*  Under  tlie  oxistini>;  circumstances  nnd 
the  "vvell  founded  apprehension  that  the  yorkinos 
would  enact  proscriptive  measures  against  them,  the 
novenarios  were  in  a  great  measure  justified  for  their 
own  protection  in  demanding  a  cliange  of  ministry."' 
Tlie  plan  was  printed  and  circulated  on  the  30th  of 
December,  in  tlie  city  of  jMexico.  The  real  authors 
soon  became  knoun;  for  on  the  next  day  Bravo  and 
Berdejo  and  a  nund)er  of  colonels  and  other  officers 
began  to  leave  the  capital,  Gabriel  Armijo  in  San 
]juis  Potosi,  and  Darragan  in  Vera  Cruz,  accepted  the 
piUm.  Teran,  Hernandez,  Moran,  and  Santa  Anna 
were  also  said  to  have  done  so,  but  there  is  no  evi- 
dence of  the  fact,  thougli  Moran  certainly  received 
the  conspirators  in  his  house.  Santa  Anna  suddenly 
ap[)eared  in  Huamantla;  but  it  remains  unexplained 
how  a  military  officer  came  to  find  liimself  without 
leave  from  the  government  in  a  town  so  close  to  the 
centre  of  a  rebellion."*  No  other  name  is  more  ap- 
plicable to  this  nKJvement,  which  had  a  general-in- 
chief,  staff,  treasury,  and  all  other  elements  pertain- 
ing to  an  army.  Bravo  was  tlu)  commander;  and  wo 
now  behold  the  strange  spectacle  of  the  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  republic,  who  uas  also  a  general  of  divi- 
sion, whose  bounden  dut}^  it  was  to  support  the  gov- 

^-  IVdraza,  tlio  iniiiiatcr  of  war,  liinl  Iiopii  in  .Tune  accuscil  of  ni!ik'foasaii<'f, 
iii'olmbly  with  jiODil  vt'ason  in  sonic  cases,  Imt  ho  had  succfs  ,|;illy  ilefondcl 
himself.  Cor.  Fill.  J/(.v.,  IH'27,  Aug.  G,  7;  Ln  I'al'uiru,  1S27,  Anq.  'J-JIO; 
J/(,/v(,  Ohms  Siitltds,  ii.  •JJ4-7,  'JSO-i. 

•'•'Snatoz  V  Navarro  linda  tlic  justification  in  Podraza's  own  statements. 
Jlisf.  .1//>.,  «!)  ft7. 

3'  'J'oni:!,  llnir  livsenn  Jfist.,  198;  Ahvnmi,  II!sl.  .V<J.,  v.  8.1(i-7.  Tonicl 
flays  that  Santa  .Vnna  was  always  hostile  to  secret  societies;  hut  Alaiuan  p'ls- 
i, ively  asserts  that  he  .saw  the  diploma  of  high  ollioe  in  a  Scotli^ih  rite  1  idgo 
i  sued  to  him  in  Viieatan.  Santa  .Anna  had  heen  removed  from  his  ei);nniand 
in  that  loctdity  for  meditating  a  sudtlen  dash  with  TiOO  men  \i]K)n  the  Cahaiia 
f,irti\'ss  of  llahana.  He  was  vice-governor  of  Vera  ('ruz  wlien  he  went  to 
Huamantla.  It  was  believed  hy  the  escoceses,  and  appearances  jiistilied  the 
impression,  that  lie  Ment  there  to  join  IJravo.  but  on  seeing  the  superiority 
of  tlie  ;;overnni('nt  forces  he  tendered  his  services  to  their  couunaudcr,  which 
were  accepted,  hut  not  till  he  had  been  reproved  for  liia  suspicious  actions. 


BRAVO'S  REVOLUTION. 


39 


Tonul 

lUlll  JVlH- 

lo  1.m1l!o 

oinniaiiil 

('alijifia 

Wt'Ilt    to 

lied  tlu' 

|i(.'rioiity 

r,  which 


crnnient,  jooparcliziui;  liis  position  as  Avell  as  his  stand- 
ing' as  an  okl  patriot  Wy  lieadin!^  an  armed  faction  to 
demand  the  dismissal  of  tlio  president's  ministers,  and 
the  expulsion  of  the  representative  of  a  friendly  and 
powerful  nation,  ]>ravo's  popularity  had  been  on  the 
wane  because  of  his  intimate  connection  witli  a  ])arty 
including  so  many  Spaniards  among  its  members. 
1  le  was  undoubtedly  actuated  by  generous  im[)ulsc.^ 
toward  those  'whom  his  efforts  had  contributed  to 
brinir  low.  Still,  his  revolutionary  course  on  this 
occasion  was  a  serious  ei'ror,  and  throws  a  blot  ujiou 
his  otherwise  pure  and  honora1,)le  record.  The  min- 
ister of  war  displayed  much  energy,  (iuerrero  started 
w  ilh  ibrces  almost  as  soon  as  Bravo,  so  that  the  latter 
had  barely  a  fortnight  for  preparation  bcfoi'o  CJuerrcro 
v.as  ujM)n  him.  iJravo  established  his  head([uai'tei's 
r.t  Tulanciiin'o,  a  town  of  ten  or  twelve  thousand 
inhabitants,  twentv-livo  lea<2'ues  from  the  i'ederal 
cr.pital,  in  order  to  give  his  partisans  in  ^NFexico  anil 
elsewhere  time  to  organize  forces,  distract  theg'overn- 
meiit's  attention,  and  divide  its  resources.  The  rebel 
ibrce  under  him  \vas  only  GOO  men.  Tulancingo  was 
{'.ssaultcd  on  the  Gth  of  January,  1M28,  by  (hierrero 
v/ith  1,500  men — not  3,000,  as  ZavaUi  has  it — and 
after  a  feeble  i-esistance,""'  in  vvhich  the  luunber  of  cas- 
ualties did  not  exceed  twelve,  all  the  chiefs  of  the  re- 
bellion on  the  s[)ot  were  captured.  Barragan  and 
Arujijo  were  also  made  prist>ners  somewhat  later. 
They  were  all  takea  to  jMexico,  to  be  dealt  with  ac- 
cording to  law.^"  The  cou'-tcss  of  Vei-a  Cruz,  which 
had  ad()[)te(l  the  plan  de  ]\[uutaiio,  was  forced  to 
make  an  honorable  recantation. 

■''■' r>r.avo  niul  llie  cscoecscs  cliiinicd  afterward  that  fiiicrrero  violated  an 
nnni.stioe  of  li^clit  hours  for  confLroiiccs.  (laorroro'.s  friend. i  id!ej;e  the  c)ii- 
t:ary.  Al  iinuii,  I/is'.  Mj.,  v.  .S;i7;  I'arh),  Man.,  •20'.]-4.  Tiio  d,)euiiients  u\i 
lliii  point  iiro  iiisnineieut  to  dear  it  up.   Tonul,  Urrrr  UiK-^fHn  liUt.,  'JOi)-l. 

'"  Ahr.nau  uUe;.;c.i  that  Iio  !-,aw  the  caniinniiieation  signed  liy  (iuerrero  as 
grand  iiiaster  and  Col.  Meji:i  as  syorctary  of  the  yorluno  (;raiid  jodj^'e,  to 
tlie  lodges  in  the  United  States,  wliereiil  he  detailed  the  triiunph,  not  as  thiit 
(I  tlio  j4oveninient  ajjainst  roLuls,  but  as  that  of  one  uiasouio  Beet  agaiiist  its 
lival.   irfit.  Mij.,  V.  637. 


40 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERN.MENT. 


I    t 


li    • 


Bravo  was  impeached  b}*  tlio  house  of  deputies. 
Pending  the  trials  (jf  himself  and  his  fellow-prisoners, 
a  motion  for  an  amnesty  was  made  in  the  senate, 
which  produced  a  violent  agitation  among  the  yorkino 
state  legislatures,  most  of  which,  as  well  as  the  ayun- 
taniicnto  of  Mexico  city,  demanded  the  execution  t)f 
the  rehels.^^  Congress  took  a  middle  course,  the  (MiIv 
possible  one  under  the  circumstances.  It  neither 
granted  tlie  anmesty  asked  for  by  the  escoceses  nor 
allowed  the  trials  to  proceed  as  the  yorkinos  required; 
and  remitting  the  penalty  of  death  which  had  been 
jironounccd  against  some  officers,  decreed  the  expatri- 
ation of  all ;  and  to  that  end  the  prisoners  were  taken 
to  Aca[)ulco.  Bravo  and  others  in  the  following 
June  went  to  Valparaiso  and  Guayacpiil,  whence  the 
former  transferred  himself  to  Guatemala  and  the 
United  States,  losing  by  death  on  the  voyage  his 
only  son.'*^  The  expatriated  were  later  permitted  to 
return  to  Mexico. 

This  heavy  blow  not  only  left  the  escoceses  power- 
less, but  eventually  ruined  the  yorkino  party.  This 
faction,  now  master  of  the  situation,  might  have  done 
good  service  to  the  republic,  correcting  abuses,  intro- 
ducing improvements,  and  securing  peace  and  tran- 
quillity; but,  unfortunately,  to  a  great  extent  it  was 
made  up  of  ignorant,  ambitious,  and  unscrupulous 
men,  to  whom  the  national  welfare  was  of  no  cmisL'- 
(juence.  Instead  of  trying  to  heal  the  wounds  in- 
llicted  during  the  past  troubles,  they  opened  new 
ones.     Dissension  soon  broke  out  among  them,  which 

"'  Tornel  gives  most  of  tlio  representations  and  other  jiiirticnlars  toucliiiig 
the  reliellion,  tri:ils,  ote.,  in  Jircre  Iicsiua  lli.tt.,  !).']-',)7,  lliG-'JO,'). 

^^  Tlie  following,'  authorities  iiavc  also  lioen  examined  in  eonncction  witli 
the  novenai'ios  and  their  rel>cllion:  Jjusliimaiilc,  Vozdrla  Patria,  ii.  nos  17- 
;!1.  iii.  no.  IS,  iv.  sni>l.  no.  4;  Mcx.  Vol.  Lfi/f^^,  18J9-H0,  Ml;  Mrx.  Mvm., 
1S:.'S,  -J  4,  14-l(i;  ncnrtoH  y  Oril.,  PtieUa,  lo-l-li;  Cor.  Fid.  iVc.v.,  1S27,  Feb.  (i 
t.)l)ee.  ',W;  IS'JS,  Jan.  1  to  April!);  Ilarrtuiaii,  I'risioii;  Bravo,  L'.vjicil.  InMnii-f., 
\-'i'l\  111.,  Kxpoxivioti,  1-7;  Our.  ile  Me.r.,  1S'J7,  Jan.  4,  May,  2(5;  El  Amii/o 
(hi  J'mhlo,  ii.  1)7-10S,  ].-,[),  -200,  iii.  GP,  97-104,  14!)-()0,  .S07-KS;  JJl  (tlisn-i-'t- 
<lor  Rrp.  J/e.1-.,  i.  ;{4;{-(i,  ii.  lOO-L',  l(il-2:)-.',  iii.  145-74;  t'.«/-n--.  S<f,n>tii.. 
i.  ■217-10,  '2Sd-8;  Ln  Palciu-a,  1S27,  Jan.  4;  1828,  Jan.  :i,  21,  24,  ni;  /,/.,  iii. 
(ii-70,  pt  2,  no.  2,  0  S;  Ciirvitx,  Porrru'tr  Mvx.,  41!)-o2;  Arramjoiz,  Mtj,,  ii. 
17o-3o;  Martinez,  Hut,  Jicuol.,  i.  145;  and  uumy  others. 


PEDRAZA  ELECTED  PRESIDENT. 


41 


lUg 

jitii 

1 1  — 

I"-. 

(J 

!'•. 

j.7'> 
I''" 

V' 

lii. 
lii. 


jiavcd  the  way  for  the  overthrow  and  extinction  of 
the  party. 

Victoria's  term  of  office  was  approaching  its  cnd.'^^ 
The  most  i)rominent  candidates,  now  that  Bravo  and 
]^arra<>'an  wure  in  exile,  were  Gomez  Pedraza  and 
Guerrero.  The  former's  popidarity  had  been  mucli 
enhanced  hy  his  energetic  action  and  general  effi- 
ciency. Both  candidates  having  belonged  to  the  same 
jjolitical  party,  much  dissension  arose  among  their 
friends.  A  portion  of  the  cscoceses,  and  the  aristo- 
crats who  could  not  brook  the  idea  of  the  low-l)oni 
(hierrcro  aspiring  to  the  highest  office  in  the  republic, 
supi)orted  his  I'ival.^"  So  did  the  S})aniards,  which 
nnist  be  set  down  as  a  blunder  on  their  part;  ibr  it 
imbittcred  the  popular  animosity  toward  them,  and 
assisted  to  bring  about  the  order  for  their  ex})ul- 
sion.'^  The  agitation  was  not  confined  to  the  con- 
tending parties;  it  also  existed  in  both  houses  of  con- 
gress. Intrigue  was  freely  used  by  politicians,  as 
Avell  as  calumny  and  insult  by  the  press.  A  peaee- 
abU^  termination  of  the  contest  was  inrpossible  whieh- 
ever  side  won  the  election.  Victt)ria  kept  himself 
aloof  from  all  complications,  though  his  ministeis 
favored  Pedraza.'^^  The  latter  won,  eleven  states 
voting  for  him  against  seven  for  his  o[)[)onent.  Only 
ein'hteen  state  legislatures  had  taken  part  in  the  ek'C- 
tion,  being  the  only  »jnes  in  session  at  the  time,  tor 
vice-presitlent  the  votes  were  given  to  Bustamante, 
Ignacio  Godoy,  and  ]\[elchor  jMuz(|uiz,  and  the  tirst 
named  eventually  won.*^ 

^^  The  choice  of  the  noxt  pre«ii1cnt  and  vice-president  hy  the  state  Icgis- 
hiturcs  Mils  to  take  place  on  the  Ist  of  Sept.,  ISJS. 

'"  His  supporters  culled  theuiselscs  tiie  '  paitido  do  los  iinparci;dos,'  iiiailo 
up  of  fcdci'alists,  yorkinos  friendly  to  Pedra/.a,  ami  escocescs  lulling  (Iiici'- 
rcii).   lihrra,  Huh.  ile  Mix:,  ii.  Ui"). 

*'  In  the  latter  part  of  March  1820,  a  law  ^\as  enacted  expellinj,'  from  the 
country  all  native:;  of  Spain  or  of  the  Spanish  d jininions  save  Cuha,  Porto 
Pico,  and  the  Pliili[ii)ines,  with  (>nly  few  I'xceptions.  The  hnv  was  enforced 
in  the  federal  district  and  elsewhere  iu  the  strictest  nuiniu''.  '^acdla,  1\<  vol. 
J/<...,  ii. 

^-Zavala,  governor  of  ^lexico,  and  Santa  Anna,  of  Vera  Cruz,  were  in 
favor  of  (lucrrero. 

"Mexico,  however,  voted  for  Guerrero  and  Zavala.  Zavala,  liccJ.   'Jtx., 


42 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


M  : 


Guerrero's  partisans,  antieipatin!"^  defeat,  had  be- 
gun a  revolution  in  the  state  ot"  Vera  Ci'uz,  lieaded 
bv  Santa  Anna,  at  Perote,  on  the  <jri"ound  that  Pe- 
draza  had  einph)ved  force,  and  taken  advantage  of  liis 
j»osition  to  overrule  public  o[)inion/'  This  in  the  face 
of  an  order  from  the  president  to  remove  even  tiio 
semblance  of  f\)ree,  and  of  an  assurance  from  the  min- 
istry that  the  public  troops  woukl  not  be  used  except 
to  sustain  the  free  action  of  the  state,  Gomez  ]?e- 
draza  had  be(Mi  constitutionally  elected  president,  l)ut 
the  o[)})osing  part}-  denied  it,  Guerrero  making  no  I'f- 
ibrt  to  (piiet  the  discord.*^  Tlie  president  resolved  to 
uphold  the  constitution,  and  was  seconded  by  the  con- 
gress. Santa  Anna  and  his  followers  were  declared 
witliout  the  pale  of  tlic  law  if  they  did  not  lay  down 
their  arms."'  That  leader,  liavini*'  sustained  a  reverse, 
tied  from  Perote  to  Oajaca,  pursued  by  the  govern- 
ment forces,  Avhich  closely  besieged  him  on  the  14tli 
of  Xovembor.  His  situation  had  become  desperat(% 
when  the  revolution  of  the  ex-acordada  in  the  federal 
capital  on  the  30th  of  tliat  month  saved  him,  the  gov- 
eriunent  having  to  recall  its  troops  from  Oajaca. 

This  newpronunciamiento  was  the  work  of  Anasta- 
sio  Zereccro,  according  to  his  own  statement,*'  and 
Colonel    Santiago  Garcia,  conunander   of    the   Tres 


'I 


ii.  ,")S-7-',  70,  144;  Cor.  F<<J.  JA.m-.,  lS-27,  July  17  to  Sept.  3;  Arrilhuin,  /!,•■ 
cop.,  UiiiO,  10:2;  Toviul,  lirt  vc  li<'t<i  na  llitil.,  101.  (lodoy  was  tlio  siiiu'rioriii 
iiitc'.lt'ct.  ^Iiizijui/,  li;i(l  roiulercil  j,'0.)il  scrvico  for  Mexican  frei'doni  ^^■lul^■  l!us- 
taniante  waa  still  serving;  in  tlio  royalist  ranks;  l)iit  tlic  latter  liavin;^'  j aini'il 
tli'J  yorkinos,  tlic  oiliuiii  df  his  past  record  was  thus  wiped  out.  Guerrero 
had,  it  appears,  reeonuneiided  him. 

■■*  In  Vera  Truz  (Governor  Sauta  Anna  ami  the  .■lyiintaniinuto  of  Jalapa  Iiad 
(  been  impeached  l)eforo  tlie  legislature  and  wuspendeii.  Itircrd,  lH-<t.  JaliijKt, 
ii.  4S,'>-;)i2.  The  privile,_;e.l  and  Avealthy  were  frantic  in  Pedraza's  interest. 
Every  bishop,  chapter,  vicar,  etc.,  addressed  jiastoral  letters  to  the  people  to 
stop  tlic  progress  of  the  revolution.  Most  of  thi  i)rintcd  documents  of  that  tinio 
were  pastoral  letters.  Siiarcz  ;/  Xararro,  /fist.  Jfcx.,   KM. 

■•'' Uevolutionary  inovi^inents  also  toolt  place  in  Michoacan,  Costa  Cliica, 
and  elsewhere.  Robberies  and  iinu'ders  became  (juite  common  in  town  ami 
country.   C07:  Fed.  Mc.i:,  ISJ!'.,  July  8,  17,  10;  La  I'alannt,  iii.  no.  S."). 

'"'Sept.  17th.  This  outlawry  was  revoked  March  17,  18'29.  Duhlaii  ai'.d 
Lozaiio,  Lciji".  ^h■.^^.,  ii.  70-80,  97-8. 

*'  Ho  afterward  regretted  it.  'Esta  rovolueion  (')  pronuneiamiento  lo  com- 
biuo,  dirigio,  y  Uovo  ii  cabo,  el  ant.>r  do  estas  niemorias.  Hizo  niuy  uial,  lo 
conlicsu.  uute  Dios  y  los  liombres. '  Zereccro,  llevol.  Mcx..  109. 


RKVOLUTION  OF  THE  EX-ACORDADA. 


•l.T 


I. 

nasta- 
/■  and 
!    Trcs 


:;i  riiicM, 
h)\vii  iuul 
f). 
\hl(Vi  ar.il 

lo  lo  COIU- 
ly  UKiI,  lo 


Villas,  lieatLd  it  witli  his  battalion.  Tlu\v  woiv 
S'.H-ondod  by  (Jovonior  Zavala  and  (JeiuTal  Jjobato;"* 
(iuenvro  himself  demanding  a  chango  of  tho  minis- 
istry,  in  order  that  tho  con^nvss  mi^ht  ireely  decitlo 
llie'i)rosid(>ncy  question.  Zavala  had  been  hoveriiiL,' 
i'oi-  some  days  near  tho  capital  Avith  an  armed  I'orce, 
tliouL,di  without  eonnnitting  hostile  aets,  and  entered 
it  undetected.  The  rebels  occupied  the  (>x-ac()rdada 
buililinjjf  and  the  citadel. ■*'  Tho  tro(^])s  sent  against 
tliem  were  under  Colonel  Tndan.  On  the  morning 
of  J)ecend)er  '2,  1828,  hostilities  began,  and  the  light 
lasted  till  mid-day  of  the  4tli,  when  the  I'evolt 
triumphed.  Then  pillage  was  the  order  of  the  day. 
The  le[)eros,  taking  advantage  of  the  situation,  raising 
the  old  ciy  of 'Olueran  los  Espaholes!"  I'ushed  to  the 
Ionian,  where  were  the  stores  of  the  Simnish  mer- 
chants, broke  open  the  doors,  and  sacked  it.  In  a 
short  time  over  (<2, 000, 000  worth  of  i)roperty  was  car- 
ried olf,  and  upward  of  1,000  industrious  ])ersons 
were  reduced  to  want.  ^NTany  other  comniorcial  build- 
ings were  pillaged.'^'  A'ietoria  in  vain  attem[)ted  to 
arrest  the  outrages  by  going  in  person  to  the  e\-acor- 
dada  building,  and  pleading  witli  the  leaders.  ]\Iean- 
while  Pedra/a  secretly  iled  to  Guadalajara,  where  he 

■"^Lobato,  .-xftcr  this  ro volution,  was  sent  \>y  the  govornmont  to  Giuulala- 
ywii  iis  coinamhiiito  ;;o:K'ra!,  iiinl  ilird  (hero  early  in  l;SJI).     He  was  of  liunililo 


o;-i  ;iii,  ami  loso  luulcr  fa 


ivor  oi  tho  iwohuion  lor  iiulupcnilciKH";   scrvoil  m 
the  liiot  levohitioii,  ami  was  parilonoil.     He  was,  liouoviT,  one  of  tlio  lir.- 1 

lilt    il    gUJll 


it  nia;t  of  mnall  iiitelloct, 


t.)  J  )i;i  Itiirhiile  in  1821.     An  i,'n  irai 

soldior  iimlur  an  aliie  cliiif,  ami  faithful,    /■trahi,  Juvol.  JJ(.v.,  ii.  112 

^'•' Si'e  plan  of  the  rily  of   .Mcxiv'o,  this  Noluuie. 

■''''Tliis  was  not  foreseen,     (leuer.'il  Loli.ito,  wlio  was  in  eoininaml,  (rolouel 


rcui  liaviii''  l)ee:i  iiioi 


il  on  tho  od,  wont  to  tlie  Tarian  to 


m  clLirtre  ( 


if  tl: 


10  ex-aoon 


la. la.     At  I 


li.i  nioniont 


l!io  :  j'oheries,  leaviii;,' Zavala 

Lier.t-col.   N'ieento  (ion/ale/,  an  olil  sohlicr  of  the  indeiicnileuce,  wiio  had 

liccu  ncrviui,'  with  tho  fiovernuu-nt  foive,  was  captured  and  l)rouj;lit  to  tho  ex- 


•Jada.     Tho  <ura''eil  iiiol)  demanded  his  life.     Ziiv.dii 


dC 


:a:e.;  was  shot.  Zircnro,  llc;<ol.  .l/..r.,  10!)   10.     T! 


lisode,  a  Mot  on  Z.r. 


I;i':i  fame,  is  also  nieiitioucil  hy  Toniel  and  lUistauuuite,  who  add  that  /avala 
did  likewise,  out  of  personal  revenj;e,  shoot  with  a  pistol  ,jii(h,'e  Juan  do  l':i/, 
Y  Guzman  in  tho  nrni,  and  would  have  dono  tho  same  v.itli  S'liator  Vargas  had 
IiG  liecn  able  to  lind  him  on  that  day.  Vii'tori^i  reproaehed  Zavala  for  kiiliaj,' 
tlon.:ah'z.  Bustivnnnte,  Cuml.  I/isf.,  MS.,  viii.  •Jto.  Zavala  himself,  in /.'(■/■«/. 
JiJci'.,  ii.  220  et  seq.,  mentions  the  woundini,'  of  Ka.',  in  his  own  house  M 
(K'sl.oras  do  la  iioehe,  y  quizas  ereido  do  (pu;  Zavala  liaya  teniJo  parte  cu  sii 
dcs^racia. '    liaz  did  Zavala  a,  good  sunicc  ia  December  1S2U. 


44 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


I 


lived  for  sonic  time  in  conceahnent.  On  the  2fl  of 
!Mareli,  I82i),  lie  enibarketl  at  Tuini)ico  for  London, 
liavin'^  previously  resigned  his  right  to  the  presi- 
dency." Tlie  result  of  this  victory  was  that  the  con- 
gress, which  assembled  on  the  1st  of  January,  1820, 
animlled  the  election  of  Gomez  Pedraza,  and  chose 
Guerrero  as  the  second  president,  Anastasio  13usta- 
mante  being  appointed  vice-president.  Thus  was  the 
national  constitution  rent,  and  the  door  o])ened  for 
future  excesses. 

The  retiring  president  had  hoped  to  weather  the 
storm,  and  recover  his  lost  authority  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Guerrero  as  minister  of  war.''-  The  latter 
part  of  his  administration  was  indeed  stormy,  and 
he  seems  to  have  become  bewildered,  an  evidence  of 
which  is  the  step  he  took  in  going  to  the  ex-acordada 
building  to  parlev  with  rebels. 

The  country  felt  the  shock  of  the  lawless  acts  of 
the  mob  at  the  ca])ital.  But  the  yorkinos  looked  at 
the  matter  in  a  diU'erent  light,  claiming  that  a  new 
era  of  j)eace,  prosperity,  and  happiuess  had  been 
secured  for  ^lexico. 

Victoria's  term  ended  on  the  1st  of  April,  1820, 
and  he  retired  from  office,  never  again  to  appear  in 
])ublic  life  except  in  an  inferior  roIe.°^  It  nmst  be 
said  in  his  favor  that  though  he  was  often  influenced 
by  favorites,  ho  never  was  false  to  his  princi[)les. 
During  his  rule  were  founded  the  order  of  the  Aguila 
Negra,  and  the  York  rite  lodges,  the  former  by  a 
J^etlilehemite  friar  named  Simon  Cruz,  whom  Victoria 
banished  to  Yucatan,  where  he  died.  In  the  organ- 
ization of  the  lodges  Victoria  really  took  but  little 

*'  Sluarczy  Xavarro,  Ilkt.  Mix.,  139. 

•'■'GueiTcro  lickl  that  olaoo  only  a  few  <lays  and  resigned  it,  that  he  nii;,'lit 
not  be  suspected  of  lu./king  after  liis  ^lersoual  interests.  IIo  was  then  given 
the  command  of  the  forces  in  Pucbla,  Oajaca,  and  Vera  Cniz.  /(/.,  131. 

"^  He  was  governor  of  I'ucbla,  whicli  position  lie  resigned  to  become  .a 
senator  for  Diuango,  his  native  state.  In  March  ISH!)  ho  served  as  one  of 
tlio  two  Mexican  iilcuipotcatiaries  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  with  luaucc. 
liUinchard  and  Dauza!'<,  Sua  Juaa  dc  Ultia,  41)3—1. 


PKATII  OF  VICTORIA. 


45 


nctiim,  and  yrt  lie  luis  been  uccv.sud  of  lending  them 
luucli  protection.^' 

Victoria  retired  to  the  hacienda  El  Jobo,  which  wa.s 
\vroii<4ly  supposed  to  be  his  own  ]iro[)ertv.  In  the  last 
four  years  of  his  life  he  repeatedly  had  epileptic  attacks. 
At  Tlapacoyani,  in  184'J,  hissuiferings,  both  on  account 
of  his  country's  tioubles  and  of  disease,  were  so  s^nvat 
that  for  a  change  of  climate  he  went  in  the  latter  j)art 
ol  the  yi-ar  to  Teziutlan,  and  in  February  184.'}  to 
I'entte,  where  he  expii'c^l  on  the  'J  1st  of  Alarch,  his 
death  being  caused  by  enlargement  of  the  heart.  The 
body  was  embalmed  and  deposited  in  a  vault  in  the 
chapel  of  the  fortress,  whence  it  was  taken  to  Puebla 
in  18(;2.  Santa  Aima,  when  president,  decreed"'  that 
Victoria's  name  should  be  inscribed  in  letters  of  gold 
in  the  chand)er  of  deputies,  and  that  a  monument 
sliould  be  erected  at  the  national  expense  for  the 
jiatriot's  remains  in  Santa  Paula;  but  it  seems  that  it 
was  never  done."" 


la 


,10 


•'''  His  inveterate  contemner,  Bustamante,  attributes  to  liia  errors  all  the 

Biibsoijuuiit  rovoli.tions  iiinl  iiiisi'iies  of  Mexiuo. 

'"  hiihtaii  anil  Ln-(tiiii,  l.iij'm.  Mix.,  iv.  412. 

■''•  JircL'e  li(<i  iia  l/i-^/iiricd  dc  /ox  Acoutn'imwiilofi  man  iiofnhh'n  lie  la  ynrlon 
Mcx'nnna,  Mux.,  1S.")'2.  Svo.  424  pp.  Tiio  author,  .foso  Maria  Torncl  y 
Jlemlivil,  was  goviTnor  of  tlio  state  of  Mexico  in  1S28,  and  jircviously  pri- 
vate socivtary  of  PrcsiiUiit  Victoria,  lie  had  intended  to  give  a  full  hi.story 
of  Mexico  from  tlie  date  of  tiic  indcpcndenci'  down  to  lSr)2,  Imt  deatli  suddenly 
overtook  him  when  he  had  only  written  the  events  to  1S28  inclusive,  thns 
leaving  his  work  a  fragment;  in  fact,  notiiing  hut  .1  rapid  improvisation, 
tliough  as  far  as  it  goes  very  useful.  The  eventful  year  182S  is  fully  treated, 
and  a  review  of  occurrences  in  general  from  tiie  Ijcginning  of  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence is  also  given.  He  mostly  narrates  his  own  ohservations  in  a  clear 
ami  elegant  style,  (juoting  a  little  from  other  authorities.  His  work  was  first 
given  to  the  public  in  the  columns  of  the  IlKsirarU'ii  newspaper.  Liicas  Ala- 
man  took  advantage  of  it  to  correct  or  amplily  some  facts — of  wliich  Torncl 
was  better  informed  tiian  any  one  else  could  be— but  repeatedly  disagrees 
with  him  in  qualifying  them. 


a 

of 
ce. 


I!i1! 


'•  t 


J 


I    ! 


! 


i,     > 


CHAPTER   III. 

DOMESTIC  AND  FOllEIGN  RELATIONS. 

1S23-18'29. 

Rrcor.Nii io\  nv  FoRi'.rox  Poweus— Xkohtiations  with  the  Popk— Tkea- 
Tiis  WITH  Umteu  Si'atks— Poinmkit's  PriiLic  Cakkkii— His  Noti-.s  on 
Mexico — Diplomatic  Rklations  with  (Jreac  Buitain  and  Frame— 
Tr>EATii:s  wiiH  Enioi'EA.v  Nations— Hostility  to  Si-aniauds — Rovai, 
Plan  ok  RLcosi^rKsT— Akenas'  Plot— Execu'tions  am>  Banishments 

—  Kx PULSION  OF  SrANiAuas— Siege  of  San  Juan  de  Ulla— The  Si-an- 
isit  ('o.^LMA.'.■l)EIl  Caimti'lates — Depalture  OF  the  Spanish  (Jakuison 

—  („'i)M.Mol)OlU:  PoIiTER  AND  XaVA L  OPERATIONS— TlIE  WaR  BrIO  GuER- 
REUO  — .SURUENOER  OF  SPANISH    SlIIPS   OX   THE   PACIFIC 

Before  proooodiiiGf  further  with  the  internal  affiiirs 
of  the  country,  I  will  o'ive  an  account  of  her  forei<>u 
relations  during  the  tirst  few  years  following  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  independence.  The  earliest  diplo- 
matic act  of  the  new  nation  was  the  recognition  of 
the  Colombian  ivpublic  as  a  free  and  inde|)en(Unit 
lK)wei-.^  Her  accredited  minister  was  Miguel  Santa 
JMari'a,  whose  unpleasant  relations  with  Iturbide  have 
been  already  mentioned,  as  well  as  his  reinstatement 
in  liis  position. 

Congress  having  authorized  the  appointment  of 
envoys  to  foreign  governments,  their  instructions 
were  given  them  by  the  regency,  and  did  not  require 
the  sanction  of  the  congress.  Those,  however,  given 
to  the  envoy  accredited  to  the  holy  see  were  sjiecial- 
iy  IVamcd  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
archbishops  and  bishops,  antl  afterward  submitted  to 


'April  29,  IS'22,  Mcx:  Col.  Leycs,  6rd.  y  Dec,  ii.  38-9. 


(46) 


ii 


ACTION  OF  TIIK  POPE. 


47 


of 
ions 
hire 

oil 

liul- 

.ho 

to 


the  ai)])rol)atic)n  of  cohotcss,-  The  •rovtTninciit's 
clioico  toll  oil  a  most  It-aniecl  aiul  worthy  occlesiastic, 
]\il»l()  FiaiK'isfo  Vas(]iK'i5,  a  eaiion  of  .Piu-Ma,  J^uis 
(i.  (lordoa  heiiijjf  iiiailo  his  sec-retary.  The  jtopo, 
lin\»cv('r,  rcfuscNl  to  ivcuivo  liim,  or  even  allow  him  to 
]iass  the  i^ati's  of  Rome.  The  envoy  oontimied  his 
ellnits,  tiiou^h  without  avail.  Worldly  interests 
sw.'ivfd  the  paj)al  counsels.  Leo  XII.  valued  too 
nmeli  the  i^ood-will  of  the  soveifiijfn,  who  after  the 
o", -nts  of  IS14  and  1815  restored  the  pope. to  his 
states  in  Italy.  The  death  of  i-ieo  XII.  aiul  acces- 
sion of  l*ius  YIII.  ciid  not  improve  matters,  and 
Mexican  aifairs  remained  stationary  for  several  years.^ 
J-'aily  in  January  1H"J3  the  .separate  independence 
of  Central  America  was  reco<>'ni/.ed,  and  in  July  the 
executive  was  em[)owered  by  the  congress  to  enter 
into  sui'h  relations  with  foreigti  powers  as  it  might 
dcci.i  (  xpedient  and  conducive  to  the  recoLjnition  bv 
sii  -l*  •  >\vers  of  j\[exican  independence.*  A  treatv  of 
amity,  league,  and  confcMleration  was  entered  into  with 
the  rc[)ablicof  Colombia,  which  with  some  amendments 
A\as  a'|)proved  by  the  ^[exican  congress  the  next  year, 
ainl  a  minister  appointed  to  that  re|)ublic.^  The  op- 
portunity for  oi)cning  relations  with  foreign  ])owers 
was  now  favorable.  The  government  of  the  United 
ytates  gave  a  courteous  reception  to  Jose  ^Manuel 
Zozaya,  the  minister  accredited  thereto  by  Agustin 
I.,  but  took  no  action  beyond  the  general  declaration 
recognizing  the  independence  of  all  the  new  Ameri- 
can slates,  two  years  befoi't)  I'^n-'land  did  so."  Presi- 
dent  John  Quincy  Adams  des[)atclied  on  a  visit  to 

2M:iy4,  1S22.  Id.,  ii.  40,  05-0,  iii.  G3-4,  11.3;  Sitatvz  y  Xavarro,  JIi.it. 
Mt'x.y  71. 

'■'  'i'lnii!,  lircrc  liC'cr'n  JJinf.,  .jO-T.T;  ■'■^aiifmir/iln,  Coiifj.  Pan.,  7.3-"). 

*(  'oloiicl  AnaHtasio  Torreiin  was  thou  Htnit  on  a  diplonuitio  iiiis^jioii  to  tlio 
United  States,  and  Francisuo  do  1>.  Migoni  connnissioncd  as  cou:-ul  general 
in  L()iid(r.i.  Mcx.  Col.  Lri/i-.t,  Unl.  y  Jj(c.,  ii.  io'2,  1U3,  iii.  'J,  Go;  JJitsiamuiite., 
JJ.-if.  linrhidf.  '247. 

HXtolKi;  3,  1823.  Mex.  Col.  Lvyvs,  6)\l.  y  Dec,  iii.  C,  10,  14;  Xiles' 
Jii'fji'trr,  xxix.  2.")(i-7. 

"  I'articnlara  may  be  suen  in  Zozayn,  Apehinon,  5;  Atn.  St.  Pap.,  iv.  84S- 
50j  Gaz.  Imp.  Mcx.,  ii.  2G7-S;  2doni,  IIkv.  J/ci-.,  i.  ;}47. 


1      :  i 


I  ill    I 


48 


DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


IMexico  Joel  R.  Poinsett  to  study  the  condition  of 
public  ali'airs.  In  Poinsett's  report,  after  his  return, 
tli<)uy;li  with  a  certain  prudent  reserve  regarding 
the  men  in  power  and  the  state  of  the  country, 
he  ck'arly  predicted  the  end  of  the  imperial  rule, 
and  the  government  at  Washington  acted  accord- 
iuijfly.'^  j\Ir  Poinsett  returned  as  minister  to  !Mex- 
ico  early  in  1825,  and  became  very  influential.'^  The 
first  treaty  concluded  between  the  two  republics  was 
on  the  12th  of  January,  1828,  to  fix  the  boundary 
line.  The  matter  was  negotiated  by  Sebastian  Ca- 
macho  and  Jose  Ignacio  Esteva  for  Mexico,  and 
l^oinsett  for  the  United  States.  Its  real  aim  was  to 
declare  and  confirm  the  validity  of  a  treaty  made  in 
Washington  on  the  22d  of  February,  1811),  between 
Spain  and  the  United  States,  before  Mexico  had 
ceased  to  bo  an  appendage  of  the  Spanish  crown. 
That  tin3aty  established  the  Sabine  Piver,  at  the  ex- 

"  Pablo  Obrcgon  was  accredited  later  as  Mexican  ministpr  to  Washington, 
vlit'io  l;e  won  tlio  respect  of  all. 

^  P:)iiisctt  had  travelled  in  Europe  and  the  holy  land.  Wherever  he  went 
ho  left  plo.'isant  memories,  lie  had  been  in  South  America,  and  proved  hini- 
t-elf  a  good  soldier  in  the  wr.r  of  Ciiilian  independence.  As  a  nionil)er  of  t!io 
Ami nican  congress  from  South  Carolina  ho  advocated  the  recoixnition  as  iuilc- 
pendent  nations  of  the  former  Ilispano- American  colonics.  l.il)crty  with  him 
was  no  Utopia.  As  a  diplomato  he  was  an  able  one,  uniting  frankness  with 
a  moderate  circumspection,  never  resorting  to  untruth  or  mental  reser- 
vation. Ho  was  keen-sighted,  could  see  into  characters,  measure  men's 
abilities,  and  weigh  their  value.  Zavala,  L'erol.  J/^f.c,  i.  .'i!)9-40;  /</.,  Maui/, 
(/('  lii.f  prhiripios  polit.,  1-21].  Tornel,  Breve  Kcfcna  Hint.,  .'59,  while  acknowl- 
edging Poinsett's  lino  talents  and  soldierly  merits,  like  many  other  ^Itxicans, 
accuses  him  of  having  taken  advantage  of  an  inexperienced  people  to  mis- 
lead them,  so  that  later  in  life  numbers  who  had  trusted  him  had  reason  to 
regret  tluir  infatuation.  Poinsett's  service  in  the  American  congress  lasted 
from  1821  to  1825;  he  was  secretary  of  war  under  Van  IJuren,  and  died  Dec. 
14,  18.51.  La>unaii\i  Did.  U.  S.  Coivj.,  ."84.  Poinsett  published  a  wc.k  en- 
titled Xo/cn  on  Mexico,  an  Svo  vol.,  containing  such  statistical  data  as  ho 
gathered  on  his  first  journey  in  182.1,  with  descriptions  of  the  places  lie  hur- 
riedly visited,  and  also  a  sketch  of  the  revolution  and  translatio'.s  of  otlicial 
reports  on  the  condition  of  the  country  at  the  time  of  his  visit.  The  book 
likewise  gives  the  judgment  he  formed  of  men  and  affairs.  H's  sojourn  there 
was  a  short  one,  but  long  enough  to  enable  him  with  his  remarkable  keen- 
sightedness  to  foresee  coming  events,  and  to  pave  the  way  for  his  country  to 
have  a  greater  influence  in  Mexico  than  the  commercial  nations  of  Europe, 
lie  also  later  on  published  in  Mexico,  IS27,  a  pnuiphlct  of  Ui  pp.,  entitled 
Kxpofiivion  dc  la  coml'.uta  poUfira  tic.  Ion  EMaihis  i  lido^  para  con  /as-  vkcvus 
V'  I'liUictis  (Ic  America;  its  object  being  to  defend  his  government  and  his  own 
course!  in  Mexico  .igainst  certain  charges  preferred  against  them  by  the  leg 
iilature  of  Vera  Cruz,  whoso  suspicions  he  declared  to  be  entirely  unfounded. 


1 


UNITED  STAT::.S  and  fiP.l-AT  DKITAIN. 


49 


•cnt 

liiin- 

t'.io 

illllc- 

Iniii 
with 

-'.ser- 

K'n'a 

:;('/. 

lowl- 

ins, 

li.i- 

to 

'..•a 

Dec. 
I'll- 
ho 
itir- 
Aal 
ook 
icro 
on- 
to 
pe. 
led 
rns 


tivme  east  of  Texas,  as  ilit-  (li\  idi;!;^-  line.  _  TIu>  jioriod 
lor  tlif  ratilicalion  nf  the  new  tivatv  liavin^-  ehqisrtl, 
ail  additional  aiticle  validated  it  on  the  .')th  of  A[)nl, 
ls;ll.  and  the  whole  was  I'atiheil  hy  the  two  govoini- 
nieiits  ill  Is:i2.  A  treaty  also  of  amity,  coniinoree, 
and  iia\  i'^atioii  was  <MiU'r»'d  into  A]>i'il  a,  ISwl,  which 
v,as  lalitied  l»y  the  hi,nh  conti'actin.;-  i>artie.s  respec- 
tively January  Id,  and  April  a,  1S;;-J,''  Several 
(|Uestioiis  occiiri'ed  ill  tiie  U'ars  \H:1']  and  ISiI/"  that 
Were  suhjecls  of  discussion  betweei,  the  two  jn-overil- 
nieids,  such  as  claims  of  American  citizens  for  roh- 
lieiies,  im]ii'essment  of  seamen,  and  seizure  and  con- 
liscatioti  of  ve>,s(ls  hy  Mexican  aiil  hoiities,  of  which 
il  is  umieces-arv  to  uive  detaiU  heie." 

( iicat  ih'itain  at  theconnresses  convened  in  lOuropo 
to  ti'eat  of  Spanish  American  atlairs  had  reserved  her 
ri'^'ht  to  act  as  hest  suited  her  interests,  manile>tiii;^- 
a  re<ol\(>  to  pre\ent  the  intervention  of  any  power 
save  Spain,  to  whii-h  she  !iad  left  the  priority  of  ri^ht 
t  I  olilaiii  liv  neL>"o!  iation  what  advanta'_;'(.'s  she  could. '^ 
[lad  i(  not  heen  for  the  ener;;etic  and  timely  declai'a- 
tioiis  of  l']nL!,'land  and  the  United  States  a^'ainst  in- 
teri'erciiee  hy  the  l'^uroj)ean  powers,  coii^tit utinu;'  the 
s.)-ealled  holy  alliance,  .France,  in  view  ol'  the  suc- 
cesses (»btaiiie(l  in  XapK's,  I'ledmoiit,  and  Spain,  would 

"I'olh  trciitius  olliciiiUy  ]iiil)lishcMl  Ly  the  Mt'xii.n  {invcrniiu-iit,  March  7, 
isr;:!.   .l/,r.   Jhnvho  L.lrni.,    1st  pt   {•_'J-:kI;   .1///.  .S7.    J'n/).,    Fn:    /.'./.,   iv. 

!.'.•-(;_',),  (r.o-7o;i,  v.  ()i,7-i<i:  /•'.  (mnvsL-t),  vi.  .•{ij;i,  .'^s-ci:!.  !)i(;~ii >.  io«ii-i  •; 

r.  v  (,\,rf,  cDii;,'.  lit,  se;.  I,  ]1.  Kx.  Dx;.,  142,  vol.  viii.;  /r/.,  ooiu;.  '22,  srs. 
1,   11.  K\.  Doc,  -JJ."),  -JJ^,  ill  .'/'.<•.   Trrdiii-!,  i.  no.  I;   / '.  .V.    i''ip.,  ii.  no.  -J.'), 

0  in  r.  \'.\  .SI'S.  'J;  Cod'i.  JJlidltx,  lS'2.1-(),  i.  inil.  )i.  viii.;   / '.  .V.  Ai/iainl  /I'rs  >/., 

1  l\-2.  A]. p.  -Jt  :i(»,  'j'-M  ooiiLf.  1st  so-M.;  U.  S.  O  ,rt.,  vuw^.  10,  ,sc'■^.  •_',  H.  Jour. 
(In.l.'x  Si  ;iiii  iui.l  S.  Am.):  Xl'r^'  /.V/..  xwii.  •J7«>,  .".'il,  .vxix.  .'i^U  xxx.  -J;).', 
4.^1,  xxxi.  l;i(l,  -.]  >1,  xxAJii.  I',),  xxxiv.'  '2V,,  nxxv.  -J;),  41,  71.  'Ji:!,  -4'_'.  xl.  -J-.-S 
~<):  Ahi.  Jim.  /,'<"/.,  ls;!l  •-',  J'lil..  Doc.  7ll-!H;  J/«  r.  .1/- ,w.  /,'./.,  1,SJ7,  10-11; 
A'..  IS'JS,  (1;  //.,  |,s;il,  •-'-.-.;  .1/^,-.  M^  „>.  Ilar:,ii,tn,  ls:51.  li;;-.".;  t!>r..  ,/,'. 
.'/'.'•..  \>2't,  .M;iv  11),  'J-l!.  iiml  .iiuu:  (1,  .'!  4:  An'!'/"'/fi,  yA''')/).,  l'';ii),  .Ian, 
to  .lu:ir,  4.V-()i);  Cur.  l\.l.  .I/..,;.,  |s-.'7.  I  Mi.  1!),'  .'I;  \^2:\  .liiii.  l-'l.  I; 
/hi'Jd.i  ami  l.,^'.(tiio,  L'lj.  Mil-,,  ii.  4"i(!-(;;i;  'J'iir,,'l,  Jlnrf  /,\<ii'ift  /lis'..  7'- 
n:I;  .Mum,  I'l  rill.  Mix.,  .S.'iS-li.S;  /liisfniiiiiiilr,  \'o:  ilr  Ik.  I'nt.hi.  ii.  no.  :!">.  ;;- 
4.  \i.    lOOT;   P<  iisxiil'.'i  Thr   f '/w7r,/,S',V(/,-,^,  ;;,VS-;;S;    A/.,   lU  1-1   l':ii<.',,;r  ,  i.  M2 

."•;  S(ci:l(iiiii''l(>,  <  'oiiii.  Pun.,  I4.')-(!I;  ('mrd-,  Porniiir  J/:  x-., ',uo-ly2;  JI'j'rii->, 
i:.i-p'nr.   0;rr/-)»,  li. '4(!4  ();   /■'i7..v((A/,  .1/. ;/(.,  i.  ',10-108. 
"'A7/..s'  A'../.,  xxxi.  -S.i,  17S.  :!U),  xxxii.  7!». 

"  In  iSJJ  tlu!  Spanish  court mhlro-iai'il  itsult  toforci'm  iiiiW"r-i  cl(';irL'c;itin;» 
prccipitaiuv  in  tJK  ir  liicisioii  on  tho  suhject.  Mauif.  Uo/i.  /-Nn.,  1-S. 
liur.  Mk.x..  Vol.  V.     1 


60 


DOMESTIC  A\D  FOREinX  RIXATIONS. 


ii:r 


have  atfoniptcd  to  n("'Poni])lisl)  in  Ainori(\'i  wliat  slio 
liM(l  clU'ctod  ill  Spain  l)_v  restoring  Fcrnando's  a!)- 
soliitc  ]t()\viM'.  ]\I('xii-()  would  of  ctMirse  liavc  Ih'cu 
anion'j;' l!i(^  first  to  exjirriciici'  (lie  t'llrcts  of  vSpain's 
viiiditation  of  lui' supiiosed  ri^'hts.  England,  in  virw 
of  tlio  \  ictorics  won  l)y  (ho  (Joloinl)ians  over  tlio  Sjcin- 
isli  forces  in  Peru,  and  of  tlio  pi-osjiect  of  a  slaMe 
])oaoe,  fonchided  that  tlui  time  liad  conio  to  inalvc  a 
i'oiiu.'d  r(H'o<j;'nition  of  the  iiuk-pi'iidenco  of  tiie  Spanisli 
colonies  in  i\.nK'i'i<'a.  Accoi'dinu'ly  AFi' ( 'aniiint^f,  the 
})rincipal  s(>ci'otary  of  state  lor  foreiL;"n  aH'airs,  insti'ucted 
the  di[)]oniatic  aijj'onts  of  his  g'overnnient  at  forei;.;'n 
courts  to  make  icnown  its  resolve  lo  enter  into  direct 
relations  with  thc^  new  ^'ovei'nnieiits  of  America,  and 
to  neo'otiate  witli  them  tivatiesof  amit\',  coimneree,  and 
iiaviLi'ation/''^  to  which  eli'ect  instructions  were  issued 
to  commissionei'R  ]ir(n'iously appoiided.  Piior  to  such 
action,  eiirly  in  damiai'v  1Sl.'4,  Lionel  llervcy,  JL 
(I.  Ward,  and  Charles  ()'(!orman^'  had  heen  sent  out 
as  connnissionei's  lo  stu<ly  and  repoi't  upon  t'it>  political 
condllion  of  AFexico.  The  aLi'ents  were  I'cccMved  in 
A'ei-a  ('ru/  with  hin'h  honors  hy  Victoria.  On  tlu'ii' 
transit  to  the  capital  the  rout;;  thi'ou';h  PueMa  was 
av()i,lc(l,  that  city  l)(;iii_i>'  still  aL;itated  and  manifostin-;' 
hostility  to  foi'(M;.^-ners.  In  Mexico  they  were  enter- 
tained hy  the  executive.  Unfortunately,  they  werc^ 
present  durinu;"  li;)l)ato's  revolt,  and  it  is  understood 
that  thev  s(Mit  the  government,  a  not(>  to  theellect 
th.-d:  tlu'V  would  leave  th(!  country  if  tlios(!  disorders 
were  not,  forthwith  (juelled,  and  ]))dtection  allorded 
to  foroignei's." 

The  JJritisli  court  soon  after  franklv  centered  into 


'-  A!'h:i"i/.  Muii.,  :V1;  Torn/,  j;,-rr:'  I!,...;'riu  ll'isl.,  'M;  Xcwia,  J'<rn!. 
Jfi.v.,  i.  -.122  S. 

' '  Wiiril  was  sii1)sc()U('irily  iK'(M'('iIitoil  as  <'!•,•!;•. .' ii\iirairrs  to  Mcxio",  ami 
0'(ii>i'ni  111  liiailc  iMiiisul-giMicral. 

".Iiii!g!n;,'  l)y  ivisiilt^,  tlicir  roport.s  tu  tlic  Jiritisli  ijiivcrnuu-iit  ii\u-*t  l:a\  .; 
bi'C'li  t'iici)iira-iiij^.  Aluiiiiii,  lli-i.  M  J.,  v.  '^2:  Ihistinuitiitc,  (ikkI.  //it/..  ,MS  , 
viii.  •JI7,  •22'\;  hi.,  l/i^l.  Ilnrhri,-,  lil,".;  Zm-ahi.  l!n-ol.  .lAr..  i.  •2C,\);  W.u-'I'a 
M'  '.,  ii.  ITr.,  IT'V",  -•">!•,  -'i-;  Simnz  y  JS'ariirro,  H'c't.  M'j.,  ■")!;  <i'(iz.  ne 
Jh.c,  lS'2o,  177;  (I'liijury'.^  Hid.  J/(.t'.,4U, 


TiM'ATV  WITH  (;!;!:.VT  r.rjTAix. 


51 


hvvA 


;l  \v;is 

"stillL.^ 

'lUci'- 
i)i'(K'rs 


d  iiil 


() 


^  i;<>-nJ. 


WA    I'.MV  .! 
.x/..,MS.. 

<!az,  tie 


relations  i.f  iVirtidsliip  aiul  tiadr,  and  its  dijjloniatic 
a'jfcnt  was  vccc>ivi'(l  in  Mexico  with  every  mark  of 
respect,  the  ^lexican  minister  in  London  havInL;-  an 
c(|nally  iViondly  icccpliond' 

y\v  CanMin^''s  treaty  instructions  wore  o-ivon  in  a 
(h'auulit    wliicli    \v;>s    to    sci've    lor    all    the    Spanisli 
Ami'iic-in  repuhli'-^.      In  tlie  neL;(>tiations  conducte  I 
1>\'  Al;!iii;in  and  l']>(c\a  on  tlie  part  of  Mx'xico  tliey  yw- 
\;nli'(l  (Ml  (lie  .l)i-ilisli  connnissioneis  to  enihody  in  the 
ticaly  certain  clauses  which  wer(^  then   I'cpu^nant  to 
IJritlsIi  policy,  sui  li  jis  that  the  llaiuj  covered  the  mer- 
ch,iniH--e.      Moreow  r,  tlie  time!  the  treaty  was  to  he 
ill    opiialioii  was  limited,  and    pi'i\ileL;'es  were  stipu- 
laieil  lor  .M<'xican   and  other  I  Lispano-Anierican  ves- 
r-els    and    mei'chandise.      ^Mexico    also    reserxcd    the 
)'i;ilit    of  eoneedim;-   advantages  to  the   Spani.-h  llai;' 
v.heiiiNer  S[»ain  should  recoi^nize  her  inihpeiidence. 
"^rhe  clause  to  allow  ( Ireat   Uritain   the   same  heuellts 
as  should  at  any  future  time   lie  !4 ranted  to  tlu;  nio^t 
fa\oied  nation  uas  omitted.      Such  ti'rnis  pro\fd  in- 
adnii.-.-;Me    in    London,  and   the    treaty  was    not   ap- 
proved,      '^rhe    jhi^lish    e';ivei'ninent    next    seiit    Mr 
.Morii'  1',  the  historian  of  T'ersia,  and  a  distiu'^'uished 
(hjilomafe,  to  make  a  ti'caty  according'  to  the  oii-^inal 
drau'^ht.    ^[orrier succee«led  in  ha\in;,^-the  nen'otialions 
tran-^Iu'i'cd    to    London,    t'loii^j,!!    1?residi'!it  A'ictoria 
w.is   Well   satisfied    with    the    coursi>  pursU(>d   hy   his 
iie;4'otiatoi's.      Sehastian  C'amacho  was  now  inti'usted 
V  i(h  1 1)1"  husiucss  on  the  pai't  of  ?.Ie\ieoat  thi>  Hritisli 
I'ouiL 


A  treat  v  was  concluded  e 


dalihshui'.;'  r(/c;proc 


'■'Jos.!  .Mill  iaiii)  .Mi.'lulLiia  w:is  iippointiil  iiiiiiiitLr  when  \w  coasi'il  to  net 
fill-  tlio  I'X'.'iiitivo.  \'ici"iiti;  Kkafiurti',  a  luuivo  of  lA'iiiidnr,  liccamo  tho 
,s(cr(t:iiy  (if  the  legation.  Jliistaiiianto  ami  sovcral  otluM  ohjccle.l  to  liolli 
aitp.iirilniriUs  for  j,'.)0.1  loasoiis,  tlio  I'liiet  a.'aiil.sL  Mii.lieK  ii.i  \<v\w^  thai  I;o 
>M'iiM  imivc  o))jpctioiial)lo  to  the  lirilish  ;.,'oveniiti(tit,  as  turiK'd  out  to  l.i!  ihu 
cas(>.  llooal'iii-rto  cost  X\w  nation  ni.iny  thoiisaiiils  c  f  il 'llai  ■.  'i'lio  Ic'aiioii 
Miiil  to  Ku:;lanil  on  thu  liriiish  trinato'Cd/ -;-o(/.>',  Ajuil 'Jl,  IsJl.  .Miea;k:;u, 
hail  (Uilcrs  to  huy  ships,  aims,  and  (JLtliinL;.  Tl.o-,i;:h  ne  .1.,  ,■  ho  nor  J;,i,a- 
fill  lie  shoWLil  tluj  licst  juil^^iiicnt  in  their  iiuielutscs  iiml  other  nmiK  v  liaiiMO- 
tions,  tlieir  inteijrity  wa.s  not  ini[nailie(l.  'riuvli<i.ii  iKfeiKhil  tliru'eonihut. 
Jl>sl,iwiiii/i,  Ciiud.  //(V,.  Ms.,  \iii.  '.'.ai.';  Miniin.i.  Hi  I.  .1/,/.,  v.  7.S!;  /'„r- 
;.' ',  r,r<  rr  /,',.,,',•(«  Jll-t.,  78;  Jlir/ali  ic,  L'jilic,  S  '.>,  J,l,  Ki;;'-,.;  JiW(t/iu,-;i, 
Joijalo,  y-13. 


Ini;:!' 


J  i:;^ 


J 


1 


|.: 


r:  I 


52  DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 

itv,  nnd  leaving  unlimited  llie  time  it  was  to  l)e  in 
Ibive/"  TIui.s  was  ^Mi-xico  placi'd  at  j^'n^'at  disadvan- 
tage Inr  t]:e  i'utui'e  <le\elu[»ment  (•fa  national  marine, 
and  nuiritimi!  trade. 

Fiance  sent  to  .Vmeriea  in  January  1823  two 
s(H'ret  a-^'ents,  Julieii  SelimaUz  and  Aeliilie  do  la 
]\lotte,  to  ])rocure  inloi'ination  on  the  political  state 
ot"  ('olond)ia  and  Mexico,  and  to  work  in  favor  of 
erecting  therein  thrones  for  niemhers  of  the  In'ench 
I'eigiiing  family;  or  if  such  a  scheme  should  prove 
impractical)le,  to  I'liter  into  treaties  of  conuntirce  with 
the  two  countries.  'Phe  agents'  plans  were  not  de- 
tected in  ('olond)ia,  it  seems,  but  in  Mexico,  where 
they  presented  thtMuseUes  as  t(->urists,  th(;y  were 
arrested,  tluMr  papers  were  sc'ized,  and  though  nothing 
was  actually  discovered  that  could  he  detrimental  to 
]\lexico,  the  ii'overnment  treated  them  harshlv.^'  The 
I'reiich  could  not  he  indiiferent  to  England's  superior 
influence  in  Mex'co;  and  though  closely  allied  with 
.Spain  hy  the  i'.iere.sts  of  their  reigning  himilies,  the 
r^eeds  of  her  commerce  demanded  some  sort  of  com- 
nuinication  with  the  new  re[»uhlic.  In  the  endeavor 
to  gain  tliis  point,  the  conunander  of  the  French  naval 
I'trci's  stationed  at  Mai'tini(|Ue  was  instructeil  to  ap- 
j)oiiit  a  provisional  commercial  agent  to  reside  in 
JMexico,  wliicli  was  don(?;  hut  tin-  ^Texican  govern- 
ment refused  t(j  recognize  him,  and  in  future  paid  no 
IuhmI  to  cr(H!(Mitials  of  such  a  nature.  In  fact,  no 
pr(>positiou  from  any  government  would  he  enter- 
tained unless  based  U[)on  an  absolute  recognition  of 
j\le\ican  iudcix-ndence.'**     Finallv  the  ^Mexican   miii- 

1  t.' 

'"  i;;itit!(il  l.y  Mexico  ()>t.  'JT,  1S-J7.  Oar.  <h'  .1A,i-.,  IS-Jil,  :\r:iy  ll?,  Sept.  7, 
.'>;  .MaiiiMir.s  Picji.  to  Cniii:.,  in  Xilcri'  J!n/,,  xxviii.  1(>!l-71.  xxix.  7,  I!'.*,  i-V\ 
\xx.  ;U()   I,  .^(iS,  \xxiii.  IS;  Mr.v.  M.ni.  /,'(■!.,  KSlid,  4-10;  Itl.,  lS-27,;{-li:  ^t- 


i;,'rnl.  .)/,,.■.,  ii.  KM." 


,  I.  n 


irrrc  /(c^'Iki 


l/ist. 


14.V7;  Mdi'tii' 


.■)");  S.iiilitiiij- 


■h,  ( 


oil'!. 


•  Id'  1 


Pmji.  A,'i.,  i.  <iSt-7;  Ainiiil,!  llril.  /.r./.,  Isiii) 


f '()/■.  Fi'fl.  J/('.}'.,  l.S"J7,  Nov.  "2(1,  '_'   1;    Jliisliiiiiuiitc,   Vo"  dclii  Pdlr'ii,  ii.  n 


'JO,  III  I.  20,  V,    I;  Xorth  Am.h'i 


\\:)-'li\\  A  I 


'ii'in,  111 


»•-/.  ]\l,' 


ISJ'.I,  i'JS-!l,  lljO;  Jlti!il,(,i  iiiul  Loviii  >,  /.((/.  Mc.,:.  ii.   lil  '_'.".;   Mnni,  J,'. 


.•M,l-S4;   Ocius  1-: 


M, 


7" 


L 


iini,nn 


I.,  iv.  -JiJ  3,  V.  •Ji:;-M;  t 


fcra-i. 


M,.rn.  nrrnl.  M, 


'JS7-S;  Orfujd,  Moil.  1,'d.  J>v)if.,  .W-O. 


147:  !.'■ 


//:.-/.  JiihijiK,  ii.  2!),"). 


'Uu   lliu  4lli  of  JNliiy,  ISJli,  the  coii;^iesd  i^uissud  iiu  iict  t'lijuiniiig  that 


FREXCn  UELATIOXS. 


63 


tl 


lo 


ooin- 
_'a\'(  )i' 
ii;i\al 
o  a|>- 
lo  in 

i(l  no 
(,   no 


|>n  (»!;' 
miii- 

cpt.  7, 
I,  1  :!'■', 

1;  Za- 
('oil/, 

nil.  7, 
[III,  7.V- 


ji'i^rn-i. 


that 


ist<M^  in  Loiidon,  Srliastian  Canmclio,  was  invited  l)y 
the  Fiviicli  L;-ov{>riniicnt  to  ont(n-  intoa  sort  of  urrauL^Mv 
nicnt,  to  wliicli  it  woiiM  not  <j;-ivo  the  name  of  trcaly, 
Imt  nicnlv  tliat  of  pi-ovisioiial  i-oiivoiition.  ]>y  tliis 
moans  tiio  ciiief  jiojnts  wore  arraii'j;'('(l  lor  tlu3  roj^'ula- 
tioii  of  trade  ])et\veon  the  two  countries.  It  was 
e(|ually  imj)orta!it  to  France,  wliose  r-onnnon-ial  in- 
terests W(>re  daily  ^-rowini^  lar,i>'er  in  IMexieo,  nnd  to 
tiie  reiuiblic,  ;is  a  jireliminary  step  toward  tlie  f)rnial 
rt'CO'jjnilinn  i)y  the  former,  and  the  conelnsion  of  a 
Ireatv  emhodyin'i  the  nsu.d  woi'ds  and  forms  of  su<'h 
inslruments.  Alfaii's  remained  in  this  state  till  1S2S, 
when  the  l^'reneli  L;-ovei'mnent  concluded  to  despatch 
to  ^Icxico  a  c;»nnnissi()ner  of  the  sami;  charai.-ter  as 
tiiat  first  sent  out  hy  iMi-^IiUid,  to  obtain  data  tliat 
mi^'ht  serv(>  as  a  hasis  for  future  action.  A  serious  po- 
litical (listui'lvmce,  how-:'V(M",  in  Mexieo,  prevented  tin; 
•■lo'ent  from  ^oiu'j^  to  his  destination,  'i'hen  followed 
tile  j)olitic;d  chan;^''s  of  I8;>()  in  Franco.      ]\reantime, 


Se 


enor  didrosi  iza, 


M 


i>> 


xican  nniuster  m   London,  undtM" 


instructions  of  his  ^'oviM'iunent,   went  to   Pai'i.;,  and 
ne'4'otiate(l  a   treat  v  which   the   ^[eKican   governmeMt 


atlerward 


aile 


to   I'atnv 


ij 


^J^ 


reati 


es 


of  amitv.  coni- 


mercc\  aiKt  naviL;'ation  were,  liowe\'er,  com 
several  European  nations  durin;^'  this  p»M'iod 


•luded 


Wltll 


■M 


(!.■  ^^<x..  is-ji;.  M;i\- is. 'j--;?;  n>i-t'n,iri,i/f', 


Vn-   J,'   hi   P"!, 


rsi. 


(>;  Ji'iiiuiriz  IJ  t^i ■iiiHi. 


(  -ul.   J), 


I',);   Diililiia  and  L 


it'.'IIIO, 


l.ri.   M. 


'  M<'xii'ii"s  ('(|n;ility  with  I'tlicr  sovcici;,'!!  :iatioii-i  wag  at  stake,  tlio  alter- 


iiiiti'  [iii'ii'ity  III  i! 


iii^ol  the  t\M>  (li'al'l.i  ul'  tli<!  treaty  li.iviiiy;  lieen  re- 


1ii-;im1  hy  til  !  I'lTiieli  iiiiaister  of  st:ile.    I)ii<t'iiii'i)itc,   \'oz  ih'  lit  I'lilr'n. 


!■.',  5;   Mor.r,  JiVml.  J/,.,-.,  i.  .'U'.V-.VJ;  ,Si 
,/■■  Mr. v.,  1S2(!,  Xov.  •_'.-.,  ;t;  Cor.  Fid.  .!/.■ 


X, 


ir.si.  .][, 


■|:  '.' 


1SJ7,  Aw'    IS,   1^;);    /,'(    i'ii/,i„ 


1SJ(5,  Dec.  II.  4;  \;i<s-  It 


;/.,  xxvii.  "JIS. 


'Prussia  ill  IS'ili  liad  alteiiinled  tlie  su1)terfn 


,'c  of  kceiiin;_;  a  coiiiiuereia 


iu;('nt  ill  Mexico  without  a  treiity  h.avin.,'  l)ee:i  eiitero.l  into  lietwcen  the  two 


nations,  liut  it   wa.s 


not  iieniii 


tted.      Ill   folio 


wiii^  yeai'.s  treaties  of  amity 


II: 


iimiieree,  ami  ii.ivi^'atioii  were  mado  with  that  UiiiL;do;ii  and  others. 


He 


ind  the  Xetherlaiids 


\\'uile;iiimr_',  IJavaria,  ete.   <! 


ilv  Mr 


isj;t,  ;!,),  ;i.-,-|(;,  ,-)->  7;);  Arril/n'm,  LWop.,  is;!;?,  (;.!  7;i,  K 


d  later  with  tlie  Kanseatic  ei.ies 
lS2f!,  May,  lit,  I;  M<.r.  C.J.  Li/. 


,)(.,  'JJii, 


I'lJ;  Diililuii  and   I.h'm 


Ml 


M. 


/.'.'/. 


ii.  i;!(;-;),  .ii:mi,  isi-iu,  :!;u-,-),  v.)\-\; 


/■'•/.,  IS.",:;,  1-,").    It!  -JO;  Bitsi-unante,  Vuz  dc  la  J'atr 


M.S. 


VI. 


litJ;,  .lV(7i.'>'  licjintir,  xxxii.  7l--^."i. 


n,  !'■■; 


54 


DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


il    s 


i 


r. 


Tlio  ]i()1I('y  of  ?,Texico  toward  foroij^nors  sliowcd  a 
marked  distrust  of  them;  and  indeed,  tlio  masses  of 
the  po[)ulation  were  anything  but  friendly  to  aliens 
in  general,  and  to  Americans  in  particular.  Foreign- 
ers were  subjected  to  constant  amioyancc,  little  pro- 
tection being  afforded  to  tlieii"  ],)ersoiis  or  pi'ojMnty."' 
'^riie  ]iosition  of  S[)aniards  in  ^Ii'xico  ])ecame  more 
perilous  every  day,  and  the  system  of  desi)oirmi>'  theui 
M'as  constantly  gaining  supporters.  Tlie  question  Nvas 
brought  to  a  climax:  by  a  motion  made  in  congi'css  l)y 
Jlamos  Ariz})e  in  fHL.'4,  to  deprive  nil  Spaniards  of 
thi.'ir  publi(;  oflicQs.  I'he  considerntiou  that  the}'  had 
embraced  the  American  cause,  and  had  been  gutu'an- 
teed  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Mexican  cilizens, 
Avas  ignored:  their  enemies  were  also  unmindful  of 
the  evil  cons(Mpiences  to  the  country,  both  in  a  moral 
and  material  point  of  view,  which  would  result  I'roni 
such  an  act  of  injustice,  as  well  as  fnjui  the  needless 
loss  by  persecution  of  so  many  citizens,  a  large  num- 
ber of  whom  had  Mexican  wives  and  children,  while 
the  greater  portion  were  engaged  in  some  useful  in- 
dustry ]irodu('tive  of  wealth  to  the  young  nation. 
Jilind  hati'ed  caused  justice  and  policy  alike  to  be  di.-5- 
regarded.-" 

The  passi(ms  of  tlie  ral)ble  were  constantly  kept  at 
fever  heat  by  a  portion  of  the  press,  and  all  efforts  of 
t!ie  government  to  check  it  were  unavailing."^  The 
utmost  vigilance  was  pi'actised  to  prevent  disturbances 
of  the  peace,  notwithstanding  which,  on  the  niglit  of 
till!  'J8th  of  ALay,  1824,  a  revolution  was  on  the  point 

-'.lime."),  lS-J('i,  tho  /^ovrniiiii'iit  sliowoil  its  distrust  in  u  most  stringent 
]»issniirt  law.  </«:.  (/>■  Mtx.,  18J0,  .Tunc  I'.i,  l-'2.  RLiteriitcd  in  .M.uvh,  l!SJS. 
Jii.'t/xi-i.  Vio:,  in.  ]i\-'2. 

-- (liuiilalajiira  iu  .Tiuiu  IS'J.'J,  anil  tlic  L'ljngress  of  Yucatan  on  tlio  lOtli  of 
Au'^'ust,  ISJI,  aUiMn;>:,o;l  toilcfc:i,t  tlicsc  ])roj('cts.  />('.<//i).<.  l'(ii',,m.  ]](.!;  Yur. 
Mitu'iUc<toil<'l Coiiij.  ili/L'-il.,  [1,  xiii.;  ycifirro,  IiiirhUh'.  'I'Ul. 

"Tlio  most  vii'uleiit  M'as  onu  whoso  motto  was,  '()  s.;  (lestiorr.a  cl  coj'otc, 

tlio  Spanianls'  nickn:u,io  of  ooyotos.     "'ho 


ill! 


1)  mata  iiiKv;tras 
cilitoi'  was   lii'ouu'li 


Anot! 


t  to  trial;   lint  flu!  jury,  iiitimiih^tcd    liy  a  moh,  aci|uitl' 


loi'  pallor  o 


f   tl 


lu  somo  s 


t  imi> 


'El  1 


Jlowevcr,  !i  J''ioiioliniaii  who  oiliti'd  t!io  AfihirUtd  \\-.\n  oxiioUod  f 


lonioiusiiio  sin  niasi'ara. 


or  maUiuj 


.Muarl 


Ks  a'Miiis 


t  th 


},'ovornnion 


t,  wliii'h  was  an  arl)it 


rary 


nioasurc.   Bmla- 


niank,  t'ttail.  Jli.-/,  MS.,  viii.  -'34-0:  /./.,  JliU.  Jlurbide'S3i-i^. 


# 


rERSi:CUT10N  OF  SPAXIAKDS, 


65 


uvod  a 
sses  of 

aliens 
()i'ci'''n- 
:lo  pro- 
port}'.'"' 
0  more 
<f  tilt  in 
ion  was 
rcss  by 
ai'ds  of 
loy  luid 
>uaran- 
•ilizrnis, 
idl'ul  of 
a  moral 
lit  from 
icedless 
[0  num- 
1,  whilt; 
,(jf ul  in- 
nation. 

be  dis- 

kopt  at 
[forts  of 
-2  The 
irbanccs 
li^iit  of 
lie  point 

st\'iii.':'cnt 
lavli,  I  Sis. 

Itho  lOth  of 
111!;   )'((-'. 

ol  coyote, 
htcs.     Till- 

:K'iiuitt''il 
iiiAsc.ir:i.' 

u-  m;ikiii.' 
Ire.   Uuf'ii- 


of  broalcing  (»ul  in  ^Ii'xico,  headed  by  a  lieutenant, 
liasiliso  A  aides,  to  (jvertlnow  tlie  g(n-frnnu;n(,  j)lun- 
dcr  and  shvu-^hter  the  Spaniards,  and  set  lire  to  the 
J'arian.  The  plot  was  fortunately  detected,  Valde.s 
l>einn'  ai'reste<l  and  e.xeeuted,  though  much  inllueiico 
was  brought  to  rear  on  Uravo,  then  jjresident,  to  .sim? 
tile  prisoner's  life. 

Jii  the  midst  of  the  electond  agitation  \u  l.'-i-Jt,  the 
coniandante  general  of  Oajaea,  Antonio  Leon,  a  man 
who  had  rendered  g'ood  service;  in  the  war  of  inde- 
p.iidi'nce,  and  his  brother  ^ilanuei,  attempted  there  to 
canv  out  Lobato's  jilan  of  reiuoviuL;"  the  old  S])an- 
iards  !V.im  ollice,  but  in  a  more  alai'miim'  way,  for  the 
attempt  was  be^'un  with  the  murder  of  (  aye.itano 
^lachado,  collectoi'  of  taxes  at  Huajua[)an,  while  jour- 
ney iui;'  with  his  family  toward  (Jajaca.  He  was  as- 
sailed by  Sergeant  Ti'inidad  lieina,  and  ])ut  to  death 
in  tlu!  most  .slioc-king  maimer.  The  executi\e  looked 
on  this  movement  as  a  most  daii'-cTous  one,  and  Vic- 
toria  was  sent  to  quell  it,-Meaviiig  ]\lex.ico  on  the  Sth 
of  August,  ^\hile  on  Ilia  march  he  learned  that  a 
Spanish  lli.'it  with  ii'enforcoments  Ibr  San  dnan  do 
Ulua  was  oil' the  coast,  and  immediately  despatelied  a 
ci)iisiderai)le  [>art  of  „his  troo[)s  to  Vera  Cruz,  pro- 
ceeding with  only  -,')0  inlantrv  and  50  horsemen  to 
II 
t 


uaiua])an,  the  biithol; 


.f  J 


lei'e  was  (>'rea 


t.      J 


[)lace  ot  Jjoon,  wlioso  mliuence 


_'Oll, 


liouu'li  at  the  Jieai 


d  of 


a  toi'ce 


three  times  that  uuml)er,  listened  to  reason,  and  the 
trouble  was  ended  without  further  bloodshed.  This 
happy  result  increased  the  esteem  in  which 
w;is  held  by  his  countrynie 


Vict, 


)ria 


n. 


1, 


T 


'iiiiiel,  L'nrc  H.^'cnd  Ilixf.,  2•2-^^,  nociscs  Alan:;in  nud  Micr  y  Ti  ini 
iviij;,'  o;in:jv'd  tjii.s  ticlf(.'tii>li  witliii  sinister  nljjrut.     Alaliiaii  ilciiics  t'lu' chai 


of 


UoiTtlil''  ili:i 


t^ 


.1 


it  to  bu  iJiit  iif  placu  to  oppD-'L' liim.   ///'.</   J/ 


V  liio  :!pi)ijintnii.'iit,  and  JJravo 


,  iVt'liii. 


Silt). 


l'.'jfon!  ivtuiiiiii;;<(i  .\kv\ico,  Victoria,  oii"tli(!.")lli  of  SL'ptoiiilier,  at  Ilnajua- 


11:111,  in  ii  pniclaniatiuii  coii;,'r.itu!alcil  tlio  ]X'ciplc  of  Oaj 


iiollt 


^'d.    (liir.  di.h.  Slip.,  1SJ4,  Sq>t.  IS,  l(J!)-70.      Sc 


pcaeo  sfC'iru^ 


it  1; 


and  (luailaliipt;  La  Mailrid,  who  appcand  as  the  iiisligator.s  of  Mauhado'a 
luurdor,  wcto  oxcLMtud.  Tiicy  iiiijilicatod  llu;  l,rot.!ii  is  Leon,  wliu  wito  tri^d 
ill  .Mexico.     Antonio  \  iii.lieated  liiniself,  and  .Mauuel  wm  puruoucd  l)y  cun- 


i 


,1/ 


//i<t.  M<j.,  V.  ,S10, 


# 


66 


DOMESTIC  AXD  FOREICN  RELATIONS. 


:' 

1  ' 

1 ' ' 

1 

:  ■ 

1   i 

;|  ■ 

i 

' 

■ '; 

■  , 

■  ■ 

I 


A  nninlicr  of  disoontciitod  Cubans  sdioiiniint;  in 
]\T('xic'()  luul  ur<?cutlv  jij)poale(l  to  tho  govornmuiit  in 
1S2;>  io  <k's|);itc'h  1,500  men  to  tluir  iwlaiul,  wliicli 
they  (loclarecl  was  ripo  for  iiulopcMulenco;  but  tliuy 
gave  so  much  publituty  to  tlioir  plans  that  oven  it 
]\lexico  liad  been  able  to  furnish  tlie  men,  lleet,  and 
a  coinpcitent  K;ader,  a  faihire  migbt  bo  reasonaldy  ex- 
pected.-" The  project  was  consequently  abantloned 
as  ini])i'acticable. 

It  will  l)e  renicnd)ered  that  tho  Spanish  commis- 
sioners, llamon  Oses  and  Santiago  frisarri,  bad  arrived 
at  San  Juan  do  Uli'ia  shortly  befoi'o  tho  fall  of  Itur- 
bide.  The  circumstances  connected  with  that  evi'ut 
prevented  the  imperial  govermnont  from  coming  to 
any  arrangement  with  them.  Afterward  V^ietoria 
was  connnissioned  to  treat  with  Oses  and  Jrisarri, 
with  whom  he  held  conferences  at  .falapa,  but  the 
only  result  obtained  was  a  ])ro\  i;-ional  ti'oatv  of  com- 
merce, lor  which  Victoria  liad  been  duly  empowered 
by  the  govermnent  and  congress.  The  Spaniards  re- 
turned to  San  Juan  do  V]\'u\  with  ]\Iexican  passports, 
and  th(>  constitniional  regime  Ix'ing  shortly  afti'r  up- 
set in  Sjjain  by  the  king  with  the  aid  of  a  ]ioW(.'rt"ul 
French  arm}"  under  tho  ro^yal  due  d'Angoulenie,  all 
eiibrts  toward  a  peaceful  solution  of  tho  ditliculties 
between  the  mother  country  and  Mexico  were  discon- 
tinued. Soon  after,  rumors  came  from  JIal)ana  of  an 
expedition  about  to  sail  for  the  invasion  of  Yucatan, 
which  the  de[>uties  of  that  state  assured  tho  govern- 
ment would  be  well  received  by  the  inhabitants.  Tho 
peo])le  of  Yucatan,  especially  those  of  Campeche, 
huh'ered  by  the  interru[)tion  of  trade  with  Cuba,  and 
were  for  this  reason  dissatisfied  with  the  pt)litical 
change.  Santa  Anna,  then  governor  and  conumdante 
general,  heeding  tho  demands  t)f  tho  merchants  and 
others,  permitted  trade  to  be   carried  on,  in  Spanish 

""'SMiita  Anna  was  tiioni;lir,  of  as  tho  jiropcr  leader;  and  it  was  said  tliat  ho 
contenn)!ate(l  loadiiigan  ex])i;di(ion  agninst  t'uba  from  Y\icatan.  IliiKinmaiito, 
Vo- lie  lii  I'tilrid,  ii.  no.  (I,  7,  no.  11,  .->;  /(/.,  llisl.  Ihirhidi',  'I'.W;  Znvitla,  Itc- 
vjI.  M(\c.,  i.   2'Jo-'J;  Pcdntzn,  JluniJ'.,  "JS-'J;  Tornd,  Unvc  licMua  Uisl.,  77. 


m, 


'»'«"te_. 


THE  ARENAS  PLOT. 


87 


lliiit  he 

'■I,  y.v- 


% 


vossols,  Ix'twoeii  thiit  pcninsulii  atvl  CuIki,  tlioiigh 
coutniry  to  law;  it  is  even  asscitcd  that  a  nuiulu'r  of 
.such  vessels  a I'rived,  August  IH,  IS-J4,  at  Sisnl,  es- 
corted hy  Spanish  ineu-ol'-wai-  to  the  cntrauee  of  tho 

port." 

Fei'nniido  was  no  donht  ]»lanniiig  the  reeonqnest  of 
liis  toniier  colony,  and  conferred  upon  the  ex-viceroy 
AjxHlaca  the  apj)ointuiont  of  eaptaiu-u'eneral  of  Culia, 
to  cairy  out  tho  scheme.  Tho  count,  however,  did 
not  come  out  to  Cuha.-'^ 

A  few  days  id'ter  the  constituent  con,L;'ress  l)ei:i;au 
its  labors,  a"[)lot  was  divulj;vd,  at  tho  head  of  whji-h 
M'UH  a  friar  named  Jo.-iipiin  Arenas. -"••  This  individual, 
oil  tho  r.)th  of  January,  1 S-J7,  a])i)roach(Hl  Ignacio 
]\rora,  comandantc  ufcneral  of  tho  I'ederal  disti'ict,  in- 
vilin'4  him  to  join  in  a  jilan  for  tho  restoration  ot  tho 
Sjianish  n'ovei-nment,  and  tho  protection  of  tho  true 
laith,  which  he  claimed  to  ho  imperilled  hy  tlu;  free- 
dom of  the  ])ress  and  tho  introduction  of  hei-etical 
books.  1  fe  threatened  iMora.  with  death  if  he  divul^'ed 
th(^  ]ilot  to  the  L;-overnment,  assurinij^  him  that  it  had 
ramilications  throuyliout  tho  countiy,  and  was  on  tho 
eve  of  execution,  ^[ora,  of  coui'se,  at.  once  a[»j)ris('d 
tho  president,  and  it  was  arranged  that  ho  should 
invito  Arenas  to  a  second  interview,  and  that  C^)lonel 
Tornel,  the  ]>resident's  ])rivato  s('cretary,  and  ^NTolinos 
delC'ampo,  tli(.\governor  of  tho  federal  district,  hidden 
I'rom  siu'lit,  should  bo  m'osont  at  tho  coid'eronco.      Tho 


'■  Tho  I 
do  Uhia. 

liiUrant'i,    Mix.,    ii.    .'M 
Siitirz  1/  Xararro,    /list.  Mr 


•  inoii-iif-w;ir  th;it  IkuI  lirouglit  ri'lirf  to.th 
Miiiiif.  Coiiij.  ilcl  K^t.,  ;!'.(-,');{,  TS-S.');   Yn<:  (\),ii/>.  Jli-^/.,  14-'J.' 


risoii  of  Sail  .Tiian 


JJnrhrffi'ii 


('>7-7L):  Ihi't'iiudiiti',   ('nf( 


Camp.,    ■(!»-.•!,    iip.    !>-l4; 


<l.    Ilht.,  .M- 


I'Ki,  \\.  no.  (i, 


L' 


l.llT 


tho  pretext  that  the  iiiva- 


iif    Viiealan  woiiKl  iiiipmil  .Mexii'o's   iiatioiiality,  ii  iiiotiuii  \va:i  mailo  in 


(•.iii'iross  to  oiiipowei'   the  ^ovcninrs  Id  reiii.iVo  fniui   tlioir  lioiiii 


suspcctcil  of  hostility  to  iiiikpc'n!l( 
iiiiiiili\  Vo;  ill'  la  I'dtr'in,  ii.  iio^ 


HT.SIJIlS 


i.l  S. 


--  Ki 


ei'iiaiiilo.  Iiy  Ins  ;iinl)a.s>ior  in 


oordinLT  to  tho  statement  of  tho  hitter's  jp'ont,  .)o,o  .Mail 


i'ho   nioti'in  was   rejected.    linKt'i- 
Loudon,  tlie  (hii(no  do  SauCiilos,  ac- 


Tor 


•OUlO,  .S():1 


cited 


tiie  aid  of   Iturhido,  hut  without  .avail.    Torn  nfi-,  /.'•  (•>/.  Ij^'-/).  A)ii.,  iii.  'Mo; 
imaiilr,  lli.^t.  Unrli'iilc.  -JJS,  •i."i2-:i;  Id.,  diiail.    ///.s/.,  AIS.,  viii.  '-Vm. 


•'••A  barefooted  Dioiiuini 


)ni  Spain 


with  a  had  n 


his  hist  oll'ence 


heint,'  that  of  eouiiterfoiting  coin  at  a  phice  that  was  disguised  as  a  soap  fac- 
tory in  ^lexieo. 


% 


1 1 

11 


08 


DOMESTIC  AND  P'OIIKKiX  IlELATIOXS. 


iViarwas  cau^lii  in  tin-  tiMj*  aiid  ar.'cstcd.  Ifc  siat(  <l 
ill  ])ri>()ii  llial-tli(!  jtlot  had  ItciMi  loniiod  in  ?rladri<l, 
and  lliat  IviiiL!,'  J^'ciiiaiido  \'JI.  liatl  sent  out  ii  auni- 
.sar'nt  r<'</i<>,  \vlio  was  already  on  ^Mexican  tcrillorv. 
Till'  I'oval  coniniissiouor's  name  was  not  divnl^'ctl.'" 
Aiiotlicr  IViar,  a  Doininicaii  nauiod  ]\lai"lin(,'/,  and 
two  ollici'  incii,  Si'^iira  and  l)a\id,  woi'o  also  aiiustud 
as  accoiiiiiliccs/''  and  soon  alter,  JMarch  2i2d,  orders 
Were  issued  (hat  L;eiu'ials  ]']c]Kiva)  -i  and  Nej^retc 
shoiiM'he  taken  as  |ii'iso!iers,  the  ioi'in^'r  to  tliceastlo 
of  Perole,  and  the  latter  to  that  of  Aeanuleo.  (leii- 
i-ial  (JreLi'nrio  .Vrana,  and  many  other  ollleers,  the 
iJiie-^ts  'j'orres,  ]  lidal^o,  and  J*'riai'  Josu  Aniat,  as  well 
as  a  nnniher  of  eivilians,  were  implicated.  .Ml  of 
thoni  wei'e  'old'  Spaniards.  Their  trial  was  l>y  court- 
martial,  and  Arenas,  .Martinez,  Se^ura,  David,  Arar.a 
and  oilicrs  were  sentenced  to  death.'"  jNlaiiy  ollicers 
Wire  de^'raded  or  lost  their  commissions,  and  a  /umi- 
ber  of  the  prisoners  were  sentencctl  to  various  ])enal- 
tit's.'*''  (u.'iierals  J'A-havarri  and  Negrete,  deprived  of 
their  rank,  wen'  sent  into  exile."* 

"''lliM  uaiiic  \\.'is  nftfi'uard  uinlcv.Mtood  to  lio  EiiL;ciiio  AviratU'ta,  wlin  cn- 
tt".v:i  (li«  i-iiii;il.ry  in  l!i'_'ri,  ainl  w(iikc<l  in  tiiu  oilku  oi  tliu  \'ir(t'-r/ir.(i,/<i  Lilirc. 
It  v.as  iicvir  IciiDWii  \\li('rL'  Ik-  j^'ot  Iiis  a^ipiiiuliiu'iit,  whetlicr  from  .Mailii  1  or 
intiA  till'  i"r|)iaiii-i,'i'iii'ral  of  Ciilia,  or  only  assunieil  it  to  j;ivu  Jiimsclf  iinpui- 
liUiuo.  AliniKiti,  Hi  si,  .1/(7. ,  V.  SJ7.  A\  irauuta  cscaiicd.  Tlii;  fi'iinnUy  rcet']^- 
tiou  givoii  liini  ill  ('uIm  liy  tin;  authorities,  anil  liis  s\il>.si'([iRiit  I'liniini;  to 
^lixieo  wi;!i  tiio  rank  of  iiit(  inlciife  di:  iji  rf'ito  of  llanailas"  i,'\piMlition,  ttiiil 
to  i'o::(inn  tin.'  Iriar's  .stalcincnt. 

•"  J'Ik-  nu  n  arri'sti'il  as  chii'f  consiiiratois  wore  iiicro  a;j;ents,  imt  tlic  mas- 
ters. 'J'liu  plan  and  otlior  details  may  ho  seen  in  Sniiriz  //  Xnrarni,  lli^l. 
Jlr.r..  'XW-'t.  Tliis  aiitliorily  maintaius  that  tlio  cuii!<[iiraey  e\isi.ed,  and  tliat 
tlio  (1  iala  wero  jicrfeetl}'  in  order. 

'-  j\iana,  to  the  end,  anil  v.  illi  his  last  breath,  deelarcd  his  innoeenec.  Aide 
nndinipiirlial  lawyers  eould  lindin  thecvidence  nothing  to  justify  tho  jioiialty 
t!iat  ^\a:^  intlictod  on  liiiii.  Zavala,  RevuL  2Iix.,  ii.  3."5;  Aidepara,  Difeim^i 
Ic'jal,  1-77. 

'' Many  eases  wore  still  pending  August  29,  IS'Jt),  when  riesident  Gner- 
rei'o,  ill  use  of  liis  extraordinary  powers,  ordered  them  elosed,  as  they  then 
were  coiiiinuting  the  ])enalty  of  death,  where  it  had  apjieared  to  he  meiiled, 
for  others  tliatthe  eourts  should  designate.  JJulilaa  and  Lu'.ann,  Ln/is.  J/t.i'., 

ii.  I.-.;!. 

•^'  lOeli.'ivarri  found  I'ofugo  in  the  United  States,  where  he  eked  out  a  sup- 
port hv  giviii','  f-'paMi.-h  lessons,  llo  would  have  died  in  misery  hut  for  tho 
i;soistance  aHorded  liiiii  h^'  Iturbide's  ■«  idow.  It  is  hard  to  Ijelievethat  Eeliii- 
varii  ilirewaway  his  past  servieus  to  heeonie  a  traitor  to  his  aih.ptei!  eoiinliy. 
8pain  ii'.ways  paid  tliose  ^\  ho  worked  for  the  lesloratioii  of  hei  sway  in  Amer- 
ica,    How  is  il,  then,  that  Eehavarri  was  nut  the  reeipieut  of  her  lavurs'/     Is'o- 


FHKLIXO  AOAIXST  TIIK  SPANIAHPS. 


f.9 


Al.lo 
.•iialty 

|(!iR  r- 

t'ai'U 

|iitL'<l, 

Vh.c, 

sup- 

1)1'  llio 

VAm- 

jutiy. 

uiior- 


TIio  ])(.li(i<';il  pai'lv  klmwii  iis  (In-  cscocrscs,  wIkj 
Wi'Vi'  iicciiscd  of  coiiqilicity  in  the  plct,  iii!k1o  no  nii- 
sWfi-  to  tlif  clial'^v,  Imt  (Iciih'd  In  tola  llic  rxislciico 
(iltlic  coiisjiiincv;  iiiul  ill  t!uir  turn  assorted  dial  tlu) 
ininisic'i's  (Joiiu'Z  iV-di'aza  and  lianios  Arixpe,  an<l 
tlic  vi'ildiios,  liad  made  .'i  mountain  ont  of  a  niolo-hill 
for  111.'  ])ur|)oso  of  eiK'ctiuL;-  tlirir  lonu^-nit'dltatcd 
^«'liciiii's  against  tln'  Spaniards,  and  of  dcstrovin;.;'  at. 
t!u'  saiiii'  tiiiH'  their  political  i'i\aU.  ^riic  c.scoce.ses 
even  ahsui'dlv  accused  J.'oinsett  of  haxiiii;'  sa'4-;_;ested 
thi-  idc;i  to  Arenas.  PossiMy  tlu'  conspiracy  would 
Ji'Millv  dcsor\e  nioiH!  tliaii  a  passinu,-  notice  in  history, 
hilt  for  its  I'esulls.  As  a  fact,  it  was  tlie  ])r( cedent, 
if  not  tlie  \ ,  iy  origin,  of  the  lon^'  series  of  disturb- 
ances and  \iolations  of  ])ersonal  ri;^'hts  which  distracted 
the  country  during'  so  many  years.''' 

At  this  time  the  ((Uestiou  of  exiielliiM^  the  Sj)an- 
iards  was  mo\(.Ml  in  the  IcL-islature  of  ^Mexico.  Old 
Moinids  were  ri'opeiied,  and  every  means  I'esijrted  to 
i" '!•  kei>piii^'  up  the  excitement  against  the  Spaniar<ls, 
^\  ho  Were  accused  of  l)einL;'  incessant  cons[»lr;itor.s 
against  tluj  national  indc'peiidence,  and  for  that  reason 
oue'Iit  to  he  foi'ced  to  lea\'e  tlii!  country.  A^ictoria 
did  iiitlliiiie'  to  allay  the  excitement,  and  (au.'rrero 
])romoted  that  measui'e  with  all  his  inllueiice;  ({ome/< 

!<>ll 


edraza  t 


lid   tl 


le  same, 


t! 


lollLi'li   less  ( 


)l)eniy 


Iv. 


1erlo!l^ 


tunudts  occurred  in  Ajuseo,  ^Vpam,  Toluca,  and  Aca- 
puK'o,   which    .serw'd    as   bad  examj>les   lor    the    rest 


^".■I'to  rc'.^iikM 


1  fn 


ir  sdinc  ycnr.-i  in  Xcw  V( 


iiinim'iiliii;,' witli  the  Spumli   iiutliMritio.s,  ;i.s    liinu'i,  thi'ii   .Mt'Xii.'un  iii.iu.-iti'i' 


llMll 

J'l 


111','  a  <[viu 


•tlifo 
Ml 


thoiit 


in  \V;isliiii''ton,  at'tci 


tcstilicil.     Later   li 


it   t.)   1 


ivi'    111    liorcK'aiix, 


viiiTc  ho  iiidigiiaiitly  I't'jccjti'il  a  iiroiiusiiicvu   from    liis   fnniicr  rival,  ( 1 


Cruz,  to  ivi'iitor  tlio  Si 


laiusli  ni;r\  100. 


M; 


■.It! 


to  tlioir  riu'lit-j  and  rank,  ami 


y 


n'tiM'ii  to  MonIoo.   I>i'hlan  iiiid  Lici 
^''J'Ik;  foUowi'iLt  antlioritios  iiavo  1 


■al 

rs;).'),   tlio   Moxioau  oonj,'ros-i 

liormissiiin  was  yivou  Xogrcto  to 


".!' 


Mi 


)eun  consuitoi 


I  (111  tliis  eiiu-odo:   /'(chr 


jhriiit>i,    (\uisci.  Coii/nt,  1-117;    Z'iriiht,    J'<  ml.  ^fl' 


II,    17-ls, 


I! 


Toriul,  Ijicrc  lit 


a  llUt.,  8()-10S.   il4,  W:,\  Ah 


IllM.   Mi 


?,\;  ditr.  Ooh.  M'x.,  1827,  Fob.  8,  l-".';  £1  Aiu'kjo  dl  I'mhlo,  vol.  i.-iii. 
fnsftim;  h'l  <)h.'<irr(iilr  (Ic  la  i'r/i.  M<:r.,  i.  >S7-l(tS,  l,")I-7{;,  J87-'JI.'i,  41.")-i;l, 
ii.  .'!7-74;  ltnxt<inifnil>\  l'<r.  ilr  /n,  Palrin,  ii.  non  18,  'JJ;  ''.//•;•")  Srnntii  ■i-/'>,  i. 
l:!<l-r-',  ]{\>-'.),  ISS  1)1,  '->:!(;-7;  ''"/•.  J'll.  MfX.,  1S27,  Jan.  t  >.liino,   \r.2\  .lu:iJ 


/.'(  J'tl/'lifil,  l.sj 


Ja 


to  .1 


tl!10,    II.   llos 


K 


•1-';   .1 /•.;--(.•,■(/;/  I'c/r 


Catim--',  1-12S:  Umra,  Gob.  de  Jh'.i\,  ii.  12u-7;  and  t\  lariic  imniljor  of  oi-liors. 


\i      >i 


j: 


w 


CO 


DOMKSTIC  AND  FOREinX  HELATIOXS. 


of  llic  couiifrv,  x\U('*'  no  nniicd  fMi'cc  was  sent  to 
]mt  tliciu  (l(»\vii.  (jiovcnidi'  Xaval.'i  ot'  tlu>  stato  of 
JNTexico  was  also  accused  of  fav<»fiM;4'  llic  lioslility 
toward  tlie  Si)aiiiai'ds,  hut  he  explicitly  denied  it  in 
the  IddLJi'cs  and  in  ofHcial  addressees  to  the  legislature'"' 
M'he  rioters  of  Ajusco  and  Toluca  ri'tir-'d  lo  ilu'ir 
lionics,  hut  thost!  of  Apam  and  Acapulco  continued 
in  arms.  I'^veii  tlu!  state  of  Vera  Cru/.  decreed  the 
dismissal  of  Spaniards  from  ])uhlio  f»IHco.'''  Ijcavin-^ 
the  suhjeet  of  Spaniards  to  the  legislative  authority 
was  tanfaniount  to  a  decision  a'^ainst  them.  The 
leijfislature  of  Jalisco  was  the  iir'st  to  deci-ee  their  ex- 
jiulsion;  that  of  AFexice^  imitated  it,  and  in  the  course 
of  time  the  legislatures  of  all  the  other  states  lol- 
lowed  tli(.;  example."'* 

'Hie  final  decree  of  expulsion,  dated  Decend)er  20, 
1827,  was  issued  hy  the  national  conu'ress  in  obedience 
to  the  deiniuids  of  the  state  ieijislatures,  hut  not  with- 
out opposition  in  hoth  houses  on  the  part  of  some 
jtromineiit  members.  Ihit  for  the^  pressure  of  state 
governors,  there  would  liave  been  no  majority  in  favor 
of  the  bill.  The  law  as  passed,  Ibrtunati'ly  Ibr  the 
country's  n'ood  name,  contained  no  clause  couiiscatinif 
property  or  prohibiting  its  exportation  by  the  owner."''' 

""•He  <loclaiva  tlint  lie  wnn  the  only  one  of  the  yoikino  party  to  oppose  the 
pcnci'iil  os; racism,  /icrnl.  Mc.v.,  ii.  .'5(1-4.  Tornul,  wliiie  acknowliMlu'iiig  iliat 
/■ivala  inailo  such  an  assertion,  says  that  ho  ncteil  (liU'd'eiitly,  and  \\'k'ii 
\'iL'e-;,'()Virnor  X'cramendi  and  .st)nie  iKputies  niaile  use  of  the  poisomul  \\(Mp- 
on,  he  r(";ii'tlc(l  tliat  they  tleprivid  iiim  of  tlu;  fatal  popularity  tliat  arlji- 
trai'v  nicasuios  would  have  fecund  hiui.   ]lr<  ix  Hikvuh,  IliM.,  lOli. 

"' It  Was  also  pro\  ided  that  all  Sjianiuds  should  he  i'o,L;istere(l  and  k^i't 
tnider  suivcillauee.  ('or.  Fal.  Mcx.,  1827,  Uec.  0  iuul  Hi;  La  I'alancu,  K^J7. 
Dee.  "),  W  \;  iii.  !)S  f). 

"'Till'  Spaniards  f(jund  themselves  ostracized  throughout  iw.  country  he- 
fore  tlu!  federal  eonu'rcss  adopted  ii  linal  action  regardiuL;  them.  Tnnicl,  Jlri'R 
J!''.'^rriii  //;>7.,  KHi;  J/«,v^  (Jbrcs  Siitll((.'<,  ii.  '-Vji-O,  •J(iv)-"J;  Car.  Vul.  .l/cc, 
1.SJ7,  .Tune  1!)  to  Dec.  'JS;  JJiymi.  I'lir.,  iii.  l'A~;  Atuunz,  Maui/.,  ll.">-10; 
Pnc'.la,  Ih'c.  II  6r,l,  119-.V2. 

■'''•' The  l;i\v  reipured  the  ex])elU'd  Spaniards  to  leave  the  country  wi'hin  six 
niontln.  The  exceptions  from  the  ellectsof  the  law  were:  1.  S[)auiardshavin;^ 
]Me:cic:;il  wivcM  and  li\ini,'  with  tiieni;  2.  '1  hose  having  children  not  natives 
of  Spain;  .'{.  Those  over  00  years  of  age;  4.  Those  physit  ally  and  pc:  ::;:•.- 
iieully  inc'ipicited.  The  general  govurnment  could  also,  after  consulling  tho 
ffivernor  (pf  t!ie  respective  state,  exce|)t  sui'li  Spaniards  as  had  rendered  ilis- 
ting;!isiied  services  to  the  national  iudepeudeuee,  and  shown  tliemselves  well 


I  ;i  '• 


Tin:  I'JIKSIDKNT'S  KFroUTS. 


ei 


ri'i'>;i(lfnt  Vlrtuiia  was  not  Imstilc  ti)  llie  Spaniai'tls 
IV  III  ihr  iiici'.-  I'ai-t  ('f  llicir  lialioiialitv;  1m'  had,  on 
the  fiiiilrary,  shown  tavci*  to  iiiaiiv  of  them  wlio 
sfivcil  luitK  r  him.  JIi;  ahhorrcd  .su|)[)«»rtiii^-  sc;v»'io 
iiuasiires  aL;aiiist  tliciii,  and  only  did  so  whi-n  his 
ministiTs  r('|)icsfiitt'<l  the  necc'ssity  of  such  mcasmvs 
for  tlic  satily  of  [\\<-  nation,  and  even  of  the  S[>an- 
iards  thfms(l\rs,  whose  live.s  were  often  in  ureat 
iieril  iVom  j)oi>ular  violenee.  It  is  douhtl'ul  iC  the 
uu\t.niiiient  eoiild  liave  guided  the  inass(.'s  into  the; 
path  of  light  and  justice.  Nevertliless,  the  president 
eiideavored  to  allay  (he  convulsion,  hut  his  feehli;  ef- 
j'oi'ts  a\ailed  nothing —instance  the  results  of  his  in- 
tercession when  the  Ionian  was  sacked  in  Decendjcr 
l.SL'S.  The  conse((uences  of  that  scandahuis  occur- 
I'cnce  weic  that  large  amounts  of  cajiilal  wei'e  taken 
•  ml:  of  lh(>  countiy,  and  tlu^  merchants  of  Euro[)e  sus- 
peuiled  ihei.'  oj>erations  in  Mexico. 


i) 


th(3 

iniij 

er.-'^ 


■mc  the 
H  iluib 

W  'iR'll 

iirbi- 
kopt 

try  \.e- 
jli-prc. 
Mr. v., 

I.VIG; 

liiii  six 
liaviu^ 
i;itivo3 
,)e'.  lu:'.- 
iig  tlio 
il  (lis- 


UB  we 


11 


dispcisi'il  t(p  tlio  coiiutiy's  institutions;  also  tlii'ir  sons,  if  tlioy  fcjllowcd  (lie 
c:;;.ni]ilo  (if  tin  ir  lutlu  is,  and  .'isidrd  in  the  ic'|inl)!ic;  likrwisu  those  pr;u;- 
ti.  ia;^  sdiiii'  M.i(iu'(',  art,  or  usiMnl  industiy  tlicrcin.  and  tri.'i'  IVoni  ^usl)lci()n. 
A  prcvioiM  law  ot  Jh:y  liilh  hail  suypi'UihMl  all  Spaniards  fruni  uliicc.  'I'hc 
(>;!:cr  allciwcil  jioa.'  iuu.s  to  such  as  did  not  go  to  rusidi?  in  tliu  I'lainy';'  country. 
Thegovcnnncnt  iVoui  linn;  to  time,  iiotahly  on  tlic'-'Oth  of  March,  ISJi),  is.-iucd 
inosc  .';trin;:rnt  Jaws  and  ordiT.s  a;,'aiMst  thcsu  suhjccts  of  Spain.  A  few  were 
t.Nciiitcd,  iiuwovcr,  anion'^'  whom  wc-i  tlioso  who  had  served  in  ccMr^'re-s,  and 
h:id  rcni.iiiK.'d  loyal  to  .Mrxiro,  and  tlie  ollii'crs  and  ert;w.s  of  tlu'  linc-ufdiattlo 
8hi[i  ,I.s(V(,  jJiili/aii  iuid  l.ii-.tiiiii,  LkjU.  Mir.,  ii.  I'J,  47-8,  (!(i,  !).S-10G;  Mtx. 
Col.  L<ii.  II  Dc-.,  I.SJ!l-:;;t,  !»  lO,  l.Vlti;  Uii.<t,imn,itt\  Cnad.  lI'iM.,  .\iS.,  viii. 
l.')l;  /(/.,  I'o-  (A'  hi  /'(ilri'i,  i.  nos.  4,  .">,  11  III,  ii.  no.  HI,  iii.  iios.  '2'.)-i,  iv.  iios. 
'J  '.I;  AniU'ija,  Hicup.  \i>li\  ?,o-'im\  l.S_'!J,  47 -I'.l."), -'.">;  Tonic  I.  linn'  Uixrna 
II.  t.,  KW-TI;  Zaeala,  lit  vol.  .l/,-.r.,  ii.  1-J,");  (!az.  ik  Mc.c,  l'.;Ji!,  May  i;!; 
ls-'7,  -May  10;   Mr,:  Men.  K'-t.  Lihrr,  ISl'S,  p.  .'{. 

■"''1  lie  eonstitiitioa  was  thus  shattered,  and  the  gi>rm  of  iliei^ality  hccanie 
finally  rooted.  Tvnxl,  JJnrr  J,\s(  net,  Hit.  JilO-lJ,  ;!:!-'-l-'4;  Aiamdii,  Jl!^/. 
M('i.,  V.  .*•:.'>!)- 1.'>;  Ihih'nn  and  l.o'jiiio,  l,rif.<.  Mi. v.,  ii.  !t()-|;  Siiari~.  i/  ^'"i'">'>'o, 
J/1.4.  Mr..:,  9J-i;;4;  A7  L'.y,irilu  J'l'ih.,  'iS^S,  Nov.  -J  to  D.o.  'JS;  l's2!),.)an.  1 
tu  I'el).  -JS;  .\rnHii  /(I,  J'r-o}>.,  ISiiS,  ojO,  -J-Vi,  'J.kS,  127:!;  \^'2'X  4  (1,  4V(i;  l';:!0, 
!S:'.-.-),  II:J-  14;  (/«'..  (/r  Mr.i:,  J^xtr.,  IS-JS,  a,  1-4.  1.,  1 ;  J/r.r.,  Co/.  A-  (/rs,  ISJ'J- 
;U),  )-•_',  M  14;  JJi.-'im.  Tfic,  ii.  Tm-I;,  iii.  144,  11!),  l.'.l;  Fijiwroc,  J.,  OWrc, 
<lr  nil.  CiwI.,  l-'J;  Almnz,  J.,M(iiii/.,  11(!-1S;  I'lirh/u,  Mini.  (iK.'oii'j.,  11-14; 
JJii.^laiiinnl,',  ]\iz  ilr  In  J^otrln,  i.  nos  '2-10,  l.')-l!),  'J.'),  '27,  '20,  oO,  ;r>,  iii.  nos 
1  ."),  .S-17;  III.,  lll.<t.  Ihirhiilr,  Wd-tiO,  '241-'2;  Id.,  Ill-^l.  (!oh.  Virforiii,  .MS., 
r).')r.-7(;;  I'alrii:.a  Mm/!/.,  ;V2-()2;  Xiirnla,  UrvohMey.,  ii.  70-7'.',  .SlJ-ll!);  Id., 
Miiiiif.  (/(/  Uobi:,  l-:i!»;  lil.,  liaor  d  Ion  K.  U.,  0;  Sniit't  Aiiua,  Proniuii:,  1- 
124,  and  i'i4  pp.  of  annexes;  lihieoii,  M.,  Jii-ttijirado,  1-SO  and  1  lOS;  U r.da, 
P.  v.,  L'.</io.':/i:,  l-,'!2;  Id.,  iS'or/rori  drl  L'limiio,  1-1'J;  El  I'arkui,  Prim. 
H'pvr.-tdit.  dil  Com.,  \-Ci');  Moliiio.-!,  Prisioii;  Mr.r.,  Jiiiri'i  I/ii/kh:,  ]   I'd;  Mr.v. 


l\ 


Maiiij.  Di'iput.,  4-7;  C 


■van, 


j;(.<.-.,472-bU:  Murl 


IkcA.  M 


I. v.,  I. 


(.2 


DOMESTIC  AND  FORI<:iGX  RELATI0X3. 


!       .'., 


With  tl)0  ovei'tlu'ow  of  the  ooiistitiition  in  Sjiain,  a 
ehar.go  had  also  taken  place  in  tlic'  (.-onthict  of*  Luniam', 
the  eoininaiulant  of  San  Juan  de  Ui'ja,  wlio  had  atone 
tinio  manifested  hberal  ideas  toward  M<'xico.  Under 
the  pretext  that  tlie  Spanisli  envoj-s  had  been  dis- 
ini.-sed,  he  assiiincd  a  hostile  attitude,  opening  fire 
upon  the  city  of  Vera  Cruz,  September  'J5,  I82:]. 
The  ^.lexican  government  then  resolved  upon  active 
war.'^ 

In  July  1824  a  law  was  passed  to  issue  letters  of 
marque  to  nailonal  and  foreign  vessels  to  prey  upon 
S[)anioli  commerce;  and  orders  were  given  to  reon- 
iorce  the  army  besieging  San  Juan  de  Uiua,  to  jire- 
vent  the  landing  and  marcli  of  Spanish  invadei's  into 
tlu^  interior,  and  at  tlie  sanie  time  to  compel  the 
spt-'ody  surrender  of  that  fortress. 

The  connnand  of  the  fort  had  ilevolved  in  1825  on 


C 


tl 


h 


d 


.Jose  v^opipmger,  and  tUe  cv)man(lancia  g(;neral  and  gov- 
ernorship of  Vera  Cruz  had  l)een  [)lacevl  1)y  the  ^iex- 
ican  executive  in  charge  of  ?yliguel  Barragan.  The 
fortress  since  September  1823  had  kept  up  moi'e  or  less 
vigorously  a  bombardment  of  the  city,  without  other 


resu 


Its  t] 


i;in  the  destruction  o 


f  buih 


iinii 


ant 


1  d^ 


ei)riv- 


i'.'.g  ii'sclf  of  tlie  resources  which  the  merchants  of 
Vera  C^ruz  had  been  wont  to  sup[)ly  I'or  the  support 
of  the  garrison. 

A  liuta;  before  this  some  of  the  arriK^rl  ships  arriverl, 
which  had  been  purchased  in  England  with  the  [)ro- 

llO-S;  r:i  A/'rIn,  IS'29.  Doc.  Si);  Moutexihwri,  Prod.,  in  J'ltp.  Siwllo-;  no.  l.".; 
Ar.rt. !■;■!■:,  Mi/.,  v.  J8.")  !)1;  Ji'u-cm,  Gob.  (b-  Mu:,  I'JS-.'IO;  A/.,  Jli4.  Jalaji't 
ii.  ISir.Oa,  DC'9-iO,  514--20. 

r,i!iiani'.<  inj'iiuii  Icl  to  yravo  consequences,  not  only  for  tlio  two  iintioiji, 


M. 
J)<<:,  ii.  ir)l--J,  '20.'>,  iii.":!;  Jf'.r.  Mnii'it:  ihl  Si 


but  no!;:I)ly  for  the  Sniiiiiiirds  residin;^  in 


;l/''.r.  Col.  Lii/f",  ()r<l.  y 


J'oih'r  1: 
.");   /ill- 


//.((•.,  iv.  2'l7-300;  A!ai,i,iii,  Hid.  Mi}.,  v.  70:;" 

h':dr,  \Wl-'.\;  Id.,  Ciiail.  ir,4..  .MS.,  viii.    l.-)l-'_',  L'O-';  Zxaht,  lu.'ol.  Mi. 


1-4;  (liun  lie 
llh-t.  Lin-- 


2 IS;  Mn 


I.'crJ.  Mi'x.,  I.  ?AH,  ;!70-l;  Mrx.  Mom.  UiL,  l.S2;J,  ()-!), 


Mv. 


Mon.  (hurra,   182:1,  !)-I2,  K";  .1./!.  St.  Pap.   (now  nK),  Xavnl  Ajf.,  ii.  '2.90- 


1 ;  (\ 


orreiiir 


Ml 


Pap.  Suction,  no.  1;  Ilhrro.,  IPi^f.  Jii/.i/m,  ii 


'.[)\r>,  r;0;{-4;  /</.,  Ool>.  ,li-  .!/,.>.• ,  ii.  I07;  Xi'r.^'  Pi^il.,  xNiv.  'IW 


Km,  '2i:i-14,  x.wi    100. 
1 


uiMtMn  ojiposod  tlic  ])roliil)ii  lo 


.'S2-;!,  XXV. 

m  of  tniilo  with  Cuba, 


icr  vir^  (xisionco  alii.ost  <K'i'i.ndiu;;  in  tliat  t'i',T<K',  bni  ;it  the  siune  limo  de 
to  the  national  dccico.   Yuc,  ^huiijii:-ilo  dd  C'onj,  dd 


c'l  n'cil  lii'v  ,sniinii.;>ion 
lid.,  i.\,-xi.  34-39. 


FALL  OF  SAX  JUAN  DE  ULtJA. 


63 


11111,1, 
i/-,/.  y 

l.r.,  i. 
[\[<x. 

\i,  ii. 

Ixw. 

[Ull.l, 


QQoA.^  of  the  soooiid  loan.  Tlioy  Avoro  rnmniandcd  by 
]>i-itisli  and  Auicricaii  otHccrs;  to  cooperate  with 
them  a  squadron  of  gun-bo'  U  was  formed,  under 
command  of  P  :;;^'-captain  Pedro  Saenz  do  Ba'anda, 
a  native  of  Yucatan.  The  siege  was  now^  closely 
pressed-/'  all  connnunicati";i  between  the  fort  and 
the  shoiv  was  cut  olf,  and  the  garrison  found  itself 
reduced  to  great  straits.  Food  became  scarce,  an  i 
disease  was  decimating  the  men.  Unless  relief  cani> 
immediately,  the  fort  would  liavc  to  surrender.'''  A 
Spanish  llect  arrived  from  Cuba  with  troo[)s  and  sup- 
plies to  relieve  the  f<»rt,  but  its  commander,  not  con- 
sidering himself  suOicicntly  strong  to  attack  the 
Z.Iexican  blockading  squadi  on,  returned  to  Ilabana.'* 
Cop[)in;;er  thus  found  himself  compelled  to  sign  a 
capitulation  on  the  18th  of  November,*''  1825,  under 
wh''d!  the  Spanish  garrison  was  allov/ed  to  depart 
v.i'Ji  the  honors  of  war,  being  conveyt^d  to  Habana 
at  the  expense  of  the  ^Mexican  government.  The 
latter  received  with  the  fortress  all  the  artillery  and 
other  arms  and  annnunition  existing  therein.'"'     Loth 

^■^  As  early  as  Sept,  IS-J.'?  a  Mcxienn  tlotilla  hail  takini  the  island  of  Sac-ri- 
fioios,  t'.ioi'.^;!!  the  possession  was  ilisptitcil  liy  tiic  fort:.  In  ])oo.  ISd  t!io 
Spanish  garrison  was  stiietly  fontlneil  witliin  the  walls  of  the  fortress-.,  ami 
snilereil  for  want  of  many  of  the  necessaries  of  life.  M<x.    Mem.  Mar'aiu, 


l.s-_'4,  (i-7. 

AUi 


//i-/.  J/''/.,  V.  S20,  assures  ns  thrvt  n:  tliis  crisis  Victoria  tle- 


ppatcluHl   his  friend  and  minister  of  the  treiisnry,  .Jo?c  Iiinacio  J^stcva,  ti) 


\'era.  Cvn/,   to  mish  t! 


itions  of  the  blockaiio,  or  as  it  waa  ''onora 


lersiood,  '  ])ara  fpie  li  gloria  d;'  la  rend''  lou  recayeso  en  I'l,'  th 


U3  (l.;,irivi; 


iarra'ian  o 


1 

wi;h  riser ve, 
ra;j;an,  gives 


f  tlie  part  that  ri^';;!\tfidly  l);'liing.  d  to  liira.     This  must  bu  taken 


Est 


d,  /; 

eva  much  ere 


die 


in   Hi  if.,  4l',  Miiliout  detracting  fr 
th 


]; 


e  success  oiuamei 


■"The  delay  in  .sending  lelief  to  tlie  fort  has  been  attributed  tc 


Col 


Montoneu'rci 


d  (o  Ir 


friend  to  t! 


Am 


erican  eausc,  w 


ho  had  .1. 


p.jsition  near  the  eaptain- 
H,  .•{,.in  PiiKirt,  Colt. 


il  of  Cuba.  Kl  Vvriicrir.nno  Lhrc,  ISJS,  Ji 
'■na  nut.,  4X  and  Zavala,  J!cn,l.  J/dr.,  i.  2'>2, 


''Toriiel,  JJnrc. 

mit  t!ie  error  of  giving  the  dat(;  of  surrender  on  the  l.jth  of  Sei>lember.  Tho 
prelimiaiuioa  of  the  ea[iiUdatiou  '  en  fuerza  do  las  imjieriosas  eircuns'.aneias  ' 
in  which  the  Spaniards  were  .situated  was  sigiu  li  in  the  city  of  \'era  Cruz  on 
t!ie  17ih  by  Miguel  Suaroz  del  Valle  'ind  l)oniingo  Lagri'i,  inimiisioned 
therefor  by  C.ippinger,  and  on  tho  bSth  ratilied  by  liarragan  and  tho  .Si.aii- 
i-li  eonimander.  Mix:  Gaz.  Extra.,  l-lt;  G'n:.  de  Mcc,  Prim.  £ii.  Fnl.,  i. 
IS.',-,,  no.  U;i,  1-.3. 

*"  Including  idso  several  lannehes,  barges,  boats,  and  a  small  schooner, 
nlsii  medicines,  and  the  silver  and  other  paraincnls  of  the  church.  A/d^iin:', 
JJi-'l.  MrJ.,  V.  Sl'0-1;  /W/d^K,  Ji«/;i/'. -7-S,  Licavjn,  Adic.  ij iiCdi/.,iJi-i-lo} 


II 


li 


■' 


64 


DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


the    besicijcers   and    besieged,   were    entitled    to  much 
comniendatiou  for  their  bravery  and  constancy. 

"J'hc  wliolo  nation  received  with  entlnisiastic  joy 
the  news  of'tlio  captui'e  of"  the  sole  point  of"  ]\Iexican 
tt'rritoi'y  wliich  had  reniaineil  in  the  possession  ofSpain. 
The  ofhc(.^rs,  soldiers,  and  sailors,  to  whose  good  ser- 
vices was  justly  credited  this  result,  were    duly  re- 


REEF  OF 
LA  GAlL£GA 


'^ 


o 


lie  riiiii 


c 


i' 


(i 


()        I 


^I-iil  Sai 


•  iw 


■?vy,iJ*''   . 


'%:■■%■  '■  '     ^%-\ 


VkKA    CuUZ  llAHliOlC. 


wardt'd;  and  ilie  S[)anish  flag  that  had  waved  over 
San  .Juan  di'  I'lua  was  dcpositt'd  on  the  ll2th  of  J)e- 
ceniber  in  the  Santnarii)  dc  la  \'ii'geu  de  Guadalupe. 

r<r//r/",  I'rI.  P'tf.,  i.  DO.  14,  12;  Witr.rs  JA.r.,  ii.  iO'J;  iMIr.t'  Reij.,  xxix.  182, 
2:'. I, •_'.)'.!, 'J7i>,:i.V)-(i,;}!K);^\  /..  /V/os/,  ll,l.  dc/ut  /Jtinost.,  1  10;  ('(//•.  Fcil.  JA  /•., 
Doc  2,  l.S2(i,  l-o;  '/'/:.  d,'  M,x.,  JS2(i.  .M;iy  2,  2-.'!;  Siianzii  Xdnirro,  /list, 
^ft■x.,  7iJ.  Till'  «i''k  Spuiii.'iids,  niiimly,  14.S  sdIiUlth  jiinl  siiilurs.  diio  treu.sury 
otlicor,  and  fcix  (.'tliurs,  wore  cured  fur  in  tlio  ho.si)itals  of  Vera  Ciuz. 


^% 


A  XAVAL  FIGHT. 


G5 


•or 
po- 
pe. 

llisi. 

Lury 


But  the  expulsion  of  tliis  last  force  did  not  end  tlic 
sti'ifo  l)ct\voen  the  motlior  countiy  and  the  ropublie, 
tliongh  henceforth,  for  a  considerablo  time,  it  was  con- 
iinod  to  maritiiiio  operations,  in  which  Spanish  coni- 
niorco  was  the  only  \  iotiiu.  The  Sj)aniards  could  not 
letaUato  in  this  warfare,  as  there  was  no  Mexican 
marine  to  prey  upon, 

A  ]\I<'xican  squadron,  ?onsistinn^  of  the  frigate  Lihcr- 
tad,  and  the  hrigs  Broro,  Victoria,  (ruerreiv,  and  JIci' 
tnoii,  under  the  cijnnnand  of  Conniiodore  David  Poi'tor, 
sailed  on  the  5th  of  Decendjor  from  Vera  Cruz  for  the 
coasts  of  Cuba,  where  a  number  of  S[)anish  merchant 
vessels  wore  captured.  In  order  to  })la.y  still  greater 
havoc  with  Spanish  connnerce,  already  nuich  liarassed 
by  Colombian  privateers,  Porter  issued  letters  of 
marque,  and  '^von  a[)proached  the  coasts  of  Spain, 
causing  dam?  m'  to  several  of  the  enemy's  ships." 
The  S})anish  government  in  retaliation  despatched 
some  men-of-war  to  the  gulf  of  jNIexico,  and  on  the 
1  1th  of  Febi'uary,  1828,  an  action  occurred  between 
the  frigate  Lca/ldd  of  50  guns  and  300  men,  and  the 
(iuerrero  of  22  guns,  the  latter  being  ca})tured 
after  her  connnander,  ])avid  H.  Porter,  a  relative  of 
the  conmuxhjro,  had  been  killed.  From  an  official 
leport  of  Lieutenant  Charles  E.  ITawkins,  conunand- 
ing  the  llennon,  to  the  connnodore,  it  appears  that 
on  the  previous  day  the  Guenrro  met  a  number  of 
small  craft  conveyed  by  the  brig  Jfarte  and  schooner 
A  India,  of  fourteen  and  five  guns  respectively,  and 
opened  fire  on  them  oft'  Mariel  on  th(^  north  coast  of 
Cuba,  and  a  short  distance  from  llabana.  The  as- 
sailed sought  the  j)rotection  of  *a  battoy,  which  the 
^'«erre/'o  bombarded.  ]5ut  on  the  1  Ith' the  Z^^a/^/(/ 
came  and  chased  the  Guenrro,  whicli  kept  up  a  run- 
ning fight  till  she  was  overtaken  and  forced  to  haul 
down  her  colors.*^     This  gallant  action  produced  uiucli 

*'Cor.  Fnl.  Mfx.,  1827,  Feb.  20,  April  14;  Gaz.  de  Mex.,  1827,  Feb.  2-'; 
Xtt  I'dlntica,  ii.  no.  21;  A//r.s'  /I'c/.,  xx.xiii.  .".50. 

*H'or.  Fol.  M,x.,  hS28,  Muicii  24;  A'i7e«' .fffr/.,  xxxiv.  8-9. 
UlsT.  Mtx.,  Vol,.  V.    5 


'i 


66 


DOMESTIC  AND  FOREKIN  KELATIONS. 


cntliiisiasm  in  ^Fexieo.     IVIoncy  was  freely  subscviberl 
to  build  another  vessel,  to   be  also  calletl  the   Guei'- 

Notwithstandinpc  this  misfortune,  the  Bravo  and 
Herman  continued  their  cruise  for  some  time;  and 
it  is  asserted  that  the  latter  captured  an  armed 
schooner." 

Privateers  were  fitted  out  to  prey  upon  Spanisli 
commerce,  and  schemes  to  prosecute  this  kind  of 
warfare  were  contemplated  as  late  as  18;U.^^  Nothing' 
was  effected,  however.  In  1825  the  remnant  of  the 
Spanish  navy  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  fell  into  the  posses- 
sion of  Mexico.  The  ship  of  the  line  ^Isia  and  the 
brig  Constanta  escaped  from  Callao  when  that  place 
was  surrendered  to  the  patriot  forces  of  Colombia. 
On  their  wav  to  ^Manila  tlie  crews  mutinied,  lan'led 
tiieir  chief  officers  in  the  ]\[arianas  Islands,  and  then 
broun'ht  the  vesst^ls  to  Monterey  in  California,  alreadv 
under  the  repul)lican  lla^',  where  they  were  given  up 
to  Governor  Luis  Antonio  Aro-liello."'' 

^*  What  bc'c'.imoof  those  fiinils  is  iniknown;  'his  dcsgracias  ile  ciianto  tenia 
fl  n()inl)r(!  do  Hmrriro  eoineiizaron  a  ser  fatidicas.'  Toriiil,  Jin  re  ni'i'iia 
Ji'!"/.,  '270-',i.  The  willows  ami  orphans  of  tnc  slain  on  the  brig  were  yuu- 
Eio'.ied.   Diihhin  and  Li:zaiio,  Li-iji-'f.  J/c.t.,  ii.  O.j-O. 

■'"'i"li(!  Mexican  navy  beinu  disaljicd  in  18'J!J,  Commodore  Porter  retired 
and  went  liack  to  his  home  in  L'ennsylvania.  l'residci>t  liiierrero,  on  the  1  lih 
of  Anuust,  conveyed  to  him  tiie  warm  thanks  of  the  .Mexican  nation  for  hi-i 
valuable  services.  A»Vc.s'  AV'/.,  xxxvii.  II!).  While  the  eonnnodoro  and  hi) 
fri<nd  Doctor  Uoardnian  were  on  thiirway  to  th.ecity  of  ]\Iexicoin  .May  i>J'>, 
they  were  assailed  by  three  armed  bandits.  The  eonnnodoro  sliot  the  chief 
(lead,  njion  which  the  other  two  lied.  The  doctor  received  a  sabre-wound  in 
liis  left  ;.rm.    Id.,  xxxvi.  .'tSl. 

■•'  Cor.  Flit.  Mf.i:.,  1S_>S,  Aug.  1.  General  Basadre  took  out  2.")  or  .SO  letters 
of  manjue  issued  by  President  (iuerrero,  an<l  w  hen  he  had  already  litted  oat 
live  ves.'els  to  attack  the  Spanish  convoy  taking  silver  to  Spain,  the  Pritish 
admiral  at  iJamaiea  under  the  supposition,  it  is  presumed,  that  the  letters 
were  apocryphal,  gave  orders  to  arrest  and  treat  as  a  pirate  a  'certain  lia.^a- 
dre.'  A/(iiiiiiii,  Pronso,  ,';!);  Id.,  Dr/eiixa,  81. 

•''-'. Vlaman,  ///«/.  .1/'^".,  v.  Sli),  says  the  surrender  took  place  in  ,\capnlco. 
which  is  a  mi-take;  they  were  taken  there  fi'om  Monterey  iiy  olUcers  in  the 
Mexican  service.  Full  particulars  ou  this  episode  are  given  in  Jlii<t.  Cal.,  ii. 
this  series. 

The  following  authorities  have  been  consulted  in  writing  the  foregoing 
cliajilcrs:  Mr.c,  Arfn  Cuitli/iit.,  1-pJ;  /(/.,  Diario  Coikji:  Coiis/itin/.,  ii.  OSU 
<J:".;   /(/..  Ciil.   Coii.-<liliirioii('--<,  i.    l-IOJ,  ;i-Ji>-47;{,  ii.    (id-l'.'il,  'JUl-IWS,   iii.   l(i.') 
'Jin,  :i2S,  4():}-S-t;  /</.,  Col.  Lciic^,  (')nl.  11  JJc:,  ii.  Si)-'_H)7,  and  iii.  I-IO.'J,  pas- 
f.i.n:  Id.,  Cil.  Lnji-x  Fund.,  IKi-dt;  Fl'.,  CI.    Lri/i-.i  ij   Ihr.,  lS-H-(i,  U4-L';); 
1647,  o<J-i>,  70-lOt'Jj  Id,,  L'ul,  Ll^hh,  1L)JU-30,  ;jj-4u,  uo-tio,  UJ,  101;  /(/.,  Col. 


lU    < 


LIST  OF  AUTHORITIES. 


67 


ish 


to  tenia 
III  .-I'i'ia 
10   puii- 

retir''il 
;ho  1  IJ.i 
1  for  his 
and  lii-! 


aV 


1  ^  2' ». 


tuo  ciiut 


kouni 


I  ill 


Wlettci'^^ 
ittoil  out 
o  r.riti^li 

U'ttlTJ 

l>a.5a- 


iLUll 


U'apnk-o, 

|;i'rt  in  the 

Cai,  ii. 


lorcgoiu,:j 


\V\'A,  [IMS- 
/(/.,  Col. 


T!rrr:/o.-iSoh.  Coti'i):  .Vi'.c,  0'2  .1,  103-11,  1^4-79.  ISO,  i^P-^l;  //.,  ron.-i/Hiirinn 
Fid.,  I  •J.'-:  /(/.,  CoiislUiir.  I'olit.,  1-17;  /'/..  t''«%o  /'7(''/.,  1-OJ;  /-/.,  /-"/Vol 
('oi.ytifur.  PoliL,  \  K);  ('Cic.  Imp.  2I(X.,  ii.  '2.\'.'>.  y)7-S;  f^.'.r;-.  dc  M(x.,  KS^.f, 
i.  10-11, -lii-OO,  171 -t,  ii.  11-1-2:  ISJt,  iii.  1.")  Id,  iv.  17.'i-'r)S,  ^IW;  \wi:,,  v. 
177;  1  vjU,  ])ii.s.sini;  1SJ7,  ■liin.  •_',  l,  ."(),  Feb.  :i,  S.  IK,  •_'_',  -47,  M;ucli  8,  Ayuil  ."., 
10,  I  I,  -May  1,  Kl,  1!»,  'il---;»,  otL'.:  (.'«.;.  (/e  Ji- .i-.,  /';•.■';(.  /,>.  /■<(/.,  l;'.'_'5.  i.  iios. 

I,!).  i:-.i,  'Jib;  Hoc.  Mr.,:  (.'n;,;.  Uoi.,  i.  50,  i.^s,  iii.  lO-'-L'i,  i.S-',  1-1.'?, :} io,  ;t;i;"., 

V.  !».'»- ll'J,  .Ni.  .■>;;!;  I.i-fdiid',  Adk.  y  Ucctilic,  ;i_*4-r),  ()14-KS;  Llitia  tic   lla\ 

lup.  .)/..»■.,  i.  '.\:\  i2_'-(ii,'ii.  io;)-.">r),  iv.  ;;4"  -r.j-r.i,  2:17  . ■!»:!,  v. :«;:),  lyii.  'J17 

]S,  '_'.>;{-4,  ;)U4  (i,  vi.  4:!-."),  ()•_'-. ">,  !)(;-i:iS,  'J4r)-.V,f;  ,l/(.c..  (/«■;.  E.ctraonl.  F.ihr. 
Ml..:,  1  .'J;  L'u-cho  Litcnu  Mu:,  1st  pt,  icy-."i0,  177-«),  ;i7-'-8;{,  4_'7  «!, 
5'.,7-(i'.lS, 'Jil  j.t,  1  14.-.,  IHl-'.lO,  'J.Vt  Git,  ;{»|  -il,  ;i,l  pt,  :{27-4!),  4<r,.  «J  i-C, 
ll.'iO;  Ihihlan  ami  Loiano.  Lcj.  Mt'c.,  i.  (;(;.-)-(),  ()7,'i  O,  (iS4-71(t.  ii.  iias.iim,  i\-. 
2,",0,  -J.Vl,  412,  V.  -200-1;  Aliiwini,  llUt.  M'j.,  iii.  01  -It.  iv.  141,  724,  v.  jm-.  i:a; 
Jtl..  iJr/vii/i'i,  ]>]).  i\'.-.\Nii. ;  IiL,  .Xol'cia-f  liioij.  Xccro'ii;/.,  10;  Jil.,  M<  mor. 
Prc-iiitwla  d  la  daiiuirc,  1-.')!;  /(/.,  L'sjtuxic.,  1-07;  Id.,  Ajuiiitc.f  /Unij.,  I!), 
'2\-'2;  J^ii-po.'<.  ]'i.trii:..<,  iii.  pa-sim,  v.  fol.  .');  JJu'Uunaiilr,  Cued,  lil'^t.,  ii.  I7'i- 
K),  iv.  17.^)-0,  2'22  ;!:i,  v.  '207-!^,  '208,  vii.  77  !>,  viii.  ])ah.;ini;  Id.,  Iil4.  J/iirl>;dr, 
C2-,Vi,  !)i)-10l,  lo'-l-.'-O,  l.")8-'2;)l:  /</.,  IVc  (/<;  In  i'n/ri'i,  i.- iii.  pa.'i.siin;  Jil., 
Ju.-.l.  Coll.  I'idcr.'ct,  M.S.,  ."..■■i.-i-70;  lit.,  llii<l.  S'n  Aiiwi,  1'2()  7;  /'/.,  '•'"/■:  t 
V;,:d:<-ado,  '),  :!i)-,V2;  /./.,  HubincU'  Mi.l:,\\.  22.)-!I,  24S-;i;  /(/.,  Jk.-<i.'./<nu:i, 
Coric  K-^p.,  \  '.Vl;  Jd.,  Mcdidu.'i  Pttcijic,  JIS.,  i.  Ul-lS;  /'/.,  Mem.  pa.-a  In 
JJist.  Mcc,  .MS.,  ii.  1;S;  Id.,  Xccc.~<idad  dc  Union,  1-44;  Id.,  iJiario  J/c.'., 
j.iS,,  xlv.  '203;  Zii.ctiiiciini,  /ic.^]iiu'.-<l(i,  I  uO;  l>'Orlihiuii,  Voij.  Ihtix  Aiiu'i:, 
4.-0-1!;  Litrraiirjti;  Soroiiii.sco,  .'{ri'.)4;  Murlhirz,  Siii'ip.  I/i<t.  I'd-ol.  Mcr  ,  i. 
117-211;  t'onuo  &:r.au(ir'io,  i.  i;i;j-42,  lOo-i),  ISj-UI,  '2;Ki-7;  AV  Ticmjio,  \K]\, 
July  '!'.),  Aul;.  1,  Oct.  :>;  1S40,  Fcl).  22,  otc;  Wdpjtwui.  Mc.r.  and  Cent.  Aw., 
b.i,  \','A;  Southern  (Jiiaii.  A'li'.,  xv.  104-7;  Zi  rcc  ro,  licr.  Mvx.,  7.'{,  1011-10; 
l',cli,,)if<,>,  Ii<p.  Mf.c,  ll)-;i2,  44-0.->,  4(i")  W);  Michrlcna,  K.^plknCion,  S -0,  20- 
.'i.'i;  d'i.nzcdc',  JjUl.  A'jna-'ical.,  h!)  100;  fd.,  Did.  Conn.-i.  line,  1-7;  liarccnd, 
Cidcrishio  lil.,1.,  21.-J-40;  Vmiiajul,  Vindicar.,  lO-l,'};  IVc  dc  McJ.,  April  lH, 
1804;  lalcomr'.'i  'hi  Ihe  L'i.icot:  Mi.-<.'<i.-is!ppi,  41--)-l;  Lizurdi,  Adrcr/cncin.i 
A('rr,';.,r. ,  1-S;  I'l'odanin,  El  (luhcrnudor  del  iJi.tfrilo;  I'roclciDKt  dil  Cli  n.  Mon- 


tc,i:/(oc(i;  (! 


f  /'!>,  Solic.  Ej'tf 


■d.;I 


^riify 


I. 


-410,  .->1)4  ,-.,  022;  Moil.  Tr 


rinocrrltc 
■nv.  M,.>: 


,  i.  4SS-!>2;  Will 


I  (  oil. 


d  Ciia!.,  i.   I, -):(-(-. I,  .'122 


ii.  10!)-7.'i;  li'am-(';/'.i  (Jllu  r  >S:dc,  12-14;  Ociox  E<pan.  Eini'jnidox,  iv.  1'22.  '212- 


Edi. 


:!0,  V.  ;i07  21, 


4;>7-.- 


21,  i(i7-n 


102- 1;{.  vii. 


Mix.,  i.  l;)-l'2,  42,  O;}-.",  ii.  '2.'jl>-,-.0.  .'I.'m-S;  Scndtlaiizan  dc  lus  M.'ci:- 
l-'.:8;  IM:  >/  C)rd.  Pmbhi,  141)  .");{;  Eocrfiioic,  Cunsid.  Cm.,  pt  2,  7   10; 


/■/.,  Ciiad.,   1!;  Id.,   L'cjido,  iS-l.'i;    l,(W},ric, •(■:■<  A'ole.i  in.  Mcc,  170,  42;i 
JiiuiHil  1/  iJitarlc,  E.'twI.  t'amnt.  Indirid.,  144;   Otero,  Ensn,p  Ci:c:i.  I'l.lif. 


10!)  P. 


.;)zc:t/j, 


A  pi 


•n,  5;  IiLViic  A 


III'  rimiitc,  1. 


190-21.- 


1-4;   Yiic,  Pacijlcaeiun,  p]i.   iv. -ix.;  Ci-lclilon,  JAvc.   de.ipitex  l.i   1 1, 


1-91;  Ariz.,  Acti^,  lS7r>,  npp. ;  Id.,  I/oircU'.i  Code,  i:,r,~m;  M 

lere.i.,  l.i-10;  llosario.  El I'a;/odil,  l-S;  .Jiiiclodc  ini  Pair.,  V-'^l;  Santa  Mitri 


)  0, 


/. 


L'.rj,u.^:  I'r,  tixt.,  no.  ii.  12;  I'cd/on'.i  IH4.  U.  S..  OS,");  Tin: 
<i;)-l,  17;;-80;  lleanj'.,!/\f  Mcv.  Ilhis'ration.1,  10;i-17,  27.) 


'•■■Mii'.-i  Recoil.  Ml 


dc    fo.s'    I 

,S!n  A, 


-S2;  P 


I'liieipto.'^, 


1- 


A I 


d   Me 


at.  Mi 


7-9;  Snurez  y  Nuearro,  I/i-yt.  Me 


i.,'201;  I'il/'iAmor,  Einij.  (,' 


mil . 


J;  Micr,  Projeeia  Polil.,  l-l.T;  Pin'Ja,  Mem.  Proient.  al  t 


A'.  M      _     _ 

4'),  aimi'.M'd  1  ;J7;  Id.' Cun.ititiie.  Polit.,  \ei4;  ,/ 

17.,  Eida  del  iSto  Piidre,  1-8;  /■•()•/'(/,  /.Vro/.  da  M, 


79-91:  I'utls'  t 


onip 


( ■«/. 


d 


imrez,   llio;/.,  12;  Atijandii) 


.•^^^•a;(f•c■   i.  402  1. 'I;  Sdic 


Lend. 


Me 


!;n 


Pon 


Dc  In 


Foment.  Col.  Iiid.,  74-8;  Olarle,  I /eel,, 


/«/,  pp.  i.-viii.   1   .'58;  Liinrn.<tern,  Met.,  -290-1;  Tcrraiioi.-a  ij  Monti 

Lc  Mexiijiie,  ]\2'',i\:  (■indril.,  E^po.tic.  dri  Ce'd'ildo,  S\:  L- 


-yo-.'i'.,-  Jhdit 

May  15,  1S45,  l;  I'nda,  .S'o/jwvsrt  del  Cahipo,  1-19;  /(/.,  /; 


I'll''!..  1-;J2;  / 


Al,i 


.sijlirc  ( ' 


'oii.isin'.'i  The  U.  H.,  27>-9;  El  fil'in'riipo,  Xo  E.ipi 


-7" 


<jia  dc  Chilpaneinii:),  2S4-5;  Prijp.o,  Cn,  ut'is.  f.Vfs.'ov,  599-000;  Id.,  Mi 


Exp.,  1-02:  l.iiC 


r)2'«-.5,  v«iL  090-1;  reirz.  Dice.  (1 


1.  95-100,  070-708,  ii.  754-71,  iii.  ;>5S-01;  Wra  Cruz,  Conu>t.  dd  6'c 


^m 


':■? 


:i    I 

;  !l  ■ 

f: 

'i 

f 

^1 

DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 

T:L,  FA  Plmi  n<'pnhJ.,  1-27;  Id,  RlcdM.,  3-04;  Td.,  Mnnif.  M 
A  wo:  Stale  Pap.,  iv.  4-2-2-{i:Hi,  (mO-TOH,  S-18-."j(),  v.,  iM)ioi;;u 


63 

nro,  n-lO; 
C'.ihjr.,  I- 

Relat.,  •-'!,  127,  r>07,  ()07-'O,  vi.,  Foreign  llclat.,  3(J(J,  .■•)78-(il3,  040-0-',  1000- 
14;  (.'arrivjl in'.'i  Affntra,  MS.,  1-3;  Oiinnaj.,  Mem.  qne  Prcsenia  cl  ilobirii., 
1-37;  Ifl.,Co)ic/.!f.  Polit.,  1-7S;  /(/.,  /n/orine,  4  11.;  Miizqui-.,  Deer,  dd  J.}  de 
J)Iar:o  de.  IS..'.',,  1;  /(/.,  Diet.,  l-'2o;  Homn-o,  Bo>^(]urjo  IIM.,  48-0."),  321-4G2, 
4!'.")-7;t.");  Id.,  Mlrh.,  l.TO  1;  Espintii  Pall.,  18:;8,  Nov.-Dcc,  passim;  182!), 
J;'.n.  11;  K^lrvlhi,  E<cuhutte  and  Gaxioln,  Informe,  12-13;  Mo.Hnico  Jley.,  i, 
220,  20.");  Den-roi'  l^itlTK/rom  'I'vA-ax,  73-112;  Saiitaiia,  Maiilf.  dmx  Couciud,, 
11-14;  SarUa  Anna,  Proiuivciam.  de  Perote,  124-r)4;  Suarcz,  Infnrrne,  .'t-O; 
Slum:.  II  Navarro,  Hist.  Mi'.r.,  34-.''),  50-70,  80-134,  220-41,  390-.'),  407-14; 
Qurdiirihi  Ion  Gu'-ltup.,  1-8;  N<'<jr(te,  Dr/en.fU  Le/jal,  I-im;  Alpuc/ic  r  Iiifinife, 
Srr;.  (rrifo.  1-8;  Giordan,  L^Isthmr  de  Te/iiuui.,  110-22;  Beccrra,  Volo  Partic., 
1  -'lO;  Alkta,  1S20-30,  47,  84,  2o4,  322,  470-7;  Snlv.,  Diarto  Ojic,  Jan.  2(), 
JIny  23,  187.");  Listn;  Ann.  Ilht.  Univ.,  1827,  172-7,  571-7;  Domene.ch,  //it>f. 
dit  J/(X.,  ii.  71-01,  105;  Arran(;oiz,  .'^Icj.,  ii.  152-91,  iii.  ap.  3-5,  7;  i'o»H7'.s 
IJi.'it.  Mir.,  200-28;  Arroiiiz,  Bio;/.  Mex:,  21-30,  272;  Id.,  Ilii^t.  yCron..  2.VJ- 
08;  Contest,  al  Artir.  liifarn.,  1-10;  Nat.  Bern.  Quart.  Bev.,  i.  231-0;  Il'flix. 
Artie.  Proi/erto  ('onsdt.;  Urallaii'n  Clril.  Amerien,  ii.  207,  289;  Cajiija,  Mem. 
<)(ij.,  10-20;  liaiies'  Scraps,  Mexico,  2;  Bravo,  Viiidirac;  Id.,  L'.ipid.  In.<truet., 
1-52;  /(/.,  M'liiif'.,  2  11.;  Id.,  L\uofi.  del  Vice-pnsid.,  1-7;  Snn  Mii/iiel,  Sri/, 
a  Ilia,  180-01;  .\rniln,  Heiitii].  Mi  jr.,  113-19,  248-50;  Mai/er'n  Me'x.  Azt.,'i. 
307  14,  327-30,  ii.  152;  Id.,  Mex.  anil  IFn.*,  33S;iS\  L.  Poto^i,  Peine.  Demonnt., 
5  11.;  /'/.,  Gohernac.  ill  E:4.,  Pulitiea,  Col.  Art.  Select,  12-2S,  30-78;  L'iriini.'^, 
Allan//.'',  iv.  342-7;  North  Am.  J'rv.,  xx.  77-80,  xxi.  401-4,  xxiii.  475-7,  xxxi. 
112-14,  118-,-)4.  xxxii.  317-29,  xliii.  228-33;  Bur.,  Exdmcn  Analit.-CriL,  0- 
11;  /'/.,  Des'pirtailn  de  los  Diiranij.,  3;  Free  American,  Nov.  27,  1847,  2-4; 
Ilolln/.'i  7V.m.s\  31(j-21,  305-02;  Je'nkin.'i'  Mex.  War,  '2QA;  Sejiulrcda,  Urarion 
Pair.,  1-23;  L'dn  rali.'Ono,  1-14;  ChevaUcr,  E.cpnl.  dii  Mix.,  43-8;  Bceehei/'s 
Vni/.,  li.  323;  iJire.  Univ.  Hist.  Geoi].,  i.  42  0,  408-0,  iii.  84-0,  740-0,  viii, 
OSii,  X.  1032,  1100;  Gutierrez,  Carta  y  Opin.,  0-18,  28-34;  /(/.,  LeycA  de  Be/., 
91-9;  Maillard\i  /list.  Texas,  43-52;  (.'oni/ris/i.  Dehatis,  1825-0,  i.  p.  vii. ; 
1S2G-7,  334  5,  110I-7G,  1214;  Gcn-ia,  /?'.//■!•.  .«obre  Acta  Conslitut.,  1-8; 
Alirens,  Mex.  nml  Me.c.  Zii.S!'i(i:de,  12  10,  4.5-51;  Oajuca,  Constitne.  Polit.,  1- 
104;  Hendiila  Si'ipl. ;  Fiijuerna,  Oliscrrae.  de  un  C'iiaL,  1  -2;  Snla.zar,  Pedlm.,  3; 
(Jrtii/n,  Mem.  Ii'elae.  Bipl.  Mex..  22-3;  /'niiiaeui.i,  Hist.  Mex.,  iv.  25-0,  vi. 
437,*vii.  504,  viii.  l.sO-7,  190.  208,  52-l-(;,  502,  OlM,  ix.  17,  3-10-51,  .V,0,  x. 
3)0,  xi.  pa.ssini;  Ciddi-ron.'s  Life  in  Mex.,  i  42  3,  ii.  121-2;  Gleeson''s  Jlist. 
Cntli.  C/iiirc/i,  ii.  100-7;  Pa>ine's  Uist.  /.'iirop.  Colonies,  308-14;  Ah'ioVs  Mex. 
and  U.  S.,  87-90,  250-8,  277-8;  El  Trilmnn,  1827,  Aug.  2,  Si'iit.  0;  Pnten- 
.■<iones  Anijlo-.imi  r.;  Cnest.  del  Bin;  Bazanronrt,  Mr.nqne,  83  07;  Bi  rrolero 
/.if.  Ant.,  1820,  515-10;  Ciievas,  Espo.-<ie.  JJif.  Francia,  1-00;  Id..  I'orrenir 
.!/(.».•.,  257-404;  Marure,  Bosq.  Hi--:'.  Cent.  Am.,  120-32;  M'GrcjiirA  Proa. 
Amcr.,  i.  084-7;  IJa-.,  Vita  Juarez,  .31  9;  Bini'on,  Gen.  Jnstijie.,  l-lOs;  /i/., 
Vindicnc,  1-50;  (Jnyx,  Mem.  sobrc  Ne<joc.,  5-10;  Villariccneio,  Maiiif.  il'l 
Pai/o,  1-10;  Nenrir.-i  Bevol.  in  Texas,  3-10;  Ilrrnnndez,  Eslnd.  Mex.,  187-8; 
Abh.  C(tl''nd.  Galnin,  1848,  45-02;  Aim.  (Mend.  Man.  y  Gnia,  1828,  (U-O; 
1852,  300-10;  Ddvla,  El  Turo,  i,  passim;  FiH.to'a,  Circular  d  los  Ai/iint.,  1-4; 
PL,  .Mem.  Uist.  Giierra  Tex.,  i.  00-108;  Toriiel,  Nae.  M<j.,  24-13i,  103-424; 
Id.,  Breie  Resena,  24,  29,  5''  Id.,  Tejas  Estad.  Unid.,  78-98;  /(/.,  Carti; 
Miisio  Mex.,  ii.  105-10;  Baqaeiro,  Ensayn  Yuc,  iii.  ap.  4-11;  Aiieona,  1114. 
Yuc,  iii.  250-325,  508-13;  Rouhaiid,  R,'ijior,s  Noiiv.,  13;  Fro.st's  Piet.  Hist. 
Mex.,  28,  142-7,  \^Ti-{S;Casans  Navarrete,  Disrur.to,  1-7;  AnnalsCon'/r.,  1818- 
10,  ii.  1020-21.30;  1819-20,  048-9;  1820-1,  1203,  1.3.37-1109;  La  Surii-diu/.  Oct. 
20,  1807;  I'Aanehard,  San  Juan,  404-5;  Mex.,  Diario  OJie.,  Jan.  20,  1S70;  Oct. 
15,  1881;  ]'alliJo,  Dor.,  xxviii.  no.  80,  xxix.  nos.  221,  203,  208;  Id.,  Col.  Doe, 
Mix.,  i.  nos.  14,  18,  10;  /</.,  M.S.,  no.  22;  Eossey,  Mex.,  152-5;  Paz,  Ley, 
Jusiie.  y  Verdad;  La  Palauen,  1820-8,  passim;  Priia  y  Pena,  Volo  Fund.; 
Esealern  y  Liana,  Mer.  Hist.  Deserijit.,  28-33;  U.  S.  House  Ex.  hoc,  142, 
vol.   viii.,   19   con''.    1  scss. ;  U.  S.   House  Journ.,  15  cong.    1  scss.,  iuilcc 


AUTIIORITIKS. 


69 


Mende, 


>pa 


hi.,   11   con%'.    2   so?s.,    iiulox    'Spa' 


'  Strn'Ji 


2.-J0- 


i^iV.,  1- 
/.'/?!.,  3; 
j-(>,  vi. 

r),-,o,  X. 

"n  tai- 

rrotcro 

'orri  )iir 

I'l-i;,. 

-;   hi., 

;/'.  '/•/ 

l-f; 

(?«)•/ 1; 
a,  Hit. 

nut. 

.,1813- 
■ul,  Oct. 

!);  Oct. 
ul.  /A.-. 
t:,_  //'//. 

I'liiid.; 

.,  14J, 
imlcx 


1^? 


1 


ncv, ; 
J.  'i.'),  U)  cong. 


hi.,  )7  conj;.  2  sls.s.,  iiulox  'Spain;'  /'.  .V.  Shttf  Pup.,  vol.  ii. 
2  SOS'S.;  6'.  <V.  .l(i,t  mill  J!i.:ol.,m->.  Ml   '_',  iijip.  "il-;)!),  "J^  con;,'. 
Cnii.fa-;  \~\\7;  Jil.,  Ari-ijHii/ini.,  \\;<!iiirnt('iitrvMvr.  ij  Lm  Kut.  L'nil.,  10- 
l,'!;  Viiaiio  Tniiiio  Lilirrf.;  Ilncnro-^tro,  UiM.  I'rim.  ij  Si'j.  Contjr.,  iyl~~>,  148- 
fiO;    /(/.,   Iii.it.   Seij.   Coii'jr.  Coih"tif.,   14";  Aiifcpara,  JJifiii.iii,   J.ei/al.,   1-77; 
Vrcjori/.f  liUt.  Mix:,  45-(i;  Xvtirioso  Ocii.,  ,]unu  'SO,  ISIU,  4;  Jn/iii !'<■■:,   I'iu- 
ilirac,  l-Ui,  i.-xv.;  Sitntumjch,  Coiiip:   Panama,  I'.'i-o,  14r)-()l;  LI  Wrarrii- 
zaiio  J.i'ji-i',  .hino  8-11,  182S;  IknUoch,  I.e  Mcx'kjw,  ii.  141   '_'7;;,  ;{_'2-!;i;  Aim ,; 
Ann.   lien.,  lS25-(i,  1)7-1-21,   i(J7-71;  lS2(>-7,  l.>7-7();  ISDl-'J,  SS-Ol ;  Itlrn-o, 
J/ec.  (H  JS.'/J,  V.\~'l\,  (jl-llj;{,  ll'i-liJ;  Uobin.'ion^  Mr. v.  inul  Ihr  Mi'.  ('hU  f- 
tain.',  141-4,  l74-,">,  lSS-94,  221,  '-'.'ilM-J;  Amer.  (Jiirirt.  Hi'h..  i.  20S-<);  Dunor,-. 
J'fi'.,  i.  4S.");  Ho/if.  (ho;/.  Es'dd,  J/<.r.,  i.  t)0;  Jhiiitout,  .\oi:ionr.s  Cronol.,  15'J- 
(iO,  2'.)l-2;  (Ji-liz  dc  la  Torre,  Jjiieiir.so;  ItivUui,  Mcc,  4ir)-24;  Oaijerii,  Apelar., 
3'i  47;  L'slrai/it,  Rethx.,  :!(J-0;  El  Ohsirr.  ile  la  Hep.  Mcr.,  i.  .'iO-S,  ^7-10,^, 
l.-.l  2i:i,  :i()2-14,  ;J4;J  (),  41.-)  4f»,  ii.  ;i  24,  77-127,  101-2a2.  iii.  ;?7-04,  l.'i.-)-!)!»; 
Itn.-<iiii  H'lKt.  C'oiidiicta  A/puche,  1  1.;  La/hnd,  Voi/.  nut.  ilii  Jdonile,  i.  bk  i. 
2r,S-'J0,  300;  Foole'.H   Texas,  i.  300-!);  Camlms,  Atlas,  8;  Comler'n  Jler.  and, 
Onni.,  ir)3-(J;  I!' pertorio  Amer.,  i.  21)1-33;  CubaUern,  Ui'^t.  Aim.,  {)-{);  Emi- 
ijrndj  Oh.seri:,  ~,'.),  101,  198,  237;  El  llipidAkuno  Lihre,  Juno   12,  liJS.  1   _'; 
Eirhcrchano,  Mem.  Camp.,  40,  43.  ap.  9-14;  Aml'/o  dd  Pmhlo,  i.  3-27,  ii.  97- 
108,  13:«-9,  200-1,  228-9,  iii.  19,  33-74,  97-119,  149-00,  180,  307-18,  iv.  1-4; 
Chuhuubrhntd,  Comjrcti  deVi'rone,  ii.  244-404;  I.inut'i,  i'ostuineit,  pi.  13;  Bole'. 
Vjic.  E.s'ada  .Sin.,  June  20,  1871,  9.1;  Enrol,  278-9;  Pedrazir,  Mn^iij'.  6  .tea,  21- 
9,  30-92;  hi.  Pub.  J!e.y).,  4-10;  hi.,  Conteit.,  1-3S;  hi.,  Impii;/.  Cunt,. 4.,  1- 
11;  .)/aclnre'.i  Opinion.'!,  i.  2;;7,  2'.KJ-S;  Castillo,  JJicr.  Ili4.,  1  .".2;' //«..*-/,  Mex. 
and  (I'i'iit.,  100-7,  13.'>;  Colima,  Peprc-tcnt.,  7;  S'ami  ro,  Jtiirhido,  224-7:  Dun- 
bur's  Mex.  Papers,  234;  Comjreso  Conxtitinj..  Manif.  d  los  Pueblos,  l-Ki;  Con- 
ijrr.-u)  Urn.,  Manlf.  a  lo-i  Jhiicano--',  1-0;  E-<}nnom,  Mem.  Pep.  JA.i'.,  1-3.7; 
Kennedips   Texw,  i.   12,  ii.  421-43;  UJet.  dl  Institut.,  i.  90;  Ober,  JJexieo, 
42:)-2;  Max.,  JJ,^',.  Hi.^.  Revol.  Tres  Dia.<,  1-13:  Mex.  eomo  Nae.  Imbp.,  1- 
32;  Mix.,  Juirio  hnpare.  .sijire  Ae.ontex.  euJS.JS-9,  1-32:  Mexlenno  Li'ire,  1- 
4:  J/(.i-.,  YaeiiOiix.,  1-3;  hi,  ilrini  Jnrado,  149-.")();  hi.  Diet.  Com.  Ociir. 
Yue.,  1-4;  /./.,  Dit.  Com..  Punto^  Constit.,  182,"),  1-G;  /■/.,  Dirt.  Com.  P'lac. 
L'nrindo  d.  P  wia,  1824,  2  II.;  /'/.,  /ji:!.  Com.  Constit.  Sesion  Senrt'i,  1S2,3,  ]_ 
11;  /■/.,  iHct.  I'om.  E<jiep.  Cdiiinra  Uijiut.,  1827,  1-22;  fd.,  JJiet.Com.  E<pcc. 
de  Convoe.,  182.'!,  1-22;  Id.,  Dit.  Com.  Hob.,  1820,  4,  7;  Mix.  (Est.  de )  .Uem., 
182S,   1-00,  anncxo,   1   20;  Mix.   Mem.  Se~.   Estnto,   1823,  l-.";>;  Id.,  Mem. 
Mi.iisf.  E.'^ter.,  i.  k  .H3;  /,/.,  M-m.   See.  Ei<tado  Pdac.  Ex'.,  i^lo,  3-18;  /,/., 
Mim.  Pehr.,  IS;:^,  o-<\  r>7;  1820,  1-.33;  1827,  l-:!7,  annexes  1-3;  1'.28,  1-22, 
nv.MXL'-i  1-2;  182V),  1-  23,  annexes  1-3;  hi.,  Mem.  JuMrli,  1834,  20;  A/..  Mem. 
M'trui',,  ]82i;,  l-.->:  /,/.,  Mem.  Cucrra  y  .Mur.,  1840,  1-33,  anuuxtvj  1-17;  hi, 
M'.n.   Unkndn,   \sZl,  annexes  1-2;   1870,70-7,  1027-8;  hi,  Mem.   Ei'ndo 
hdj.-e,  1820,   1  (J;X  annexes  1   21;  IsiO,  2-4;  Mich.,  Mem.,  1830,  3,  0-7;  Id., 
Cinsttt.  del  Esfado,  1-78;  hi..  Ara..eel  Gcnernl,  1-20;  Mex.  and  C.  ,5'.,  o-O; 
Soik'in,  Edadist.  Dep.  Jf.x.,  37;  Jfexi'-o  and  Mr  i^r.nsett,  l-i;);  Mi  haux. 
Certain.  Cient.,  1-72;  Monte.^,  Orarion  F>in.,  33-8;   Jlf".srt  )/  Leon  part,  Ilisf. 
Amn:,  ii.  32,^-39;  J/,.r.  Lf  dil.  Mej.,  Apra-July,  1833,  238-42;  M'x.,  Xofr.i 


Liiido,  3-00,  annexes  1-23;  Id.,  Cue.<t.  Monarq.  Constili'c.,  '2i-r);'hl.,  P.-opo". 
I.' Ilia  Prim.  Coej.,  1-4;  Id.,  Proiie<t.  De,,-.  Vripin.;  Id.,  Prmie,-!.  Le>i  :S  de 

-',;"'■.'.'''  '''^'■'^'  '  »•''•;  ''''■'■•  ''  '""''J  '''->.  />'<•'••  del  Con'ir.  Coiistil.,'  \^]'M; 
M'inj.  de  Ste.  Uraro,  2  11.;  /...,  ,-,7),  In/'orme  al  Miei.^t.  lielae..  3-17;  i'oia- 
S'lt,  E^po.'<ie.  Coiiducla  /'old.,  1-10;  Zavala,  Mnnit'.  Prineip.,  1-23;  Yu.:, 
temp,  nixf.,  14  32;  I'.draza,  AV'/.<  al  .Mem/.,  1-42;  L><ia  Ekl^'dii/.m.  1  I  ; 
Aeioal  PuIjI.;  Miektkna,  Con'.e>f.  que  Did,  1-23;  Iloracio,  Car'a  It  Po.  do, 


i 


73 


DOMESTIC  AND  FvOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


,'     1 


1-CO;  Cahlrrov,  Dn-rofa;  Vdrz,  Jj;.-<rjir.-o;  J'Ifiii  Co::sf!f.  /\,/,V.,  1-S.T;  Chnu- 
lid  'i  :<  III  ('Oh;ii:;  Aiiyl'm,  Usj.oi^ir.  Asiiiilo-i  TcJ.,  ]  \-l',;  Jaf.,  Mini.  A'Im'm. 
i'i.U.,7^  0;  Milk.,  J>irr.  Cinujr.  (oiixlif.,  l-SiJ;  J'urlii'jn/,  I'riiit'ip.  Sixti-ni.; 
(Jriiff  i!  Miiuslro  Alaiiiaii,  1  I.;  jjiirnn/dii,  J'ri.iioii;  Pinl/la,  I'(jl<x:  nohre 
/'<■■  ;/('i7o;  Ti'^incluriui,  Jm/tuiiii.;  Cru'iiilo,  Arnsdcloii  contrd  Alaiiiuii;  Suhrc- 
r'/'.'/,i,  /li'fi'iisd  Coroiid  Castro:  Uii'la,  .Soy/zrcstt  (Id  ('(uiipo,  1-1',);  Pinidii, 
I'riiii.  Ji'(';iirKcii/.  dil  Co-mnrio,  1-0.");  lliilahjo,  Aimiitex  Hist.  Proij,  Moiinrq., 
l:)-"jr!,  11-.'!;  I'roiiiii/r.  J/rnJicci,  ]-'20;  Vniinkuiiino  ;//  I/oyo,  Ejicnr.  Jiinl'tr., 
1-S;  >'(////.  No.  O.'i,  Mcricfi/io  I. thro  I'olnsiii.,  1-1;  Facto,  Mem.,  lOH-Ki,  l'J(J- 
•_11;  IIkw,  Miurte  I'dlil.,  A~'r,  Mdvif.  (I'tih.  A'sp.,  1-8;  JJrdro,  F,ip<>tl.  luslrurt. 
ill!  Grail  Jura  Jo,  l-li.");  Id.,  Luk  J'((:.oii(x  dil  Sviiado,  1-11;  /(/.,  Ihstlfrro,  1-4; 
/;/.,  J'lprPK'ut.  Ai/iiid.  1/  IVr.  C/idpiniz.,  1-8;  Jd.,  Man!/,  qiw  iin  OJic,  1-8; 
iSiuroh,  Brew  Ojedda,  1-8;  /(/.,  Hkj.  (Ijeudn,  1-S;  Srn/'m.  dc  nil  J'afr.,  1-4; 
El  Sol.,  no.  1773;  JJiLsfainantt  (C.  M.),  Jloiior  del  Gen.  Brarn,  \~'M;  Id., 
Cnmjaua  nin  Gloria,  13-14,  IIS;  Pcdraza,  Prisioii,  2  11.;  Gacfiiip.,  Ll-ila; 
III.,  j'rairioii  iJciidi.,  1  "J;  Dirrohi  de,  jMontdila,  1-4;  Pai/iio,  Mc.r.  cf.  M, 
JJAiidia.taddriir,  41)-  7;  Uraro  anil  Alvan  z,  Maui/.  ttoOre  que  .if  erija  rl  I)i part, 
d<'  A'dpuiro,  •)-7;  Pi-^ioliir/.  Coxa.  I'idil.,  Wl-'.\;  Gidicrnz,  Cnntc.if.  ul  Lilulo,  Kl; 
'J'< 'Kiiio.t  i'dii/ilKllcioU!';  M('x.,  iJor.  Hilar.  Ult.  Ocitrr.  X.  L'sp.,  KS;  Mrj-., 
Jjt.f.  Com.  »',bri',  El'-'C.  I!r.i!d('iiria  Sii/n:  /'oi/c/v.'?,  1  1,;  Mix.,  \'olo  Pctrtir.  d,l 
Sanir  Marin,  1  1.;  Id.,  iJisciirifo  Cdrtdn-i  .lohre  Uirlarac.  C'lud'nl  Fed.,  1  10; 
Pd/ii!(i  \'ariofi,  i.  jit  1,  .\iv.  jit  1,  xvi.  jit,  (i,  x.siv.  jit  4,  xxvi.  pt '2,  xxvii.  ])ts 
1  •-'7,  xxviii.  pts  •:  :>,  17,  1'.),  -'I,  S.'i,  Nxxi.  jils  ;i-(i,  8  10.  |-J,  I,'),  •20-7.  xxxiv. 
]»*.!*  2-1,  (i,  10,  28,  4!),  xxxvi.  ]>t3  117-1!),  .xli.  pts  17,  I!',  xlviii.  ydn  12,  xlix. 
l-t  l."),  Ixvii.  litH  ;{,  4,  10,  l;t,  14,  Ixviii.  pts  a,  S,  !).  1,"),  18,  l.xix.  jtts  (MO,  12, 
l.'i.  lx\-.  pts  1,  2,  4-7,  10,  12,  14,  Ixxi.  pt  S,  lx\ii.  pt  1,  Ixxiii.  pt  !),  Ixxvii,  ]>U 
2.  0,  'xxviii.  pt  1,  Ixxxii.  jjt  7,  Ixxxv.  ]it  10,  XL'iii.  pt  5,  tvi.  ]it  1,  cviii.  pt  1, 
cxii.  pt  8,  cxv.  pt  2,  (xviii.  pts  S,  11,  10,  20,  cxxii.  pt  2,  cxxvii.  pt  I,  cxxix. 
pt  .">,  txl.  pta  (i,  0,  12,  cxIi,  pt^j  7,  10,  11,  cxiii.  pts  1-4,  8,  li),  exliii.  pt  M, 
txli\.  Jits  7,  8,  II,  12,  1."),  17,  IS,  cxlv.  pt  1,  cxlviii.  pt  (i,  8.  cxlix.  pts  S.  10, 
cl.  ]i  22,  civ.  pt  T),  tivii.  ])t  4,  tlxiii.  pt  2,  tlxiv.  pts  .'1,  4.  7,  c!xvi.  pt.i  5,  8, 
c'lxvii.  pt3  4,  5,  10,  clxviii.  pts  ■'{,  4,  7,  clxx.  pts  1,  2,  elxxviii.  pt  2,  clxxxi, 
pt  1,  cLxxxvi.  pt  2,  cxcvi,  pt  2,  ccii.  pt  4.  ccx.  pts  2,  4,  8,  ccxi.  pts  2,  ■'{,  ccxv. 
pt  14,  c'fxxvi.  pts  7-0;  Pajulo!  Stnl/os,  mm  i.,  iii.,  iv.,  v.  vi.  ix..  xi.,  xii.,  xiii., 
xiv..  xxii.;  Phiar/  Coll.,  nos  2,  4;{,  48,  78,  110,  1:57;  Arrilld<ia,  L'<eop.,  1S2S, 
S7-i.'>,  S(J-0;{,  184-231,  2r)0^8,  273-0,  20,".-();  1820,  128-00,  22  1,  273-.'522;  IS.'JO, 
8;!-,"i,  102,  113-14,  131-2.  4<H];  1833.  r,0;  lS3(i,  .T;;n.-,Ii;iio,  4r;r)-(iO;  Bamirrzy 
<S'(M/i«,  Col.  Dec,  (I  14,  31,  200-S,  272,  20!),  307;  Mora,  Ohrd.i  Suel/a.t,  i.  pp. 
viii.-xiv.,  ir)7  OS,  ii.  7-34,  4.1  103,  122-r)2,  107-83,  1!)S-213,  241-02.  2SO-;}or), 
303  408,  450-70;  /,/.,  L'er.  M<x.,  i.  34r)-84,  410-20;  liiv,  ni,  llUt.  Jdlapa,  i. 
40S-72,  ii.  pa.s.siiii;  /'/.,  Gol>.  de  Mc.c,  ii.  nO,  07-72,  0S-1,")I).  1S4-0,  100-0;  Id  , 
A'r.v.  Pint.,!.  2,31-3;  ]Vdnr.i  Mex.,  i.  28l-.30i!,  32S  30,  341,  ii.  171-7,  202; 
Z'U-ala,  Volo  dd  Dl/nit.,  1-7;  /'/.,  B' r.  M<x.,  i.  lO.i-210,  24S-7."),  200-0,  ii. 
7-48,  72-lO.j,  201,  244  ."),  272-3;  /(/.,  Viaie  a  los  E.  U.,  0;  A'^As'  Bei/.,  xiv. 
f)  8,  o8-8S,  10.'>-(i,  344,  370,  xv.  0-7,  xv'iii.  28,")-0,  xix.  3!)-4."),  xxiii.  474-S, 
x:dv.  140-y(),  210-17,  282-3,  2!)4,  xxv.-xxxv.  jiassini,  xxxvi.  105,  .3.32,  3,")5; 
/-/.,  S.  Am.  and  Me.r.,  i.  15!)-212;  Cnr.  Fed.  Mex.,  1820,  Nov.  1,  2,  10-11,  10, 
I)uc,  1,  2,  10-17,  22,  t'to. ;  1827-S,  p.issini;  Corno  Si  man.,  i.  10-14,  47  '>,  217- 
21,  285-8;  Corkg,  Diar.  Ojk.,  iv.  217;  Corten,  Diar.  Scs.,  1823,  40,  203,  412. 


CHATTER  IV. 

FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TltOUBLES. 
1S-2S-1S31. 

Si'.LM-II    ScIir.MK  OF  IlKCONQrF.ST— BaKKADAs'   INVASION— IIiS  DeFF.AT   AND 
SrUKKMiKK  — ItKJOlCI.NdlN.MKXUO— M(iNAUCinOALlNTliU;rF.S— VlCKNTK 

C!iki;ki:ko  .Skcond  1'iu;sii.knt  — His  Administuation— Ar.m.iiitiN  (if 
Si, wriiY— KxTUAiiuDtNAKV   I'liWEiis—  Paktv  Animosity— IaECU.l  of 

rillNSKTT  — ClIAKGKS     AGAINST     M IMSTKUS  — IIlSTOUY     OF     Yi;CATAN  — 

Secession  of  YrcATAN— Revolution  of  Jai.ai'a— lis  Effkcts  in  Mex- 

IIO— rii()\nsiONAL  OOVEKNMENT— BrSTAMANTE  Ali  THE  ExEClTIVE— 
CiLEUKKlU)  DeI'OSED— WaH  IN  THE  SoiTlI— TliKACIIEIlY  AGAINST  (llEU- 
IIEIIO— lIlS     CaI'TI-KE,    TuIAL,    and     EXIXLTION— MiNISTEUS'    I.Ml'EACU- 

MENT-HoNous  TO  O'l'eiiiieuo's  Mejiouy. 

The  Spanish  conrt  at  last  saw  fit  to  carry  out  tlie 
loiitj^-dulaycd  scheme  of  reconquering  ]\Iexico.  It  uas 
^u{)i)ose(l  to  be  an  easy  task,  on  account  of  the  report 
sent  to  Europe  aljout  the  disturbed  state  of  the  coun- 
tiT,  accompanied  with  assurances,  mostly  I'rom  resi- 
dent Spaniards,  that  there  was  a  large  party  in  ]\[exico 
ready  to  hel[)  restore  the  Si)anish  rule,  or  to  establish 
a  throne  for  a  prince  chosen  by  Fernando  VIT.'^  .\n 
invasion  was  expected  in  1828,  and  preparations  made 
to  meet  it;^  but  it  proved  to  he  a  I'alse  alarm.  The 
^[exicans,  on  the  other  hand,  had  formed  plans  to  di- 
veit  S})ain's  attention  and  resources  by  carrying  the 
war  into  Cuba  and  other  dependencies,  to  which  eiVect 
Colonel  Basadre  was  despatched  on  a  secret  mission 


■'  Ex-viceroy  Cal'.eja's  speech  in  the  cortea.    Cor.  Fol.  .Mr'x.,  18-2S,  Aui.  2:]. 

-'  A  proclamation  purporting  to  come  fro.n  Fcrnaiuhi,  .-incl  full  of  promises, 
Mas  circulated.  It  first  .nppeareil  in  L'l  Iinimrckd  of  Zacutuciis,  May  1*3,  lS2ii, 
ami  was  copied  by  El  Veracrtizano  Libre,  18"23,  June  S, 

(711 


72 


FOUKICX  AXD  DOMESTIC  TROUDLKS. 


11 


n    : 


to  IFiiyti.  This  prococJing  greatly  alarmed  the  au- 
th(!ritic.s  of  Cuba."' 

^Vii  ('.\jii;(litioii  f'oi'  tlie  re('oiir]U(>st  of  ^Fexieo  sailed 
from  ilahana  on  the  Oth  of  July,  IS21),  under  Jhij^a- 
(!icr  lsi(h'()  J>an;)(las.  The  whole  force,  at  the  time 
ol"  sailintj^,  ])rol)al)Iy  eonsisted  of  8,000  men.  'I'he  fleet, 
eonunanded  by  Jlear-admiral  Annd  Jjahorde,  was 
formed  of  the  line-of-hattle  ship  .Sn/;rr(n<o,  the  frit^atts 
Jt<'.st<(>ir<i<:ioii  and  fjca/trtd,  the  schooner  AiikiI'ui,  thu 
brig  C((ii(iro,  and  lifteen  transports,  among  which  was 
the  American  slii[»  Ji/iKj/nim.  On  board  this  last- 
named  vessel  wcu'e  oOO  men  with  their  conunander, 
Hantos  (Juznwin.  In  a  heavy  storm  the  shij)  was 
thrown  on  the  coast  of  liouisiana,  wherc^  tin;  otKcers 
and  men  received  hospitable  treatment.  These  ti'oojis 
consequently  took  no  part  in  the  ^lexican  campaign.* 

The  tirst  tidings  of  the  expedition  reached  Vera 
Cruz  on  the  Kjtli  of  Julv,  In'  a  French  friufate,  whoso 
commantler  would  not  or  could  not  give  any  informa- 
tion as  to  its  destination.  General  Santa  Anna,  then 
governor  and  commander  of  the  forces,  borrowed  a 
small  sum  of  money  and  nuisterod  the  militia,  with 
the  view  of  attacking  the  invaders  on  their  arrival. 

The  Spaniards  on  the  24tli  were  off  Punta  de  Jerez, 
near  Tam[)ico,  and  on  the  2Gth  sent  proclamations  on 
shore,  which  showed  that  their  government  had  been 
led  to  believe  that  the  Mexican  armv,  which  had 
served  under  the  royal  bamier  prior  to  1821,  would 
lend  its  aid.°    On  the  27th  they  eti'ected  a  landing  im- 

'  Full  information  in  AiTiUdijct,  Rccop.,  1828,  184;  Dtihlan  niul  Lo-jino, 
Lcijls.  Mix.,  ii.  7-!;  Aldmaii.  /'rorcso,  'JS-O,  ;$S-'.I;  /(/.,  Dcj'cnm,  S;!-");  Arriu- 
ijtih,  Mrj.^W,  1!)(), '_'27-8.  The  ('m'nii(.s  of  tlio  government  abuscil  it,  dn  tin; 
ground  that  it  was  intemlud  to  laud  a  negro  force  in  Cuba,  whieii  was  a  fulso 
cliargo. 

■*  Tiio  figures  above  given  are  furnished  by  Znwacois,  Jlinf.  ^fcx•. ,  xi.  T'20-4, 
70.'!.  The  author  obtainotl  Ins  data  from  tlie  diary  kept  and  given  liim  l)y 
Bul)dieut  Eduardo  Agusti,  who  served  in  the  expedition.  lie  assures  us  that 
those  data  wore  later  coi'roliorated  in  Mexico  by  oflicers  who  took  jiart  in  the 
fi,;,'hting.  Zavala,  who  at  tiuit  time  was  a  meudjer  of  tlie  Mexican  cabinet, 
says  tliat  the  force  actually  lauded  was  ;i,i)00.  litvol.  Mex.,  ii.  170.  Others 
exaggerate  it  to  4,000,  and  even  5,000. 

•*  They  must  iiavc  iiad  that  impression,  else  they  would  not  imvc  sent  a, 
mere  handful  of  men  to  a  deadly  climate  and  at  the  worst  season  of  the  year, 
to  capture  the  country. 


":*,» 


SPANTSH  INVASION'. 


7.1 


au- 


ed  a 
with 
il. 

Cl'OZ, 

IS  on 

been 

had 

uuld 
<>■  IIU- 

.oziino, 
Arr:Mi- 

(Ml  t'lO 

:i  I'aUo 

7'20-4, 

liiiii  by 
urt  that 
in  the 
iiliiiict, 
Otliera 

sent  .1 
0  ye;xr, 


resisted  on  ilic  jtlaya  tit'  Jere/,  or  Cabo  Tv<«jt),  ■)(> 
niiifs  IVoiu  I'litblti  N'it'jt).'' 

Ai'ttT  the  (lis(iiibarkMtit)ll  the  fleet  MtMit  back  to 
Habanii,  pmsiiaiit  totht;  orders  el'tiie  ei\i)taiM-;4'eiieral 
..r  Cuba.  Uarratlas'  Ibive  marched  toward  Tanipieo,^ 
and  after  iiint-h  sull'eriii.L?  IVoia  the  lieat,  scarcity  of 
Matt  T,  anil  myriads  of  merciless  insi-cts,  liaviii'^'  t-ap- 
Iniid  t)n  the  way  a  well  tlefendid  redoubt  with  i')ur 
u-uiis  aiitl  tifty  prisoners,  the  advanced  cohinm  on  the 
Tsth  t)f  August  entered  that  city,  which  had  been 
eNaciiatctl  by  the  inhabitants. 

J  lad  the  invasion  amounted  to  anythin«j^,  the  ^Fex- 
icati  natittn'  woultl  iiuleed  have  bet-n  un])repareil  to 
lace  it.  When  the  news  of  it  was  annount-ed  at  the 
capital,  Jnly  .'Ust,  the  alarm  amon_<,^  all  classes  was 
great.  Thtl  trt)o])s  were  in  want  of  everything;  antl 
t.)  atltl  to  this  ])erpleNity,  the  ministers  encounterfd 
opposition  on  all  sitlcs,  evtni  tt>  their  calling  the  con- 
gress to  hold  an  extra  session."^  The  ojipt^sititui  press 
circulated  false  reports,  pretending  to  doubt  that  any 
invasion  liatl  (H-curred.  The  intrigues  of  the  goveni- 
inent's  eneuncs  so  hampered  every  etfort  to  meet  the 
situation  that  the  Spaniards  had  been  landeil  ti;n  days 
Ijefore  the  national  congress  assembled.  Even  then 
it  dill  nothing  till  the  *J5th  of  August,  on  which  date 
the  executive  was  invested  with  extraordinary  power. 

The  national  and  state  governments  then  lost  no 
time  in  making  ])rc)uirations  on  an  extensive  scale, 
appri  heiiding  that  ]]arradas'  force  might  be  but  the 
avant-guard  of  a  large  army."     The  suspicious  move- 

"  T!io  clinpliiiu  was  Friav  Picc^o  Migunl  Bringas  y  Encinas,  of  v.liom  mon- 
tiou  \\;is  luailu  ill  llic  jiiocodiiig  vuluiiic.  Jjfiiii^  a  Soiioraii,  lie  issiu-il  n  pric- 
1.  iii;itii>ii  (111  llio  "JStli  t  \\\^  cDiiutrymcii — aiiDtlit'r  cviili'iicu  of  tiii;  llu^jtaUl-•ll 
iilua  that  tlic  Mexicans  waiitcd  to  return  to  cildiiial  vassalage. 

'  '  i-a  prinier  ]iacioii  de  AiuOrioa, '  as  she  was  unee  iiroiKlly  called  by  El  Bole- 

till  OjirUll.  no.   ].'». 

"Tlie  council  of  .state  would  not  sanction  it,  and  this,  when  the  invaders 
were  already  on  tlie  iiiarcli  to  .Mexico. 

"Pecuniary  nieaiia  to  meet  the  expenses  were  obtained  by  levying  extra 
t.ixes.  The  whole  country  was  eallcil  to  arms.  AiTilla'in,  /I'ccop.,  iS'Ji),  1->'J, 
l(i.)-70,  is;},  ISS,  l!).-.-G;  Mex.  Col.  Lii/.,  1  S-2S)-.'50,  lol  \);  Dlpos.  Tar.,  ii.  08, 
71;  Mt.x.  Mciii.  I/ac,  1870,  lUl;  Ml. v.  JIan.  Gaara,  1835,  7. 


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74 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


W 


luents  of  a  vessel  off  Huatulco  also  awakened  the  fear 
that  danger  might  be  expected  in  that  quarter.  The 
j)resident  organized  an  army  of  reserve  to  occupy 
positions  in  Jalapa,  Cordoba,  and  Orizaba,  whence  it 
could  operate  north  and  south.  This  body  of  troops 
was  placed  in  charge  of  Anastasio  Bustamante,  the 
vice-president,  with  Jose  Joaquin  de  Herrera  as  his 
second.  Another  division  was  created  simultaneously 
in  the  south,  and  its  command  intrusted  to  Montes- 
deoca.  Not  satisfied  with  these  forces,  the  executive 
urged  the  state  governments  to  raise  numerous  bodies 
of  militia.  In  the  mean  time  Garza,  who  was  still 
comandante  general  of  Tamanlipas,  had  collected  all 
the  force  of  regulars  and  militia,  and  had  also  sent 
word  to  Mier  y  Teran,  who  had  been  inspecting  the 
boundary  line  between  Texas  and  the  United  States, 
and  hapjjened  to  l)e  then  in  Matamoros.  Teran  at 
once  hastened  to  aid  in  the  del'once,  placing  himself, 
though  superior  in  rank,  under  Garza's  orders.  Santa 
Anna,  on  learning  where  the  Spaniards  were,  at  once 
embarked  about  1,000  men,  who  with  the  cavalry  de- 
spi^tched  by  land  formed  p;  obably  a  total  of  about 
2,000^"  directly  under  his  connnand,  the  govern- 
ment having,  as  a  reward  of  his  activity,  made  him 
commander  in  chief  of  the  arm}'-  of  operations.  It 
is  unnecessary  to  enter  into  detail  of  the  operations. 
After  several  blood}''  encounters,  Santa  Anna  and 
Teran  forced  Barradas  and  the  remnants  of  his 
troops  to  capitulate,  September  11th,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Panuco  River,  but  not  without  a  heavy  loss  of 
men  and  officers  on  both  sides."     Under  the  terms . 

"*  Zavala,  Rcvol.  Mex.,  ii.  177,  says  '  cerca  do  dos  mil.'  Suarez  y  Navarro, 
Hid.  Mex.,  140,  relying  on  an  official  report,  haa  it,  'milsescnta  y  cuatro 
hombres  era  cl  total  de  la  fuerza  quo  Ucvo  Santa  Anna.' 

"  The  Mexican  casualties  were  eight  officers  and  127  men  killed,  and  151 
wounded.  On  the  part  of  the  Spaniards,  from  fighting  and  tlisease,  suppos- 
ing that  only  2,700  landed,  the  loss  was  90S;  if  there  were  originally  51,500, 
ns  the  Mexican  generals  believed,  then  it  amounted  to  1,708.  The  .Spanish 
report  gives  17  officers,  and  933  rank  and  file,  of  whom  7  officers  and  78  men 
Viore  killed  in  action,  and  130  died  in  hospitals  from  wounds.  The  particu- 
lars of  tliis  campaign,  furnished  by  various  authorities,  are  contradictory. 
Oue  anonymoua  writer,  quoted  in  Villa  Amor,  liiog,  del  Gen.  Santa  Anna,  U- 


SURRENDER  OF  BARRADAS. 


76 


of  the  capitulation,  the  Spanish  troops  occupying  the 
Ivir,  Ibrt,  and  town  of  Tanipico  wore  granted  the 
liouors  of  war,  and  allowed  quarters  at  Ciudad  Vic- 
toria till  their  reenibarkation.^'"  The  sick  and  wounded 
roiuained  in  the  hospitals,  attended  by  Spanish  sur- 
geons. According  to  an  official  report  of  Teran  from 
Pueblo  Viejo,  Santa  Anna  having  gone  back  to  Vera 
(Jruz  in  bad  health,  1,792  Spaniards  reembarked  be- 
tween the  9th  of  November  and  the  11th  of  December. 
Thus  ended  this  foolish  and  futile  attempt  to  recon- 
quer Mexico,  which  cost  a  heavy  loss  of  life  and  the 
expenditure  of  $1,500,000.  It  was  quite  a  different 
allair  from  the  first  attempt;  but  men  like  Cortes 
wore  not  plentiful  in  Spain  at  this  time. 

The  news  of  the  Spanish  surrender  reached  ^lexico 
ill  the  evening  of  tlie  20th  of  September,  and  was 
liniled  with  wild  delight,  displayed  by  the  customar}'' 
b( ill-ringing  and  illuminations.  The  president,  Santa 
Anna,  Teran,  and  others  were  objects  of  general 
1  liaise.  It  seemed  now  as  if  party  strife  had  come  to 
an  end." 

The  defeat  sustained  by  Barradas  did  not  altogether 
put  an  end,  at  least  for  some  time,  to  the  project  of 
reconquest,  the  king  of  Spain  having  been  ofibred  by 

10,  coolly  states  that  Santa  Anna  sufifered  two  defeats  at  Barradas'  hands, 
l):it  tlio  latter,  in  order  to  cai'ry  off  the  funds  in  his  charge,  concluded  to  sur- 
runilur  to  the  remnant  of  the  Mexican  troops!  ]5arradas  never  went  back 
til  Cuba  or  Spain.  He  died  abroad,  poor  and  forsaken.  Zavahi,  Revol.  Mcx., 
ii.  17i')-!)0;  liolctin  0/iciaf,  nns  1-33;  Surircz  y  Nanirro,  //ist.  Mrx.,  141J-87, 
4ll-'J7;  Vcntbidii  l^'d.,  IS'JO,  no.  121;  BaMamanti',  Voz  ih:  la,  Pa'rin,  i.  noa 
'J.'),  •J^,  '28,  31-7,  iv.  no3  12,  33;  Rivera,  i/ii(.  Jnlnpt,  ii.  MO-.JO;  Marl'uK-, 
lll<t.  I'cvol.  Met.,  i.  loO-i;  Mrx.  Mem.  Gwrra,  1830,  2;  Alaman,  Hint.  Mcj., 
V.  Slii  7;  Zamncoix,  Hid.  Mej.,  xi,  710-800. 

'-'  lly  a  later  arraii,2enicnt,  at  the  request  of  the  .S[)anish  commander,  tho 
town  (if  Santa  Cataliua,  Ozuluanm,  Tantima,  Altainira,  and  Pdnuco  wcro 
siilisiitutcd. 

" 'I'lie  trophies  captured  were  placed  by  decree  of  Feb.  10,  1S34,  in  tlio 
intional  hall  of  representatives.  Arrilhvja,  li<cop.,  1831-,  (iO-l;  Vallejo,  Cul. 
J>r>'\,  i.  no.  34.  On  tho  23d  of  May,  1835,  the  congress  declaixMl Sint;i  Anna, 
fill' his  services  at  Taiupieo,  'bcnenierito  do  la  patrirt,'and  further  decreed 
th:it  Ills  name  should  bo  cnj^raved  on  a  pillar  to  bu  erected  on  iho  spotwliero 
the  Spaniards  surrendered,  with  this  inscription:  'En  las  riberas  del  I'iiniteo 
aliauzip  la  indepeiidencia  r.aeional  en  II  do  Setiembre  do  1S2(K'  On  tho  24th 
'•r  May,  1843,  a  deerco  was  issued  to  erect  a  monument  at  Tampico.  Di'liltm 
iuul  Lozniw,  Leijis,  Mex.,  ii.  511,  070,  iii.  52,  iv.  421-2,  559;  Uoktin,  Ojic, 
nos  d,  1  j,  21. 


76 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


certain  corporations  aid  in  fitting  out  another  expe- 
dition. Tlie  Mexican  government  was  duly  advised 
l)y  its  agents  and  made  preparations  accordingly.'* 
The  alarm  throughout  the  country  was  great,  and 
even  gave  rise  to  the  circulation  of  a  false  report,  in 
August  1830,  that  5,000  Spaniards  had  landed  be- 
tween capers  Rojo  and  Tamiahua  near  Tuxpan.*^  This 
rumor  probably  originated  in  the  movements  of  a  few 
men  seeki  ig  a  suitable  place  for  a  smuggling  oper- 
ation. The  consequence  was  that  more  stringent 
measures  against  the  Spaniards  were  adopted  by  the 
government,  not  only  expelling  those  still  residing  in 
Mexico,  but  forbidding  the  landing  of  others.** 

European  intrigues  were  not  wanting  at  this  time, 
1830,  to  erect  thrones  in  Spanish  America,  one  of 
which  was  to  be  raised  in  Mexico  and  occupied  by  a 
prince  of  the  Orleans  family.  The  best  informed 
statesmen  and  politicians  in  Europe  seesiied  to  be 
under  tlio  impression  that  Mexico  could  be  ruled  only 
by  a  monarchy.*^ 

President  Guerrero  was  dulyinstalled  in  office  on  the 
1st  of  April,  1829,  and  immediately  published  a  mani- 
festo outlining  his  future  policy.*^  The  history  of  Mex- 
ico's long  struggle  for  national  life  is  witness  to  Guer- 
rero's resolution.  He  was  born  in  the  town  of  Tixtla, 
then  within  the  intendencia  of  Mexico,  in  1782,'"  of 
humble  parents,  Juan  Pedro  Guerrero   and   ]\Iaria 

"Some  Carmelite  friars  had  also  said  that  the  Spanish  flag  in  July  1830 
would  wave  over  the  palace  at  Mexico.  That  remark  apparently  explained  the 
iniluxof  Spiiuiarda  tothe  ports.  ^l^to«,  1830,  March  24,  381;  Bmtamatite,  Voz 
dti  In  I'dtrid,  ii.  no.  l(i;  Mfx.,  Procexo  fiin/ritc,  18.33,  39-40. 

'••The  uiuno  of  Prince  i'uul  of  Wurtemberg,  who  made  a  flying  visit  to 
Mcxici),  had  been  absurdly  mixed  up  with  Spanish  plans.  Alaman,  Dejhisu, 
85-0. 

'''Decrees  and  details  are  given  in  Buxtamante,  Vozdela  Patrla,  v.  no. 
17,  8,  no.  '21,  7,  supl.,  nos  9,  10;  Dinpoa.  Vat:,  ii.  80;  Dublaii  and  Lozatw, 
Leifis.  Mfx.,  ii.  -230,  '287-8,  3'22-3,  .390;  M>'X.  Col.  Letj.  pDec,  1829-30,  142-3. 

'■  Zavala  assures  us  that  ho  was  invited,  about  Feb.  1830,  by  a  foreign 
ogcnt  to  coiiperate  in  the  accomplishment  of  such  a  plan,  lievol,  ilex,,  ii. 
243. 

"  Full  text  in  Arr'dlaga,  Itecop.,  1829,55;  Guerrero,  Mani/.,  1-20. 

'*Tlio  certilicate  of  his  christening  at  the  parish  church  is  dated  Aug.  10, 
17S2,  by  which  it  appears  that  he  was  named  Vicente  Ivumou. 


LIFE  OF  GUERRERO. 


77 


Guadalupe  Saldaua,  belonging  to  the  lowly  race  in- 
cluded in  the  term  castas,  utterly  degraded  both  civ- 
illy and  politically;  for  they  were  disqualified  by  law, 
custom,  and  prejudice  for  ever  emerging  from  their 
low  condition.  To  this  fact  should  be  ascribed  Guer- 
rero's defects,  which  have  been  so  pitilessly  and  un- 
justly exaggerated  by  the  very  men  that  should  have 
extolled  his  fortitude,  and  exalted  his  services  and 
personal  merits.  It  is  needless  to  speak  further  of 
his  military  career,  the  pages  of  this  history  having 
already  detailed  it.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  till  about 
18 1.4  Guerrero  was  a  subordinate,  but  had  already 
on  several  occasions  made  his  mark  as  a  good  sol- 
dier under  the  banner  of  Morelos.  We  have  since 
seen  that  when  the  prominent  soldiers  in  the  south 
successively  disappeared,  Guerrero  took  their  jjlace, 
keeping  alive  during  several  years,  by  his  patriotic 
})erseverance,  the  spirit  of  independence.^^  Let  us 
consider  the  man  in  the  new  position  to  which  he  has 
been  raised.  His  elevation  to  the  presidency  was  the 
triumph  of  the  popular  party;  notwithstanding  the 
assertions  of  his  enemies  to  the  contrary,  he  enjoyed 
the  popular  preference,  and  his  inauguration  took  place 
amid  the  plaudits  of  the  masses.'^^  Guerrero  believed 
tliat  by  leaving  the  people  to  themselves,  untram- 
melled, and  strictly  maintaining  the  federal  institu- 
tions, his  would  be  a  paternal  government,  and  the 
country's  institutions  would  become  consolidated.  Ho 
conmiitted  a  serious  mistake  in  adopting  such  a  course 
when  social  and  political  ties  were  loosened,  and  in- 
deed society  was  almost  in  a  chaotic  state.  The  re- 
sult could  be  none  other  than  a  loss  of  all  respect  for 


^'' '  Su  \Utitna  esperanza,  In  linica  protesta  del  pais  coutra  la  dominacion  C3< 
pailola.'  Torncl,  Breve  Reaeila  Hist.,  313. 

''"  Guerrero  loved  the  race  he  sprang  from,  and  never  was  ashamed  to  own 
it.  Zavala,  Revol.  Mex.,  ii.  57.  Bustumanto  has  it  that  no  enthusiasm  was 
shown  hy  the  people,  not  a  viva  uttered,  which  is  incredible.  Voz  de  la  Patria, 
i.  no.  14,  iv.  no.  1.  Ho  hated  Guerrero,  and  in  this  instance,  as  in  many 
otlicrs,  has  proved  himself  to  be  what  he  has  been  called,  'escritor  sin  con* 
cienuia  y  sin  f^.'  Suarez y  Navarro,  Hist.  Mix.,  138. 


78 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


autliority  when  the  chief  magistrate  thus  confidently 
exposed  himself  to  public  contempt. 

No  man  who  ever  knew  Guerrero  could  deny  him 
the  possession  of  good  sense,  or  oven  of  judgment 
which  is  all-sufficient  in  a  constitutionally  governed 
country  ;^^  and  yet  he  never  seemed  to  realize  what 
the  requirements  and  conditions  of  his  high  position 
Vv'cre — its  duties  and  rights,  its  resources  and  perils. 
His  acts  in  the  })residential  chair  lacked  that  firmness 
and  constancy  which  spring  from  a  conviction  of  the 
justice,  usefulness,  or  expediency  of  any  given  meas- 
ure. Ho  neither  possessed  the  qualifications  to  pre- 
vent the  breaking-out  of  sedition,  nor  the  vin-or  to 
repress  it."^  And  yet  there  was  in  the  man  no  little- 
ness of  soul,  no  imbecility.  In  grave  questions,  when- 
ever he  did  fix  his  mind  and  form  a  judgment,  he  was 
firm,  persevering,  and  even  obstinate.  His  political 
principles  wore :  national  independence,  the  federal  sys- 
tem, hatred  of  monarchical  rule,  a  profound  respect  for 
the  representatives  of  the  people,  expulsion  of  Span- 
iards, and  the  levelling  of  classes.  All  favoring  these 
j)rinciples  were  deemed  worthy  of  his  confidence, 
v/hich  explains  the  origin  of  the  intense  antipathy  felt 
toward  him  by  those  of  a  different  way  of  thinking,  as 
well  as  the  bitter  hostility  rankling  in  his  own  bosom 
toward  his  opponents,  who  constituted  the  party  con- 
trolled by  tlie  upper  clergy.'*     Guerrero's  private  life 

'■^  The  fact  stands  to  confouml  those  who  make  him  out  an  ignoramus, 
that  after  tlic  overthrow  of  tho  Spanish  rule  he  had  au  intlucnlial  sliarc  in  ur- 
g:mi;diig  tho  govornmcnt,  and  took  part  in  its  councils;  political  parties  wanted 
liiui  in  their  ranks.  Even  liia  foes  deadly  hatred  is  an  evidence  of  their  fear 
of  his  iutcllcctual  powers.  Torncl,  fJrcvc  licsena  /lis'.,  317.  Alanian,  one  of 
Guerrero';)  Ijittdcst  enemies,  assures  lis  that  ho  was  ao  illitcrat(!  that  he  could' 
barely  write  his  name;  and  having  associated  many  years  with  insurgents, 
ever  distrustful  of  one  another,  suspicion  and  disseml)ling  had  bocomo  a  second 
nature  with  him,  and  often  in  speaking  he  would  utter  tho  very  reverse  of  his 
thoughts.  Jllst.  Mtj.,  V.  700. 

-'•'  Zavala  denies  him  tiic  talent  for  directing  great  affairs,  and  tho  feeling 
of  friendship  and  confidence  in  his  friends  which  M'ould  permit  their  leading 
him.     Thus  lie  actually  made  a  nonentity  of  himself.   I'evof.  Mex.,  ii.  309-70. 

'^'This  party  had  sustained  tho  viceroys;  had  banded  uith  the  leaders 
that  dethroned  Iturbido;  t!ien  used  Bravo  an<l  JJarragan  in  tho  attempt  to 
ovcrtluMw  Victoria;  failing  in  tliis,  it  clung  to  (Jomez  I'edraza;  and  when  vic- 
tovi.jua  at  last,  paraile  I  the  bloody  heads  of  many  a  good  citizen,  and  after 
tiie  bloody  scene  at  (Jaiiapa,  inaugurated  an  era  of  perfect  dcjpotism. 


ABOLITION  OF  SLAVERY. 


79 


was  irreproachable.  Ilis  attention  to  public  business 
■was  such,  however,  that  he  allowed  himself  but  few 
hours  with  his  family. 

The  jn^eiieral  affairs  of  the  country  in  the  second 
half  of  1829  were  in  a  chaotic  state.  Disorganization 
fettered  every  branch  of  the  government.  Both  its 
friends  and  enemies  wore  discontented,  and  disposed 
to  overthrow  it.  And  vet,  amidst  its  constant  strui>- 
gle,  Guerrero's  administration  decreed  several  pro- 
gressive measures,  the  most  important  of  which  was 
tlie  abolition  of  slavery. 

African  slavery  had  indeed  been  reduced  to  narrow 
limits.-'  The  Dominican  provincial  of  Chiapas,  Father 
IMatias  Cordoba,  gave  freedom  to  the  slaves  on  the 
estates  of  his  order.  On  the  IGth  of  September, 
1825,  President  Victoria  had  liberated  in  the  coun- 
try's name  the  slaves  purchased  with  a  certain  fund 
collected  for  that  purpose,  as  well  as  those  given  up 
by  their  owners  to  the  patriotic  junta.-"  The  general 
abolition,  however,  was  not  actually  carried  out  for 
some  time,  certain  difficulties  having  arisen;  and  sev- 
eral states,  among  which  was  Zacatecas,  had  decreed 
the  freedom  of  slaves  before  the  jxeneral  efovernment 
airived  at  a  final  conclusion  on  the  subject.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  few  remaining  slaves  were  in  domes- 
tic service,  and  treated  more  like  members  of  families 
than  as  actual  chattels.  At  last  Deputy  Tornel,^'' 
takinix  advantacfo  of  the  time  when  Guerrero  was  in- 
vested  with  extraordinary  powers,  drew  up  and  laid 
before  him  a  decree  for  total  abolition.  It  was  signed 
tSoptember  15,  1829,  and  proclaimed  the  next  da}^  the 

-■"'  The  importation  and  sale  of  slaves  hail  been  strictly  forbidden  by  roj'al 
order  in  1818,  and  later  by  the  law  of  July  13,  1824.  Rivera,  Hint.  Jdkipa,  ii. 
K''.;  M(x.  Col.  Leyee,  Onl.  y  Dec,  iii.  50;  Mex.,  Mem.  Gucrra,  IS'24,  annex 
10;  liicitamantp,  jMcdldas  P^icljic,  MS.,  i.  114-18. 

'•"'  L)r  San  Martin  also  liberated  hia  slaves.  The  same  day  the  state  as- 
BUiued  the  earc  of  sonic  colored  orphans  whose  fathers,  some  of  whom  were 
^bvL's,  had  perished  in  the  war  of  independence,  lllcem,  Gob.  de  Mcx.,  ii. 

"'  Tornel  himself  relates  it.  Brrve  Tlrncila  flht.,  8o;  Mex.  CoL  Ley.,  ISvJO- 
•1:\  149-i)0;  Amlloya,  Ikcop,,  IS'Ji),  -13;  Diiblan  and  Lozuiio,  Lcjin.  Me.c,  ii. 
103. 


80 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


national  anniversary.  The  law  met  with  no  demur 
save  from  Coahuila  and  Texas,  in  which  state  were 
about  1,000  slaves,  whose  manumission  would  cost 
heavily,  as  the  owners  held  thetn  at  a  high  valuation.-^ 
It  seems  that  the  law  was  not  fully  enforced;  for  on 
the  5th  of  April,  1837,  another  was  promulgated,  de- 
claring slavery  abolished  without  exception  and  with 
compensation  to  the  owners.'*® 

President  Guerrero  organized  his  cabinet  as  fol- 
lows :  Lorenzo  do  Zavala,  minister  of  the  treasury,  and 
president  of  the  cabinet;  Josd  M.  Herrera,  of  justice 
and  ecclesiastical  affairs;  Francisco  Moctezuraa,  of 
war  and  the  navy;  and  Josd  M.  Bocanegra,  of  interior 
and  foreign  relations. 

Th^ro  was,  as  might  be  expected,  violent  opposi- 
tion to  the  administration.  Zavala  had  become  a 
special  object  of  the  opposition's  animosity,  which 
was  partly  extended  to  the  other  ministers.  On  the 
Gth  of  August,  1829,  the  day  after  the  assembling  of 
the  congi'ess  in  extra  session,  Zavala  was  accused  be- 
fore that  body  of  crimes  against  the  nation.  Charges 
were  next  preferred  against  Herrera  and  Moctezuma.^^ 

At  the  time  of  the  Spanish  invasion  in  1829  we 
have  seen  that  Guerrero  was  invested  with  extraor- 
dinary powers  hj  special  act  of  the  congress  on  the 
25th  of  August.^^  These  powers,  though  never  abused, 
brought  upon  him  and  his  cabinet  a  still  more  violent 
hatred.     After  the  defeat  of  the  Spaniards,  and  amidst 

^'  The  owners  claimed  having  brought  them  tliere  under  the  pledge  of  pro- 
tection offered  them.  Mex.  Diet.  Cortm.  Justicia,  2  11. 

^The  revolted  colonists  of  Texas  were  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  the 
compensation, 

'"  The  press  teemed  with  invectives  against  Guerrero,  his  ministers,  and 
Santa.  Anna.  At  this  disreputable  work  the  most  notorious  were  the  Vcz  cle 
la  Patr'ia,  iv.  nos  1-33,  v.  nos  1  and  7;  El  Torito,  Eco  tie  Yucatan,  and  El 
Sol,  the  writings  of  which  were  in  the  same  spirit  as  those  of  the  writers  in 
Spanish  pay  at  New  Orleans  and  New  York.  Rivera,  Qob.  de  J^ix,,  ii.  18o; 
Suarczy  Navarro,  Hist.  Mix.,  141. 

"The  only  rtstriction  was  that  the  president  should  not  depiivo  any 
Mexican  citizen  of  his  life,  or  expel  him  from  the  republic.  The  powers  were 
to  cease  in  January  1830,  ont!  e  meeting  of  the  congress  in  ordinary  session, 
to  which  he  was  to  account  for  his  acts.  Mex.  Col.  Ley.  y  Dec,  1829-30,  5o; 
Digpoa.  Var,,  ii.  69;  Bohtin  OJlc.,  no.  12;  Arrilla<ja,  liecop  ,  1829,  365. 


GUERRERO'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


81 


the  crencral  rejoieinjif,  there  was  a  lull  in  the  attacks 
on  tile  government,  but  only  oi'  whort  duration.  Sev- 
eral administrative  acts,  one  of  which  was  an  atteni))t 
to  check  the  abuses  of  the  press,  aijfain  exasperated 
its  enemies.  The  president's  good  intentions  being 
now  doubted,  a  coalition  of  states  was  formed  to 
oppose  the  administration.  The  enactment  of  a  law 
of  taxation  produced  even  worse  results,  and  it  wtis 
made  a  point  of  honor  to  interpose  every  possible 
obstacle;  every  state  refused  to  obey  it.  For  I'rom 
this  time  the  states  began  to  ignore  the  authority 
of  the  I'ederal  executive,  and  virtuallv  exercised  a 
veto  power  to  suspend  the  execution  of  measures 
emanating  from  it.  At  this  crisis,  when  an  exhi- 
bition of  energetic  will  tempered  by  prudence  was 
absolutely  necessary,  Guerrero  vacillated.  His  mo- 
tive was  undeniably  good,  but  his  action  was  weak. 
He  sought  allies  from  among  his  o])p(>nents  in  order 
to  secure  peace  for  his  administration,  and  thereby, 
as  he  hoped,  for  the  country.  JVIoreover,  be  tried  to 
disarm  his  enemies  by  clemency.  He  decreed  on  the 
1  5tli  of  September  a  pardon  to  the  generals  and  other 
otlicers  exiled  for  the  affair  at  Tulancingo.^^  This  act 
was  likewise  disapproved,  and  repaid  with  black  in- 
gratitude. 

Another  point — upon  which  there  may  be  some 
difference  of  opinion — was  the  president's  course  in 
regard  to  the  dismissal  of  Poinsett,  the  American 
minister,  on  the  ground  that  his  jiresenco  in  the  re- 
jxiblic  was  injurious  to  its  peace  and  interests.^^ 
iMider  the  pressure,  Bocanegra,  the  minister  of  rela- 
tions, was  directed  to  request  the  government  of  the 


"'' Atlrtn,  1830,  Jan.  30,  1C5.  Bravo,  Barrajjan,  and  others  came  back 
froir.  Xew  York  before  they  knew  of  the  auinosty,  in  their  eagerness,  they 
s:i!(l,  to  ai<l  ill  the  country's  (lefeucc  against  the  Spaniai'ds.  Zavala,  litvuL 
Jlc.r.,  ii.  lOf);  Suarcz  y  Navarro,  Hist.  Mix.,  IGl;  Buntamante,  I'oz  dc  la 
I'a'r'iir,  v.  no.  1. 

•''The  states  of  Pucbla  and  Mexico  were  among  those  demanding  it.  The 
Ic^^'irilatnro  of  the  latter  gavo-as  a  reason  thai;  Poinsett  '  lia.l  fine  and  agreeable 
r.iinncrs,  and  used  theui  to  delude  tlio  Mexicans.'  Zavala,  litvol.  J(ex.,  ii, 

11)7. 

Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    6 


82 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


United  States  to  recall  Poinsett,  which  request  was 
granted.  Zavala  and  his  friends  looked  on  this  as  a 
grievous  mistake;  indeed,  it  was  a  glaring  sign  of 
weakness.  Still  greater  was  the  error  ho  committed 
in  consenting  to  the  acceptance  of  Zavala's  resigna- 
tion at  what  was  nothing  less  tlmn  the  dictation  of 
the  state  legislature  of  Mexico.^  This  gave  liis  ene- 
mies a  signal  victory. 

Valentin  Gomez  Farias  was  called  to  replace 
Zavala,  but  having  refused  the  office,  Bocanogra  was 
transferred  to  the  treasury,  and  Agustin  Viezca  took 
charge  of  the  portfolio  of  relations.  After  Zavala's 
Retirement  the  partisans  of  Guerrero,  much  divided 
among  themselves  before,  now  broke  out  into  open 
discord,  and  the  j)resident  weakly  sent  away  from  hiiu 
every  man  against  whom  pubhc  opinion  was  j)ro- 
nounced.  INIany  who  had  hitherto  sto(Ml  firndy  by 
Guerrero  now  turned  away  from  him,  some  of  them 
even  joining  the  opposition.  The  fears  of  an  impe'id- 
ing  change  daily  increased,  and  revolutionary  plauji 
were  attributed  to  the  generals  of  the  army  (|uartered 
at  Jalapa.  Santa  Anna  having  visited  that  town,  both 
he  and  Bustamante  were  accused  of  plotting  to  bring 
about  a  change  in  the  form  of  government.  They 
then  issued  a  joint  manifesto  to  disabuse  the  public 
mind,  assuring  the  nation  that  no  such  project  had 
been  enteitained  by  them,  or  any  one,  and  promising 
to  preserve  the  peace,  the  institutions,  and  national 
unity.  Subsequent  events  proved  that  Santa  xVnna 
was  then  sincere.  Bustamante's  di,sloyalty,  however, 
docs  not  admit  of  a  doubt;  he  well  knew  that  Muz-  ■ 


t;i:; 


^'Zavala  was  governor  of  the  state  of  Mexico,  when  by  cxprosa  leave  of 
her  loi.nslaiuro  he  became  a  niiiiister.  At  the  time  in  (juc  itittii  the  lo^iihiture 
rcvukeil  that  leave,  forcing  Zavala  to  resign  his  posiliou  in  the  caljinct.  lie 
told  Ciuerrero,  '  ^le  retiro  cansado  de  sufrir  ingratitudes  y  cahinuiias.  Una 
tcmpcstad  ameiiaza  a  Yd  dcntro  de  poco  tiempo.'  Public  attention  was  par- 
ticularly attracied  by  the  strange  course  of  the  legislature  of  Mexico  in  tliis 
matter,  which  while  calling  Zavala  away  from  the  cabinet  to  resume  liis  gub- 
crnatoiial  functions,  at  tho  same  time  instructed  the  lieut-gov.  not  to  deliver 
the  ollice  to  him  till  specially  directed  so  to  do;  this  without  any  charge  hav- 
ing been  prei'cri'cd  against  Zavala.  Suarez  y  Navarro,  Illal.  JIcx.,  lOa; 
Macula,  liecoL  Mex.,  ii.  198. 


HISTORY  OF  YUCATAN. 


83 


qnlz  and  JostJ  Antonio  Facio  woro  preparing  n  plot 
to  ovcrtliiow  Clucrrero's  govcrnuicnt,  and  all  author- 
ities disposed  to  uphold  it. 

It  ^vill  not  bo  out  of  place  to  give  here  a  hriof 
sicoteh  of  the  history  of  Yucatan,  since  I  have  made 
little  mention  of  that  province  since  1708.^''  From 
that  time  till  the  end  of  the  Spanish  domination 
tlic  country  was  ruled  by  thirty  governors,  hold- 
ing also  the  office  of  captain-general,  who  were  aj)- 
pointed  by  the  crown,  besides  a  few  others  that  held 
tlio  position  ad  interim  to  fill  vacancies. 


30 


Durin''-  the 


rule  of  Governor  Vertiz  in  1717,  the. 
ants  of  Isla  do  Ti'is,  later  named  El  Car- 


Kuglish  occupants 
men,  were  driven  away.  The  mariacal  de  campo,  An- 
tonio de  Figuoroa,  who  governed  from  1725  to  173;5, 
winning  golden  ojiinions  for  his  generosity  to  the  poor 
(luring  a  terrible  famine  and  epidemic,  exerted  himself 
successfully  in  driving  away  the  English  usurpers  of 
Yucatan  territory  at  Belize.  Ho  burned  Wallix  oi* 
]>elize,  and  rebuilt  it,  leaving  it  only  when  he  believed 
it  safe  from  further  incursions.  After  his  death,  how- 
ever, during  a  truce  allowed  by  a  treaty  of  |)cace  be- 
tween Spain  and  England  the  wood-cutters  and  turtle- 
catchers  reoccupied  the  place,  and  wood-cutting  and 
smuggling  became  the  established  business.  Several 
attempts  to  eject  these  interlopers,  made  subsequently 
hy  governors  of  Yucatan,  had  no  results. 

An  event  worthy  of  mention  was  the  revolt  in 
November  17GI,  of  the  Indian  Jacinto  Canek,  with 
a  largo  number  of  followers,  because  Bisliop  Parada's 
constitutions,  which  crreatlv  favored  the  Indians,  had 
been  suspended,  ana  their  serfdom  and  condition  as 
tribute-payers  had  been  reimposed.  The  rebels  were, 
however,  defeated  in  their  stronghold  of  Cisteil,  and 
Jacinto  and  his  chief  accomplices  punisheel.^^ 

''Soe  vol.  iii.,  cap.  viii. ,  this  work. 

^'Tiicir  naiiius  may  Iju  fouml  iu  Aitcona,  Hid.  Yitc,  ii.  3SG  530,  passim, 
iii.  -i-VM,  passim. 

■'' Jaciuto  'fuu  coiuluuudo  A.  luorir  atenaceado,  roto,  y  su  cucrpo  (j^ueinado 


84 


VOnEIGN  AND  DOMKSTIC  TROUBLES. 


A  crime  that  caused  much  consternation  was  the 
murder,  in  the  nii^lit  of  the  2r)th  of  June,  171)2,  of 
the  (•a|)tain-g(!nei'al,  Li'icas  do  (ialvez.  The  deed  was 
^vrongly  attiihuted  to  an  oihcer  named  Toiiblo  del 
Mazo,  a  nephew  of  the  bish(>[),  who,  with  others,  was 
conveyed  to  Mexico,  antl  immured  in  dungeo»is  of 
San  Juan  do  Uli'ia,  wliere  tliey  were  condned  for 
eit^lit  years,  undei-j^oinir  trial  without  any  convietinrj 
evidence  being  found  against  them.  At  last  the  in- 
stigator of  the  crime  made  confession,  and  both  he 
and  tile  actual  murder(?r  were  captured,  and  the  inno- 
cent victims  released.^^ 

To  Governor  Benito  Perez  Valdelomar,  who  took 
charge  of  the  government  in  1 800,  Yucatan  owed 
much  improvement,  particularly  in  public  instruction 
and  facilities  for  trade.^^  During  his  government 
there  came  to  Yucatan,  in  1810,  an  emissary  of 
Joseph  l:Jonai)arte,  then  king  of  S|>aiii — a  young  JJane 
named  Gustav  Nordingh  i)e  Witt,  who  was  made 
nmch  of  by  the  governor  and  society;  but  when 
his  business  was  discovered,  he  was  arrested,  tried, 
and  executed.*" 

Yucatan,  like  the  rest  of  New  Spain,  experienced 
the  effects  of  the  new  institutions  resulting  from 
the  short-lived  constitution  of  1812,  and  the  re- 
stored one  of  1820.  The  governor,  Miguel  de  ^astro  y 
Araos,  was  deprived  of  his  office,  and  ]\Iariano  Cai- 
rillo  was  made  cai)tain-general  by  the  diputacion  prov- 
incial ;  but  though  highly  recommended  to  the  court, 
Carrillo  was  not  appointed,  and  Juan  Maria  de  Eehe- 
verri  came  out  as  gefe  superior  politico  and  captain- 
general. 

yecliadas  al  aire  su3  conizaa.'  He  suffered  his  punishment.  Others  received 
'JJO  lashes,  and  had  one  car  cut  oil'.  Cisteil  was  razed  to  tlio  ground.  Peon, 
Vrdii.,  4d3. 

^*  14,00a  to  17,000  folios  had  been  written,  and  840,000  expended.  Bnsfa- 
mantf,  Su/il.  to  <'aco,  Tres  SkjIoh,  iii.  107;  ItL,  Xotic.  liioij.,  0;  Arunza,  In- 
8/rw.,M.S.,  78-84. 

^'^ Echdiiove,  Cuad.  EstadM.;  Refjil,  Mem.  Instrwt.;  Darhachano,  Mem. 
Camp. 

*"Thc  execution  took  place  on  the  12th  of  Nov.  1810;  Ancona,  UUt,  Yac, 
ii.  517-25. 


HISTORY  OF  YUCATAX. 


85 


During  the  pc^riod  tlius  hrlclly  jL-lanced  over,  Yura- 
taii  was  ruled  in  ecclesiastical  atl'airs  by  a  succession 
dl'  hishops,  soiuo  of  whom  left  f^rateful  ineiiiorii's, 
others  the  reverse,  while  of  many  others  but  little  in- 
I'onnatiou  is  extant.  One  of  the  most  famous  of  these 
prelates  was  P(!(lro  lleyes,  an  aust'jie  lienedictiiie, 
who,  in  his  efforts  to  check  the  abuses  «..  the  clergy  and 
improve  their  morals,  experienced  great  difficulties, 
both  with  his  subordinates  and  the  governor.  Juan 
(lome/.  Parada,  who  won  the  love  of  the  Indians  for 
his  great  exertions  to  bejielit  them,  succeeded  lleyes. 
1  give  below  a  list  of  his  successors. ^^ 

The  events  that  occurred  in  New  Spain  by  which 
the  S[)anish  domination  was  brought  to  an  end  pro- 
duced the  change  in  Yucatan  without  political  com- 
motion, thanks  to  the  ]  ;  i.:i;ncc  and  wisdom  of  the 
last  Spanish  governor,  Echeverri,  who,  refusing  to 
a;lopt  coercive  meaoures,  placed  the  province  in  charge 
of  its  diputacion,  and  then  went  away.  Em[)eror 
Agustin  sent  out  as  gefe  politico  and  captain -general 
jMelchor  Alvarez,  who  took  possession  of  his  otlices 
without  o[)position.  He  was  a  strong  Iturbidist, 
and  subsequently,  when  the  em]>ire  was  swept  away 
ill  }.Iexico,  endeavored  for  some  time  to  hold  power, 
and  counteract  the  effects  of  the  famous  plan  de  Casa 
]\Iata.  He  was  compelled  to  desist,  however,  and  the 
jjiovince  al'+'cr  a  while  joini-d  the  federation  of  states."'' 

The  declaration  of  war  by  ^lexico  against  Spain  in 

"  Parada's  death  was  in  1728.  Juan  I'^nacio  de  Castorcna  y  Urzua,  1730; 
F;:iiici  :o.)  I'ahlo  Matos  do  Corouado,  17-'5t>;  Fiiar  Mateo  Zniuora  y  I'iiuiijos, 
il'i.',;  Fiiar  Fianeiseo  do  San  IJiU'iiaventiira  ilartinez,  1740,  who  estaljli.-died 
th ;  seminary;  Doctor  and  Friar  Ignacio  do  I'adilla  y  I'strada,  \iy.>;  I'riar 
Autimio  Alcalde,  17011;  Doctor  Diigo  do  I'eredi),  Jan.  177-i;  Antonio  Calia- 
llcio  y  (Jonttora,  177<);  Friar  Liiia  do  Pii'ia  y  Mazo,  17S0,  an  irate  man,  con- 
stantly nieiidling  in  affairs  not  of  his  province,  and  causing  nLUL'!i  tr.iulile; 
])(K'tor  Peilro  Agiistin  tie  Kstcvez  y  Ugarte,  from  ISOl  to  May  8,  1S27,  when 
ho  (lied,  [(jlemif  ij  Coiioento.i,  .■{•20-7. 

'-  In  fact,  Merida  and  (iuadalajara  were  the  two  first  cities  that  proclaimed 
tlic  federal  system  in  IS'i.'l,  for  which  Yucatan  was  rebuked  hy  Liii':n  AI.i 
man,  then  minister  of  relations  of  the  provisional  government.     Ho  (|Ualiliu(l 
the  act  as  innnature,  uucircumspect,  and  uuarchical,  and  as  one  that  might 
imperil  national  iuUependeucc  and  siifety. 


8G 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


f 


^ ;'!! 


1823  caused  great  displeasure  to  Caiiipeelic,  whose 
trade  with  Cuba  was  thereby  interfered  with.  Me- 
rida,  though  an  equal  sufterer,  did  not  shrink  from 
fulfilling  her  share  of  duty. 

The  state  enjoyed  peace  during  the  four  years' 
constitutional  period  of  Governor  Lopez,  though  he 
had  to  struggle  against  the  spirit  of  military  favor- 
itism that  had  been  fostered  by  the  comandante  gen- 
eral Felipe  Codallos.  The  latter  showed  him  much 
opposition,  but  Lopca  upheld  his  prerogatives,  and 
Codallos  was  re  ailed. 

The  revolutionary  projects  which  were  contem- 
plated in  jMexico  to  put  aside  the  federal  system  were 
warmly  taken  up  in  Yucatan,  and  when  the  long-ox- 
])ected  cry  of  revolution  was  at  last  heard,  it  was  in 
tliat  distant  part  of  the  republic.  The  garrison  of 
Campeche,  on  the  IGth  of  November,  1829,  by  a 
public  acta,  demanded  the  abolition  of  the  federal 
government,  and  the  adoption  in  its  stead  of  a  central 
military  system,  that  is  to  say,  a  single  government 
lor  the  whole  country,  recognizing  Guerrero's  author- 
ity as  far  as  it  did  not  conflict  with  the  plan,  and 
demanding  of  the  congress  that  it  should  convoke 
another  clothed  with  powers  to  constitute  the  repub- 
lic under  a  central  form  of  government;  with  the 
express  understanding  that  the  civil  and  military 
authority  be  vested  in  the  Fame  person.''^  This  move- 
ment was  seconded  in  Meiida,  where  Jose  S.  Carba- 
jal  deposed  the  governor,  J.  T.  Lopez,  assumed  all  the 
powers,  styling  himself  'comandante  general,  gefe 
superior  politico  y  do  hacienda,'  and  with  his  accom- 
j)lices  declared,  on  November  9th,  the  secession  of 
Yucatan  from  the  union  until  a  national  majority 
should  adopt  the  institutions  proclaimed  in  the  jjlan 
of  Campeche."     The   news    of  this   event   reached 

"  Tlic  acts  of  the  pronnnciamicnto  and  documents  therewith  connected 
may  In;  fonnd  in  Siianz  1/  A'arurro,  //('•>/.  M('x.,  170-1;  liivera.  Hist.  Ja'apa, 
ii.  5()0- 1 ;  /(/.,  (ro/>.  dr  Mix.,  ii.  \'M;  El  JJolclhi  Ofic,  no.  Si);  Arrillwja, 
Uecvp.,  KS;{4,  .')G-8,  l.S.'MJ;  JJiinlainaiitf,   Voz  ili'  la  I'dtrin,  v.  no.  1, 

^* The  revolt  caused  the  dissolution  of  tlie  state  congress  and  of  neaily  all 


LORENZO  DE  ZAVALA. 


87 


]Moxico  at  a  time  when  the  administration  was  de- 
fcnccless.  As  an  eftort  to  avert  a  revolution,  how- 
ever, it  des[)atehed  Zavala  to  represent  to  the  rebels 
the  unreasonableness  of  their  proceeding.  He  landed 
at  Sisal,  where  the  comandantc,  Sandoval,  refused  him 
])erniisssion  to  go  into  the  interior.  After  some  cor- 
res[)ondence  with  the  dictator  Carbajal,  an  order  came 
for  his  immediate  departure,  coupled  with  a  threat  to 
shoot  him  if  he  again  ste|>ped  upon  Yucatan  soil 
without  express  permission.*^ 

Lorenzo  do  Zavala  was  born  in  Merida,  October  3, 
1788.  During  the  revolutionary  war  of  Mexico  he 
was  closely  confined  in  irons  for  three  years  in  a  dark 
dungeon  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua.  On  beino-  liberated 
he  visited  Paris,  London,  and  the  United  States,  re- 
turning to  his  country  early  in  1822.  He  was  chosen 
a  mendjcr  of  the  first  Mexican  congress.  At  the 
ago  of  33  he  had  experienced  much  sutFering;  but  his 
leputation  for  learning  and  political  ability  was  well 
established.  Afterward  a  president  of  the  constitu- 
ent congress,  in  1824  he  was  the  first  to  sign  and 
swear  support  to  the  federal  constitution.  Zavala 
served  his  country  loyally,  and  yet  for  his  defence  of 
the  Texans  he  was  branded  a  traitor  by  those  who 
could  not  see  the  justice  and  wisdom  of  his  purpose. 
He  died  on  the  15th  of  November,  1835,  and  his  re- 
mains were  conveyed  by  four  friends  to  a  plain  grave 
])repared  by  his  son  in  a  small  cedar  forest  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  San  Jacinto  in  Texas.  There 
they  lie  in  a  foreign  country  till  such  time  as  liis 
countrymen,  remembering  his  services,  may  do  justice 
to  his  memory.     Zavala  was  not  only  a  distinguished 

thn  ayuntamientos.  AtMn,  1829,  Dec.  .SO;  IS.W,  Jim.  .30;  Srnrn,  Li/onw',  7; 
Viif.  J'ririjici,  no.  .'},  H.  Santa  Anna  tried  to  dissuail  t  the  liMilers  of  tlio  luvolt 
at  Cainpeclio  from  carrying  out  their  intentions.  A  letter  signed  liyidl  tiic 
chief  ollicpr.s  had  a.siiod  him  to  support  tliein.  Jlis  answir  was  a  long  and  se\  cro 
ri'proof.  Enjiiiyfa  I'nh.,  i.  nos  l'.'!)-.'!;{.  The  state  of  Vucatan  coutiMued  dc- 
taohc  I  from  the  rest  of  Mexico  till  the  end  of  1830.  JIcx.  Mem.  !{<[.,  ls;U, 
l.'J;  lUiihnrhniio,  Mem.  Conip.,  i\'i-4(i. 

*•'  .^^andovaFs  letter  clearly  implieil  it,  and  the  bearer  said  that  ho  hail  heca 
ordirt'd  to  Htato  that  if  Zavala  was  found  on  Yucatiin  soil  again  he  would  bo 
'  pasado  par  las  uriuas  iamediatamcnte.'  Zivula,  lieivL  Alex.,  ii,  liOU-H. 


83 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


statesman    :ind  journalist,  but  also  a  historian   and 

writer  of  travels 

works.*" 


I  give  in  a  note  an  account  of  his 


ii 


While  the  events  above  reciced  were  occurrino^  in 
Yucatan,  General  Bustaniante,  vice-president  of  the 
republic  and  commander  of  the  largest  military  divi- 
sion, proclaimed  on  the  4th  of  JJeeember  a  plan 
destructive  of  his  government,  under  the  pretence  of 
restoring  constitutional  order,  and  the  observance  of 
the  laws  which  he  and  his  accomplices  said  were 
infringed  by  the  dictatorial  powers  vested  in  the 
executive — powers  which,  though,  perhaps,  not  judi- 
ciously used  in  every  instance,  never  became  oppres- 
sive.*' Santa  Anna  tried  to  prevent  this  movement, 
and  not  succeeding,  surrendered  both  his  civil  and 
military  connnands,  the  former  to  Manuel  Arguelles 
and  tlie  latter  to  Colonel  Antonio  Juille.*^ 

Ijustaniante,  though  a  yorkino,  was  influenced  b}'' 
Jose  Antonio  Facio,**  a  number  of  discontented  york- 
inos,  and  not  a  few  escoceses,  or  novenarios. 

*'^  Enanyo  Ilhtdriro  de  In/i  Ufvohicionen  (le  Mrxiro.  This  Avork  is  in  two 
voluiiKs,  tivo,  tlio  lirst  of  wliiuli  ivppoaicil  in  I'ai'isi  in  ISIil,  luiil  the  second  in 
1st  vv  York  Konii!wliiit  lutcr.  It  gives  U3  the  history  of  ^lexic.)  from  tlie 
bre.iking-ont  of  the  levolniion  in  l!S08  to  JSoO.  'J'hc  most  v;i!uiihlc  j)f)rtion 
is  that  ill  \vhich  lie  FpeaUs  ot  the  events  that  ho  liad  ii  direct  participaUoii  in, 
IIS  ii  member  of  tlie  consiitiieut  eoiigress,  {.overiior  of  Mexico,  and  minister 
of  s'.iiU',  V  hich  he  describes  in  ii  ilouing,  elegant  style,  an<l  with  rcniariial)!o 
force,  defending  tho  acta  of  the  federal  party,  of  wmch  he  was  one  of  the 
most  eminent  ineaibers.  Any  iin]),uaal  aiid  iinprcjadiccd  critic  will  roeog- 
nize  in  the  author  ti  learneil  publicist,  historian,  i)iiilosopher,  economist,  and 
sUitesiuan.  Another  edition,  also  in  two  volumes,  appeared  in  Mexico  in 
1S4J. 

Zavala's  other  work  was  his  Via'jp  a  Ion  Eslndm  UiiuJo-i,  Merida,  1S4(5, 
which  is  preceded  with  ii  ski'tcli  of  bis  life  and  writings,  liy  Jiisto  Sierra. 
The  booU,  according  to  Zavala's  own  statement,  has  not  the  merit  of  original- 
ity, and  did  not  email  on  him  much  labor,  as  tho  descriptions,  documents, 
mid  even  many  of  f  lu!  remarks  wcro  either  taken  from  others  or  from  memo- 
lanilii  iiiiide  on  tiio  spot.  Tiiat  is  whut  lio  saiil  himself,  hoping  that  it  might 
bo  uselnl  to  his  eouiui ymen.  lint  tiio  fact  stands  that  it  is  a  philosophic 
Woik,  showing  11  deep  study  ot  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  ,\mericaii 
people,  and  more  Epecially  of  their  political  institutions,  which  were  so 
clos.  ly  coiiic'l  by  the  Mexicans. 

*•  Alaman  himself  uses  these  words  respecting  their  use:  ' En  lo  general 
file  111  IS  bicn  beiH'li»!o  quo  opresivo.'  Jl'mt.  Mij.,  v.  ,S4(}. 

'"'111!  then  withdrew  to  his  hacienda  of  JIanga  do  Clavo  to  watch  tho 
course  of  events.  Siiurcz  1/  Xanirro,  lltat.  Mix.,  17l2. 

'Tacio,  Guerrero's  mortal  cueniy,  was  a  Mo.xicaii  by  birth,  but  educated 


REVOLUTION. 


89 


The  revolted  force  assumed  tlie  title  of  'cjercito 
protector  de  la  cunstltuciou  y  las  loyes.'"  Its  chief 
[)resents  to  us  a  second  time  the  spectacle  of  the  vice- 
president  heading  a  revolution  to  overthrow  the 
government.  In  this  instance  perfidy  was  added,  and 
ingratitude  to  the  man  to  whom  Bustamante  really 
owed  the  office  of  vice-president,  as  well  as  his  mili- 
tarv  command.  In  a  circular  to  tlie  conuresses  of  the 
several  states,  Bustamante  said  that  Guerrero 's  gov- 
eriunent  had  ignored  their  wishes,  and  dei)rived  them 
of  their  sovereignty,  substituting  for  their  welfare  the 
will  of  ambitious  ministers."  Minister  Bocanegra  on 
the  7th  of  November  answered  the  circular  in  words 
which  explained  the  ease  with  which  Guerrero's  ad- 
ministration came  to  be  overthrown.  "T^ie  institu- 
tions," he  said,  "cannot  be  sustained  if  the  general 
government  is  unable  to  fullil  its  duties,  as  will  cer- 
tainly happen  if  the  lack  of  cooperation  on  the  part  of 
the  states  causes  the  failure  alike  of  the  coherence  and 
li;irmony  enjoined  by  the  constitution  and  laws." 
.15ut  the  secret  of  the  revolt  was  tluit  the  rebels 
could  not  bear  the  sight  of  one  of  Guerrero's  race 
<)(en[)ying  the  presidential  chair,  and  ruthlessly  de- 
str(ned  a  govermnent  whose  oidy  faults  were  exces- 
sive liberalism  and  clemency. 


from  chiUlhood  in  Spain,  wliero  lie  sorvoil  in  the  army  and  roaelioil  t'.ic  rank 
of  I'ul  Lt"  cavalry.  Jfo  survcil  long  under  (lun.  ICiio,  Kin,,'  Ti  rn;inil;)'n  totil, 
iuil  l:'.icr  a  famons  C:ll•li^st  cliiofaiin,  iiDiurious  for  hi.s  disiiUc  <jt'  rofm-ins  and 
ciinstitndonal  j;o\'ernnient.  luoio  retnrncd  to  ^Mexiio  in  ISJl,  and  'va.s  cni- 
li'iiycd  t)  I'cstoi'o  order  in  Tabasco.  On  llic  failure  of  Montuno".!  jilan.  which 
iio  li;id  supported,  ho  went  to  reside  in  the  U.  S.,  whence  he  c.uno  Lack  to 
t;iko  part  in  the  national  defenoc.  Ho  t'len  Ijccame  (ien.  IJusLaraante's  .seu- 
ri'iary  afc  Ja'.apa.  Later,  under  that  chief,  he  altaineil  high  oliieiuL  rank; 
and,  faiinful  to  the  political  principles  he  hail  inihii)ed  in  Siiain,  never  under- 
slood  or  respected  pul>l:e  opinion;  ho  heeamo  notorious  for  his  .schemes  to 
<lc  .Lroy  hii  enemies,  and  for  his  course  in  relying  mainly  on  lirutal  furco  to 
up]i(j',d  the  administi'ation  of  which  he  formed  a  part.  Jlir/rti,  U'lxf.  Jnltpa, 
ii.  ."ii).')-;;;    "/.,  Gob.  daMiX-.,  ii.  i;J7;  Snanzi/  Navarro,  Jlisf.  Mi.r.,  l!).'). 

'■''  liustdmiuife,  I'cis  (h'  la  Palria,  v.  iio.  5;  La  Cruz,  v,  UiJo;  Jlix.  Jfrrn, 
0,1' rru,  18;il,  doc.  1,  12-13. 

■'  la  his  hypocritical  address  ho  adds:  'Weighed  down  by  taxation,  the 
iii'inry  taken  depletes  their  treasuries;  the  nation  derives  no  ail  van. a;jc;  the 
iuiiiy  i  i  >vasting  away,  its  needs  not  bein;;  looked  after.  Such  a  bad  adniini.5- 
tr.i Da  hai  induced  ill  nuaiy  the  belief  that  the  evils  are  inherent  iu  the  fed- 
eral system.' 


00 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


i.|i 


The  tidings  of  the  defection  at  Jalapa  almost  ovcr- 
whehned  Guerrero.  He  looked  around  liiui,  but 
found  no  one  to  aid  or  advise  him.  For  a  time  the 
old  spirit  asserted  itself,  and  he  resolved  to  place  him- 
self at  the  head  of  the  few  troops  still  remaining 
faithful  amidst  the  general  desertion;  for  the  bad  ex- 
ample shown  at  Jalapa  had  been  followed  elsewhere. 
He  summoned  congress/^  and  on  the  11th  of  JJecem- 
ber  tendered  a  resignation  of  his  dictatorial  powers, 
about  which  so  many  complaints  had  been  uttered. 
Such  an  offer,  had  it  been  accepted,  which  it  was 
not,  would  have  deprived  him  of  the  only  resource 
ho  had  to  keep  his  enemies  in  check.^^  He  ought 
rather  to  have  resigned  the  presidency. 

The  step  of  sununoning  the  chambers  was  a  fatal 
one,  for  the  reason  that  the  senators  and  a  large 
minority  in  the  lower  house  worked  in  accord  with 
the  revolutionists.  The  president  signifying  his  in- 
tention to  command  the  army  in  person,  the  congress 
cliosc  Jose  Maria  Bocanegra  president  ad  interim.'^* 
Contrary  to  the  advice  e*'  his  friends — among  whom 
was  Santa  Anna — who  counselled  him  to  make  a 
firm  stand  in  the  capital,  assuring  him  that  they 
would  begin  operations  against  the  rebels,  Guerrero 
left  the  city  at  the  head  of  2,000  or  2,500  men,  and 
marched  in  the  direction  of  Ayacapiztla.  He  had 
been  called  to  Puebla,  by  a  numerous  party  in  that 
city,  where,  before  the  enemy  occupied  it,  ho  coufd 
have  rciinforced  his  small  army  with  4,000  well  armed 
civic  troops;  he  could  also  have  drawn  to  his  aid  the 
national  guard  of  the  state  of  Mexico.  Thus  with 
1 0,000  men  and  the  popular  favor  he  could  easily 
have  defeated  the  small  rebel  force  of  3,000.  But  ho 
failed  to  take  his  friends'  advice;  he  had  evidently 
lost  his  old  spirit.    While  he  was  on  the  march,  avoid- 


200. 


Max.,  Col.  Ley,,  1829-30,  190-1;   Duhlan  and  Lozano,  Legis.  Mex.,  ii. 


^KitMa,  1830,  Jan.  13. 

f-'Dcc.   10th.  J[(x.  Col.  Ley.,  1829-30,  194-5;   Arrillaga,  Eecop.,  1829, 


3Go,  307;  X'uWau  ami  Lozano,  Legis,  JIcx.,  ii.  209. 


PLAN  DE  QUINTAXAR. 


91 


ing  any  encounter  with  the  enemy,  an  uprising  to 
support  the  moveniient  at  Jalapa  took  i)lace  in  j\Iex- 
ico  under  a  pronuncianiicnto  entitled  Plan  do  Quin- 
tanar/^  which  was  aided  by  Jose  Ignacio  Esteva, 
governor  of  the  federal  district."^  No  step  having 
been  taken  either  by  acting  president  Bocanegra  or 
by  Anaya,  the  comandantc  general,  to  check  revolu- 
tionary attempts,  the  plotters,  in  the  night  of  the  22d 
of  December,  assaulted  both  the  palace  and  citadel, 
which  were  surrendered  to  them  without  resistance; 
and  that  shadow  of  a  government,  composed  of  Boca- 
negra, Viezca,  and  Moctezuma,  vanished  after  an  ex- 
istence of  five  days,  during  which  it  could  do  nothing 
l)ut  helplessly  witness  the  rapid  advance  of  the  revo- 
lution." 

The  victorious  rebels  at  once  constituted  an  execu- 
tive authority  ad  interim,  composed  of  Quintanar, 
Liieas  Alaman,  and  Pedro  Velez."  Lorenzo  do  Za- 
vala, Manuel  C.  Rejon,  and  Fernando  del  Valle,  who 
had  taken  refuge  the  previous  night  in  the  mint,  were 
arrested,  but  released  a  few  days  later  on  promising 
to  recognize  accomplished  facts. 

'^'' Ithrm,  Hilt.  Jalapa,  ii.  57-^;  Suarez  y  Navarro,  Hixt.  Mcx.,  IGl-f), 
I77-S'J,  ISo;  Atletu,  IS'JO,  Dec.  '23.  Tliis  paper,  in  its  issue  of  .Tau.  7,  IS'.]"), 
assures  us  tliat  Guerrero,  in  liis  anxiety  to  avert  bloocl.jheil,  had  sent  coinnils- 
sioiicrs  to  treat  with  Bnstuuuinte,  but  Muzquiz  detained  them  at  l'ucl*a. 
Meantime  the  revolt  broke  out  in  Mexico. 

■'"Alter  Tornd'a  departure  as  minister  to  Washington,  Estcva  was  ap- 
pciintfd  liy  Cucrrcro  hi.s  successor  as  governor  of  tlie  district.  He  had  a  veiy 
direct  part  in  the  revolution  at  the  capital.  Alaman,  Hist.  M<j.,  v.  ap.  84-5; 
li'aui-a,  IJisf.  Jalapa,  ii.  573. 

"' Tlie  plan  involved  a  recognition  of  that  of  Jalapa,  and  was  signed  by 
rlivcn  generals  and  sixteen  colonels;  among  the  foniicr  being  Quiutiinar,  tho 
two  liayons,  Terrcros,  and  Zarzosa.   Rlrn-it,  /list.  Jalapa,  ii.  'u'l. 

"■'  '^Hiintanar  was  made  a  gene;  '  '  •  Iturlndo,  and  since  the  latter's  execu- 
tion ]i;id  been  wholly  out  of  po>  n— a  life.  His  physical  courage  was  nn- 
duulited,  but  he  lacked  tho  moral  (pialifications  to  control  and  direct  masses  of 
men.  ]Iis  <lomcstic  qualities  were  respcct.ible,  and  his  wife's  family  rela- 
tions induced  him  to  servo  now  as  tht  instrument  of  a  rebellion.  Vclez  was  a 
native  of  Zacatecas,  born  in  1787;  had  been  (ien.  ("ruz's  legal  advi.'<cr,  and  be- 
came tlic  chief  justice  of  the  supremo  c(jurt  when  it  was  founded  in  1S:2.");  an 
lionc-^t  man,  and  (piitc  an  able  jurist.  Tho  rebels  made  use  of  him,  and  ho, 
pi'oliably  from  fear,  permitted  them.  He  was  minister  of  justice  in  lS4li.  al- 
ways highly  esteemed,  and  died  tho  otli  of  August,  1848.  Zarn/a,  llcvol.  Mcx., 
ii.  2i!);  Ilinra,  Goh.  de,  M('X.,  ii.  144,  147.  Of  Alaman  full  information  is 
given  elsewhere.  The  act  of  congres;,  of  Dec.  '2;J,  182t),  appointing  that 
cNccutive  under  article  !)7  of  the  constitution,  may  bo  seen  iu  Dublan  and 
Lozuiio,  Lv(j'iD.  Mcx.,  ii.  '210. 


92 


FOREION  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


The  occupation  of  Mexico  by  his  enemies  com- 
pletely unmanned  Guenero.  On  the  night  of  the 
25th,  without  apprising  General  Ignacio  Mora  and  the 
troops  of  his  intention,  he  secretly  left  his  camp  at  Jona- 
cate  escorted  by  Colonel  Francisco  Victoria  and  iil'ty 
horsemer;,^"  and  took  the  road  to  the  south,  consider- 
ing himself  safe  after  he  had  crossed  the  Moscala 
Ilivtr.  The  simple-minded  patriot  had  not  calculated 
that  perfidy  could  reach  him  there.  From  the  south 
he  made  a  I'epresentation  to  the  congress  otxering  to 
abide  by  its  resolution.*'*'  For  some  time  Guerrero 
remained  with  his  family  on  his  estate  of  Tierra  Colo- 
rada  near  Tixtla,  but  left  it  on  receiving  news  from 
Mexico  that  six  cut-throats  had  been  taken  out  of 
the  jail  of  j\Iexico  and  employed  to  murder  him."^ 

Before  the  end  of  1829  all  the  states  exco[)t  Vera 
Cruz  liad  accepted  Bustamante's  plan."'  Tiie  legis- 
lature of  Vera  Cruz  had  hurriedly  summoned  Santa 
Anna  to  assume  in  person  the  civil  and  military  com- 
mands, the  acting  commander  of  the  forces,  Juille,  and 
Antonio  lleredia,  colonel  of  the  5th  battalion  stationed 
there,  having  already  refused  to  accept  the  revolution- 
ary [)lan.  Santa  Anna  took  command  on  the  I7th 
of  December,  and  issued  a  manifesto  in  which  he  de- 
clared his  intention  to  defend  the  established  govern- 
ment, (xuerrero  being  the  lawful  chief  magistrate  of 
the  nation,  and  recognized  as  such  without  objection 
from  any  of  the  respresentatives  in  congress  after 

°'Soou  after  Mora  ami  his  troops  joined  the  rebels  of  Jalapn,. 

'^^  It  hcjiiis,  'iSituiiilo  cii  una  do  la3 poblicioiics  tlcl  sur. '  A/Ida,  IS.^O,  Jan. 
18;  SiKDV.  !/ X(ie  irro,  lli.4.  ih'x,,  Il)l)-!)0;  Zavala,  llcrol.  Mcx.,  ii.  'll\-'l. 
Ahnnau  luui  it  that(iuGrrero,  ilistrustin^  his  troops,  proposed  tosuljinit  tliroiigh' 
the  now  ij.nernmcnt  to  tlic  action  of  congress,  and  then  witluli-cw  to  tlie 
south,  'pernutitndolc  el  gohierno  llcvar  para  su  oscoltti  un  escuaih'on  do  ca- 
ballcri,!.'  Il'txl.  JIcj.,  v.  S47-0.  " 

*'Hi3  declaration  at  his  trial,  7th  March,  18.31.  Mex.  Proceso  Iiixtmrt., 
142. 

•'■' Guanajuato,  Qneretaro,  and  Jalisco,  wlio«o  comandante  pen.  was  Joa- 
quin Parrcs.  and  San  Luis  Potosi,  connnandc<l  by  Gen.  Luis  C'ortazai-,  wei-e 
among  the  lirst  to  niaUo  pronunciumientos  in  favor  of  the  plan.  Iiivrni,  Jli-l. 
Jalapn,  ii.  57.1;  Suarez  ii  Xararro,  llixt.  Mvx.,  182:  A/leta,  18'J!),  Dee.  20-'J2, 
21)-;J0;  18:50,  Jan.  2,  1.3,  '22,  27,  .30,  Feb.  1-10;  E.V'irilii  Piih.,  ls:JO,  .Ian. 
•21;  An-iUaqa,  Hccop.,  1829,  .34:>,  .3J0;  1830,  42;  PuMa,  Man\)'„  1-14;  Facio, 
Mem.,  120-U;  Meu;.  Mem.  lieL,  1S30,  11. 


ANASTASIO  BUSTAMANTE. 


03 


C3 


Pcdraza  had  renounced  liis  claim  to  the  presidency 
Sending  350  men  to  Perote,  lie  himself  made  an  ex- 
cursion to  HuatusGo.  His  intention  was  to  march 
against  the  capital  and  overthrow  the  new  govern- 
ment, but  he  was  abandoned  by  his  men,  the  very 
troops  that  had  served  under  him  against  the  Span- 
iards. Whereu])on  Bustamante  accredited  two  com- 
missioners near  him  to  confer  on  public  aftUirs,  and 
the  result  of  the  conference  was  iliat  Santa  Anna 
gave  up  his  plan  and  proclaimed  that  inasmuch  as 
Guerrero  had  abandoned  his  post,  he  felt  compelled 
to  recognize  the  lawful  authority  of  Vice-president 
Bustamante.^^ 

Anastasio  Bustamante  y  Oseguera  was  born  in 
Jiquilpan,  in  the  prt)vince  of  Michoacan,  on  the  27th 
of  July,  1780,*'®  and  passed  his  first  years  in  Zapotlan 
el  Grande.  His  parents,  though  not  in  favorable  pecu- 
niary circumstances,  provided  for  him  a  good  primary 
education;  after  which,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  with  the 
aid  of  friends,  he  entered  the  seminary  of  Guadala- 
jara. His  conduct  there  was  all  that  could  be  de- 
sired; he  showed  remarkable  talents  as  well  as  a  dis- 
])osition  for  study,  which  qualities  with  his  modesty 
soon  won  for  him  the  regard  of  his  teachers  and  class- 
mates. He  next  went  to  Mexico  to  study  medicine,*^® 
and  after  graduating  as  a  licentiate  fixed  his  residence 
in  San  Luis  Potosi,  where  he  soon  acquired  a  high 
professional  standing  and  a  competency."' 


*' Before  tliat  date — on  the  15th — he  had  issued  from  his  estate  a  stirring 
addrcsa  cxin-cssiii^  his  resolve  to  sii[)i)ort,  oven  unto  doath,  Guari'ci'o'a  le^Ljiti- 
muto  authority.  L'lvera,  JJlst.  Jalapa,  iJiJ^S-O;  Zandt,  Jicvol.  Mtu:.,  ii. '.JiL'. 

"*  After  this  summersault  Santa  Anna  \v(!nt  back  to  Man','a  do  Clavo. 
Soon  after,  the  legialaturo of  VcraCruzabandoncd  its  hostile  attiLudc.  IliV' ra, 
Jlist,  Jdldjia,  ii.  574-7;  Sitarcz  y  Naran-o,  Hist.  Mcx.,  18l!-9;  Zftvtda,  AV,- 
I'ol.  Mex.,  ii.  203;  lintifamanU',  Voz  <lc  ht  P'ttria,  v.  nos  1,'2,  7;  Mi'''i.  Mem., 
ISliO,  1 ;  AUi'ta,  1829,  Dee.  23,  25,  20,  2S,  21);  ISIJO,  Jan.  2,  .'i,  (i, !);  (,''(-•.  M,jc., 
extra,  ISIJO,  no.  18;  Santa  Anna,  El  Gen.,  d  mts  rompuf.,  1-7. 

''-'Garcia,  C,  Nolicla.i,  in  Mex.  Sue.  <Je<ifj.,  Boki'm,  3d  op.,  i.  481,  lian  it 
178!). 

''"  His  teacher  was  Dr  Linger,  then  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  cologio 
de  miiierla. 

"'  Ho  was  superintendent  of  the  hospital,  and  head  physician  of  the  huuso- 
bold  of  Brigadier  Callcja,  tlieu  in  command  of  the  10th  brigade. 


04 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


Having  from  liis  earliest  years  nianifostccl  a  liking 
for  the  military  profession,  and  devoted  some  time  to 
the  study  of  its  most  useful  branches,  in  1808  he  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  one  of  the  officers  of  the 
connnorcial  battalion,  composed  of  younj^  men  of  the 
best  families  in  San  Luis.  His  long  military  career 
under  the  royal  banner,  and  subsequently  under  Itur- 
bide's,  is  well  known  to  the  reader.  Iturbide  made 
him  a  member  of  the  junta  provisional  gubernativa, 
and  the  regency  promoted  him  to  mariscal  de  campo.*'* 
Later  he  was  honored  with  the  grand  cross  of  the 
order  of  Guadalupe.  During  Victoria's  administra- 
tion he  was  made  a  general  of  division."* 

Bustamanto  was  possessed  of  much  presence  of 
mind,  courage,  and  sound  judgment.  With  lirm- 
ness  of  character,  lie  would  yet  subordinate  his  opin- 
ion to  that  of  others  when  he  saw  the  necessity  for 
BO  doiiii*'.  He  was  a  lover  of  civilization  and  eu- 
lighten ment,  and  apparently  a  disinterested  patriot;  ho 
was  also  lil)eral  and  frank.  In  his  private  life  he  was 
exemplary.'*^ 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1800,  Bustamante,  as  vice- 
jiresident,  assumed  the  executive  office,  and  issued  a 
proclamation  on  the  4th,  in  which  he  described,  from 
the  standpoint  of  his  part}^  the  political  situation  of 
the  countr}^,  accusing  the  former  government  of 
abuses  of  power   and   fraudulent  use  of  the    public 


""Ho  was  a  colonel  •vvhcn  ho  joined  Iturbido  in  Guanajuato.  Mex.  Doc. 
Selalh'os,  18. 

"^lu  1823  the  Eatado  do  Occidonte  made  him  one  of  its  citizens  by  a  for- 
mal act  of   the   legislature,  I'iinirf,  Col.   Dor.,  no.  78.     In  July  )8,S0   tliO' 
nationiil  consiress  declared  him  a  'benemiirito  de  la  patria.'  Mex.,  Col.  Liy.  y 
Dec,  1811,  57-9. 

'"  Itivcra,  after  commending  Bustamantc's  private  life  and  public  serricea, 
attributes  to  him  cruel  instincts,  and  credits  liiui  witli  l)eiug  faitliful  to  liis 
friends,  and  grateful  for  favors,  llixt.  Jalapa,  ii.  ,j82.  This  virtue  of  grati- 
tude lie  certainly  did  not  show  in  liis  action  toward  Guerrero.  According  to 
Zavala,  llcrol.  Mex.,  ii.  Itl,  Bustamante  was  servile,  and  it  was  understood 
that  (liicrrero's  preferences  for  him  were  in  the  expectation  of  using  him  as  a 
jiassive  instrument,  such  as  he  iiad  been  to  the  Spanisli  crown,  and  afterward 
to  Ilurbidc.  Furtlier  particulars  may  be  found  in  Biintamaiifc,  /liii.  Itiir- 
hi'/c,  •J.lo-i;?;  /(/.,  Ciiad.  //int.,  MS.,  viii.  '24.1-(),  and  An-oniz,  Bioij.  Mex., 
80-0.  .\laman,  Jliff.  Mr/.,  v.  151,  ().'>7-(jft,  and  Rivera,  ni>^t.  ,/ala/ia,  ii.  579, 
furnish  portraits  of  Bustanumte,  representing  him  as  a  mau  of  line  appearance. 


REPUDIATION  OF  CfUERRERO. 


95 


funds.  He  concluded  by  submitting  his  conduct 
to  the  decision  of  the  conifress  and  jieople,''^  Tlio 
new  cabinet  was  formed  on  tlie  7th  with  the  foHow- 
ing  ministers,  namely:  Lucas  Alaman,  of  relations;'" 
Josd  Ignacio  Espinosa  Vidaurre,  of  justice  and  eccle- 
siastical affairs;  Rafael  Mangino,  of  the  treasury;  and 
Jor,e  Antonio  Facio,  of  M'ar  and  the  navy." 

The  question  now  occurred  what  to  do  with  Guer- 
rero, His  election  could  not  be  declared  illegal,  for 
siu'h  a  declaration  would  equally  disqualify  Jhista- 
luante.  In  the  senate  it  was  moved  to  declare 
(luerrero  morally  incapable.  After  the  moti<Mi  had 
been  warmly  discussed  in  the  lower  Ikhisc — fur  the 
sake  of  ap})earances,  it  is  presumed — it  was  enacted 
(in  tlic  4th  of  February,  1830,  that  the  man  decorated 
i'or  his  eminent  services  with  the  title  of  'benemerito  dc 
la  patria,'  whom  that  same  body  had  only  one  year  ago 
chosen  to  fill  the  chief  maiiistracv,  was  not  able  to 
govern  the  republic.'*  His  acts  were  repudiated." 
The  law  was  published  at  once. 

The  change  was  not  favorably  received  in  the 
south,  where  numerous  parties  took  up  arms  and 
labored  to  briu!>;  on  a  o'cneral  revolution  on  .stilctlv 
ii'deral  ])rinci[)les.  Juan  Alvarez  raised  the  standard 
of  n.'volt,  and  the  government  had  to  meet  its  enemies 

"'  linatamautc,  M<in{f.,  1-20.  Conscqncut  upon  which  the  legislature  of 
Chihiialiu.i,  JiUi.  L'Sth,  jietitioncil  congiojs  to  make  a  thorough  iuvcstigatiou 
iiitii  the  eomhict  of  rresidcnt  (luerrci'o  ami  liis  ministers,  incluiliiiL,'  also  tliat 
of  \"icc-pi'csitlent  llustaniaute  from  the  time  lie  took  commaiul  of  tlie  reserve 
army.  Aihln,  ISliO,  Jan.  "2,  oO,  Mureli  (J,  ;i')l)  7. 

'-  Aliiinan  had  hold  no  public  cilice  since  he  resigned  this  portfolio  in 
182.-). 

'■' Tliis  portfolio  was  oiTered  to  Mier  y  Teran,  who  dccliiieil  it.  Arrilhvj(t, 
l!('i'/K,  1s:K),  4.  Tiic  four  appointees  were  certainly  able  men.  Hut  they 
Mc'c  not  federalists,  and  did  not  enjoy  public  conlideneo  for  that  reason. 
.1//'/",  ls:!0,  Jan.  0,  8;}-4. 

"'  'Ticno  iniposiliilidad  para  gobernar  la  republica, '  ^f<'X.  Vol.  Lfj.,  1820- 
SO,  SI);  JJiiUnii  and  Lozaiio,  Laih.  M<:r.,  ii.  2_':J;  Arvilkujd,  Ilerop.,  IS.'W,  3, 
?2;AiUta,  IS:iO,  Jan.  20,  31;  Z.'inda.  Rrrol.  Mr.v.,  ii.  2U7. 

"(ien.  Barragan  refused  a  eon!an<laneia  general  tendered  him,  as  he  svould 
have  to  atlix  liis  signature  to  llie  act  of  ])ee.  2:i,  1820.  He  ari^ued  that  if 
Gucrnio  had  been  a  nonentity,  tlien  In;  had  no  power  to  set  a' ide  the  law 
uuiler  which  he  and  other.s  were  exiled;  lie,  Ijarragau,  must  therefore  go  agaia 
iuto  exile.  Adela,  1820,  Dec.  28. 


06 


FOREIGN  AXD  DOMESTIC  TROUBLES. 


^ 


I 


i  I 


on  tlieir  owir^round.  Supported  b}'  Colonel  Codallos, 
he  cMptuied  on  the  IGtli  of  March,  1830,  tlio  town 
and  j'ort  of  Acapulco."" 

Under  Alvtaez  the  opponents  of  the  government 
maintained  their  ground,  and  General  Armijo,  hav- 
ing been  a|)pointed  to  direct  the  operations  againat 
them,  perished  in  a  blocdy  battle  fought  near  Texca 
on  tl.e  oOth  of  August,  1830."  (ineri-ero  raised 
his  standard  toward  the  end  of  1830,"  and  was 
joined  by  Alvarez;  but  their  foi'ces  were  routed  on 
the  1st  or  2d  of  January,  1831,  by  the  better  organ- 
ized army  of  Bravo  near  Cliilpancinijo.""  Guerrero, 
much  ugainst  tlie  advice  of  Alvarez,  v^tired  to  Aca- 
j)ulco,  [)aying  no  heed  to  warnings  given  him  tliat  the 
government  was  planning  his  destruction.  It  was 
not  long  before  a  diabolical  plan  to  that  efTect  was 
matured.  The  government  no  doubt  had  it  in  view 
in  making  preparations  by  land  and  sea  for  the  recov- 
ery of  Aca[)ulco.  It  seems  that  Guerrero's  support- 
ers had  in  their  service  the  Sardinian  brig  Colombo, 
owned  by  a  Genoese  nanied  Picaluga.^^  Whether  of 
his  own  volition  or  at  Minister  Facio's  request — a 
point  whicii,  Irom  the  secrecy  observed,  must  be  left 

""'Tim  garrison  revolted,  and  Bcrdojo,  the  coinandante  gcnfiral,  and  others 
escaped  l>y  sea.  AUeta,  1830,  April  1,  3!)9— H 1 ;  Suum  y  Navarro,  lliM. 
Mi.c,  "JOo,  'JJ3,  213-10,  227;  Dudamantc,  Voz  de  la  Palria,  iii.  no.  5,  8,  iv. 
no.  7,  (i. 

"'  Jic  was  defeated  ))y  Alvarez,  and  took  flight;  bnt  being  mueli  hated  in 
the  south,  was  pursued,  overtaken  two  miles  from  Tcxea,  and  hacked  todciith 
on  the  spot.  Zavala,  llevol.  Mcx.,  ii.  340-1;  Bmtamunte,  Voz  de  la  Palria,  v. 
no.  2(i,  2-7. 

'^Ou  the  13th  of  Oct.  1830,  he  issued  a  prclamation  at  Acapulco,  explain- 
ing his  course.  Tlie  douumont  was  circulated  in  Mexico,  anil  occupied  Min- 
ister Ahiman's  attention  in  November.  Ho  issued  another  at  Toxca  on  tlie 
IJthof  Dec.  Mex.  Mem.  Giterra,  1831,  doc.  1,  13-10;  Pap.  Sadtoii,  no.  21; 
ArnnKjoh,  M<j.,  199,  202;  Ilivera,  lI'iKt.  Jalapa,  ii.  G07;  Buntamunte,  Voz  de 
la  Pdfria,  v.  no.  29,  l-o;  Mcx.  Procew  Jiisfrnct.,  132-5. 

'*  Dititamanfe,  Voz  de  la  Pafria,  iv.  no.  20,  0;  /(/.,  MS.,  vi.  9-13,  Suarez 
y  Navarro,  /lint.  Mi.c.,  215-10.  Owing  to  a  severe  wound  in  the  cliost,  re- 
ceived in  ail  action  of  war  several  years  previously,  Guerrero  was  unable  to 
undergo  the  fatigues  of  the  campaign,  as  he  had  repeated  hemorrhages,  throw- 
ing out  jiieces  of  bone,  which  condition  demanded  repose.  Zavala,  Ucvol. 
Mcx.,  ii,  312;  Stiarfzy  Navarro,  Hist.  Mcx.,  223-7.  For  his  victory  ]Jrav(} 
was  rewarded  by  act  of  congress  of  Feb.  15,  1831,  with  a  sword  of  honor. 
JJuhlaii.  and  Lozaiio,  Lcjix.  Mex.,  ii.  314. 

'■'^  There  was  at  the  time  a  rumor  in  Mexico  that  Guerrero  liad  chartered 
a  vessel  wherein  to  leave  the  republic.  Allda,  1830,  ap.  5,  429. 


PLOTS  AT  ACAI'ULCO. 


•7 


others 
5,  8,  iv. 


Siiarcz 
licat,  ri"- 
laljlc  to 
,  throw  - 
,,  Rcvol. 
y  l>ravo 
■  lionor. 

lartereil 


to  conjccturo — Piealujjfa  came  to  ^[(jxico  in  Doco!iil)or, 
18;J0,  and  ollbred  to  Facio  to  remove  his  vesstil  lioin 
the  control  of  the  njoveriiment's  ()|)|)ouents,  and  j)laco 
lier  at  its  disposal  at  Guatulco  for  the  sum  of  $jO,000, 
whith  would  pay  all  dania<ijes  he  had  already  sus- 
tained, and  compensate  him  lor  her  use  in  the  future. 
This  is  the  story  told  by  the  government  and  by  Pica- 
lu,iL,'a  himself.  But  the  general  belief  is  that  Facio 
and  Picaluga  struck  a  bargain  upon  the  spot  for  the 
latter  to  betray  Guerrero  into  the  government's  hands."^^ 
Sdon  after  Picaluga's  de|)arture,  orders  were  issued 
to  Captain  Miguel  Gonzalez  to  station  himself  with 
a  i'orce  at  Guatulco  to  receive  the  Colombo,  or  if 
enemies  landed  there  to  capture  them.  The  enemies 
of  the  government  liave  charged  that  the  orders 
given  Gonzalez  were  to  receive  Guerrero  from  on 
board  the  vessel  as  a  prisoner.  Gonzalez  accordingly 
went  to  Guatulco,  having  with  him  two  other  officers,, 
one  of  whom  it  is  believed  was  expressly  af)pointed 
to  act  as  prosecutor  and  the  other  as  his  clerk.'*''  The 
plotter  Piealuga  soon  found  an  opportunity  to  cam 
his  blood-money.*^^  Manuel  Prinu*  Tapia  and  Man- 
uel Zavala,  who  were  in  A.capulco,  commissioned  on 
the  part  of  the  government  with  General  Barragan  to 
make  conciliatory  proposals  to  the  chiefs  of  the  south,'*' 

*"'  Facio  claimed  that  Picahiga's  offer  to  surrender  Iiis  vessel  was  sponta- 
iieou.s,  aiul  waa  accepted  because  it  hastened  the  government's  plans  in  a 
iiiannor  tliat  could  not  have  been  foreseen.  The  success  of  the  ))lan  surprised 
the  ministers,  who,  though  ignorant  when  they  iirst  heard  of  all  the  circuia- 
stiiiu'cs  connected  therewith,  were  glad  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity 
to  pacify  the  country.  Me.morin,  Wi-ii.  C;irlos  Bustaniante.  who  was  then  a 
siip;)orter  of  the  government,  gives  the  full  account  of  the  bargain  made  be- 
tween Facio  and  I'icaluga  for  the  betrayal  by  the  latter  of  (lucrrcro  for.S);>,(W;*, 
declaring  that  he  knows  the  particulars  as  given  by  him  to  1)'^  true.  I'  z  <lc  la 
I'atriii,  MS.,  vi.  'J3-0.  The  arrest  was  made  the  occasion  of  much  rejoicing,  with 
liii'^ing  of  bells.  The  cabinet  said  to  the  conyrcss  that  the  proper  measures 
iluinanded  by  the  situation  ha-l  been  adopted. 

''^  It  ii  asserted  that  the  government  wns  sfi  sure  of  its  piey  that  even 
the  st.iniped  paper  required  by  law  for  judicial  proceedings  had  been  pio- 
vidci],  and  was  found  ou  board  the  vessel.  Snanz  y  Navarro,  lll-'t.  Mi-x,, 

Ol-     •111 
—  (-.>(.!. 

'^  ( Icncral  Duran  paid  Piealuga  in  Oajaca  3,000 gold  doubloons.  Gouzuhz, 
IkL,  in  Mi'X.  ProrcM  Itmtnicf.,  .31. 

*■■  Tiiis  appears  in  the  declarations  of  Tapia  and  Zavala  and  in  other  docu- 
ments. J/('.v.,  Proccso  IiiKfntrf.,  107-13,  11.1-1(5.  Rivera,  /Jin'.  Jalapa,  (Jli- 
13,  says  that  liarragan's  pbin  for  coueiiiatiou  had  becu  treated  by  the  govern- 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vox..  V.    7 


08 


FORKIOX  AND  DOMI-I.STK;  TROlT.Lr.S. 


im 


liavIiiGf  POfurod  [JUSHiiMfo  on  flu?  Ci/mnho,  nutrrero 
{K'c'<nii|>imit'(l  tlu'iM  to  the  wlun  I*.  I'lu-n.'  JMcaln^ii  iii- 
vih'd  liitii  to  breakfast  on  board  the  brijj;-,  wlp'-h  invi- 
tation bo  acceftted;  Miguel  de  la  Ch'uz,  colUictor  of 
the  port,  also  went  on  board.  When  breakfast  was 
over  the  bri;jf  sot  sail,  Gnerroro  concludinLj  to  !l,''o  as  I'ar 
as  the  entrance  of  tbo  barber,  baving  a  boat  in  tow 
lor  bis  return  on  sbore.  But  while  in  tbo  act  of  bid- 
ding bis  friends  gootl-by,  be  was  seized  and  bound 
by  tbo  crew,  and  together  witb  tln^  others  taken  to 
(luatulco,  wliero  tlie  vessel  arrived  on  the  20tli  of 
January,  1831/"  On  tbo  2Gtb  tbey  M'ere  inarched  to 
Oajaca,'"  where  tbej'  arrived  on  tbo  4tli  of  Fi^bruaiy, 
and  tbo  proceedings  whicb  bad  comnienced  at  (jua- 
tuico  were  continued.  Lieutenant-colonel  Xicolds  Con- 
dello  then  acting  as  tbo  prosecuting  oHicor, 

The  cliargos  preferred  against  Guerrero  wore  as  fal- 
lows: 1.  That  ho  bad  personally  directed  tiio  rexolu- 
tion  of  La  Acordada,  and  obtained  tlio  presidcntlcd 
chair  over  bundreds  of  corpses,  tbo  plunder  of  the 
Parian  and  many  wealthy  bouses,  by  whicb  proceed- 
ings bo  bad  disbonored  the  nation,  and  made  her  ai>- 
])car  despicable  in  tbo  eyes  of  the  civilized  world.  2. 
That  after  bis  ovortbrow  from  tbo  presidency  bo  had 
pretended  to  abide  by  tbo  decision  of  the  congress, 
and  on  tinding  tliat  the  decision  was  against  him,  bad 
joined  Alvarez  and  bis  soldiers,  wliom  bo  bad  secretly 
incited  to  rebellion.  3.  Tbat  after  tbo  battle  of  Texca 
bo  ordered  the  officers  of  Armijo's  division  to  bo  sliot, 
tliougb  tbey  wore  marching  under  tbo  safe  conduct 

mcnt  as  a  folly.  Bustamante  also  Jisapprc  d  it  at  the  time,  Voz  de  la  Patvla, 
iv.  DO.  \'.\,  j-S;  no.  'M,  G-7. 

^'' Gonzalez  ill  liis  repoi't  of  the  21st  m '  }S  it  appear  that  Guovvero  anil 
the  otliera  had  landed  early  in  tlic  niornini.  the  prcviou.s  day,  and  hud  Ihcu 
captmecL  liajhtro  Ofic,  IS.'H,  Fel).  1,  suj  ;  Mtx.,  P/orcio  Inx'rarf.,  7'i-j. 
If  the  piisonora  were  taken  on  shore,  thej'  I'.st  have  buen  retunied  to  the 
ship,  for  it  was  on  board  of  her  that  the  inii  tory  judicial  proceedings  took 
place.   /,/.,  102-3. 

""^  Faeio  had  beforehand  ordered  Rravo  t(  ,end  troops  in  the  direction  of 
Tlapa  to  guard  against  a  rescue,  and  tiie  coniandante  at  Onjac.i  had  also 
been  instructed  to  scud  Guerrero  to  Perote;  but  a  counter-order  retained  him 
iuOajaca.  Id.,  187. 


OUKllHEUO  SHOT. 


00 


rjrantod  tlicni  l)y  Alvarez.  4.  That  lie  soaiulalou.sly 
violatt-'d  ihe  ea[)itulatioii  at  At'a|)iilc'f»,  not  uiily  dc- 
])iivii)'][  the  govennneiit's  soldicr.s  ui'  their  anus,  hut 
i( (icing  them  to  <^o  away  ahuost  naked.  5.  That  know- 
iinj^,  as  ho  did,  that  he  was  not  a  k'!j;itinuite  president, 
lit'  had  raised  an  arnjy  in  revolt  at^ainst  the  authori- 
tit'S,  causing  the  rui»i  of  i'aniiHes  and  persons,  0. 
That  lie  disregarded  tlie  generous  overtures  lor  ])eacu 
made  liini,  preferring  his  [)ersonal  aggraiKhzement  to 
every  other  consideration,  and  looking  with  indltllr- 
ciice  on  the  destruction  of  upwards  of  ;],000  lives,  he- 
si(k's  largo  amounts  of  pro[>erty,  etc.,  and  lastly, 
that  ho  was  at  the  head  oi'  the  rebel  forces  which 
fouglit  against  tho  government  tro(»ps  at  Chilpan- 
ciugo.**^ 

The  first  charge  was  outlawed  by  an  amnesty  de- 
cree, and  should  iKjt  have  been  revived.  Tlie  ])rose- 
cutiiig  officer  ap[)lied  tho  most  opprobrious  ei)ithets 
to  the  victim,  and  even  added  the  slanderous  accusa- 
tions that  Guerrero  had,  through  Zavala  and  Poinsett, 
attcMipted  to  borrow  money  from  the  United  States, 
pledging  tho  territory  of  Texas  for  its  repayment.'*^ 
1  [e  accordingly  moved  tho  court  to  [)as.s  sentence  of 
death  on  the  accused,  wliicli  was  done.  Tho  sentence 
was  approved  on  tho  1 1th  of  February  by  Colonel 
Joaquin  Ramirez  y  Sesnia,  the  coman<kinte  general 
of  Oajaca.  Three  days  later,  on  the  14th,  Guerrero 
was  taken  to  Cuilapa  and  sh(jt,  after  being  compelled 
to  listen  on  his  knees  to  tho  sentence  of  the  court."' 

It  is,  indeed,  a  singular  coincldenco  that  Iturbide 


^'  These  charges  were  drawn  up  by  Facio  himself,  aud  confidentially  tnuis- 
mitb'd  to  thecoiniiudantc  at  Oajaca.  /(/.,  IS;!-"). 

''^This  cluirLte  tlio  prisoner  declared  to  be  utterly  false.  /(/.,  150.  Tho 
cvideiiL'e  of  Francisco  Fagoaga  aud  Josi5  Man.i  IJocanegra  sustained  ids  asser- 
tion, and  stamped  Alanian,  Facio,  and  otlior  open  ciieinius  of  (Juerrcro  as  uu- 
piiiicipled slanderers.  JliV(ra,Guh.(leMiir.,i\.  141.  Wnnl,  J/'c.k.,  app.,  H[)eal;s 
of  such  ji  contract  for  §12,01/. ),000.  Zavala  pi'ououncts  it  a  barefaced  iincu- 
tion  of  (iuerrero'a  enemies.   Ji'<'vol.  Mi.r.,  ii.  "JOj. 

"■'The  fact  Mas  duly  communicated  the  same  day  to  the  government.  Bus- 
tnmunic,  Vozdf  la  Pntria,\\'.  iwa '11, 'Iti;  MS.,  vi.  •22-0.'$;  MS.,  viii.  4(i.  This 
autlior  asserts  that  Vice-president  Bustamantc  was  powerless  to  prevent  tho 
execution.  Gabinete,  Mex.,ii.  21,  following  index. 


100 


FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  1  ROUBLES. 


and  Guerrero,  two  men  of  diametrically  opposite  ideas 
regarding  government,  united  their  eflorts  to  accom- 
})li8li  their  country's  (reedom,  and  that  both  met  with 
death  by  public  execution  at  the  hands  of  the  same 
political  party. 

Guerrero  left  a  ^v^fe,  Maria  Guadalupe  Hernandez, 
a  daughter  aged  18,  named  Maria  Dolores,  and  a 
nej)hew,  Prudencio  Catalan,  for  whose  education  pro- 
vision was  made  in  his  will.  The  widow  was  appointed 
executor  of  the  estate. 

The  Jalapista  party  was  held  by  the  nation  answer- 
able for  Guerrero's  execution.  The  treachery  by 
means  of  which  the  ministi  rs  effected  his  capture  was 
never  forgiven  them.""  After  their  downfall  the  sen- 
tence was  considered  a  murder,  and  Alanian,  Facio, 
and  Espinosa  were  impeached  on  that  and  other 
charges;"^  but  the  accased  were  never  convicted,  for 
the  reason  that  the  proceedings  were  lengthened  out, 
and  eventually  the  case  became  a  party  question,"^ 

''^  Picaluga,  for  his  share  in  the  vile  transaction,  was  sentenced  by  the  ad- 
miralty count  in  Genoa  to  death,  and  to  pay  damages,  hut  cacapctl  punish- 
ment, never  having  returned  to  liia  country.  Zamacois,  JJitf.  Mcj.,  xii.  2-- 
'A.  gives  the  sentence  in  Italian.  Gonzale;'.,  tlie  oiiicerwho  captured  Guerrero 
f;id  .su]ierintcnded  his  execution,  died  covered  with  leprous  sores,  liivern, 
(Job.  <!,:  Mc.i:.,  ii.  141. 

"'  The  house  of  representatives  constituted  as  a  grand  jury  indicted 
the  three,  exempting  ^linister  Mangino.  Mci:.,  Proceso  Instruct.,  '2.")4-5. 

'••-  Alanuiu  and  Facio  had  hidden  themselves,  the  latter  escaping  to  Europe. 
Wiiile  at  that  safe  distance  lie  published  a  book  entitled  Mcmoria  que  Kohrc. 
lijti  .iiirc/!o,t  del  tkmyo  de  i<n  mumlerio,  y  Kobrn  la  causa  intcntada  contra  los 
ciiair.)  ministroi'.  Paris,  18o5,  8vo,  '24,1  pp.,  and  an  app.  of  8  pp.  In  it  the 
untlior,  after  denying  the  legality  of  the  body  that  impe.iched  him,  goes  on 
to  state  from  his  own  standpoint  the  political  event.^  which  took  pliice  in 
Mexico  during  Vice-president  Bustamanto's  administration,  endeavoring  to 
•li'f'.'iid  its  course,  particularly  in  the  execution  of  Gueriero  and  otiiers  of  the 
federal  party,  lie  seems  to  liave  exhausted  the  vocabulary  of  abuse  against 
his  enemies,  making  at  the  same  time  revelations  that  arc  anything  but  honor- 
aljlo  to  the  government  of  which  ho  formed  a  part.  Facio  never  figured 
again  in  Mexican  politics,  but  his  rank  in  the  army  was  restored  to  him  in 
1;S.'!.').  Arrillai/a,  ItWop.,  18;!."),  4S2.  Quito  ditlerent  in  manner  and  stylo  was 
Alaman  in  his  DeJ'ensa del  ex-minUtro de  rclacioncs  />.  Lucas  Alaman.  Mexico, 
lSu4,  Svo,  xxii.  and  1"20  pp.  Ho  was  politic  and  suave,  as  l)elu)oved  a  man 
v.Iio  was  not  yet  out  of  danger.  His  arguments,  liko  Fncio's,  were  intended 
to  nhow  that  tlio  course  of  Bustamantc's  niinisU'rs  was  a  wise  and  necessary 
one  to  secure  peace  and  the  best  interests  of  tlio  country.  It  is  dilDcult  ti> 
b 'lieve  that  the  guiding  mind  of  the  administration  had  no  knowledge  of 
Fiifio's  bargain  with  Pioaluga.  Bo  it  as  it  may,  he  was  linally  acquuied  of 
ttll  cul])ability  by  the  supreme  court.  Jiicera,  Hub,  de  Mex.,  ii.  145. 


'.u\ 


A  HERO'S  MEMORY. 


101 


The  congress  of  1831  voted  to  Guerrero's  widow 
and  offspring  a  yearly  pension  of  $3,000."^  The  legis- 
lature of  Oajaca  in  March,  1833,  deci'oed  that  his 
remains  should  be  exhumed,  and  with  due  solemnity 
ho  deposited  in  the  church  of  Santo  Domingo.''*  The 
town  of  Cuilapa  was  erected  into  a  city  under  the 
)ianie  of  Ciudad  Guerrero.  That  same  year  the; 
national  con<>'ress  ordered  the  remains  to  be  trans- 
i'crred  to  jMexico  and  placed  in  a  mausoleum  in  the 
Santa  Paula  cemetery.""  This  was  not  carried  out 
till  1842,  when  it  was  decreed  thutthe  highest  honors 
should  be  paid  to  the  hero's  memory.  On  the  8th  of 
April,  1843,  a  monument  was  ordered  to  be  erected 
in  Santa  Paula,  at  the  expense  of  the  public  treasury, 
and  dedicated  to  Guerrero. 

After  the  ex-president's  death  the  war  in  that 
region  of  southern  Mexico,  later  or^•anized  as  the  state 
of  Guerrero,  ceased,  Alvarez  submitting  to  Busta- 
niante's  government. 

'^  At  the  death  of  cither,  the  survivor  was  to  have  the  whole  pension. 
Dnhluii  AwA  Lozuiio,  Lci/ii.  Mcx,,  ii.  .'ill;  ArrUlaja,  Itecrip,,  \S',U,  •_'!(). 

'•'*  A  full  desciiptioii  of  tlic  Lxluiiiiation  anil  otlicr  ceremonies  apjicars  iii 
Carr'u'do,  E.tludio.t  IliM.,  ii.  4. )-.")<>;  (lucrrevo,  V.,  Soherann  Eiffflu.  ^lari:i!M 
liiva  Palacio,  who  had  nianicd  (Juerrero'^j  dauglitci',  was  granted  tlie  ri-ht  of 
citizenship  in  the  state. 

'j Docrco  of  Xov.  17,  1S33.  Dublan  anil  Loz.ino,  Liijis.  MfX.,  ii.  GOl. 


rr  •: 


'.  1' 


ilH: 

[i 


'■    t 


t 


f 


I 


CHAPTER  Y. 

CONSl^RVATIVE  RULE. 

1S30-1S32. 

Despotic  Measires— Codallos'  Revolutiox — Yonuixo  Opposition — Po- 
LiTicAL  Blinukus— Institutions  rucsTiTCTED— Inclan's  Akfaik— lii- 
rKNDiNo  Changes— Santa  Anna's  PuoNCNCiAMrENTo— His  Defeat  at 
Toi.o.ME— Sie(;e  or  Vera  Ckcz — Its  Faiixiuc — PiEvoLrxioNs  is  Tamau- 
LiPAs— Teuan's  Suicide— Santa  Anna's  Kefoumeu  Plan— It  is  Sec- 
onded Elsewiieke— Battle  of  Los  Carmelos — Fall  of  San  Luis 
PoTosi — Its  Effects  in  Mexico — xVcting  President  Muzquiz — Brs- 
tajiante's  Victouv  i\  Guanajcaio— Santa  Anna's  Success — Bu.sta- 
M ante's  Defeats  in  Pueela — Armistice — Plans  of  Pacification — 
The  Hevolotion  Triujipiiant. 

The  party  -whicli  liad  labored  so  hard  for  nine  years 
to  gain  control  of  tli(3  government  was  at  last  triumph- 
ant. It  was  believed  by  many  that  the  change  would 
j)iove  beneficial.  Indeed,  friends  and  foes  alike  trust- 
e<l  that  the  ]iledges  of  the  leading  men  would  bo 
iaithi'ully  carried  out,  and  a  constitutional  policy  with 
tolerance  ado})ted.  Unfoi'tunate^y,  the  new  rulers 
manifested  no  such  intentions.  Tlieir  first  step  was 
to  draw  from  congress  a  vote  to  legalize  the  rev- 
olution that  had  elevated  them  to  ]H)wer.  lielying 
oil  ilie  clergy  and  the  army,  they  initiated  a  policy  of 
})er.serution  against  the  authorities,  functionaries,  and 
})rominent  men  of  the  yorkino  or  popular  part3\^ 

Freedom  of  the  press,  soon  ceased  under  the  re- 

'  Sovcrnl  govcrnoia  niul  others  were  iloposcd,  a  miniber  of  prominent  citi- 
zens exiled,  {iiiil  tlie  jails  liUetl  \\ith  pulitieal  (ip[ioiieiils,  or  persons  deuuuiUM  J 
liy  jiuid  rspien.  Jiirint,  Hist.  Jiilit/iii,  ii.  r)i)i)-l,  .")!Hi-7;  Mo.n,  olim-n  liuikaii, 
ii.  4M-[);  I'u6ada^,  At.ijdiv  Jji  l'.,  1-10;  Ailcta,  ISoO,  an.  "JO,  4s"i. 


REVOLTS  QUELLED. 


103 


prcssivo  system  of  Minister  AUiiiian.  Only  jounuiLs 
cluftMRliiig  the  governuient  were  allowed  to  exist." 

The  goveniiuent  was  not  long  permitted  to  pursue 
its  despotisms  in  peace.  Revolutions  broke  out  in 
southern  !Mielioacan  and  other  parts  of  the  south,  as 
v.ell  as  in  Mexico,  San  LuisPotosi,  and  Puebla,  which 
caused  much  trouble;  though,  for  want  of  popular 
support,  they  were  quelled,  and  their  promoters  arbi- 
trarily dealt  with.^ 

The  military  element,  being  now  well  looked  after 
as  to  pay,  emoluments,  and  honors,  was  daily  gaining 
a  preponderance  in  public  affairs;  and  the  government 
luilher  increased  the  number  of  its  supporters  by 
winning  over  the  chiefs  who  had  favored  the  late  rev- 
olution by  means  of  an  amnesty  law,  so  called,  but 
really  a  penal  one  against  conspirators,*  afterward 
amended,  allowing  oflicers  in  the  rebellion  not  only  to 
submit,  but  to  tender  to  the  pardoning  authority  their 
services  against  their  former  comrades.  They  were 
received  with  the  rank  they  held  among  the  revolu- 
tionists, and  even  given  promotion.  The  government 
was  running  from  one  blunder  into  another  in  its 
endeavors  to  sustain  itself.  In  October  it  forced  Go- 
mez l^edraza.  who  had  come  back,  to  leave  the  coun- 


-  Tlio  Atlcta  was  killed  under  the  burden  of  fines.  The  press  of  the  capitiil 
was  linally  reiluccd  to  El  Sof  and  liiii'islro  Ojiciaf,  and  later  IJnstaiiiaulo'.s 
Wr.  <li'  la  Pdlrlu,  together  with  a  few  loose  sheets  to  ciroulate  amonic  the 
raliljle.  Zara'a,  Rrval.  Mcx.,  ii.  .31'2-13;  Ilircra,  llixt.  JuUtpa,  ii.  5i)_',  ii'M. 

"'  iaUe  tliat  of  ( 'odallos,  hegiiu  in  Deoendier  LS2i),  and  cnishcil  in  tlic  same 
ninnth  of  IS:>;),  wliosii  eluef  and  .1  few  eoinpanions  wci'e  taUrn  prisoncrf^i  and 
shot  at  IMtzciiaro.  Zacala,  Ji'ccot.  Max.,  ii.  'JSH^li,  ,'V2!)~.'{I;  BiisliinKiiilc,  Wr. 
(/■'  lit  P(i'rir(,  iii.  no.  'j;?,  8,  no.  17,  S;  /'/.,  MS.,  vi.  ,■>;)  (i-J;  .l/r-..-.,  P,or(.-<) 
Iiiii''riicl.,  2'20-2.  Tlio  parties  eoncerned  in  sulIi  iiiovi'inents  were  uithcr  p;;t 
to  d'-alli,  liani:;lied,  or  sonteneed  to  Inn;;  terms  of  imprisonment,  .hiaii  X. 
llo.-ains,  of  re\  olution;iry  fame,  Col  Francisfo  \'R'toi'i:i,  a  brother  of  t!ie  luvit 
pre-.ideiit,  (^'ristijlial  Furnaudez,  Col  Jos,;  Mari|UL'z,  his  secretary  Joaipuu 
GArate,  and  others  in  San  L\us,  and  many  in  Mich  i:ican,  were  shot.  In  some 
cases,  as  in  Mmi'lia,  tlio  claims  of  huuuuuty  were  disregarded;  in  others,  not 
even  the  form  of  a  trial  preceded.  Siiaiv::  1/  ydrnrro,  llixt.  Mi'x.,  'IIQ;  Ala- 
wan,  llixt.  MrJ.,  iv.  2.37;  /</.,  Prorem,  l"li.i-21'.>,  •Jj;5-:;0;  JiiK/uiuditc,  I'uz 
ill-  la  Pdtria,  iv.  no.  10,  5  et  .so^.,  v,  no,  31,  l-It;  Rivvra,  Hid.  Jahipa,  ii. 
0d:)-4;  /(/.,  (lol>.  ill'  Mix-.,  ii.  l.")3. 

*.Nhireli  II,  1S:U.  An-illnua,  Pfrop.,  ISIM.  '21S-2I.  Tiie  en.l  of  the  ;;n'- 
enumiit  was  to  j,'ct  rid  of  its  eiuniies,  under  the  j^arl)  of  a,  [i;aeloii,  to  i;;;ilo 
theiii.  ,'iaariz  1/  J\'ai'un\>,  Hid.  JL:.c.,  22d. 


1 


104 


CONSERVATIVE  I.ULE. 


try."     Tills  unjustifiablo  proceeding  was  sustaincfl  by 
the  subservient  ministerial  nuijority  in  congress. 

The  national  coniri'GSS  iVom  1821)  to  the  end  of  18-30, 
taken  as  a  whole,  was  undeserving  of  popular  respect. 
During  the  first  session  both  houses  were  subservient 
to  the  demands  of  all  parties.  Their  bickerings  and 
general  discordance  brought  upon  the  country  all  the 
troubles  resulting  from  the  Jalapa  plan.  In  1830, 
the  legislative  body,  with  a  few  honorable  exceptions 
among  its  members,"  went  over  to  the  support  of  the 
men  who  effected  the  overthrow  of  Guerrero's  govern- 
ment, which  explains  the  case  with  which  it  was  accom- 
plished as  well  as  the  facility  with  which  Bustamante's 
administration  obtained  a  legal  status.  But  the  con- 
gress of  1831-2  conducted  itself  with  still  greater  sub- 
serviency to  the  will  of  the  ministers,  passing  special 
laws,  establishing  special  courts  to  terrorize  those  dis- 
contented with  the  existing  order  of  things,  giving 
the  government  almost  unlimited  powers,  decrveing 
proscriptions,  and  rewarding  crime.  It  permitted  the 
executive,  without  protest,  to  modify  or  construe  the 
laws  at  will. 

Tlie  judiciary  was  not  free  from  the  corruption  that 
pervaded  congress.  The  courts,  from  the  lowest  to 
the  hiyfhest,  lent  themselves  to  subtcrfuure  and  chi- 
canery  to  please  the  government,  and  became  its  ab- 
ject tools,  as  was  made  cvi;lent  in  the  proceedings 
against  Alpucho,  Zerecero,  Gondra,  and  others,  and  in 
the  admission  of  the  most  alisurd  charges,  prelerretl 
in  most  cases  by  notoriously  disreputable  men.'  The  , 
independence  of  the  legislative  and  judicial  powers  no 
k)nger  existed,  and  the  people  were  actually  at  the 

''The  reason  nllegcil  was  that  Pc^lraza's  prosonce  wouM  Hiipport  tlie  oppo- 
sition to  tliu  ijovcruniciit,  and  iiivdlve  tlio  country  in  still  fiieatcr  coniuiotion. 
(Juiiilniiit.  Hon,  Arvs,,  \\\  Znfaln,  Rrml.  J/r.f.,ii.  .'{IT-oti;  Alaiimit,  lli't.  M<J., 
V.  S.J4;  Illrini,  Ilkl.  Jalajta,  ii.  GO.VG;  Alrnri'z,  Hist.  Gi'ii.  Mii.i:.,  v.  litj-lt. 

"Senators  I'achcco  Leal,  llejon,  and  Portugal;  Deputies  Qnintana  Jloaand 
Cincdo.  llejou  was  beaten  in  the  streets  by  instigation  of  the  government. 
Jlnxfatnanti',   Vozile  la  I'ufria,  MS.,  vii.  3-4. 

'Tlie  death  penalty  was  inflictoi'  on  many  not  taken  with  arms  in  their 
h  nds,  or  in  open  revolt  against  tlio  constituted  authorities.  iSuurez  y  Sa- 
varro,  J  J  id.  Mex.,  '2'2i. 


THE  INCLAX  AFFAIR. 


lOS 


mercy  of  the  government  and  its  myrmidons — a  .state 
ot"  thinpfs  \vi?ic)i,  it  must  be  confessed,  was  made  avail- 
able ibr  its  purposes  with  ability  and  energy,  without 
neglecting  to  gain  the  favor  of  the  clergy  by  conces- 
sions that  virtually  restored  their  former  inlluence.^ 

The  despotism  of  the  military  is  illustrated  by  the 
violence  shown  in  the  arrest  of  a  priiiter  at  Guadtda- 
jara  by  the  comandante  general,  Inclan,  which  was 
of  so  outrageous  a  nature  that  the  insulted  state  au- 
thorities and  legislature  decujcd  it  proper  to  remove 
to  Luixos."  The  jifovernment  Ibr  a  time,  from  motives 
of  pe)licy,  took  no  action  in  the  case.^*^  Facio  tried  to 
extenuate  Inclan's  fault  without  offendinLj  that  and 
other  legislatures,  and  did  not  recall  that  general  till 
the  28th  of  Decend)er.^^ 

This  aifair  precipitated  0V(3nts  when  the  opposition 
to  tlio  government  had  not  3'et  matured  any  plan  to 
bring  about  a  reaction.  The  moderate  element  in  the 
several  parties  lin^dted  its  e(R)rts  to  checking  the  retro- 
gressive policy  of  the  adnunistration,  and  trusted,  for 
a  ladical  change,  to  the  renewal  of  the  executive  and 
congress  at  the  end  of  1832.  But  the  h\r'j;o  number 
v\  ho  had  sulfered  or  were  suffering  at  the  hands  t>f 
despotism  would  brook  no  further  deUiy;  the  policy  of 
the  opposition  was  in  their  estimation  too  slow  and 
altogether  dependent  on  electoral  eventualities  to  be 
waited  on  a  whole  year,  during  which  those  in  power 
W(»uld  use  their  large;  resources  to  keep  it  in  their  own 
hands.  The  probabilities  were  all  in  favor  of  the  gov- 
eiument,  which  counted   on  the  cooperation  of  tho 

"It  is  said  that  Bustiunanto,  to  further  win  thoii-  goodwill,  visited  tlio 
cliin-ches  and  pniyeil  iiinoh,  wlioreby  iiuiid-euocs  wero  gained  from  tho  ]iopc. 
This  led  to  disagieenicnts  iu  tlic  oahinet,  too  niueh  piepoivleranec  l)ein  ,'  given 
ti>  tlie  clergy.  Facio  wanted  tho  arniy  to  bo  all-i)o.\i.'rlul.  JUrcnt,  Hob.  de 
Ml'  ■.,  ii.  1,)4-."). 

"  I'uU  iiai'tieulars  of  the  case  iu  Alamaii,  Pmce^n,  .32-7;  F'tno.  JJxpos, 
0  I'ln  Cam.,  l~'2l;  JilKem,  Jli4.  Jalupi,  iii.  'JO-1;  Mora,  Ohra-i  Sitcli'n.i,  i. 
n<.  nI,  Ixv. 

'"  Alanian  gives  as  tlio  chief  reason  tho  probability  of  a  movement  at  ({uadi- 
l^ijiiia  in  favor  of  tho  central  M^ysteni  of  government,  wliieli  would  have  been 
Bupported  l)y  tho  whole  army."  Hin'.  M(,}-,  v.  b.")I. 

"On  tliat  (Into  ho  surrendered  his  command  to  Col  Cirilo  Gomez  Aaaya. 
Jul.,  L'nijos.  ul  t'oiKj.,  7,  14,  "Jl. 


106 


CONSERVATIVE  RULE. 


authorities — its  own  creatures — in  many  stntcs,  and 
on  the  iiidifFerenee  of  others."  Jahsco  and  Z:iC'ateoas, 
however,  occupied  a  position  between  those  wihin;^^  to 
wait  for  a  legal  cliange  of  ruler,  and  those  who  wanted 
to  effect  it  by  force  of  arms.  Without  leaning  to 
either  extreme,  they  organized  their  militia  and  kept 
fanning  the  ilame  of  discord  in  the  press.  Wealthy 
Cluannjuato,  under  General  Luis  Cortaznr's  advice, 
was  also  prepared  for  a  turn  of  events.  Chihuahua, 
Niievo  Leon,  Coahuila,  Tamaulipas,  and  Tabasco, 
being  at  a  distance,  were  to  be  called  into  action  in 
the  event  of  a  conflict  with  the  central  force.  Mean- 
time the  parties  were  carrying  on  intrigues  to  win 
the  elections.  Three  parties  were  playing  for  the 
stake,  namely,  the  friends  of  the  existing  order  of 
things,  the  moderates,  and  the  radicals.'^  Amidst  the 
aLjitation  the  administration  felt  sure  of  victory,  and 
would  probably  havj  gained  it  but  for  an  unforeseen 
occurrence  that  dashed  to  the  ground  all  its  plans, 
and  hurled  it  from  power. 

Bustamante  on  the  1st  of  January,  1832,  congrat- 
ulated the  legislative  body  on  the  progress  the  repul)- 
lic  had  made  under  his  rule,  adding  that  the  fury  and 
animosity  of  political  parties  had  almost  disa})peared.^* 
Flattering  manifestations  of  confidence  greeted  him 
from  the  ministerial  majority  and  his  other  support- 
ers, when  tidings  arrived  which  contradicted  his  as- 


'-' Mexico,  rucbla,  Vera  Cruz,  San  Luis  Potosf,  Durango,  Quci'(;tiiro, 
Michoiicui,  and  Otijaca  ■vvoic  allies.  Sunoiu  ami  Siiialoa  liiul  their  lot'iil 
bickerings  to  occupy  them,  and  being  far  away  from  tlie  centre,  did  not  nnich 
feci  the  hand  of  tlio  general  government.  Siuarz  y  Naumro,  Hint.  Mix.,  'Jlil. 

'^  Tlie  adinini.stralion  party  wanted  a  man  aa  president  who  would  yccaro 
tliem  M'luit  liiul  been  gained  under  Bustamante 's  rule;  the  moderates  desired  a 
combination  of  the  old  ideas  with  tlio  new;  the  third  party  was  huge  and 
allocted  cxaggeratcil  ideas,  favoring  radical  measures,  sucli  as  aboliiion  uf 
fucros,  couli.-i'jation  of  ecclesiastical  property,  reformation  of  the  religious 
or'b  •  and  disbandnieut  of  the  army  so  as  to  crush  out  militarism  from  the 
•.:•',  iij'.    ■ 

'  .  ''tates  were  all  represented  as  having  considerable  surplus  funds. 
''  •  I  .nibf.er  of  the  treasuiy  could  dispose  of  large  amounts  at\'erat'ruz 
■  a'  'i  ..MMi.i;,  and  had  provided  for  tlio  payment  of  si.'c  montlis' interest  on 
i;uj  !'i>rei,;n  dcljis.  Buxtamaufc,  Voz  ile  la  Putrid,  MS.,  vii.  1.  It  nnist  bo 
C'>nfc:-;^cii  thai;  ,'i  ■  administration  had  much  improved  the  linaucial  and  in- 
dustrial coudiUou  of  tlie  country. 


PROXUNCIAMIENTO  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


107 


sevorations  regardinc,^  tlio  popular  satisfaction  witli 
liis  policy.  The  garrlsou  at  Vera  Cruz  had,  on  the 
ui^lit  of  the  2d  of  January,  issued  a  })ronuncianiienk) 
(Icuianding,  among  other  tilings,  the  dismissal  of  the 
ministers. 

Santa  Anna  had  been  living  quietlj''  for  two  j'cars 
on  his  estate  of  Manga  deClavo.  The  administration 
li.id  tendered  him  positions  and  he  had  refused  them. 
All  persons  desiring  to  put  a  stop  to  the  arbitrary 
i.cts  of  the  government,  and  prevent  the  coming  elec- 
tions from  being  conducted  under  the  influence  of 
]^ustaniantc's  ministers,  urged  Santa  Anna  to  jdace 
hinist'lf  at  the  head  of  a  movement  to  effect  tlieir  i-e- 
iiioval.^'  Santa  Anna  was  convinced  that  only  a  re- 
sort to  arms  could  reniove  the  dangers  of  a  wide-spread 
revolution  that  \vould  lead  to  general  anarchy.  The 
dismissal  of  the  ministers  was  thou<;lit  to  bo  the  rem- 
uly  for  the  evil,  and  this  was  the  exclusive  object  of 
the  pronunciamiento.  It  subsequently  took  another 
dii-ection  by  the  express  v/ill  of  the  several  states. 
The  ministers  and  their  friends  attributed  the  move- 
ment to  different  motives,  accusinsf  Santa  Aima  of 
sinister  views,  and  charging  Colonel  Landero,  one  of 
the  chief  promoters,  witli  acts  of  a  dishonorable  char- 
acter.^" Whatever  the  actual  promptings  may  have 
Ik-cu,  the  grievance  complained  against  was  the  con- 
cUiet  of  the  ministry,  as  set  forth  by  the  eom])lainants 
in  their  act,  a  synopsis  of  which  I  give  below. ^'    Santa 

''It  was  hoiictl  tliat  liy  liis  mediation  tlie  object  could  be  accoinpUsIicJ, 
.S'./r(/',  -.y  \ar(in-o,  Jl'iM.  2!<'x:,  2V>:]. 

"'Santa  Anna  wanted  to  be  ])resident.  Lundcro  had  embezzled  81S,000of 
liio  iej;inient".s  funds,  JjUstumaiUe,  Co-  de  Id  I'atrla,  ^IS.,  vii.  4-0;  Alaiuun, 
lii^l.  MiJ.,  V.  8o5. 

'•  Tlie  liild  and  otlier  officers  of  the  gariif^ons  of  the  town  and  fortress,  by 
in\  italiuu  of  Ciriaco  Vasquez,  comaiidanto  ;,'eiicral,  nssendiled  at  the  hou.-^t'  nf 
C.il  IVdro  Lantlero,  and  after  eonsiderin;^  the  situation,  arrived  at  the  eonchi- 
fciun  that  the  country  was  threatened  wilii  revolution  and  probably  w  illi  i;n- 
niehy.  Tlie  "Uiuse  of  this  general  discontent  was  attributed  to  the  ;ubitrary 
;i-ts  of  the  ministers,  which  had  made  tliem  hateful  to  the  iieople,  uiid  had 
1  v't  11  ]iractisL'd  in  spite  of  the  vice-president's  it  monstrances.  The  latter  was 
1' |ai  srntel  as  a  lirni  supporter  of  tlm  federal  system,  liut  liii  a^^tiou  \vas 
ti.iiiMiulleil  liy  the  ministry.  Accompanying  the  long  preamble,  tlip  loliov.  iug 
v-,(ii;i;ions  Were  adopted:  1.  Tlie  garrison  renews  the  obligations  assumed  in 
tiic  plau  of  Jalapa  to  faiilu'ully  observe  the  federal  constitution  and  laws; 


108 


CONSERVATIVE  RULE. 


4ii 

m 


Anna  act-eptecl  tlie  position,  and  on  the  4th  of  the 
same  month  adclrossed  himself"  from  Vera  Cruz^'^  to 
Bustan)aiito,  detaiUng  the  occurrences  at  that  city, 
and  modestly  tendering  his  good  offices  as  a  mediator 
to  bring  about  the  wished  for  result  without  breakinsf 
the  peace  or  causmg  disturbance. 

While  Santa  Anna  and  his  followers  awaited  at 
Vei'a  Cruz  the  government's  decision,  the  ministry 
made  prejiaration  for  resistance.  The  four  ministers 
ajipeaied  before  the  chambers  to  inform  them  of  thcs;^ 
occurren'c  .  After  the  official  despatches  had  been 
read,  Alaman  read  private  letters  I'rom  General  Iberri, 
and  explained  from  his  standpoint  the  action  of  the 
revolutionists  at  Vera  Cruz.^^  That  niinis^or  next 
proceeded  to  justify  his  own  and  his  colleagues'  con- 
duct, and  declared  their  intention  to  keep  their  post 
so  long  as  the  congress  did  not  consider  tlicm  open  to 
the  charges  that  liad  been  preferred  against  tliem."'^ 
However,  on  the  11th  the  four  ministers  laid  their 
resignations,  accompanied  with  an  explanation  of  their 
motives,  before  the  executive;  but  they  were  not  ac- 
cented. Both  houses  of  concrress  manifested  their 
wish  tliat  the  ministers  should  continue  in  office. 
This  was  tantamount  to  a  resolution  that  the  demand 
of  the  rev<.)lutionists  at  Vera  Cruz  should  be  disre- 

2.  Asks  tlie  vicc-prosident  to  dismiss  the  ministers  whom  public  opinion 
cliiiigcs  wiLli  iiplioliling  centralism  and  tolerating  al)usc3  against  civil  Lljcrty 
and  personal  riglits;  3.  It  appoints  a  committee  of  two  oliiccrs  to  lay  the  so 
procecdinga  licforc  Santa  Anna,  and  invito  him  to  repair  to  Vera  Cruz  and 
take  command  of  tln'  forces;  4.  Tlic  garrison,  in  the  event  of  Santa  Anna's 
acceptation  of  the  invitation,  abstains  from  addressing  the  supreme  govern- 
ment. The  general  will  send  this  act  and  such  other  remarks  as  ho  may  deem 
expedient  to  the  vice-president  and  the  authorities  of  the  federation  and  states', 
adopting  snch  measures,  bi'sides,  as  may  conduce  to  the  accomplishment  of  tlio 
de;:ired  nbject.  Siiairz  1/  2\^avarro,  I/isf.  J/t'x'.,  2G;]-7;  l>mti<manti\  Voz  de  h'- 
Pctrla,  MS.,  vii.  9-10;  LI.,  J/'m!.  Santa  A.'iiia,  27.");  Id.,  Hist.  Jturbilc,  'ill; 
J^Urni,  nut.  JaJapa,  iii.  40-01;  ncclwr,  Mc.v.,  39-41,  48,  5.V4. 

*^  lie  had  first  got  possession  of  C''J70,000  from  the  federal  treasury,  against 
the  protest  of  Treasurer  Lebrijar.   Ilustamnnlc,  I'ozde  la  P(ilria,'SlS.,  vii.  11. 

'"  lie  mentioned  as  causes  of  the  revolution  that  the  troops  had  been  le  I 
to  believe  that  General  (Joniez  I'edraza  had  been  called  back  to  the  republic, 
and  tliat  to  rupport  his  landing,  a  military  camj)  had  been  founded  under  Cal- 
deron,  and  troops  would  bo  stationed  in  Vera  Cruz. 

^"  ''Jill  t  lie  chambers  !~hould  Iioldthem  to  accountability,'  'sicsquoliubicran 
dado  niolivo  a  las  inculpaeioucs  (pie  sc  Ics  liacian.'  Saunz  y  Suvarro,  Hint, 
Jiix.,  2oti-7. 


WAR  WITH  SANTA  ANNA. 


109 


gfardotl  as  untciuiblc  and  iitioonstitutional.  Notwltli- 
standing  which  the  miuistors  roinained  in  power  much 
au;ainst  thoir  will,^^  and  after  a  while  insisted  that  their 
resignations  be  accepted.-^  Meantime,  thousands  of 
expressions  favorable  to  the  government  came  from 
its  friends,  wliicli  were  looked  upon  as  so  many  evi- 
dences that  the  movement  at  Vera  Cruz  was  con- 
demned by  public  opinion.  The  ministry  thereupon 
resolved  to  employ  all  the  resoui'ces  at  its  disposal  to 
crush  the  pronioters.  Minister  Facio  temporarily 
k'ft  his  department  on  the  11th,  and  repaired  to 
.lahipa  to  organize  a  strong  division,  which  was  placed 
ill  command  of  General  Jose  Maria  Calderon.  Peace- 
able means  were,  however,  first  tried,  commissioners 
b'inu'  sent  to  induce  Santa  Anna  to  abandon  his  hos- 
tile  attitude.'^^  But  they  effected  nothing,"  and  no 
I'l -course  was  left  but  to  appeal  to  arms.  Facio  had 
ornpleted  his  preparations  by  the  end  of  January,  and 
(jionoral  Caldoi-on  was  to  begin  operations  the  next 
month.  Thinkinij  to  obtain  the  surrender  of  Vera 
Cruz  on  the  approach  of  his  troops,  Facio  tried  to 
bribe  Jose  Mai-fa  Flores,  the  commandant  of  San 
Juan  de  Uli'ia,^'^  who  returned  dignified  answers,  re- 
jecting the  proposal.  Hostilities  consequently  com- 
HicnceJ.  Santa  Anna  at  first  obtained  some  partial 
successes,  but  at  Tolome^"  he  encountered  the  minis- 

"  Oil  the  iOth  of  January  the  legishituro  of  Zacatecaa  iiotitioned  the  vice- 
prci-uiknt  not  to  Iccop  these  men  iu  power  against  their  will,  as  there  was  no 
law  :iiii.hori;dnj,'  it 

--Tlie  vi(,'cprc;-ident  hail  lieen  showing  thetn  some  colJness.  Buntamaiite, 
Voz  lie  la  Patrkt,  MS.,  vii.  15. 

-'The  coiiuuissionerd  were  the  vico-'^'ovornor  of  Vera  Cruz,  !M.  ^I.  Perez, 
Srii'itur  IVrnarilo  Couto,  and  a  treasury  ollieial  named  Viecnte  Segura. 
Siiiiirz  ij  Xdvarro,  Hint.  MfX.,  2(i9. 

-'Tlie  report  of  the  comiuissioiicrs  to  the  governor  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  Ala- 
man's  to  the  ehamber  of  deputies,  are  given  in  Snairz  ij  Nararro,  JIi-:t.  J/cr., 
270-:i;  BmLnnaute,  Voz  dc  In  Pnfrin,  .MS.,  vii.  •_'!-:{. 

-'Isifiij  ollered  Flores  the  rank  of  full  eolonel  and  .S"2,"),003  if  he  would 
make  a  counter-proiuinciaiuiento  iu  the  eustle.  His  and  Calderon's  letters, 
Iwtli  dated  Jan.  'J.'),  ISIVJ,  .appeared  in  Et  Cciixor  of  Vera  Cruz,  .Ian.  I)3th,  and 
K/  Fi'itlj:  de  la  Libertml,  no.  18,  and  were  used  at  Faeio'a  impeachment  iu  l!s;i;!. 
M'.r.  Proccso  IiiKtnid.,  54-5.  Faeio  also  tried  to  win  over  olhcors  and  men 
with  oilers  of  ^u'omotion  and  reward.  Jiicrra,  Gob.  tie  Mi.v.,  ii.  ).")(>. 

-"A  small  village  of  palm  huts,  having  narrow  paths  leading  to  a  bridge 
which  was  the  passage-way  for  the  miserable  place.  Suarcz  y  2\uvairo,  Hist, 
-'/•.c,  -70-7;  liiverti,  Jlint,  Jakqxi,  iii.  IJIJ. 


;! 


■  ti 


no 


COXSKRVATIVK  RULE. 


torial  tr()0|)s,  3,700  stroutr,  on  tlio  Hd  of  ^larch,  and 
sulU'red  a  disastrous  dclcat,  losin::^  lioavily  in  killed, 
^vounded,  and  prisoners,"'  besides  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  anununition  and  muskets.  The  ministerialists' 
loss  was  also  severe.  After  this  disaster  Santa 
Anna  hurriedl}'^  returned  to  Vera  Cruz  with  the 
remnants  of  his  force.  Ho  at  onco  sot  to  work  to 
oi'L^anize  another  army,  and  prepared  the  town  for 
defence.  Calderon  by  a  little  activity  mii^dit  now 
have  made  short  work  of  tlio  revolution,  but  by  his 
dilatoriness,  expectinjj^  that  the  town  would  easily  fall 
into  his  hands,  and  also  from  motives  of  humanity  to 
avert  further  bloodshed,  ho  p^avo  Santa  Anna  time  to 
coni})lete  his  preparations,  and  on  arriving  in  front  of 
the  city  found  his  adversary  strongly  fortified,  w  itli 
112  heavy  pieces  of  artillery  on  the  ram[)arts,  and 
2,500  men.  Calderon  completed  his  preparations  ibr 
the  siege  on  the  12111  of  April;  but  all  his  cll'orts 
failed  to  reduce  the  place,  while  hundreds  of  his  men 
were  falling  victims  to  the  deadly  climate."  Finally, 
ill  view  of  occurrences  in  otlier  states,  and  after  losing 
upward  of  1,000  men,  Calderon  raised  the  siege  on  the 
loth  of  ]\Iay,  and  retired  to  Jalapa,  where  wo  must 
leave  him  for  the  present  to  consider  important  events 
in  other  ])arts  that  eventually  affected  Vera  Cruz  and 
neii>-hboring  states. 

Rumors  had  been  for  some  time  in  circulation  that 
sevei'al  states  intended  to  disregard  the  autliority  of 
the  general  administration.  To  ward  off  such  blows, 
the  government  used  all  its  means  of  persuasion,  and. 
made  the  most  of  Teran's  influence  in  the  eastern 
states,  where  he  had  the  military  conmiand.  Peace 
was  preserved  in  that  quarter  till  !Marcli,  when  the 

"  Among  the  killed  were  colonels  Lanilcro  and  Andonaegui,  both  of  whom 
hnd  done  good  service  against  the  Spanish  invaders  under  Barradus.  The 
lirisoncrs  were  .32  oUicers  and  aljout  4U0  rank  and  file. 

■■'■^  C'onjjress  on  the  25tli  of  April  passed  a  law  granting  Santa  Anna  and  his 
officers  a  liuniiliating  pardon,  which  they  indignantly  rejected.  Siiaiez  ij 
Navarro,  Hist.  Alex.,  287. 


OTHER  STATES  REVOLT. 


Ill 


standard  of  revolt  was  raised  in  Tamaulipas  l)y  Fran- 
cisco) Vital  Foi'iiandrz,  who  was  supj)ortod  \>y  iho 
coniandanto  at  'l'ain})iro,  (jroncral  Kstuvjin  ^loctc/.u- 
mii.-'  Teran  pi'cvailed  on  tlio  legislature  to  set  Fer- 
nandez usidt',  juul  restore  the  authority  of  the  iL(f>vern- 
nicnt,  and  after  some  conferences  with  ^[octcznnia, 
iindinc^  conciliatory  actiofi  unavailinj^,  he  attacked  him 
at  Tami>ico  on  the  13th  of  May,  and  met  with  a  dis- 
astrous re{)ulse,  which  necessitated  his  retreat  to 
Villerias,  whereupon  Moctczunia  marched  into  the 
interior. 

Teran  afterward  obtained  some  ad vantaj^cs  over  his 
a(l\ crsaiies  ;  but  the  disaster  at  Tampico,  the  misfor- 
tunes of  his  country,  and  his  despair  of  brin^iniDf  about 
]ieace  in  the  region  under  his  command,  together  with 
i'aiiiiiv  troubles,  aflectcd  his  mind,  and  drove  him  to 
conunit  suicide  on  the  3d  of  July,  1832,  at  Padilla,  by 
tlirustin<jf  his  sword  throufjh  his  body.^'^ 

IV-ran's  death  at  this  time  was  a  serious  loss  to 
^Mexico,  as  he  had  become  the  link  between  the  mod- 
(^late  wings  of  the  yorkino  and  escoces  parties,  and 
was  their  candidate  for  president  of  the  republic. 

The  n'overnm cent's  fears  as  to  the  effect  of  the  oc- 
ciirrcnces  at  Tampico  and  elsewhere  soon  became 
localized.  Jose  Antonio  Barragan  revolted  in  Han 
J^uis  Potosi,  and  soon  after  Zacatecas  and  Jalisco 
adopted  a  revolutionary  i)lan  diftering  somewhat  from 
that  of  Santa  Anna,  in  that  it  involved  the  removal 
of  Jjustamante  from  the  executive,  and  proclaimed 
Cifomez  Pedraza  as  the  legitimate  president,  regardless 


'•"'  Moctczunia  was  an  old  royalist  soldier  duving  the  war  of  indejicndenco, 
an>l  nftciward  served  under  Iturbido.  He  had  l)ecn  out  of  service  when  I'lea. 
llr.staniante,  at  the  request  of  his  old  friend  Col.  Martin  y  Aguirre,  brought 
hiiii  ii;,';uu  into  tlie  army,  giving  him  the  lirovet  of  a  general  of  brigade,  and 
ii;ii'oiiitiiig  him  to  the  coniniand  at  Tampico.  Bn-iluinaitlc,  Vozde  la  Patria, 
Ms.,  vii.  (JO-7. 

'^''llici'i-ii,  /f'i4.  Jalapn,  iii.  90-1;  Xiles^  '?"';/■.  xlii.  455.  Teran  was  one  of 
the  few  Mexicans  of  general  scientific  attainments,  a  man  of  high  character, 
iiiid  a  profound  thinker.  Toriiel,  IJrcfc  Ucacna  Il'i-d.,  '1~,  "JOt);  Atli'li,  ISiiO, 
.Ian.  !),  8."};  Umtamante,  Ctiwl.  UUt.,  MS.,  viii.  2:55,  lilJS;  Id.,  Voz  do  la 
J ''I 'rill,  ii.  no.  23,  !i.  Teran  was  interred  in  the  same  tomb  with  Iturbidu, 
Aktiii'iii,  Hist.  MeJ.,  V,  850;  Rivera,  Hist.  Jcdapa,  ii.  91. 


112 


CONSEUVATIVK  RULE. 


1 

;  i, 


of  the  fact  tliat  Ijo  liad  voluntarily  rosi'^ncd  his  claim 
to  the  position."'  l]y  ri;jht  he  could  not  ho  rc^jar  'I'd 
ns  lejjjitiinatc  president  without  a  new  election;  hnfc 
tlie  i)arty  of  proi^ress,  formed  hy  two  strong,'  soctions 
of  the  yorkinos  antl  escocescs,  had  no  other  man  after 
(Jeneral  Teran's  death  in  whom  it  could  repose  conli- 
dcnce,  especially  on  the  eve  of  the  ])rcsidential  elec- 
tion, which  under  the  law  could  not  be  postponed. 

When  the  secret  of  the  lenjitimists,  as  thev  were 
called  from  the  project  to  bring  the  general  govern- 
ment aij^ain  to  a  legitimate  status,  leaked  out,  thoULih 
it  luul  been  carefully  kept  by  the  authorities  of 
Zacatecas  and  Jalisco,  the  administration  at  ]\Iexi('o 
considered  itself  in  innninent  peril,  inasmuch  as  the 
revolution  in  its  new  tendencies  was  assuming  a  dif- 
ferent aspect.  This  condition  of  affairs  evi(Kjntly 
called  for  peremptory  measrires  and  extraoi'<linary 
sucrilices.  Alaman  did  not  allow  himself  Ux  be  intim- 
idated, and  believing  that  with  the  presence  of  an  able 
and  iiiHuci'Lial  general  at  the  head  of  the  army  in  the 
field  tho  itn])ending  storm  Height  be  weathered,  h(3 
I'ecommended  that  the  vice-president  should  assume 
the  conunti'.id  of  tho  government's  forces  in  person, 
and  on  the  10th  of  May  asked  authorization  tlicrefor 
fron)  the  chamber  of  deputies."^  It  was  refused,  an.l 
the  enemies  of  tho  administration  had  the  opportu- 
nity to  say  that  the  proceeding  had  been  a  farce  with 
the  ulterior  view  of  recovering  in  that  puerile  manner 
its  lost  prestige.  This  false  step  was  fc^llowed  hy  an- 
other, which  was  an  attempt  to  rcmevo  the  founda- 
tions on  which  the  revolutionists  b.ised  i  leir  opposi- 
tion. They  had  demanded  the  dismi;s'U  of  the  min- 
isters, and  on  the  acceptance  of  their  resignation  tlio 
executive  thought  that  the  question  would  terminato. 

'•  The  plan  of  calling  Potlraza  to  tho  presuloncy  was  tho  work  of  Gomez 
Farias  ami  CJov.  Garcia  of  Zaoatecas.  Mora,  Oliiriri  Sitcl'at,   i.  p.  Ixxv. 

"-  Art.  1 12  of  the  constitution  proscribed  it.  Alaman 's  cxporiii  of  tho  situa- 
tion was  ii  long  and  ablo  one,  maintaining  tliat  the  cxccntivo  at  tho  head  of  the 
army  would  bo  better  ablo  to  canso  the  constitution  and  riyhts  of  the  nation 
to  be  respected.  Suarcz  1/  Xacarro,  I  J  int.  Max.,  '2d0-l. 


CAI.DKUOX  AXO  SANTA  AXXA. 


ns 


TIk'V  woro  tluTcnn'o  allowed  to  n'si^'ii  oti  tlio  17th 
of  May.^'  JJut  tliu  action,  which  lour  months  pi-c- 
vioiisly  might  havo  hocii  l)i!iieficial,  produced  no  L;-ood 
etlects  now.  The  con<yre.ss  had  ex[)ected  tnui-h  from 
llit>  lirnmess  of  the  cahinut,  so  often  proclaimed  as  it 
liad  heen  in  divei's  ways.  It  was  thou^'ht  that  the 
ministers  would  not  leave  their  ])osts  till  they  had  trl- 
miiphed,  or  Santa  Anna  had  heen  ])orsuadetl  to  tender 
his  suhmission.  Their  ])resent  action  was  a  disa;)- 
]>iiintm(!nt,  and  the  states  were  disgusted  with  the 
undi'jnitied  course  of  the  chambers. 


When  General  Calderon  abandoned  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz  he  left  800  men  under  llincon  on  the 
])uente  nacionaV"  to  kee[)  Santa  Anna  in  check;  the 
latter,  howevei",  got  the  better  of  Ivincon,  cutting  off 
his  conununications  with  the  main  body  of  the  gov- 
ernment army,  llineon  having  retreated  to  Los  Ur- 
ganos,  Santa  Anna  went  to  the  hacienda  El  Enc-ero, 
and  an  armistico^^  was  agreed  upon  and  signed  at 
Corral  Falso  on  the  l-3th  of  June,  with  the  ol)ject  of 
holding  conferences  on  the  puente  nacional,  to  treat 
of  })eace,  on  the  Gth  of  July.""  Nothing  resulted 
therefrom,  however,  except  a  promise  on  Santa  Anna's 
])art  to  undertake  no  oi)eration  against  the  govern- 
ment troops  during  forty-eight  hours  reckoned  from 
the  morning  of  the  l;]th.''' 

The  failure  of  these  negotiati(^ns  resulted  from 
Santa  Anna's  refusal  to  accept  any  pro[)osition  from 

'^  The  portfolios  romaineil  in  charge  of  tlic  elilcf  clerks  oxccptiiii,' that  of 
the  treasury,  of  which  .Maugiuo  continiicil  in  chiir;,'c  till  the  l;(th  of  Aiiuust, 
.'liter  !i  new  ministry  hatl  Ijcen  orijanizeil.  Mr.:.  Mini.  Ilifhuilit,  ls70,  KKJJ- 
I.  ^.langino  was  roalJy  no  political  entity.  Suanz  y  Naourro,  UUt.  J/c.-., 
■l.)l. 

^'  The  puente  del  roy  was  so  calleil  after  the  in<lcpenclenee. 

^ '  Santa  Anna's  conimissioner.s  were  Col.  Arago  anil  Jose  M.  Vidal;  for  Cal- 
deron, (Jol.  Felix  Mcrini  iind  Adjutant  Jose  (Jarcia  Conde.  Terms  of  tlio 
arnii.iticc  in  Stiarez  y  Navarro,  /Jul.  Mdx.,  'Jl)!>-7. 

""''Tlie  commissioners  who  acted  in  the  government's  name  were  Ex-prcs. 
(luadalupe  Victoria,  and  (jrovernor  Sebastian  Camaelio  of  Vera  Cruz. 

•'■  JJustamante  has  it  that  tl.oy  revcaleil  'la  iniquidad  do  Santa  Anna,  y 
de  las  hordes  ([ue  le  scguian,'as  also  the  lack  of  sta'oility  aiid  honor  of  tiio 
yuvcruuient.    I'tr.  dc  la  I'airia,  MS.,  vii.  127. 
Hisr.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    8 


I 


n 


if 


114 


CONSERVATIVE  RULE. 


tlio  govern  nont,  because,  wlietlier  at  his  own  instiga- 
tion or  not,  the  garrison  at  Vera  Cruz,  urged  by  tlie 
autliorities  of  Jalisco  and  Zacatecas,  had  on  July 
fjth  made  a  pronuncianilento  in  favor  of  rest(jring 
legitinuicy  to  the  government,  or  in  other  words, 
i^'iioring  Bustauiante  and  i)roclainiini»'  Pedraza  as  the 
rightful  president  of  the  republic,^'' 

The  desj)atches  conveying  the  failure  of  the  nego- 
tiations with  Santa  xVnna  reached  JMexico  at  the 
same  time  with  the  news  that  Zacatecas,  Jalisco,  and 
])urango  had  adopted  tlie  plan  of  placing  Pedraza  in 
tlie  })residential  chair. ^^  Zacatecas  j)laced  4,000  mili- 
tiamen under  arins  ready  for  activ(!  service.  lu 
Duraiigo  (Jeneral  Uri'ea  replaced  Gcnxniior  Elorriaga, 
wlio  had  been  de[)osed  in  .March  1880  by  Busta- 
mante's  ministers,  and  in  Jalisco  the  comandante  gen- 
eral Cirilo  (Jomez  Anaya  was  forced  to  leave  Guada- 
lajara. 

On  the  otlu-r  hand,  San  Luis  Potosi,*'  ]\Iichoacan, 
Cliihuahua,  ]\[exico,  Puebla,  and  Tabasco  favored 
]:)ustan]ante;  but  in  Tamaulipas  Ctdonel  Meji'a  seized 
the  [;ort  of  ]\Iatamor»)S,  where  lu;  obtained  tlie  neces- 
sr.ry  resources  for  his  GOO  men  and  a  sipiadron  of  six 
vessels.  lie  then  proceeded  to  Tam[)ico  to  unite 
his  foi'ces  with  those  of  ]\[octezuma,  and  not  linding 
him  there,*^  joined  Santa  Anna  at  Vera  Cruz. 

^[octezuma  made  a  rapitl  march  toward  San  Luis 
Potosi,  and  at  l*ozo  de  los  Carmelos  defeated  the  g<)v- 
ernment  force  under  Colonel  Otero  on  the  '3d  of  Au- 

•'"Tliu  acta  sots  forth  the  grounds  of  action,  anil  directs  Santa  Anna  t.)  ac- 
ct'do  at  tlio  conforcnocs  to  notliing  inconiiiutiblu  with  its  t''i»  articled.  Siian  z 
1/  yantrrn,  ///>.'.  J/i.c,  .SOD-Kl;  Jhislainaule,  Voz  dc  la  I'alrki,  MS.,  vii. 
1:24-.");  /,'inrii,  Hit/.  Jahijui,  iii.  !)7. 

"*/acatolta.^  made  tlu'  declaration  July  lOtli,  Durango  soon  after,  Jalisco 
on  the  l."(th  of  .Inly.  Siiurcz  ij  Snrurro,  NLit.  M<  .v.,  'A\'2,  ',i\\;  Um^taiiuinfc, 
V(c  (!(■  Id  Pallia,  M.S.,  vii.  lo7-S;  Aininr.,  ■/.,  Jlanij'.,  Hi);  Plnarl,  Co/.  Doc, 

■'Tlio  legislature  empowered  (!ov.  Reyes  to  raise  troops,  and  tomorrow 
fcl(K>.()!K)  to  meet  CNpcnses. 

"  Mipcte/.iima,  after  uiuloing  all  that  Teran  had  done  at  Ciiulad  Victoria, 
and  replaciug  Vital  Fernandez  i".  the  governor's  cUair,  hud  mai'ched  into  the 
interior. 


PRESIDENT  -MUZQUIZ, 


115 


Q-ust,''  which  onc'iiod  to  him  at  oiieo  the  o-ates  of  the 
.state  capital.  The  autliorities  created  by  a  revohitioii 
on  the  21st  and  22d  of  July  and  the  coinandaute 
general  Zenon  Fern.aidez  took  to  ilight,  leaving"  as 
governor  Feli[)e  Manjarrez,  a  mend)er  of  the  city 
council.  On  the  5th  of  August  the  ayuntamient;) 
ju-cupted  the  situation,  and  six  days  later  the  legis- 
l.itive  diputacion  })ernianente  met  for  the  sole  ])urposo 
of  nullifying  Bustamante's  authority,  and  declaring 
INulraza  the  righti'ul  executive  of  the  republic.''' 

The  occupation  of  San  Luis  by  the  revolutionists 
staggered  the  government.  The  chamber  of  deputies 
nt  laice  authorized  the  vice-president  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  army.  In  his  ab.sence  the  executive 
was  intrusted,  by  special  choice  of  the  deputies  vot- 
ing by  states  on  the  7th  of  August,  to  General  Mel- 
clior  Aluzquiz,'**  wiio  on  the  14th  took  possession  of 
the  oilice  with  the  title  of  president  ad  interim.  Bus- 
tamante  retained  his  position  as  vice-j)resident;  but 
after  a  victory  over  his  enemies  he  resigned  it  on  the 
lUth  of  Septendjer/' 

I  lis  resignation  was  not  accented  bv  congress,  but 
the  course  of  events  made  it  effective. 

General  Melchor  Mu/quiz  was  bom  about  I7i)0  in 
Santa  llosa,  in  the  district  of  Monclova,  Coahuila. 
ill  1810  he  left  the  college  of  San  lldefonso  to  join 
liie  revolution  fen'  independence.  When  m.  colon^^l  he 
was  ca[)turetl  by  the  royalists,  and  wouk!  have  been 
sliut  at  Puebla  but  for  an  opportune  aiunesty  decret) 
liiat  included  him.  He  supported  the  plan  of  Iguala, 
and  in  1824  was  governor  of  Mexico.*"     From  liis  ac- 

'-  'I'll':-  biittli!  lastod  three  hours.  Otero  was  sliiiii,  many  ollieers  wi  ru 
wnaiiili'il,  iiiul  the  rest,  with  a  few  (lisiierse-l  h^iMilts,  rcielir.l  tiieeiiy  tlin  >j 
li  lur.s  latv'i".  Iiii-itdiimiitf,  I'o;  (/('  la  Patrii,  .MS.,  vii.  l(;_'-(j;  •'^SiKii-i'  i/  XnniriM, 
likt.  .I/,;,-..  .'UT-S. 

^■''i'liis  is  said  to  have  hecu  !''"•,  spontaneous  net,  without  military  eocr- 
e;  in,   ,V.  A.  l\,loM,  Jli/uit.  I'cr,.,  .     ,  -J-,'),  in   /'iiinrl,  Co',  ihr. 

^'  lie  had  1,")  votes  out  of  17.  lien,  ih'avo  reeeived  one,  anil  .hiau  I;,'naeio 
(ir.lny  the  other,  JJith!<i  ii  iint\  Lu.niio,  La/.  Mcc,  ii,  443-0,  t.")l;  Arrit'  iqt, 
J.'^i-oj,.,  18;i2-.'!,  140-!). 

^' Ho  slated  that  he  did  so  of  his  freewill,  as  a  eitizeii  and  as  .i  soldier 
who  luid  never  f;ivei'  way  to  force.  Sii'inzii  X'lrnrri,  lli.^t.  M-.c,  ',VM. 

^"i'ro.s.  \i^  toria  nuide  him  a  geueral  uf  biigade.    liustaniuute  tanon^'  his  last 


I  /'  ■"  \ 


IIG 


CONSERVATIVE  RULE. 


tion  in  concert  with  Facio  to  promote  the  plan  do  Ja- 
hipa,  Muzquiz  caine  to  be  looked  upon  as  Bustu- 
niente's  second  and  pos^  ible  substitute. 

Muzquiz  was  an  honest  man  and  a  disinterested 
patriot,  ready  to  do  his  duty  and  undergo  anj^  suffer- 
ing for  his  country  and  his  principles.  At  his  death 
his  family  was  left  unprovided  for,  and  his  widow  had 
to  keep  a  school  for  support.  Some  time  after  Muz- 
quiz's  death,  his  name  was  given  to  the  place  of  his 


birth.''' 

Muzquiz  appointed  his  cabinet  on  the  19th  of  Au- 
gust, with  the  following  ministers:  Francisco  Fago- 
aga,  of  relations;  Juan  Ignacio  Godoy,  of  justice  and 
ecclesiastical  affairs;  Ignacio  Alas,  of  the  treasur\^; 
General  Jose  Ignacio  Iborri,  of  war  and  marine.*^ 

No  one  had  any  doubt  of  Muzquiz's  honesty  of  pur- 
pose, but  his  identification  with  the  party,  now  thrown 
out  of  power  by  late  events,  rendered  it  impossible  for 
his  government  to  satisfy  the  leaders  of  the  revolution, 
who  were  demanding  a  legitin.iate  authority. 

The  first  efforts  of  the  new  administration  wore 
directed  to  the  })roparations  for  Bustamante's  cam- 
[taign.  Guanajuato  and  Michoacan  were  in  peril  of 
meeting  with  the  same  fate  as  San  Luis  Potosi,  the 
forces  of  Zacatecas  and  Jalisco  now  cooperating  with 
those  under  General  Moctezuma.  Bustamante  ac- 
cordingly hurried  to  Queretaro.  With  his  force  of 
4,000  men  divided  into  three  divisions,  commandoil 
respectively  by  generals  Amador,  Duran,  and  Arista, 
Bustamante  marched  to  San  jNIiijuel  el  Grande,  since 
named  Allende,  where  the  enemy  occupied  several 
important  positions.      He  attempted   no  movement 

nets  placed  liis  nomination  for  gonci-al  of  ilivision  before  the  senate,  but  Muz- 
(iiiiz,  on  assuming  tlic  oxucutivc  ollico,  rccalleil  it. 

*' July  '.\\,  ISt.l,  the  I'onu'i'e.ss  declared  Muzquiz  '  IjencniC'rito  do  la  patria.' 
Aniiijo  del  Piiddo,  12  Agiwto,  134."),  isd;  Umlaiaante,  ^f(m■.  Jliit.  Mix.,  MS., 
i.  'JI.l-S,  ii.  1!)2. 

*■  Ffigoaj^a  had  been  sinc'e  I8'21  in  favov  of  a  foreign  monarch.  Iberri  \vm 
ol)jectional)lo  to  the  rcvohitiuiiists.  The  otiier  two  ministers  were  niea.suralily 
re-pi'cted  by  their  opponents,  being  advocates  of  popular  I'epredcntaiive  gov- 
ernnieut. 


BUSTAMANTE  AND  MOCTEZUMA. 


117 


nn^ainst  the  city,  and  occupied  the  town  of  Dolores 
Hidalgo.  Moctezuma  with  superior  numbers  ad- 
vanced, on  the  17th  of  September,  to  the  haciendas 
of  El  Kiueon,  evidently  intending  to  seize  the  impor- 
tant position  called  Puerto  del  Gallinero;  but  Bus- 
tamante,  detecting  his  purpose,  occupied  it  early  in 
tlie  morning  of  the  18th.  Five  hours  later  Mocte- 
zuma came  up  and  at  once  opened  fire.  In  a  short 
time  the  action  became  general.  Moctezuma  having 
iirst  arranged  his  columns  so  as  to  assail  the  enemy 
<in  both  flanks  at  the  same  time,  the  brunt  of  the  at- 
tack was  fnr^ly  made  on  Bustamante's  left  line,  after 
it  wa'^  .'oar- 1  .  ipracticable  to  break  his  centre.  By 
massing'  Ms  v. .  lole  force  against  that  line,  Moctezuma 
exposed  his  columns  to  the  fire  of  the  enemy's  bat- 
teries as  well  as  of  some  battalions  stationed  under 
cover  on  the  slope  of  a  hill.  The  result  was  that  his 
troops  were  driven  back  by  Bustamante's  cavalry  to 
where  he  had  stationed  his  reserve.  He  tried  to  re- 
new the  attack,  but  soon  found  himself  outflanked, 
and  the  rout  became  general  and  complete.  His  dis- 
})orscd  men  were  hotly  pursued  as  far  as  the  hacienda 
ofLas  Trancas,  and  cut  down  without  mercy.  The 
mortality  on  Bustamante's  side  was  large,  but  that  of 
]Moctezunia's  aimy  wa;s  enormous.** 

^'Suarcz  y  Xav.irro  acfw.^u.-j  IJi  'taimmte  of  having  led  the  pursuit  in 
]^<'rsi(in,  mercilessly  si,iyhk;t1iu  fu .-''..vus.  Hist,  Mix.,  3-9.  Tiic  parish  priest 
(it  I )olon's  IliUali.'o,  Rv  v.  'gi.  i  jii-  r.ioctezuma,  on  the  23(1  of  Scptciuljor,  ro- 
l:iirtiil  that  ho  had  I)uri(.'l  •.r24  cs  ilx  h  (.Ltl(j-liel(l,  niid  4."),  who  died  of  their 
Miiiiiids,  in  the  parish  cemi,t"ry.  That  rctal  of  I'  ''J  did  by  no  means  iiicludo 
;ill  the  victims,  as  tin;  priest  UucI  <>''  ivving  to  ^reat  'listances,  reached  ull 
the  slain.  According  to  Bustainiuite,  1  o-  <lf  la  I'litria,  MS.,  vii.  1(J!)-S"J,  w!i) 
gives  a  detailed  account  of  tlio  campaign,  the  number  of  killed  in  tho  liattlo 
Mas '2. lis.  Tiio  prisoners  were  004,  iiicludin,'  )(J0  wounded.  Zamaeoi.ssa\s 
that  lie  investigated  that  point,  and  was  assured  by  truthful  persons  from 
N.iu  Miguel  el  Urandu  that  tho  number  of  killed  exceeded  1,500.  liitif.  2lij., 
y.\.  908-0. 

SiKtnz  y  Xavnrro,  Jiiav,  IHntoria de Mixko  y  del  General  Anton lo  Lopvz  ih'. 
S'liilaAiiiia.  Mex.,  ISoO.  Liirgc  8vo,  pp.  vi.  4.")7,  with  Santa  Anna's  portrait. 
'I  Ills  work  covers  tho  })(  "od  f-om  IS-'I  to  tho  beginning  of  i8.'i'5— not  to 
I'^IS  as  indicated  on  its  '  .'  vpago.  Of  tho  events  in  the  years  1S"21-1S'27  it 
Kiv(s  little  more  than  .i  ••'•  iii'.'.';  but  of  those  which  occurred  between  IS'JS 
iiud  I,s3ilafull  account  is  /.i-.^p,  particularly  of  the  last  year.  Tho  author 
I'liports  to  furnish  a  truo  ikh-I  tlOln;^•t  detail  of  those  events,  refuting  at  tho 
t-iniM  time  a  number  of  nccusLxiciUS  tliat  had  been  preferred  against  General 
^iiata  Anna,     lie  presents  hia  opiuions  luid  proofs  with  good  judgment  and 


lis 


COXSERVATIVE  RULE. 


Bustanianto  now  rcoecupied  San  Luis  Potosi  on  tlie 
"Otli  of  Soptenibor,  reinstating  the  (loposed  aiitliori- 
ties.°"  Ho  might  easily  Lave  quelled  the  revolution 
in  the  other  hostile  states,  hut  that  news  reached  him 
of  General  Valencia's  defection  in  the  state  of  Mex- 
ico, which  imperilled  the  national  capital.  He  had 
oidy  advanced  as  far  as  Pcnon  Blanco,  where  he  ob- 
tained, in  the  latter  part  of  October,  a  promise  from 
Governor  Garcia  of  Zacatecas  that  he  would  cause 
the  legislature  of  his  state  to  revoke  the  act  recog- 
nizing Pedraza.  That  pronii;- ">  was  not  fulfilled,  ow- 
ing, as  alleged  by  Bustaiiiantc  Isans,  to  the  in- 
fluence of  Luis  do  la  liosa  and  ncz  Farias  over 
Garcia. 


Affiiirs  in  Vera  Cruz  were  in  the  mean  time  assum- 
ing a  most  unfavorable  aspect  for  tlie  government. 
Facio,  who  since  Calderon's  retreat  from  Vera  Cruz 
and  his  own  resignation  as  minister  of  war  liad  been 
in  command  of  the  government  troops^"  in  that  state, 
could  not  boast  of  much  progress  in  his  operations 
a^'ainst  Santa  Anna.  The  latter  had  been  active  in 
recruiting  and  instructing  his  army,  and  on  the  '2*)tli 
of  Septenibor  was  in  a  condition  to  assume  the  olfen- 
sive.  With  the  view  of  raising  the  spirits  of  his 
men,  some  of  whom  had  bocime  downcast  on  hearing 
of  j\roctezuma's  defeat,  he  resolved  to  engasrc  with 
Facio,  and  if  victorious  march  forthwith  on  Puebla, 
The    latter,   wjio  was  then  crossing  the    heio-hts  of 

'  or? 

]\r;dti'ata,   stationed  one  half   of   his    troops    in   tlie 
t  .)wn  of  San  A'justin  del  Palmar  and  in  the  hacienda 


mo'leratioii,  -witliout  ever  allowing  liimself  to  use  passionate  lanc;uagc  when 
(.ri'.ici^iii^'  thuoC  char.;cs.  His  narrative  ami  cominiiits  arc  clear,  ;nul  liii 
armuneiits  often  well  grouncleil.  They  are  mostly  the  result  ot'  his  owi 
liersiinal  observation;  T)nt  he  makes  oocasional  quotations  tVoin  standar.l 
avithorities.  An  appendix  is  attr.clicd  to  the  work  <;ontain!ng  corrections  an^l 
ftdilitionnl  notes;  the  latter  rcLjarding  the  ex-emperor  Itnrliide's  return  from 
Kuropo  in  IS'24,  and  Mexican  relations  with  (iiiateniala. 

^'' His  portrait  placed  in  tlio  legislative  eliamher  was  afterward  thrown 
out  l>y  the  populace.  BiiMamniito,  \'o- iIp  la  Patrin,  MS.,  vii.  100;  Sinur-.  .y 
XdvcuTO,  JJi.it.  .l/'.r.,  SoO-l.  The  revolutionary  authorities  and  legislature 
foiuid  liospitulity  iu  Zacatecas.  S.  L.  Potosl,  Diput.  Ptrman.,  I'-O. 


SANTA  ANNA  DEFEATS  FACIO. 


110 


of  La  Trasquila  uiulor  General  Antonio  Azcilvato, 
wliilc  ho  with  the  other  half  oeenpied  the  Chalt(.'peo 
hill,  Santa  Anna,  niakinGf  a  feint  on  Facio  witli  liis 
cavalry,  directed  his  real  attack,  under  colonels  Mejia 
and  Jarero,  against  Azcdratc.  After  a  short  but 
well  contested  action,  in  which  Azcarate  lost  his  life, 
the  government  troops  were  conij)letely  routed,  with 
a  loss  in  killed,  besides  the  commander,  of  12  ollicers 
and  353  rank  and  file.  All  the  arms,  ammunition, 
and  280  jjrisoners  fell  into  Santa  Anna's  hands. 
I'acio  precipitately  iled  to  the  sierra,  and  the  grvater 
part  of  his  remaining  force  became  dis]KM"sed."'* 

Santa  Anna  at  once  marched  on  Puebla,  which 
after  a  short  semblance  of  defence  succundjod  on  the 
4th  of  October,  the  garrison  being  allowed  the  honors 
of  war  with  permission  to  go  to  Mexico.'"'^  Santa 
Anna  lost  no  time  in  advancing  upon  the  capital,  and 
a  portion  of  his  army  r'^ached  Tacubaya  on  tlu;  22d 
of  October;  the  other  divisions  occupying  the  sur- 
rounding towns,  the  line  of  investment  was  soon  estab- 
lished. 

Meantime  the  greatly  alarmed  government  liad  oli- 
tained  from  the  congfress  a  vote  conferring'  on  Presi- 
dent  ]\Iuzquiz  unlimited  power  to  act  as  circumstances 
uiiglit  demand.  An  eftbrt  was  made  throurdi  com- 
luissioners  to  arrive  at  an  amicable  arran<.<"omi.'iit,  but 
it  failed  because  compress  refused  to  sanction  any 
ailjustment''^  based  on  the  assumption  by  Pedraza  of 
the  executive  autliority. 

The  capital  had  been  declared  under  marrial  lav.-,'' 
and   the  conunand  intrusted  to  Oeiieral  Quintanai-, 

•*'  Audv.ade,  povenior  and  comandaiite  general  of  Puebla,  shared  in  Facio's 
defeat,  as  ho  had  advaneed  to  Tepeaca.  and  on  the  counti-rniareh  to  I'ueldv 
List  two  thirds  of  his  men,  who  joiue^l  .Santa  Anna.  Suarcz  y  Xitnu'ro,  Hist. 

Mr.r.,  .'V-M. 

''-  Aiidrade  reached  the  capital  on  tlic  'loth  day  of  October,  with  very  few 
men;  tlie  rest  joined  Santa  Anna  at  San  Martin  Tesnielncan,  Bustaniante,  I'o^ 
i/'  //  Piitria,  MS.,  vii.  2l'.)-'27,  gives  a  detailed  account  of  tlic  capture,  willi 
liis  lying,  malignant  addenda. 

•'■'October  llJtli.  Di^jiox.  !'«/•.,  ii,  SG;  liherif.  Hint.  Jalapa,  iii.  ll.l. 

"'  The  president's  military  orders  appear  ia  Dublan  and  Lozaiio,  Lnj.  Mex., 
ii.  4J3;  Dispoi,  Var,,  ii.  82-0. 


120 


CONSERVATIVE  RULE. 


! '1 

n 


:  ! 


'il 


who  answered  Santa  Anna's  doniand  on  the  first  of 
Xovcniber  for  a  surrender  of  the  eity  witli  a  dij^nified 
I'efusal.  The  latter  did  not  see  fit  to  open  fire,  tlio 
danger  to  which  Puebia  was  exposed  by  Bustamante's 
ai)[)roach'^^  demanding  liis  attention.  He  accordingly 
raised  the  siege  on  tlie  Gth,  marched  to  meet  the 
etieniy,  and  on  the  10th  reached  Ilueliuetoca,  wliere 
ho  received  despatclies  from  Pedraza  announcing  his 
jurival  at  Vera  Cruz/" and  his  intention  to  proceed  at 
(juce  to  Puebia.  The  states  that  had  seconded 
the  movement  in  Pedraza's  favor  immediately  passed 
spr  lal  laws  ordering  his  decrees  and  orders  as  presi- 
de. ..  of  the  rei)ublic  to  be  obeyed. 

The  two  hostile  armies  encountered  each  other  in 
the  hacienda  of  Casas  Blanoris,  on  or  about  the  12th 
of  November,  without  a  decisive  result,  but  Busta- 
mante  had  to  retire  to  Tequisquiac,'''' where  Quintanar 
joined  him  with  a  division  on  the  IGth.  They  then 
undertook  to  carry  out  a  preconcerted  plan  of  captur- 
ing Puebia  while  Santa  Anna  was  at  Zumpango  do  la 
Laguna,  but  the  latter  by  his  activity  frustrated  their 
iutention.^^  Bustamante  then  resolved  to  try  the 
issue  of  a  pitched  battle,  and  advanced  via  San  Pedro 
Apetatitlan  to  the  suburbs  of  Puobla  on  the  5th  of 
December.  Santa  Anna  having  taken  up  a  position 
;  1  the  Posadas  rancheria  and  town  of  Mexico,  Bus- 
tamante at  the  head  of  the  Gth  regiment  vigorously 
assailed  him,  but  was  repulsed  with  a  heavy  loss  in 

^=  Bustamante  had  reached  Qucrd'taro,  and  marching  rapidly  byway  of  San 
Ci'ist(jl)al,  Sail  Juan  Tcotihuacan,  and  Otumba,  might  capture  I'uebla  before 
relief  could  arrive. 

■''"  ][o  had  declined  Santa  Anna's  first  invitation  to  return.  But  a  second 
eoniinission,  eoniiwscd  of  Anastasio  Zerecero  and  Lieut-eol.  Soto,  which  met 
him  at  l?edfoid  Sjirings  in  I'enusylvania,  after  explaining  what  lie  was  actu- 
ally wanted  for,  was  successful.  The  eorrespondencc  is  given  iiiSiiai-czj/  Xa- 
rarro,  ll'ut.  Mtx.,  341-3;  Zamaco'is,  I/isf.  Mi'.i:,  xi.  1)10-1!);  liircra,  Iltsf. 
Jidajin,  iii.  IIG;  Pedraza  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  November  Otli.  liadamaiito, 
Vo^  (Ir  la  Pafr'ia,  MS.,  vii.  'JoS-O. 

°'  Bustamante's  letter  of  Nov.  13th,  to  Col  Condelle  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  in 
Suairzy  jS'nrtirro,  J/i-if.  Mix.,  345.  Bustamante  dcscrihea  thcactioii.  Vozdd 
l<i  J'atmi,  MS.,  vii.  201-3. 

•'"IIo  not  only  succeeded  in  that,  but  in  saving  a  valuable  convoy,  by  a 
rapid  march  of  03  milea  in  less  than  30  hours. 


BATTLE  OF  POSADAS. 


121 


killcfl  and  wounded,  among  tlio  former  being  his  sec- 
letary,  Lieutunant-coloncl  Ijonilla,  and  many  of  his 
best/  officers.  The  number  of  casualties  in  both  armies 
is  said  to  have  been  no  less  tlian  at  El  Gallinero.®' 
Santa  Anna  remained  master  of  the  field ;  the  enemy 
retreated  and  took  up  positions  at  the  San  Juan  hill, 
tlie  ex-convent  of  San  Javier,  the  Hospicioand  garita 
(le  Tlascala,  Quintanar  occupying  the  Santo  DomiiiLio 


Plan  of  Pr  ebla  City. 


1.  Cathedral. 

2.  Palace. 

;!.    Kpiscojial  Palaco. 

4,  'i,  li,  7.    Hospitals  and  Asylmns. 

8.  Acadomy  of  Finn  Artd. 

9.  I'rc'sidio. 


10,  11.    TliL'atrcs. 
VI,  IX    liiiU-iiiigs. 
14.     Hariack. 
l"',  lij.     Talks. 
IT.    Maiu  I'hiza. 


mill.  Other  partial  engagements  followetl,  with  dis- 
astrous results  to  the  government  troops.  Meantime 
(lomez  Pedraza,  who  had  defended  Pucbla  au'ainsi  an 
uttack  in  which  the  enemy  had  actually  possessed 
liiniself  of  some  houses  of  the  suburbs,  made  prepara- 
tions for  future  eventualities. 


•*•  Details  of  the  Posadas  battle  in  Suan'z  y  Navarro,  Hist.  Mix.,  346, 


122 


COXSERVATIVE  RULE. 


The  [government  also  mot  witli  reverses  in  other 
parts  of  the  country;  and  indeed,  it  may  be  said  that  its 
control  of  affairs  was  now  at  an  end.  I  give  briefly 
in  a  note  the  occurrences  in  the  several  states."'^  Gen- 
eral JMuzquiz'  government  nf)W  wa^  obeyed  only  by 
(Jajaca  and  Chihuahua.  Under  the  circumstances, 
Bustamante  saw  the  uselessness  of  further  attempts 
to  ca[)turc  Puebla,  and  opened  negotiations  with  his 
opponents.  General  Cortazar  accordingly  sought  a:i 
interview  with  Gomez  Pedraza  and  Santa  Anna  i:i 
the  niornino:  of  December  8th,  at  which  it  was  agreed 
to  enter  first  into  an  armistice,"^  till  both  houses  of  con- 
gress should  take  action  on  the  plan  for  peace  proposerl 
to  Bustamante  by  Gomez  Pedraza  and  Santa  Anna. 
It  was  also  stipulated  that  in  the  event  of  the  con- 
gress rejecting  the  plan,  Bustamante's  army  should 
take  it  into  consideration.  IMeantime  Bustamante's 
forces  were  to  be  quartered  in  Huejocingo  and  Santa 
Anna's  in  Puebla.  I  epitomize  in  a  note  the  saitl 
plan  of  pacification.^^ 


1 ". 


'  !,'■ 


^''Ciuclad  Victoria  in  Ta;  lulipas,  Colima,  Toliica,  the  wliole  south,  San 
Luiri  r«jtosi,  QucivHiiro,  Durauyo,  S.mora  ami  Siiuiloa,  followed  one  another  iii 
acknowlt'dLnng  willingly  or  under  coercion  tiiat  (Joinez  I'edrazawas  the  ri.,'liL- 
ful  prcsiilcnt.  Snarcz,  y  Xacatro,  Hist.  Mi'.r..,  'A',V1,  ;U!)-3t;  Zcumicoin,  J/i^t. 
M'j.,  xi.  yjl}-");  I'iiiart,  <,'ol.  Due,  no.  2')o  In  Cauipcchc,  Yucatan,  on  tlio 
IGth  of  Sept.  tlio  people  shook  oil'  the  yoicc  under  whicii  for  the  last  tlnvo 
years  they  had  been  held  i)y  Carbajal.  Tabasco  and  (Jiiiapas  also  pronounced 
against  their  antlioritics  and  concluded  to  disregard  Bustamante's  administra- 
tion. Unsfamantc,  Vpz  de  la  Pufria,  MS.,  vii.  11)1-3,  24.^-50.  In  the  south 
generals  IJravo  and  Alvarez  had  made  an  arrangement  to  hold  their  respective 
c:)ni:indaucias,  discontinuing  hostilities  and  acting  in  coiicert  for  tlie  general 
welfare.  /(/.,  '2(57-1). 

'''  It  was  signed  Dec.  11th,  the  eomniissioncrs  being  Gen.  Gaona  and  Gen. 
Arista,  for  Ihistamante,  and  Gen.  Anava  aiul  Gol.  .farcro  for  the  other  parties. 
ArriUu/a,  h'rrop.,  l,S.'}2-3,  i.VS-lil;  Siiclnz  i/  X<ivarro,  Jllst.  Mr.c.,iioS-<J;  Jiit-i- 
tamau'c,    Vozdula  Pnlria,  MS.,  vii.  "jyit-X;  Zniiidco'is,  IliM.  MJ.,  xi.  !J27-S. 

"-Tlie  preamble  expressly  says  tlie  object  of  the  plan  is  to  recstablisli  a 
truly  national  and  feder.al  government.  1st.  Aljsolute  cessation  of  hostilities. 
2d.  All  elections  of  members  to  general  congress,  state  legislatures,  and  tei-ri- 
torial  diputaciones  from  Sept.  1,  1S2S,  to  date,  to  liokl  good.  No  more  to  l>e 
said  al)Out  legitimacy  or  the  reverse.  3d.  Xew  elections  to  be  held  at  once 
f^)r  moi:d)crs  of  congress,  legislatures,  etc.,  to  bring  aljout  an  entire  renova- 
tion so  that  the  re[)ublic  may  return  to  the  federal  I'l'giuic.  4th.  New  legis- 
latures to  bo  installed  on  or  Ijofore  I'eb.  l.">,  I.s3)t;  fur  this  time,  eaeli  shall,  on 
tlie  1st  of  March,  1833,  choose  two  senators,  and  vote  for  the  president  ami 
vice-president  of  the  republic.  The  actas,  senators,  and  deputies  of  con- 
gress mnst  lu'  at  the  national  capital  on  tlie  •2;)tli  of  March,  ."jth.  Congress 
shall  be  iustalled  March  '2oth,  and  tlic  uext  day  djckuc  who  have  been  duly 


TREATY  OF  ZAVALETA. 


123 


Tlic  armistice  and  plan  being  in  duo  time  laid  be- 
fore the  houses  of  C(inLi[ress,  botli  refused  to  sanction 
lliciii,'^^  in  view  of  which  action  Bustaniante,  pur- 
suant to  stij)ulation,  resolved  to  act  independently 
(if  the  i^overnincnt.*'*  Whereupon  he  held  a  confer- 
ence with  Santa  Anna,  Gomez  Pedraza,  and  other 
chief  otiicers  of  both  armies,  at  which  it  was  concluded 
to  ap[)oint  commissioners  to  draw  up  a  treaty  estab- 
lishing- peace,  and  stipulating  other  points  of  impor- 
tance.'^'' The  commissioners  met  accordinizlv  at  the 
Jiacienda  of  Zavaleta,  and  framed  a  treaty,  embody- 
ing the  terms  of  the  plan  de  pacificacion  and  other 
jioints,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  contracting  jmrties, 
v.liich  was  signed  and  ratiiied  on  the  2'3d  of  ]3ecem- 
bi'r.'^'*  The  sixth  article  of  tlie  convention  recognized 
(Joniez  Pedraza  as  president  till  April  1,  18;33,  the 
date  on  which  his  term  would  expire  according  to  his 


tloctcil  iifcsidout  and  vice-president,  flth.  Dni'ing  elections  no  coin.indanto 
genci'al  sliall  rcsido,  nor  troops  i.'i  the  p;iy  of  the  national  treiisury  shall  lie 
(|Uarlcrc(l,  in  any  stiitc  oi  tenitoriul  capital.  7th.  Tiie  decree  of  Oct.  7th  <i'> 
c:;tr.i()rdinary  power;*,  and  the  dire  law  of  Sept.  27,  182;],  to  l)o  revolced.  8tii. 
(■■iiiiez  IVdraza  sliall  ho  recognized  and  olieyed  as  the  rightful  president  till 
ilu'  1st  of  April,  18I};{.  !)tli.  A  general  and  lull  amnesty  siiall  he  decreed  )>y 
t'.ie  future  congress  for  all  political  oii'euces  from  and  .-.fter  Feh.  1,  1828.  lOtii. 
;■■  nta  .Anna,  as  commander  of  the  forces  secedeil  from  the  government,  and 
(M)nu/,  I'cdraza  formally  propose  this  plan.  iJat  'il  on  the  puente  do  Mi'xico, 
]'c.\  !>,  1S.'{2.  SiMixz  y  Navarro,  IlUf.  J/cVc,  8o!)-G();  Zamacoii,  JJlut.  J/'/., 
xi.  ir.Vs-:il. 

'-'On  tho  plea  of  unconstitutionality,  ^f(X.  Jfrniif.  D'qmf.,  20-3,  the 
congress  declined  to  reeonsiiler  I'cdraza's  resignation  in  1828,  alleging  that  it 
ciiuld  not  revise  tlio  act  of  tlie  congress  of  182;).  J>l'<pij'<.  Wu:,  ii.  87;  Diih/au 
and  Lovtuii,  Leij.  Mr.r.,  ii.  470-4. 

'■'/auiacois  lilames  him  for  his  disohcdienec  to  constituted  autliority; 
M'^lily  cDmmeniling  the  action  of  congress  he  adils,  though  attrihuting  to 
ilustamaiito  tiio  humane  purpose  of  iiverting  furt'.ier  bloodshed,  tiiat  ho 
licrrly  stained  his  brilliant  record.   ///>■/.  M(j-,  xi.  'M'.i. 

'"  .\nti)nio  Oanna,  Mariano  Arista,  and  Lino  Alrorta  represented  I'usta- 
inantc;  Juan  Pablo  Anaya,  (iabriel  Valencia,  and  Ignacio  liasadro  acted  for 
f^anta  .\nna. 

""  Since  then  it  has  been  known  as  tho  Plan  or  Convenio  de  Zavaleta.  from 
the  liacienda  where  it  waa  ma<le,  an<l  cnbraces  13  arLicles.  Tho  wliolc  clocu- 
nicnt  may  be  found  in  /{('(jiMro  O/idal,  18;i2,  Dec.  .'il,  ix.  no.  122;  Arrii/'i'/n, 
/.'■'•',/,.,  isXA,  April-May,' 214-27';  niMan  and  Lozinio,  L<<j.  M,'.v.,i\.  .".22-11. 
Til"  valiility  of  that  arrangement  has  been  imjuigned  as  unconstitutional,  it 
V as  carried  out  nevertheless.  I'l'ua  tj  Pcna,  Voto  FiiiuL,  iS-'M\  Siiiita  Mciriu, 
L.q'i-x.-l'rotext.,  in  Pap.  Vnr.,  cxlvi.  pt  8;  Bustaiuante,  Voz  de  la  Pafr'ui, 
M^..  vii.  278-82,  ends  saying,  'Tal  es  la  carta  de(>w7rt/-(7»(/([ue  lirmo  D.  Anas- 
tasio  liustamanto  de  una  Xacion  que  le  habia  colnmilo  de  honorca.' 


124 


CONSERVATIVE  RULE. 


il(.'(tion   in    1828.     He    took    the   oath   of  office  in 
Tuebla  on  the  2Gth  of  December,  1832."^ 

Meantime  in  tlie  city  of  Mexico  tiie  garrison,  head- 
ed by  General  Josd  Joaquin  Herrera,  pronounced 
on  the  27th  of  December,  recognizing  President  Go- 
mez Pedraza.  Acting  President  Muzquiz  and  his 
ministers  thereupon  returned  to  private  Hfe,  without 
being  able  to  observe  the  formality  of  resigning, 
congress  having  already  dissolved  itself.*^ 

*'  The  bishop  received  him  under  the  pallium.  The  government  council, 
presided  over  by  the  governor  of  Fuebla,  acted  in  lieu  of  the  national  rciirc- 
sentutives.  La  Cruz,  v.  035;  Rivera,  Hist.  Julapa,  iii.  125-7;  Suunr.  ij 
Navarro,  Hint.  Mix.,  303. 

*"  Coiigre&a  decreed  its  dissolution  on  the  28th.  It  had  on  the  21st 
issued  11  manifesto  congratulatory  of  its  own  course,  which  it  had  conchulcd 
to  carry  out  to  the  end.  Suunzy  Navarro,  Hid.  M<lx.,  300--7;  Uadamaidv, 
Voz  de  la  Patria,  MS.,  vii.  299-302. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVEUTHROW. 
1832-1830. 

AUMIMSTRATION  OF  OoMFZ  PeDUAZA — HiS  StlBSEQUENT  CaREEU,  ClIARArTEU, 

ANi>  Death — Biocikai'iiy  of  Gomez  Fahias— His  Political  Puinciplks 

AND    AdMINISTKATION — DiSTCRBANCES    IN    MiCHOACAN — SaNTA    AxXA's 

Paradoxical  Action — Arista's  Revolt  and  its  Shpfression— First 

^loVEMKNTS  IN  FaVOR  OF  CENTRALISM — POLITICAL  DeFEAT  OF    FaRIAS— 

Santa  Anna's  Biography  and  Character — Downfall  of  the  Fedeii  al 
Svstem — Santa  Anna  Dictator — Political  Parties  and  Contests^ 
The  New  Congress — Centralism  Inai-gurated — The  New  Constitu- 
tional Law — Dissatisfaction — Attempts  to  Reestablish  Federal- 
ism. 


President  Gomez  Pedraza  in  his  inaugural  address 
at  Puobla  reviewed  the  events  of  the  late  revohition, 
txpressing  his  appreciation  of  the  services  rendered 
l>y  Santa  Anna,  and  making  a  harangue  to  Busta- 
iiiante's  army,  in  whicli  he  commended  their  valor  and 
]);itriutism.^  The  cabinet  was  appointed  on  the  24th 
and  2Gth  of  December,  1832:  Bernardo  Gonzalez  An- 
j^Lilo,  minister  of  relations;  Joaquin  Parres,  and  in  his 
absence  Cirilo  Gomez  Anaya,  of  war;  Miguel  Ramos 
Arizpc,  of  justice  and  ecclesiastical  afl'airs;  Valentin 
Gomez  Farias,  of  the  treasury. 

]\[anuel  Gomez  Pedraza  was  born  in  Querctaro'- 
al)out  1788.  During  the  war  of  independence  ho 
si.rved  in  the  royal  army,  and  the  capture  of  Morelos 
is  in  a  great  measure  attributed  to  his  advice.     As  a 

'The  speeches  appeared  hi  the  newspaper  La  Aurora,   1832,  Dec.  27, 

BUpl. 

-  According  to  information  from  his  rehitives.  Others  make  Soto  la  Mari- 
na lii;j  Ijirthijlace.  Illccra,  Gob,  dc  Mtx,,  ii.  104. 

(125  J 


120 


TIIR  FKDKHAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVKRTIIROW. 


soldier  lie  ^vas  held  to  be  a  inortinet;  later,  as  a  statcs- 
laaii,  lie  was  a  strict  re[)ublicaii.  He  lent  his  sii[»[i()rt 
to  Iturbide,  however,  while  on  the  throne,  and  was 
of  nincli  service  to  him.  In  1824^  he  was  despatched 
to  Puehla  as  comandante  general  and  governtjr;  and 
charges  of  neglect  to  prosecute  malefactors  being 
prei'erred  against  him,  he  was  recalled,  tried  by  eourt- 
liiartial,  but  finally  acquitted;  after  which  President 
Victoria  called  him  to  assume  the  portfolio  of  war  in 
his  cabinet.*  Of  the  particulars  of  his  election  to  the 
presidency  in  1828,  and  the  events  therewith  con- 
nected, I  have  spoken  in  a  previous  chapter.  The 
new  government  made  its  t"iun)phal  entry  into  the 
ca[)ital  January  3,  1833,  and  was  received  with 
homage.  But  a  fatality  seemed  to  accompany  the 
re])ublic  in  every  eifort  to  consolidate  its  peace  ami 
l)olitical  institutions.  Envy  and  discord  were  ever 
alive,  and  now  showed  their  unhappy  tendencies  in  the 
interior.  Zacatecas,  Jalisco,  and  San  Luis  Potosi 
made  objections  to  some  articles  in  the  plan  of  Zava- 
leta,  grounded  on  their  alleged  ineflicacy  to  save  the 
country  from  a  reaction. 

The  sincere  pledges  of  the  new  cabinet  and  con- 
fitlence  inspired  induced  the  states  to  abandon  the 
pros[)ect  of  a  convention.  But  the  dangerous  ques- 
tion initiated  by  Zacatecas,  Jalisco,  and  San  Luis 
Potosi  demanded  a  prompt  solution.^  While  the 
states  named  two  citizens  to  form  a  privy  council,  tlio 
executive  established  a  board  composed  of  two  natives 
of  each  state  to  aid  him  in  carrying  out  his  plans  of 
reform,  and  at  the  same  time  watch  his  acts.  This 
would  be  a  further  guaranty  of  his  good  intentions. 
A  meeting  of  commissioners  from  Zacatecas,  Jalisco, 
Durango,  Qucretaro,  and  San   Luis  Potosi,  on  the 

'On  the  2d  of  ^larcli,  1824,  ho  was  chosen  governor  of  Mexico.  7i«.'!- 
tamaittc,  J/iH.  Jtnrhidc,  'J31. 

*  March  2;j,  1S28,  the  legiglaturc  of  Occidciito  Uiude  hiin  a  citizen  of  that 
state. 

•"The  ecclesiastical  chapter  omitted  no  expense  to  show  its  acquiescence  in 
the  new  order  of  things.  ArriVarjt,  I'ccoji.,  ISIJ'i-.'],  207;  Rivera,  Uht, 
Julapa,  iii.  131-3;  Suarvzy  Xavarro,  Hint.  Mcx,,  308-9. 


THE  C'Li:UOY  AND  ARMY. 


1-27 


Jtli  of  January,  after  a  hnv^  discussion  of  the  third 
firticlo  of  tlu!  (!()nvc'iii()  do  Zavulcta,  n'spectiiig  new 
electoral  acts,  waived  tlieir  oltjections  and  proceeded 
at  onco  to  efibct  th(;ir  elections,  which  were  coni[>leted 
by  the  end  of  February." 

Santa  Anna  and  Gomez  Farfas  obtained  the  major- 
ity of  votes  for  president  and  vice-pi'esidcMit  respect- 
ively, to  wliich  end  (jlomez  IVdraza  had  directed  his 
iiiHuenco  to  reward  them  for  their  servieeti  in  liLs 
behalf.^ 

Sonio  of  the  government's  measures  were  woi-thy 
of  connnendation,  such  as  diminishing^  the  military 
i'orce,'^  and  clearing  the  [)ubrK!  i-oads  of  malefactors; 
but  others  showed  a  s[)irit  of  vindictiveness,  not  oidy 
its  Mgainst  the  ministers  of  ]^ustamante's  cabinet,  but 
i;!so  toward  the  Spaniards,  many  of  whom  had  been 
1  tterly  allowed  to  live  in  peace,  and  others,  wlu»  ha  I 
h'ft  the  country  under  the  expulsion  laws,  to  return. 
Fortunately  for  them  the  orders  were  greatly  modi- 
od  when  General  Parros  assumed  his  duties  in  the 

Mnet." 

The  clergy  and  army  now  became  the  prominent 
(ihjects  of  attack,  the  destruction  of  their  influence 
bcin;^  regarded  as  a  policy  that  would  tend  to  socuro 
I'liture  peace  and  the  permanency  of  free  institutions. 
The  measures  pro])osed  to  this  end,  both  in  and  out 
(  r  congress,"^  created  great  alarm  and  turmoil,  in 
the  midst  of  which  Pedraza's  term  oi'  ofHce  havin'j; 
cx[)ired,  ho  surrendered    the    executive  authority  to 

°  Wo  arc  assured  that  the  electoral  laws  were  in  ninnj'  instaiu'ca  iufriii'tod, 
.".ml  tli:it  caiuliilatcs  for  mciuljcrs  of  congress  ami  legislutures  were  i)!ir|n).3oly 
t:ilu'ii  from  the  lower  classes;  a  policy  wliicli  in  the  long  run  would  be  smv  to 
liiiig  on  a  reaction.  Itlrcra,  Gob.  dc  Mex.,  ii.  10!). 

'  i'hcy  were  declared  duly  elected  by  tlic  congress  on  tlie  .^Oth  of  March. 
An-'il'rtijrt,  Tticop.,  lS32-;{,  4i)'J-500;  JJnhlnii  and  Jmzciiio,  JjCij.  Mix.,  ii.  ."),!.'), 

''  .\n  order  of  tlie  minister  of  war  on  the  lUtii  January,  IfSHI?,  discontinued 
til,'  titles  of  lihvrlador  and  fedcrnl  tiiat  the  armies  bore  in  the  last  civil  war. 

''."^oe  supplementary  act  of  .January  18,  IS;!.'!,  an<l  circulars  of  .Tan.  Jl!d, 
1\''.  -'.Kl,  ]SIarch  4th,  May  7th.  Arrilfa'ja,  Uerop.,  18:?2-3,  270-7,  281-1, 
^!  1  .■>,  l.")!-.");  18.^.3,  Ap.-May,  147;  .Iune-.July,  22;{-4;  Alaman,  Hist.  MiJ„ 
V.  s:,;i-()(»;  Arrawjo'iz,  Mfj.,  ii.  221-2;  Jt'ircm,  H'ct.  Jalapa,  iii.  l,S;i-,"),  140-.jO. 

'"The  new  congress  was  installed  on  the  20th  of  March,  1833.  DuHU' 
maitte,  \'oz  dc  la  Patria,  MS.,  viii. 


123 


THE  FKDi: RAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


tlio  vice-president  elect,  Gomez  Farias,  Santa  Anna 
being  absent  from  the  city,  intentionally,  as  believed 
by  many,  to  permit  the  initiation  by  Gomez  Farias  of 
the  reforms  demanded  l)y  the  radical  w'ng  of  the 
progressive  party,  without  incurring  himself  any 
re.s])()n,sibility  in  the  event  of  those  innovations  not 
finding  general  support. 

After  his  presidential  term  ceased,  Pcdraza  con- 
tinued to  use  his  influence  in  national  aftairs.  In 
I808  he  was  again  minister  of  war.  Acting  in  oppo- 
sition to  his  principles,  he  served  as  minister  of  rela- 
tions in  1841,  sustaining  the  most  aljsoluto  power 
that  ever  existed  in  tlie  country  slneo  the  rule  of  the 
oficiales  reales  shortly  after  the  conquest,  because  he 
expeet(Hl  good  results  from  it.  Seeing  his  error,  he 
retraced  his  steps,  returning  to  the  support  of  federal- 
ist policy.  In  1842  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stituent congress,  and  by  his  eloquence  wielded  great 
])ower  in  the  chamber."  In  1844  he  became  a  sena- 
tor; in  1845  a  presidential  candidate,  but  was  n<>t 
elected."  After  tliis  ho  shov»'ed  none  of  his  clun- 
teristic  activity  till  184G,  when  ho  was  a  member  of 
the  council  of  state.  In  ISaO  he  was  again  defeated 
lor  the  presitlential  ofiice.  His  last  official  act  was  in 
tlie  capacity  of  ])lenipotentiary  to  nc^gotiate  a  couven- 
tion  with  the  United  States. 

Gomez  Pedraza  possr^ssed  high  intellectual  powers, 
and  was  energetic  in  action.  His  education,  ])olitical 
as  wt.'ll  as  literary,  began  late,  and  though  the  ]:i  -1 
twenty  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  ctudy,  his 
ignorance  of  fundamental  facts  often  showed  itseif 
even  in  his  l)est  discourses  as  minister  or  senator.  In 
the  general  intercourse  with  men  ho  was  brusque, 
econoie'zed  V  ords,  and  afTectt.'d  som-:  stoicism;^'   but 

"  Duriiij;  Iiis  short  service  in  the  Spanish  cortos  ho  made  no  display  of  liU 
oratorical  ;iift. 

'^  Wliilst  in  the  senate  lie  favored  the  conchision  of  a  troaty  with  'i''jx;L.-. 

" 'l"hi'  attempt  at  appearini;  inoi'c  eiiliu'htentd  an-.l  lihernl  than  otlicix, 
caused  many  tf  liia  uberratiouti,  wiiich  were  more  deserving  of  pity  than  lu- 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  GOMEZ  FAP.lAS. 


123 


v.'illi  his  intimate  personal  friends  lie  was  open  and 
iVank.  He  lias  l>een  often  accused  of  vindictive- 
ness,  oLit  he  could  with  more  reas<jn  be  charged  with 
momentary  exhibitions  of  passion.  Iii  private  life  ho 
was  irreproachable. 

Podraza's  death,  caused  by  pulmonary  consumption, 
took  place  on  the  14th  of  May,  1851.  He  was  then 
O'J  years  of  age.  During  liis  long  illness  he  had 
priests  near  his  bed,  but  having  ftiiled  to  confess  before 
o\i)ii'in<jf,  such  was  the  intolerance  of  the  cleri>v,  thcuu'li 
lie  had  shown  them  favors  in  life,  that  his  last  wish  to 
be  interred  in  San  Cosme  was  refused.  That  wf.s  of 
no  c(»nsequence,  however,  as  congress  decreed  that 
liis  remains  belonged  to  the  nation,  and  that  a  special 
mausoleum  should  be  erected  for  them. 


k'or^i. 
Itical 

Itself 
Til 

jqni\ 
but 

'oxa.-'. 
It  hers, 


Vice-Pi'esident  Valentin  Gomez  Farias  took  posses- 
sion of  the  government  on  the  1st  of  April,  18'33,  and 
a  few  days  after  appointed  his  cal>inet,  v.hieh  was 
coiiiposed  as  follows;  Carlos  Garcia,  minister  of  rela- 
tions; Miguel  Ramos  Arizjie,  of  justice  and  ecclesi- 
astical affairs;  Jose  Maria  do  Bocaitogra,  of  the 
treasury ;  and  Jose  Joaquin  de  Kerreiu,  of  war  and 


ss 


inaiine.'* 

(ioinez  Farias,  the  champion  of  reform  and  progTi's 
in  AFexico,  was  born  in  (jluadalajara^''  on  th*.'  14th  I'f 
1"\  biuary,  1781.  He  C()m[)leted  his  studies  and  grad- 
uated as  a  physician  in  his  native  city,"^  and  in  a  shorti 

I'loiali.  Tornd,  Hrnr  Rr^riia  fFi^t.,  .Tl.  Z.'iviilii  nays  of  lihn  that  lu;  pnfrncl 
s  I'.i'iido,  aiiil  it  was  iiiconipivlicnsiljk'  how  hf  (tvur  aspirjil  tii  lio  piCKiiKii':. 
]i<'  was  iKitud  for  'la  I'ciiulaiiilad  do  ma  cosituiubrew,  sus  iiiodales  inecauioos, 
uii.i  lisoiioniia  aiidiuala.'  A'l  en/.  .1/';/.,  ii.  .'S. 

"'i'hiy  Iicld  otiu'u  only  a  few  months,  all  of  tluMii  lieiny  ont  lieforo  thocnd 
ot  the  vcar.  .l/.c.  .Vnii.  '/lur'ciiihi,  ISJO,  IO:t-J;  li:ixt<iiiifiiiti',  Vrr.-i-  la  J'uliln, 
MS,,  viii.  ll;t,  1-J2-.-);  Arn'/'tijii.  llcrop.,  iS.Tt,  Ai).-M.iy,  !l."i,  '.'OI. 

'' Hi^  pai'onts  wiTc  of  piiiv  Castiliau  ni'c;  his  father  was  iiaint'd  .»im('>  Lit- 
LMr^i(  ioiiic'Z  do  la  Vara,  and  hi.s  mother  Mari'a  .losofa  Martini'/  y  Farias.  'I  he 
ii.uiiis  u'ivon  tli(!  oliild  f\t  the  Imptismal  font  were  Jose  ilana  \'alcntin.  J'i- 
rn-ii,  a  ,h.  (I,:  MrX.,  ii.  1 72. 

'"  It  i-1  recorded  that  he  studied  Fi'ench  under  the^rcjitcst  difliculties,  and 
liav  iip,;  at  hi.s  cNainination  expressed  ideas  Nxhicii  lie  must  have  drawn  from 
iiKnlein  Freiicli  nuthor.s,  his  name  was  inacribed  iu  the  register  of  the  iaiiuisi- 
tiitu.  //(, 

HiiT.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    9 


mo 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


time  acquired  a  profitable  practice,  from  which  he 
amassed  a  competency. 

Gomez  Farias  did  some  service  to  the  cause  of  in- 
<Iependence,  and  was  the  signer  of  a  proposition  to 
elect  Iturbide  emperor,  this  being  apparently  the  only 
means  at  the  time  to  secure  peace  together  with  Mex- 
ican nationality.  But  when  Iturbide  abandoned  the 
constitutional  path,  Farias  became  a  formidable  oppo- 
nent to  him."  The  elevation  of  Victoria  and  Gomez 
Pedraza  to  the  presidential  seat  was  due  in  a  measure 
to  his  influence.  The  new  vice-president  was  a  man 
of  progress,  but  unfortunately  of  too  impatient  a  dis- 
l)08ition  to  allow  time  for  progress  to  become  steadily 
developed.  However,  with  his  friends'  cooperation, 
he  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the  reforms  that  were  ini- 
tiated by  himself  in  1831  and  adopted  by  the  govern- 
ment in  1833  and  1834.^*  He  liked  to  undertake 
difficult  feats,  possessing  as  he  did  a  large  stock  of 
courage  and  perseverance.  Rigorous  measures  and 
bloods) led  were  not  to  his  liking,  nor  used  by  him  to 
effect  his  purposes.  He  was  a  democrat  at  heart, 
unambitious  of  honors  or  wealth,  moderate  and  un- 
jiretentious,  ever  disposed  to  serve  his  country,  and 
only  aspiring  to  merit  the  good  will  of  his  fellow- 
citizens.  His  first  period  at  the  head  of  public  aftliirs 
v/as  of  short  duration,  but  pregnant  with  important 
events,  accompanied  by  grave  perils.  Surrounded  by 
men  most  radical  in  principles,  and  being  without 
money  and  without  influence,  as  his  ideas  on  reform 
were  but  little  understood,  he  strugu^led  to  save  the 
constitution,  which  was  constantly  outraged  and  re- 
peatedly in  danger  of  stranding  on  the  rocks  of  parti- 
sanship. 

The  i)i'ivile<jfed  classes  received  some  hard  blows  at 


'"  Bustam.iutc,  who  hated  Cfomcz  Fariaa,  confesses  tliat  he  was  'homhro 
coivjtnnte,  acaiuU),  y  ahuinla  on  talonto.'    lie  r/c  la  /^(ilria,  MS.,  viii.  'J28. 

'-■''J'ho  principles  developed  "JO  years  liitcr  ))y  Miguel  Lerdo  do  Tejada  wen; 
prompted  hy  l)o(;tor  Joh6  M.  Mora,  who  had  been  impelled  to  adopt  them  hy 
(ioniez  Kaiias,  aa  appeared  in  a  letter  to  tho  latter  from  Mora,  dated  Zaoatc- 
c&a,  June  '2i,  1S31. 


REFORM  MEASURES. 


131 


the  hands  of  Gomez  Farias,  wlio  energetically  sus- 
tained that  the  civil  authority  should  always  be  above 
the  military,  and  endeavored  to  prevent  interference 
on  the  part  of  the  clergy  in  secular  affairs. 

The  new  administration  likewise  promoted  public 
instruction,  and  labored  to  have  the  abolition  of  the 
capital  penalty  for  political  offences  recognized  as  a 
principle  of  public  policy.^"  It  did  not  favor  proscrip- 
tive  measures,  thougli  the  more  violent  wing  of  its 
supporters  wanted  to  apply  them  to  their  defeated 
opponents,  whom  they  nicknamed  ])icalii(janos — after 
Picaluga,  the  wretch  who  betrayed  Guerrero — and 
looked  upon  as  hateful  aristocrats.^^ 

The  reform  measures  proposed  to  be  introduced,  so 
directly  affecting  the  interests  of  two  such  powerful 
I  lements  as  the  ecclesiastical  and  military,  caused  the 
jji'catest  aijitation.  Santa  Anna  thou<>'ht  that  his 
presence  at  the  head  of  the  govermnent  might  allay 
it,  and  accordingly  assumed  the  presidential  authority 
oil  the  IGth  of  May,  1833.^^^  It  was  about  this  time 
that  the  centralist  party  made  its  first  public  demon- 
stration in  a  paper  directed  against  the  congress.-^ 
This  body  closed  its  session  on  the  2 1st  of  JNIay.'-'^ 

The  iirevailing  uncertainty  and  alarm  among  tlie 
lnjtter  elements  of  society  gave  encouragement  to  the 
tiK'iiiies  of  the  progressionists.  At  last  armed  parties 
I»cgan  to  present  themselves  in  southern  ^lexico 
expecting  support  from  Santa  Anna,  who  had  been 


''••Ooniei!  Farias  never  violated  it;  though  ho  had  to  deal  with  the  iiR'n  of 
the  Idoody  adiuinistratiou  of  ISIJO-lS^'J,  and  witli  those  who  in  siistaiuin,' 
thi^  fiii'i'os  pla^'ed  tlie  party  in  iiower — liia  own — in  great  jeopardy.  Mvni, 
li'-ran  Sudldii,  i.  p.  cuxxvii. 

■"Santa  Aiuia  tried  to  induce  first  (ionicz  Pedraza  and  next  Gome/ 
i'iuias  to  hani.sh  his  personal  enendes,  luit  f.dle<l.  Later,  wlien  lie  lield  the 
p'lwer  to  do  it  himself,  lie  had  changed  liis  mind  after  resolving  to  eliainpioii 
the  cause  of  the  privileged  classes. 

•'  On  tliat  date  he  took  the  oath  o  office  Iiefore  congress,  expressing  his 
Katisfaetioii  at  his  rule  beginning  unoer  tlie  auspices  of  peace,  'reynaiidola 
mac'irdia  eiiti'c  una  niayoria  iiiiin wa  do  eiudadaiios,'  expressions  that  15usta- 
laaiite  ridicules.    Voz  dc  hi  Putrin,  MS.,  viii.  \'M  ">. 

■'-'  Its  title  was  'O  se  ilisuelven  las  camaras,  t'>  niiestraruina  esscgura.' 

-'  IjUstfiuiante,  a  hitter  opponent,  says  that  those  chumbors  did  much  harm: 
'  llcuurou  du  liigriiuaa  la  Naciou,'  Id.,  143. 


ll.' 


('  ' 


132 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AXD  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


endoavoiini:^  to  gain  the  good  will  of  the  bishops  and 
religious  orders,  while  these,  on  their  |)art,  laid  much 
stress  at  their  conferences  with  him  on  the  i^ood  that 
must  result  from  church  and  state  sustainino;  one  an- 
other  and  acting  harmoniously. 

Gomez  Farias  and  the  moderate  wing  of  the  pro- 
gressionists, dissatisfied  with  the  aspect  of  affairs,  en- 
tloavored  to  check  the  extremists  of  their  own  party, 
the  radicals,  but  were  unsuccessful.  While  Santa 
Ann;',  occupied  the  presidential  chair,  the  party  up- 
holdi.ig  the  fueros  felt  itself  much  stronger.  A  pro- 
nunciamiento  was  made  by  Colonel  Ignacio  Escalada, 
at  Morelia,  Michoacan,  on  the  2Gth  of  May,  professing 
to  defend  at  all  hazards  the  religion  of  Christ,  and 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  church  and  army,'-* 
calling  upon  Santa  Anna  to  be  their  protector,  and 
declaring  null  and  void  the  acts  of  Governor  Salgado.^^ 
Santa  Anna,  however,  disapproved  the  plan,  and  in 
order  to  go  against  the  revolutionists,  who  had  also 
apjieared  at  Tlalpam  and  Chalco,'^®  Lagos,  Leon,  and 
other  places,  he  surrendered  the  executive  on  the  Sd 
of  June  to  Gomez  Farias — who  made  active  preja- 
rations  for  the  campaign — and  started-''  witii  the 
cavalry  for  Tlalpam  to  join  1,000  n)en  concentrate<l 
there  from  various  points.  And  now  occurred  a 
curious  piece  of  by-play.  Santa  Anna  was  apparently 
made  captive  by  his  own  revolted  troops  on  the  nth 
of  June  at  Xuchi,  and  conveyed  to  Yautepec.''^     His 

''*  He  was  later  defeated  at  Las  Ci'uces1)y  Oon.  Valencia.  In  1S;U  ho  was 
tried  and  sentenced  to  deatli;  but  the  sentence  was  coinniuted  to  life  Kanisli- 
nient  fi'oni  tiic  reiniblic.  JJhjiot.  I'm:,  \: '21. 

"According  to  Bnstamante,  Kscahula's  movement  was  tiic  result  of  tlic 
writinqa  appearing  in  tiic  Antorr/ia,  Mono,  Vrrihid  JJimiudd,  and  utln  r  leac- 
tiouaiy  journals.  He  looked  upon  it  as  an  imprudent  sto]).  Vo:  ile  hi  Palri'i, 
MS.,  vii'i.  i:jS-4l;  Filholn,  Mem.,  WS'IW,  Arista,  /.',.sr//a  /.Vco/.,  S.  Si);  Ani- 
t'cii/fi,  Ji'moj).,  \S'^'^,  Ap.-May,  "JI.VO;  June-.luly,  I),");  IHrrrti,  lli-i'.  .Inlit/i", 
iii.  I .■>.-)-(!.").  The  acts  of  Gov.  Salgado  ol)jcctcd  to  were  iiis  banishing  I-  mili- 
tary otiieers. 

■-"Under  colonels  I'nda  and  Duran  respectively.  Bitf'lamanle,  ]'oz  df  hi 
Patria,  MS.,  viii.   14!t. 

'^'  ISustainantc  lias  it  tliat  he  left  ^lexico  on  Sunday  tlic  '2d,  whieli  must 
be  an  error.   Voz  tie  Ui  I'dtr'oi,  .MS.,  viii.  \Tt',\. 

^■'Vice-President  tiomez  Farias  lumomiccd  it  to  the  public  on  the  7th  of 
Juue.  Arkta,  licHvna  IkvoL,  "JO. 


SANTA  ANNA  A  PRISONER. 


133 


captors,  to  win  the  favor  of  the  army,  jn'oclaimod  him 
dictator,  the  vorv  title  ho  wished  for  tlioujLrh  without 
openly  working  to  obtain  it.  This  is  to  all  appearances 
the  fact;  for  as  soon  as  Gomez  Farias  was  thought 
to  be  powerless,  generals,  deputies,  senators,  and  even 
some  of  his  ministers  forsook  him.  The  few  soldiers 
and  the  portion  of  the  police  that  had  remained  in 
the  capital  made  a  pronunciamiento""  on  the  7th,  and 
attacked  the  palace.  The  vice-president's  only  su})- 
port  at  that  moment  was  General  Juan  Pablo  Anaya 
with  about  sixty  civicos.  He  did  not  lose  courage, 
however.  The  assailants  were  defeated,  many  of  them 
lost  their  lives,  and  the  rest  were  eventually  captured. 
Energetic  efforts  were  made  to  restore  constitutional 
order.  In  a  few  days  a  force  of  G,000  civicos  was  or- 
ganized to  defend  the  capital,  which  was  declared  to 
be  under  martial  law.'*'  Steps  were  likewise  taken  to 
rescue  the  captured  president.^^  Tiio  latter,  on  seeing 
the  ill  success  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Mex- 
ico, pretended  to  escape  from  his  place  of  detention 
near  Cuautla  de  Amilpas,  and  afterward  lent  his 
suj)j)ort  to  carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  most  radical 
wing  of  the  liberal  party.  It  was  then  that  the 
famous  'ley  del  caso'^^  was  enacted  in  spite  of  Gomez 

-'"They  had  been  bribed  to  do  it  by  (Ion.  Arista 'a  agents.  Itirera,  Ooh,  de 
Me.i:,  'i.  177. 

■'"Tlic  government  was  on  the  satno  day  invested  liy  congress,  then  again 
sitting,  with  extraordinary  powers,  and  used  thoni  by  causing  the  arrest 
ut'  several  army  otlicers,  and  adopting  other  measures.  JJuhlua  and  Lozuno, 
L>;i.  M<.c.,  ii.  :>\V1;  Z'imn,\,is,  IliM.  Jf<j.,  xii.  ;{•_'-.'!. 

•'"  it  was  tUjelared  a  jiatriotie  '.-^t  to  seeui'e  his  liberation;  honors  and  liigh 
j.^emiiary  rewards  were  ollercil  to  peisons  sueees-^fully  aeei)ni[)lishiug  it,  allow- 
i;ig  to  eaeli  !?10.0I)().  Any  person  making  an  attempt  against  the  ])residcnl's 
lile  was  outlawed.  DixiiO'<.  \'iir.,  v.  "J;  ArrWuijd,  IUchjk,  IS'.VA,  June-Jiilv, 
ll.>.  IJI.  i:!0. 

'  Tliis  hiw  was  passed  by  tlio  congress  on  tlio  'J.ld  of  June,  \H'Xi.  It  origi- 
nated in  the  senate,  and  was  eonlirnied  l)y  tlie  lower  liouse  under  the  iulluenee, 
il  \\a<  ass;.rted  by  the  centralists,  of  an  a[iprehensii)n  that  the  mcmbt:rs  of 
congress  as  well  as  of  the  government  were  in  danger  of  assassination.  It 
iriihurized  the  executive  to  order  the  arrest  and  exile  from  the  rcpuljlic  for 
tlie  term  of  six  years  certjiin  prominent  citizens  belonging  to  the  party  of  ir- 
l''liii,i  iifiicron,  among  whom  were  Anastasio  liustamantc,  Mariano  Miehelena, 
/eiion  I'ernandez,  Francisco  Molinos  del  Cauipo,  Jose  Maria  (iiitierrez  de  Ks- 
tiada,  Miguel  Santa  Maria,  I'rancisco  Fagoaga.,  Mangino,  and  tho  Spanish 
nliglous.  Arrillwi',  Hvcop.,  ISli.'J,  Ap.-.July,  |;(()-'J;  Saufii  Mitrin,  Exjio^., 
l-l>i;  JjttitamuuU',  Jiinl.  Santa  Anna,  MS.,  ii.  44;  Id.,  Vw.  dc  la  I'cUrui,  MS., 


134 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


Farias'  opposition.  The  vice-president  had  suiTcn- 
derecl  the  executive  authority  to  Santa  Anna  on  the 
1 8th,  but  Pucbla  bcinif  threatened  bv  Arista  and 
Duran,  he  resumed  it  aijcain  on  the  .Oth  of  .lulv,  to 
enable  tiio  president  to  march  at  the  head  of  the 
troops  against  the  enemy.^^ 

The  agitation  continued  throughout  the  country.^* 
The  effort  to  weaken  the  power  of  the  clergy  and 
army  was  not  abandoned;  but  owing  to  the  absence 
of  a  combined  plan,  vacillation  marked  the  counsels  of 
the  administration,  which  conduced  to  the  ruin  of  the 
yorkino  part}^  whose  enemies  had  now  at  connnand 
large  resources,  besides  the  ixood  will  of  Santa  Anna. 
In  his  policy  toward  the  clergy,  the  vice-president 
endeavored  to  detach  the  interests  of  religion  from 
those  of  the  state.^" 

On  the  10th  of  July  Santa  Anna  marched  out  of 
the  capital  with  about  2,400  mon^"  and  six  ])ieces  t)f 
artillery.  On  the  same  day  was  ])ublisiied  a  letter 
dated  July  Gth,  from  Ai'ista  and  Duran  ^'  to  Santa 


viii.  182-201;  Arraiujoh,  Jf<J.,  ii.  210-20.  On  the  2lHt  of  .Tunc,  18.31,  Prc3i- 
(k'lit  S;inta  Anna,  tlicn  coquetting  ■with  all  parties,  aUowccl  persons  aliooted 
Ijy  that  law  who  had  not  yet  left  the  rej)ul.>lic  to  remain  in  it  jirovisirmally, 
and  gave  them  safe-conducts,  till  tlie  future  con;L^resn  sliould  recoufdilor  the 
matter.  His  decree  did  not  inchule  the  military,  who  ))y  force  of  atun 
endeavored  to  desjtroy  the  federal  system,  and  yet  \n-  prumised  to  intercede 
witli  congress  for  tlieir  ])ardon.  Arritldi/n,  Ji'icu/t.,  iSol,  241-2,  32{i-7. 

•'^  liy  special  permission  of  congress  decreed  on  tlie  same  date.  Dtilihm  and 
Lo'juio,  Li'(j.  J/i'.r.,  ii.  ."iUO. 

^'In  the  south  (ten.  Bravo  was  talked  of  for  president;  armeil  parties 
showed  tlieniselves  in  all  directions,  liumors  of  secret  plans  were  in  circula- 
tion, the  impression  prevailing  that  the  revolutionists,  for  nmtual  recognition, 
used  an  oval-shaped  ring  on  which  was  engraveil  the  inuige  of  t'hrist. 

^'' The  reform  measures,  as  tiiey  I'clated  to  the  church,  are  detailed  in  a 
chapter  specially  devoted  to  ecclesiastical  all'airs  in  vol.  vi.  Jli>it.  Jlex.,  this 
scries. 

^"According  to  Bustamante  the  press-gang  was  employed,  and  the  rights 
of  eiti/.ens  were  trampleil  upon.    I'o-.  df  la  Patria,  MS.,  viii.  227. 

^'  Tliese  (illieers,  Jifter  niarchiug  and  countermarching  in  tiie  vicinity  of 
Tezcuco,  Mexico,  and  I'uehla,  proeecdud  to  Tclnuijan  de  las  (Iranadas,  wlice 
Ljmus,  commandant  at  Puehla,  attacked  them  and  was  defeated,  and  taken 
pri.soner  with  his  stall',  most  of  his  men  having  in  tlie  action  gone  ov<'r  to  the 
enemy.  Arista  aiul  Duran  miirht  then  have  taken  Puelda  liy  a  forced  luarcli 
the  same  night,  the  distance  being  only  21  miles;  Init  they  only  showed  tliurn- 
fcelves  the  next  day  in  front  of  the  city,  which  they  laid  siege  to.  The  jilace 
was  then  defendetl  ))y  ex- President  Victoria,  and  the  besiegers,  after  ten  days 
of  useless  assaults,  gave  up  their  purpose,  and  went  away,  in  fear  tliat  San'.a 
Anna  waa  coming  against  tlieni.  liunlaniaiUe,  I  'oz  de  la  Palria,  MH. ,  viii.  209 


SURRENDER  OF  ARISTA. 


185 


Anna,  in  which  by  the  lattor's  invitation,  as  thoy 
fstatc'd,  they  sot  forth  tlicir  views,  whicli  were  to  the 
eii'cct  that  the  Ibderal  system  was  unsuitecl  for  Mexi- 
co. They  recomnionded  that  a  national  convention 
shonld  be  called  to  give  the  nation  any  form  of  gov- 
ernment other  than  the  federal."' 

ScN'eral  [)artial  c^'ncounter-s  took  place  between  Santa 
Anna  and  the  insurgents,"' Arista  and  his  army  being 
finally  driven  into  the  city  of  Guanajuato,  where 
on  the  8th  of  October  they  surrendered  at  discretion 
to  Santa  Anna,  supported  by  allies  of  a  coalition 
which  had  been  formed  of  the  western  states.^''  Arista 
and  48  other  officers  were  sent  to  Mexico  as  pris(mers, 
subject  to  the  disposal  of  the  supreme  government.^* 
The  revolution  was  then  considered  at  an  end,*-  and 
the  federal  institutions  were  held  to  be  safe.  At 
the  conclusion  of  his  campaign  Santa  Anna  returjied 

-II.  It  was  reported  in  Mexico  that  most  of  the  rebel  force  liad  been  anni- 
hilated. /^M-yios.   !'«/•.,  V.  70-'2,  Mi'x.,  Jlcin.  Giicrni,  IS.'Ji,  17. 

^^  .Mcantiuiu  Santa  Anna  was  to  be  dictator.  The  rights  of  the  clergy  and 
army  wore  to  be  protected.  Tliu  full  text  of  the  letter  is  in  AriaUi,  Jiiviia 
y.'-r",/.,  !K>-103;  Biistamante,   Vozde  la  Putria,  MS.,  viii.  -ilD-'il. 

•''■'In  the  midst  of  the  political  agitation  and  civil  war  the  country  was  in- 
vaded by  Asiatic  cholera,  which  raged  from  .Juno  to  September,  destroying,' 
lli'.us;uids  of  lives.  The  arniios  in  the  field  sull'ered  severely.  In  the  city  of 
^Mcxie'o  alone  tlie  burials  on  the  17th of  August  exceeded  1,'J'20.  Bustanuinto 
i^iwsan  interesting  account  of  the  visitation  and  its  havoc.  Id.,  2;i.V(il. 

"' A  league  of  tlie  .states  of  Jalisco,  (,JuerOtaro,  (Guanajuato,  Mic'ioucan, 
S:;u  Luis  I'otosi,  Zacatccas,  and  JJurango  was  formetl  in  July-AuLiust,  and 
lati'i-  joined  by  Xuevo  Leon,  to  support  tlie  fcileral  government  and  institu- 
ti'ins.  It  met  v.itli  tlic  approval  of  the  general  government,  and  indeed,  it  is 
said  to  luive  been  suggested  by  (Jonic/  Farias  with  the  view  of  securing  tlie  ser- 
vices (if  10,000  mtn.  JJunuiijo,  (lac.  Sup.  (Job.,  ISIi;},  423;  Coaficion  JJsf.  ()<rhl., 
in  I'iiKu-t,  Coll.,  nos  'J^S  !»',  -Jlili;  ArrillcKja,  Rn-op.,  IS.'W,  .30-.")!,  .Sl-J-i:?;  I'. 
('i->r.,  Scuion  Hon.  Coii<j.,  1;  JhtMdmniitf',  Voz  dc  la  Pati-la,  MS.,  viii.  ii'S, 
•in  7.  After  the  defeat  of  the  rcvohitionists  the  coalition  came  to  an  eiicl 
in  Xovcmber,  being  no  longer  encouraged  by  the  national  govermeut.  Du'Jaa 
nud  Ln-diio,  Lcij.  Xlf.v.,  ii.  ()41. 

"  The  prisoners  liad  all  lieen  guaranteed  their  lives;  later  they  were  sent 
out  of  the  country,  with  orders  not  to  return  till  peniiitted  by  tiio  fjoveni- 
mciit.  Ar!<fct,  h'lxeua  I'i'rol.,(i'2~l,  l.'!"J-4;  Didilan  und  Lor.(iii(),  A-;/.  d/<a;..ii. 
.jSO,  .TJ'J-GOl;  UiistanmnU',  Voz  di'  la  Pairiu,  MS.,  viii.  270-8:5,  ;s:i'j  .-)'.».  Tliu 
goveniineiit's  triumph  was  celebrated  with  civic  and  religious  ceremonies. 
Ainlla<ia,]i,'cop.,  is;i;$,  147-S. 

"Tliere  had  been  also  troubles  in  Oajaca  and  Ouorrero,  which  tcrminateil 
early  in  November.  An  attempt  in  Chiapas  against  the  federal  .systi'ui,  iu 
Xuviuiber,  also  failed.  Ulirra,  lllM.  Jalapa,  iii.  17'>-7;  Ari^ti,  J'fuci'Ki  AV  o/., 
-2A>;  Carrlt'do,  Esl.  llUt.,  ii.  40-1;  liiL-ilamatitc,  Vo:  dc  la  Pitlria,  MS.,  viii. 
41 1  -JS,  491-0.31;  LI  Irh  dc  Chiapas,  1S33,  Dec.  9;  C7tiO^<a>'  >  ':!.,  1-lS;  A)-- 
riliuija,  liecop,,  ISIiJ,  40o. 


136 


THE  FEDEHAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


to  ^Mexico  and  resumed  tlio  presidency,  Gomez  Farias' 
plans  being  thus  interrupted  for  the  time. 

Santa  Anna  had  now  changed  his  i)ohtical  opinions, 
showing  a  marked  disposition  to  favor  a  reacti<jn,  and 
being  looked  upon  as  its  future  leader.  However,  on 
the  IGth  of  December,  on  the  pretext  of  ill  health,  he 
again  turned  over  the  executive  authority"  to  the 
vice-president,  who,  finding  the  prospect  of  affairs 
gloomy,  submitted  early  in  1834  to  the  force  of  cir- 
cumstances, and  called  Francisco  M.  Lombardo  to  take 
charge  of  the  portfolio  of  relations,  which  appoint- 
ment in  itself  injplied.  a  great  modification  in  the 
general  policy. 

A  division  of  the  progressionists  on  points  relating 
to  the  public  instruction  and  to  the  management  of 
Indian  funds**  drew  a  number  of  them  unwittinijlv 
into  the  ranks  of  the  supporters  of  'religicjn  y  fueros.' 
The  animosity  t)f  j)arties  was  becoming  more  viru- 
lent, and  discussion  was  turned  into  personal  abuse. 
No  party  seemed  to  have  in  mind  the  welfare  of  the 
people. 

Amid  the  confusion  a  hare-brained  plan  was  pro- 
claimed at  Ecatzingo,'''^  proposing  to  crown  a  descend- 
ant of  Montezuma  under  the  old  colonial  laws;  to 
expel  foreigners;  and  to  promote  a  war  of  races, 
inviting  the  Indians  to  take  up  arms  and  demand 
equality  of  rights.  The  plan,  dated  Chicontla,  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1834,  caused  considerable  alarm  to  the  gov- 
ernnient,  who  suspected  it  to  be  the  work  of  the 
clei-gy.     It  failed,  but  left  evil  consequences.*" 

"  UUrm,  Goh.  (leMi-r.,  ii,  179. 

•"  Tlie  govcniincut  ditl  away  with  the  okl  separation  of  schools  for  Indians 
and  ;,'ente  do  razon.  The  schools  were  to  serve  for  all  classes  together,  and 
to  lie  supported  from  aconiinou  fuml.   liarra.  Hint.  Julupa,  iii.  187. 

■*■'  Its  authors  were  tiie  curate  Epiifnieuio  de  las  I'iedras  and  a  certain 
Father  Carlos  'I'epixtoe.  Jiiixt(imaiit(',  Voz  de  la  I'ulria,  MS.,  viii.  (jJJ.'J-Ci; 
tSoiiihra  lie  Mort/inizomrt,  1.S;J4,  no.  1;  Itlrcni,  Hint.  Jn/apa,  iii.  l'J4-G. 

*" ( 'ongress  on  the  lOth  of  Fel).  1834,  decreed  that  all  generals  and 
other  ollicers  enihraeed  in  art.  11  of  tlie  couvcnio  de  Zuvaleta  should  he  mus- 
tered out  of  tlie  service.  Again,  on  the  10th  of  April,  a  decree  was  passed 
depriving  of  their  militaiy  rank  Anast  isio  Bustamante  and  Felipe  Codallos, 
nt  the  same  time  declaring  th:it  no  person  who  had  a  direct  participation  in 
'  la  nprciieusion  y  los  ascsiiuitos  '  of  Guerrero  aud  others  should  be  permitted 


REACTIONARY  SUCCESS. 


137 


Santa  Anna,  who  had  retired  to  Manga  do  Clavo, 
daily  received  invitations  to  become  the  leader  of  the 
reactionary  niovement,  with  unrestricted  powers. 
After  completing  his  arrangements  he  went  back  to 
]\[exico,  removed  Gomez  Farias  from  power,  and 
assumed  it  himself  on  the  24th  of  April,  1834,  at  a 
time  when  in  many  places  acts  had  been  passed 
ai,'ainst  the  reform  measures. 

(jomcz  Farias  has  been  blamed  by  the  liberal  jiarty 
for  not  having  acted  with  energy  on  this  occasion; 
lor  failing,  in  fact,  to  place  Santa  Anna  in  conline- 
nicnt.  He  had  been  intrusted  with  the  mission  of 
doing  away  with  the  old  practices  and  traditional  insti- 
tutions, and  should  have  energetically  destroyed  all 
()|)j)osition.  The  militia  and  both  houses  of  congress 
would  have  supported  his  action,  as  he  had  in  his 
possession  the  evidence  that  Santa  Anna  was  con- 
sjiiiing  against  the  country's  institutions.  And  yet 
he  hesitated,  solely  because  ho  disliked  being  suspected 
of  personal  ambition,  or  accused  of  unconstitutional 
acts.  His  present  course — which  he  repented  of  and 
tried  to  correct  in  1840 — led  to  the  overthrow  of  all 
that  had  been  done,  and  to  the  triumjdi  of  a  violent 
leaction  based  on  the  plans  of  Orizaba*'  and  Cuerna- 
vaea,  which  restored  their  power  to  the  clergy  and 
army. 

Farias  loft  the  executive  office,  which  he  had  been 
exercising  with  dictatorial  powers,  without  a  stain 
u[)oii  his  character.*^  His  action  was  so  vigorous  that, 
notwithstanding  the  efforts  of  powerful  hands  to  erase 
till'  marks  of  it,  they  remained  visible  to  the  latest 
dav.     When  the   reaction  had  fairlv  become  master 

to  l)(long  to  tlic  McxicJin  army.     This  law  was  nimulloil  by  prcsidLiitiiil 
•1  (Ten  of  August  14th  of  the  same  year.  ArrUlmja,  litcop.,   1S34,    lUS-D, 

'■  'I'liis  was  a  plan  of  the  reactionists  against  i  ertain  measures  of  the  state 
li'-'isliitiire  on  ecclesiastical  affairs,  which  was  sjcoucUmI  in  Cordolia.  M<x:, 
''•'■  l.'ij.  Fiiii'/.,  10.5;  Arrilkuja,  Hcrop.,  1834,  '205;  Rhrra,  JJ/t/.  Jufn/xi,  iii. 
-  i.T  II;  liiidamanfc,  Voz  de  la  Patr'm,  MS.,  ix.  22-7,  74;  La  Hombra  ife 
J/."'/„,,:o)Hrt,  18,14,  nos4-6. 

'  (Jin  las  nianos  liinpias  de  sangro  y  do  uincio.'  Itivera,  Hint.  Jalapa, 
iii.  I'JT;  Puijno,  Cuentoa,  Gustos,  GOO. 


188 


TllK  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


r?" 


c>f  tlio  situation  lio  \vas  (lepos(3d  from  his  office  of 
vico-[)rosideiit  It}'  tlio  congress  of  1835,**  General 
I^arrauan  Iteini;  called  to  succeed  liini.  He  left  his 
country  as  an  exile,  and  only  returned  in  1838,*"  when 
lie  was  leceived  with  the  highest  marks  of  esteem  l»y 
his  political  friends.  He  then  apparently  kept  him- 
self on  good  terms  with  the  government."  His  suh- 
se(|uent  efforts  in  favor  of  the  federal  system  subjected 
him  again  to  persecution  and  imprisonment.  The 
jiopulace  took  him  out  of  the  prison.  In  1840,  had 
he  been  a  sanguinary  man,  he  could  have  i)ut  his  ene- 
mies to  death.  He  was  afterward  compelled  to  seek 
lefugo  in  a  foreign  legation,  and  in  September  was 
again  banished."'^  In  1845  he  was  formally  invited 
to  return  to  ^Mexico.  Gomez  Farias  was  a  man  of 
strict  moral  principles,  conscientious,  and  unselfish. 

Antonio  Lopez  do  Santa  Anna  was  born  in  Jalapa 
on  the  2Ist  of  February,  1795,  his  parents  being  An- 
tonio Lopez  de  Santa  Anna,  who  had  been  for  many 
years  the  subdelegado  of  the  province  of  Antigua  Vera 
Cruz,  and  Manuela  Perez  do  Lebron.^  His  fathei- 
wished  him  to  become  a  merchant,  and  obtained  for 
him  a  position  in  a  first-class  house  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Mhich  he  held  only  for  a  short  time.  His  inclination 
to  tlie  military  profession  was  so  strong  that  ho  was 
entered  as  a  cadet  July  10,  1810,  in  the  regiment  Fijo 
de  Ver-a  Cruz,  at  an  earlier  age  than  the  regulations 
retjuired.  From  that  time  he  saw  nmch  active  ser- 
vice, and  obtained  promotion  grade  by  grade.     Below 

*'0n  the  27th  of  Jan.,  and  the  next  day  ho  was  fr)r])idden  the  excrci-e 
of  tht'  functions  of  tliat  otfici'.  Afrilkuja,  I'eco/>.,  18.35,  37;  JSiiskuiiaiite,  I'v. 
lie  In  I'dtrid,  MS.,  x.  14-8;  DtiUaii  and  Lozaiiu,  Le<j.  Mex.,  iii.  l."». 

'"'J'o  live  in  New  Orleans  he  had  to  sell  even  the  last  piece  of  his  service 
qf  plato  that  ho  had  honght  when  praetising  medicine. 

°'  Tlio  stii-'tcst  suiTeillanco  w.as,  however,  kept  over  him. 

°^  He  resided  a  short  time  in  New  York,  and  then  lived  in  Y'ucatan  ahout 
two  years.     He  afterward  returned  to  New  Orleans. 

■'•'  Lehron  was  a  eorruption  of  the  French  Lehrun.  The  name  Santa  Ann  i 
had  its  ori(,'in  from  Liniia  in  the  diocese  of  Orense  in  Spain,  the  family  beijii; 
well  connected,  llk'tra,  Gob.  de  Mtx.,  ii.  183. 


ANTONIO  LOPEZ  DE  SANTA  ANNA. 


139 


I  give  a  synopsis  of  his  military  career  to  the  date 
\\\\vA\  lie  became  ]>resi(Jent  of  the  republic.'^* 

Santa  Anna  from  his  earliest  clays,  even  in  boy- 
hood at  school,  manifested  a  quarrelsome  disposition. 
Ill  after  life  he  was  passionate.  He  liked  well 
ciioiijjfh  to  see  his  country's  prosperity  if  caused  by 
liitiiself,  but  he  lacked  the  necessary  ability  either  to 
;i(('onii)lish  or  maintain  it.  Moreover,  he  wasted  most 
of  his  time  in  pleasures,  being  addicted  to  dissipation 
in  almost  every  form.  Despite  these  proclivities,  he 
JoNod  honors  and  money.  Santa  Anna  possessed 
iicithor  jirominent  civic  traits  nor  deep  convictions 
ill  political  affairs;  hence  we  see  him  at  one  time  the 
[nvsident  of  the  republic  under  the  federal  form  of 
o'oveniment;  at  another,  under  the  central  system; 
and  lastly,  dictator.  Nature  had  imiilanted  in  him 
(he  germ  of  action,  which  he  brought  into  play  when- 
ever required  to  subserve  his  own  purposes.  As  re- 
garded his  conscience,  it  was  botli  elastic  and  numb, 
iK.ver  being  disturbed  by  actions  that  would  have 
greatly  troubled  most  men. 

Santa  Anna  manifested  at  first  a  disposition  to 
])lease  all  parties,  each  of  which  looked  to  his  assist- 
ance for  its  triumph.     He  finally  leaned  to  the  side 

"'  Prcmiotcil  to  sul)-lieiit  of  fusileers  in  ISI'2,  and  to  lieut  of  yrcnadiors  witli 
ii  c,i|)t;iiirs  hrovc't  ill  KS20;  to  full  captain  hrcvuteil  as  a  lient-col  in  IS'Ji  by 
Vitti'dy  Vouailito,  Commissioned  iv  lieut-col  by  Iturbide;  col  with  the  brevet 
(if  liiJL,' idicr  liy  the  regency,  and  a  full  brigadier  by  Iturljidc.  For  liis  viclnry 
o\vv  tlic  Spani.sh  invaders  atTanipico  in  IS'JI)  Uuerroi'o  iiroiiioted  him  to  gen- 
tiiil  (if  division.  He  was  deprived  of  this  ranU  iu  IS.'W  by  the  j^'ovcrniueut  of 
]'.u^t;ii]i;inti',  l)iit  it  was  restored  to  him  ininiediately  after  the  fall  of  that  ad- 
iiiinistration. 

>aiita  Amia's  first  campaigns  as  a  cadet  were  in  Xuevo  Santandei'  and 
Texas,  taking  part  in  several  .actions  of  war,  and  distinguishing  himself  for  gal- 
lantry and  general  elliciency.  In  1311  he  served  in  San  Lais  I'otosi,  a:id  in 
I'll'J  in  the  Sierra  (iorda,  receiving  an  ai'row-wound  in  his  It^ft  arui  at  tiiu 
ii'liuu  iif  Amoladeras.  On  the  18th  of  August,  1S1.'{,  he  was  in  an  action 
f''V,;.;lit  against  revolutionists  and  their  Anglo-American  allies  on  the  ,Me(liua 
llivt  r  ill  Texas,  for  Mhicii  he  was  decorate(T.  Two  years  later  he  returned  to 
^  ■  i"i  Cruz,  and  was  actively  engaged  in  campaigning  against  insurgents,  for 
^^!li(ll  services  he  was  a  second  time  rewarded  with  a  (lccorati(jn.  In  1S17, 
vliilc  ciiinmanding  outside  of  the  city  of  Vera  Crnz,  ho  contril)uted  to  the 
paeilieatioiiof  the  province,  and  from  that  time  continued  serving  the  colonial 
g'jveinment  till  April  1S2I,  when  he  accepted  the  plan  of  Igiiula  and  joined 
the  eji'rcito  trigaraute. 


140 


THE  FEDKRAL  SYSTEM  A\D  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


i 


'  i- 


of  tlic  roactioiii.sts,  and  by  a  coup  d'dtiit  dissolved  tlio 
national  coiij^ress.**  This  act  was  ooiiso(|uont  on  the 
adoption  of  tlio  plan  do  C^iuniavaea,*'  the  object  of 
which  was  to  proclaim  religion,  fiieros,  and  Santa 
Anna,  denouncinj^  reform  as  impious,  and  condem- 
niuiif  federation  and  Vice-President  Gomez  Farfas."' 
The  plan  bein;^  adopted  by  a  large  portion  of  the 
republic  in  si)ite  of  the  op})osition  on  the  part  of 
Puebla,  Queretaro,  Miehoacan,  Jalisco,  Sau  Luis 
l*ot()si,  Zacatecas,  Oajaca,  and  Yucatan,  the  clergy- 
hastened  to  su[)[)ort  the  government  with  pecuniary 
means.  The  o[»posing  states  had  to  succumb,  Puebla 
and  her  governor,  Cosme  Furlong,  being  tlio  last  to 
do  so  after  sustaining  a  sieiifo."^ 

"On  the  31st  of  May.  Jfrx.,  Col.  Ley.  Fund,  1(55. 

^''Oii  the  'JIM  of  May.  It  coiitaiiifd  livu  articles,  prcgnftnt  with  fnturo 
troul)lu.s  for  Mexico,  which  t'j)itoinizc(l  are  as  follows:  I.  The  plan  ili.saii- 
provosall  proscriptivc  laws  iiiid  ilcci'ees;  all  religious  reform,  iucliulinfj;  tolera- 
tion of  iiiasouic  sects;  and  all  niea.sures  eontniveniug  the  iiutionai  and  statu 
constitutions.  '_*.  All  laws  and  measures  passed  in  contravention  of  these! 
constitutions  are  declared  null  and  void.  3.  The  people  respectfully  call  cm 
I'resideut  Santa  Anna  to  upliold  constitutional  .safeguards,  ho  being  the  only 
existing  authority  able  to  do  it.  4.  The  people  declare  thai  the  deputies 
who  passed  those  laws  and  decrees,  together  with  the  functiona.'ies  that  have 
obstinately  attempted  to  carry  them  out,  no  longer  meriting  public  con!!- 
dcncc,  must  leave  their  positions  and  remain  passive  till  the  nation  reprcv 
sonto(l  anew  shall  bo  reorganized  according  to  the  constitution  and  in  a  luannei' 
conducive  to  her  happiness.  5.  President  Sunta  Anna  is  assured  of  tlio  aid 
of  the  military  force  stationed  at  Cuernavaca  in  carrying  out  those  purpose ;. 
The  residutions  thus  adopted  were  forwarded  to  Santa  Anna  ilay  'J.Jt!i. 
BuMamaiitt\  Voz  de  la  Patria,  MS.,  ix.  54-0;  liicvra,  llUt.  Jalapa,  iii.  l!)>i: 
Id.,  Goh.  de  Mix.,  ii.  102. 

^"  The  apparent  head  man  of  the  plot  was  General  Angel  Perez  Pal,icio>; 
but  the  real  leaders  were  JosiJ  Maria  Tornel,  constituted  as  the  executive 
sword,  and  Licenciado  Manuel  Diez  Bonilla,  the  directing  brain,  both  reprr- 
scnting  the  reactionary  party.  Santa  Anna  was  to  be  the  scarecrow  to  the 
enemy  when  the  case  required  it.  Mora,  Olirai  Sucltiix,  i.  p.  cclxvii. 

■'*' In  San  Luis  Potosi,  (Jen.  Moctezuma  had  to  submit  to  the  forces  .nf 
(Joi'tazar  and  Valencia,  (jenerals  (]!ortazar  and  Barragan  subdued  .Jalisco  and 
neighboring  states.  Santa  Anna  himself  defeated  the  governor  of  Zacateeai'. 
Carlos  Oarcia,  at  Guadalupe,  and  his  soldiers  conunitted  the  most  seand.i- 
lous  robberies.  Santa  Anna  seized  the  products  of  the  mines  of  El  Fresniiln, 
as  well  as  the  funds  of  the  state.  Mora,  Ohras  Siicllan,  i.  p.  eclxxviii.  rur 
ther  and  full  details  of  these  disturbances,  winch  pruceded  the  establishmi  nt 
of  centralism,  may  be  found  in  BuMamanle,  Voz  dc  la  Patria,  MS.,  viii.  'Js.'i  • 
()(!!),  passim,  ix.  1-170,  x.  32-03,  70-9,  111-2.");  Id.,  Gubhuto  Mrx.,  i.  lil'!; 
Id.,  llht.  Ifurhidf,  211;  Art  Soriihra  de  Morthciizoma,  nos  1-12;  JaL,  Uw. 
Ojir.,  l-Il;  Picera,  ni.it.  Jalapa,  iii.  202-3,  214-10,  2r)8-fil;  Ahimaii,  //l->. 
Mrj.,  v.  8{)3-.5;  Arrani/oh,  Mij,,  ii.  224-0;  Zac,  Dhirio  Exacfo,  1-8;  />»/•., 
Gar,  Si(p.  Gob.,  792,  794;  Tab.,  Pronnnc,  in  Piiiurt  Coll.,  no.  3iO;  Anihio 
del  Pueblo,  184j,  08;  El  Titmpo,  1834,  July  5  to  Oct,  20,  puasim;  La  Opun- 


RULK  OF  TIIR  DICTATOR. 


141 


Santa  Anna  not  only  disUandod  the  national  con- 
Mjcss,  but  also  tlio  stato  K'gislatui'L's,  and  di'jtosi'd 
odvernors  and  avuntamicntos,  rL'|)lat'in<'  tluMn  with 
lullK'ronts  of  tlio  plan  do  Cuernavaea.  And  now  be- 
hold him  ruling  as  a  dictator,  without  con_!:,n'ess,  coun- 
cil, legislatures,  or  ministers — lor  he  had  <lisniissed 
the  niend)er.s  of  Gomez  Farias' cabinet,  retaining  only 
Lombardo/"  Their  portfolios  remained  tor  soujc  time 
ill  charge  of  the  oficiales  inayores  of  the  several  de- 
|»;irtnic!its  vacated,  till  finally  they  were  intrusted  to 
the  following  ministers,  namely:  ^Tay  oth,  of  the 
ticiisury,  Javier  Echeverria;  May  21st,  of  war.  Gen- 
eral ose  Joa(|uin  ]lerrera;  July  2(!th,  of  justice  and 
( cilcsiastieal  aflliirs,  liishop  Juan  Cayetano  Portu- 
.;,.1.«' 

The  cscocescs,  in  order  to  draw  Santa  Anna  to 
their  side,  persuaded  him  that  desisting  from  further 
innovations  he  could  maintain  the  ecclesiastical  re- 
iniiiis  already  in  operation,  and  forward  the  plan  of 
luiblic  instruction.  That  party  showed  ability  in 
(iiunsellin.;-  him  to  sustain  what  they  were  bent  on 
ilestr>^viii  .-."i 

Tile  di('tator  convoked  a  congress  to  meet  in  the 
latter  part  of  1834,  and  restored  the  bishops  to  their 
dioec  ses;"^  but  Oil  the  other  hand,  ho  became  so  desi)otic 

rhii,  ls:!l,  Supt.  10  to  Deo.  10,  passim;  lS.1.->,  Jan.  S,  FtL.  10,  .Time  10;  .l/o;v(, 
nlir.iA  Sii(ll!i.'<,  i.  j».  telxix.,  cclxxvi-viii;  L'l  Iri^  i/i'  ('/ii(i/>a-!,  ls;iJ,  Nov.  •_'!; 
Ihih'iui  i\iu\  Lo:.(tiio,  l.iij.  M(X.,  ii.  O'Jl-4;  i.'tirr'n il<i,  E-'t.  Illtf..  ii.  41,  41. 
'liio.-cc  will)  toijlv  part  in  tiiose  revolts  were  pai'iloiied.  Arri/ld/d,  Urcup,,  IS.'J,'), 
I'.MI  7,  r.4:). 

'•''riiis  man  became  a  mere  tool,  countersigning  decrocs  ti>  ostaldisli  mras- 
iins  iliaiiu'tricallv  opposeil  to  tiioso  he  had  authoi'i/.od  six  iiiontlis  prcx  ioiislv. 
J,'!r,r'i,  (;nl,.  (^■  Jlix.,  ii.  lO'i. 

'■'  i)urin;,'  flie  rest  of  Santa  Anna's  rule,  several  clianges  were  made  in  tlio 
i',il'iiii't.  tspci:ially  in  the  treasury  department.  Arril/di/i,  Juro/i.,  I.SIK,  .");>(!- 
7.  111).  (ll'»;  .l/('.i.-.,  Mem.  Jl'irini'tlfi,  1S70,  10:V_»  :!. 

''  riiey  adopted,  as  a  necessity,  the  preservation  of  constitutional  forms, 
llniUL'li  refdrniingthe  constitution  witiiout  going  tiirouirli  thedU.itory  processes 
pi'fbiiiheilliy  it.  Santa  Anna  took  tiiem  into  his  counsel,  not  l)ecausc  hi'  either 
lirjicveil  or  loved  them,  but  from  vanity  and  ostentation.  Tornel  and  l>o- 
iiilla  no  longer  held  tiie  same  important  position  as  at  first.  They  were  now 
iinTc  '  liullangucros.'  Mwa,  Ohra^  Sud/riK,  i.  p.  ccixviii. 

'-"rile  bishop  of  I'uebla  bad  been  banished  in  Api'il;  and  other  prelates 
Mi'ir  t'iiL;itives  or  concealeil  in  order  to  escape  jjcrsccution.  .Irril/'nin,  /''■ro/i., 
1^:!t,  lol,  •-»77-S;  /{Irn-n.  //i<f.  Julnua.  iii.  V.\l:  I<l.,  Ooh.  il'  Mix.,  ii.  ll*-J; 
i:i  InilUudor,  iii.  •J73-S1;  L'l  Tiempu,  iS34,  July 'JO. 


142 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


Mi- 


ill  most  of  Ilia  measures  that  the  whol<»  country  was 
greatly  agitated.  And  yet  he  claimed  that  the  con- 
stitution of  1824  was  still  in  force,  and  repressed  all 
attempts  against  it. 

The  military  and  ecclesiastics  now  unblushingly 
used  the  terms  'federation'  and  *  sovereignty  of  states ' 
j)urposely  to  throw  out  their  chief  opponents,  the  men 
of  moderate  views,  and  by  this  means  carry  the  elec- 
tions. In  this  game  of  intrigue  Santa  Anna  was 
caught  in  his  own  net.  The  elections  took  place, 
and  though  the  escoceses  and  Santanistas  endeavored 
to  lead  the  electors,"^  the  military  and  clergy  obtained 
an  immense  majority,  Santa  Anna  having  virtually 
become  the  destroyer  of  that  which  he  had  so  long 
lab(jred  to  establish. 

A  declaration  having  been  made  in  the  south  bv 
General  Bravo  against  the  existing  state  of  things, 
Santa  Anna  went  in  December  1834  to  Cuernavaea 
to  confer  with  him  in  the  interest  of  public  tranquillit}-. 
He  still  pretended  to  maintain  neutrality  in  the  war 
of  parties,  ordering  the  troops  to  confine  their  eftbrts 
to  the  preservation  of  peace.  This  hypocritical  pre- 
tension was  made  in  the  face  of  his  despotic  acts,  at  a 
time  when  the  passions  of  men  were  at  fever  heat, 
when  chaos  and  anarchy  prevailed,  and  the  coinan- 
dantes  generales  were  clothed  with  unlimited  powers. 
Surely  no  good  could  result  from  such  a  crooked 
liolicy."* 

The  general  congress  opened  its  session"' with  mueii 
solemnity  and  pomp,  but  the  whole  country  felt  dis- 
s|)irited  at  the  inefticacy  of  the  measures  adopted  l>y 
the  government  to  reconstruct  its  institutions  on  a 
solid  basis.*" 

*^  Mcx.,  Col,  Lfy,  Finiil.,  1C3.  Tho  governors  were  roquestcd  to  do  tin  ir 
best  to  reunito  the  legislative  authority  of  tho  union.  Airilkuja,  Hecoj).,  IS.U, 
•JiKJ  7,  t272-4,  r)l-.>-l.J,  .'5.37-4.1. 

'^^' A  party  in  Cliiapas  attempted  secea'sion  from  Mexico  to  unite  her  fati' 
with  <!uateinaln.  Alvivrcz.  proclaiming  dis'  ^ediencc  to  tho  dictator,  lal)"! 
to  support  the  anarchical  factions. 

"''Jan.  4, 1835.  liustamaiUe,  Vozde  laPcUria,  MS.,  x.  3,  4;  Mex.,  Cul.  L-i. 
Fuwl,  IGfl. 

'''0  Eight  whole  months,  from  May  till  December,  had  been  employed  iu  ru- 


I 


MIGUEL  BARRAGAN. 


148 


Santa  Anna  asked  for  an  amnesty  law  and  it  was 
decreed."^  It  would  be  impossible  to  estimate  the 
evils  that  might  have  befallen  the  country  if  the  es- 
foces  or  moderate  party,  led  by  Jose  Maria  Gutierrez 
Estrada,  had  not  seized  the  situation.  Four  parties 
w  ere  struggling  for  the  ascendency,  namely,  the  allied 
clergy  and  military,  or  centralists,  the  ovcrthroun 
federalists,  the  escoccses,  and  the  Suutanistas.  Though 
the  first  had  won  the  ele>  tions,  the*  dictator  gave  the 
preference  to  the  third  named,  and  then  tendered  his 
resignation  of  the  presidency,  which  the  congress  de- 
i  lined  to  accept."^  He  was,  howev*  r,  granted  a  leave 
of  absence,  and  retired  as  usual  to  his  estate  of  ISIanga 
(le  Clavo,  General  Barragan  boiiiir  chosen  to  hold  the 
executive  office  ad  interim.  The  government  was 
surrendered  .to  him  on  the  28th  of  January,  1835."' 
His  ministers  claimed  to  act  with  entire  independence, 
1  tut  the  general  belief  was  that  Barragan  never  took 
a  step  as  executive  without  first  obtaining  Santa 
Anna's  sanction. 


IMiguel  Barragan  was  a  native  of  Valle  del  Maiz  in 
San  Luis  Potosi,  and  was  born  in  1780.'"'  Of  his 
tareer  as  a  military  and  public  man  I  have  had  re- 
moving, ap])omting,  and  promoting  officers  and  officials,  and  in  annullintf 
lifts,  ami  wi'uugling  with  tlio  military  and  priestly  o'lgarcliy.  Mora,  Obms  Sitcl- 
I"",  i.  i>.  cclxxii. 

'' The  '  ley  del  cat,a'of  Juno  23,  1833,  was  a.iiuillcd.  An  cmnesty  was 
later  i;rooluiined  to  include  all  political  offenders.  Bn>ttamante,  Voz  (l<>  la  I'd- 
(rill,  MS.,  ix.  104,  x.  {)  11;  Arrilftuja,  licco/i.,  183,"),  (18-70,  1.V2-3,  l,")(;-8, 
171  -,  107;  JJublan  and  Lozano,  Leg.  Mex.,  iii.  43-4,  52;  Mix.,  Col.  Li'i/.  y 
]''<■.,  IStl,  12. 

''■Inn.  27tii.  At  the  same  tune  ho  was  declared  a  'henenu'nto  do  la  iki- 
tiii.'  An-illai/a,  Hero,..,  183.">,  37,  197,  229. 

''•' iJarragau  received  13  votes  out  of  15.  Diililan  and  Lovrnio,  TtCij.  Mix., 
iii.  ITj-lG.  The  ininistoi's  in  his  administration  were:  of  relations,  Johi?  Maria 
tiiiticnez  Estrada,  to  Jnno  1st,  and  Manuel  Die/,  dc  IJonilla,  from  .July  9  to 
Itoiiiljcr  28;  of  justice,  Agustin  Torres,  to  March  31,  and  Josr  .lunto  Curro 
fiom  .May  18  to  Feb.  27,  18.30;  of  the  treasury,  .lost5  Mariano  IJlasco,  to  .\ug. 
2!>;  in  tiiis  department  several  changes  were  made  till  it  went  into  Mangi- 
lui's  liiargo  in  I'el).  1830;  of  war,  .)os«5  Maria  Tornel,  from  Jan.  28,  183."),  to 
IVh.  -.'7,  18.30.  Mix.,  Mem.  Ilarievda,  1870,  1033. 

■"\{tj  was  o.io  of  the  ollicers  that  supported  Iturbidc  a  defection,  ami 
sii'v.il  in  the  trigaranto  army  till  the  attempt  at  erecting  a  throne  fur  tliat 
I'liii  f,  wliich  he  strongly  opposed,  for  which  ho  was  arrested  and  kept  iu 
cuiiliiicmcut  till  tho  republic  was  proclaimed. 


144 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


peatocl  occasions  to  speak  in  the  previous  volume. 
He  was  often  intrusted  witii  civil  offices  requiring 
ability  and  energy,  both  of  which  he  displayed. 
Barrajjan  was  ever  noted  for  his  kindness  of  heart, 
probity,  imd  elegance  of  manners.  For  the  poor  and 
lielpluss  he  always  manifested  in  a  practical  manner 
hi.s  solicitude. 


Shortly  after  Santa  Anna's  retirement  pronuncia- 
mientos  were  made  in  several  places  regarding  the 
forni  of  government,  and  rejiresentations  were  con- 
stantly addressed  to  the  administration  and  congress 
favorini*'  a  central  svatem ;  in  view  of  which  the  two 
lujuses  of  congress  formed  themselves  into  a  general 
asseuibly,''  and  on  the  3d  of  October  the  change  was 
formally  established  by  decree.  Under  that  act  the 
central  regime  was  v'rtually  inaugurated,"'  and  a 
pruvi.-^iorial  .statute  therefor  enacte<l  on  the  23<1  of 
( )rtobor,  the  chief  clauses  of  which  are  given  syuop- 
tically  in  a  note."' 

In  order  further  to  carry  out  the  alleged  wishes 
of  the  nation,'^*  on  the  1 5th  of  December,  congress 
])asse(l  a  constitutional  law  setting  forth  the  rights 
and  obliii'ations  of  the  citizens  and  denizens  of  the  re- 


"' Congress  on  the  .'jth  of  May  liatl  declared  itself  invested  with  powers 
to  reform  llie  constitution  of  18. '4. 

'-State  organization  was  to  ccaso,  and  departments  were  to  he  cstaMishcd 
witii  dep;irtniLiiUil  juntas.  Tlic  govi-rnors  were  to  continue  in  power  even  after 
tli"ir  terni^  expired,  liiit  subject  tu  tlio  national  executive;  the  legishitn'.<  s 
were  to  ceaHe  exercising  legislative  powers,  hut  before  dissolving — such  as 
weiu  ill  recess  lieingordired to  meet — wei'e  to  clioose  a  '  juiitaclepartaiuental ' 
consisting  sf  live  persons  selected  from  their  own  imuiln'r  to  act  as  a  uovcni- 
or's  coiuuil.  Dublaii  and  Lozaiio,  Li'i/.  Jti'x.,  in.  lit-H',  Jtivcrn,  Hi»t.  Jdltiim, 
iii.  -JO!  (i. 

''The  national  religion  is  to  ho  tlie  Roman  catholic,  and  none  other  toler- 
ated. The  government  system  to  ho  popular,  I'eprescntative,  repul)lic:ui. 
The  suprcuu!  national  nutliority  is  to  continue  divided  into  three  hrauciic, 
r.anicly,  legislative,  executive,  ami  judicial;  the  h-gishitive  consisting  of  tv,o 
houi.is,  tlie  t.cnate  and  ehiimher  of  dc[)Uties;  the  executive  to  he  hcM  liy  a 
president  for  a  term  of  years  and  eiiosen  indirectly  hy  tlie  pe(jple;  tiie  judici- 
ary to  he  exercised  liy  .i  supreme  com  t  and  lov.ci  cniKts.  Tiic  national  ter- 
ritory is  to  lie  divided  into  depai'tments  ruled  hy  governors  and  «lei>artmental 
juntas.   J/r.r,,  Jiaxm  i/  Lit/.  Coiistiliir.,  'A  ~, 

'' IJiirragan's  administration,  in  onler  to  attaca  popularity  to  past  act><, 
promoted,  in  accord  with  the  clergy,  those  inauifcstatious  of  popular  prefer- 
snce.     J,'a\rtt,  Gob.  dc  Mix,,  ii.  'ioo. 


THE  .SIETE  LEYES. 


145 


])ublic,  to  .serve  as  a  basis  for  the  change  to  be  effected 
in  the  forLi  of  goveniiueiit."  The  same  congress, 
actiniT  as  a  constituent  asseniblv,  framed  a  new  consti- 
tution,  vvhic^i,  being  composed  of  seven  hiws,  became 
])()[)ular]y  known  under  the  title  of  the  *  Siete  Leyes,' 
and  was  sanctioned  and  promulgated  on  the  30th  of 
December,  1836.  I  give  below  the  chief  features  uf 
the  instrument."* 

'^'I'liis  law  was  pnblislicd  the  same  day.  Mix.,  Col.  Ley.  Fund.,  ICO-T'^ 
Arr'iikuj'i,  llrcop.,  \iiX>,  G4!)-r)9. 

"'■  Law  Ist  prescribca  tlic  lights  and  duties  of  Mexicans  and  other  inlialii- 
tiiiit.-i  of  tl.'c  republic.  Even'  citizen  having  i^\iX>  a  year  income,  proceeding' 
from  property  or  industry,  and  not  dis([ualilicd  by  crime  or  other  cause,  h;iil 
tlic  fraiiciiise.  '2d,  Organizes  a  fourtli  power  entitled  'supremo  poder  con- 
si'i'vador,'  composed  of  five  njend)crs,  cacli  of  whom  at  the  time  of  election 
iiui.st  be  40  years  old  and  have  SJ.OOO  a  year;  they  were  renewable,  one  every 
twi^  years.  The  oiiject  of  this  fourth  power  was  to  maintain  the  equilibrium 
bi'twuen  tlic  other  powers;  to  hcc  to  the  strict  observance  of  the  laws,  and  to 
iii:dic  known  the  national  will  on  extraordinary  occasions.  3d,  Establishes 
tlie  h'-i.ilativo  branch  in  two  cliambers,  namely,  that  of  tlie  senate  and  tint 
(if  the  deputies;  the  former  with  "24  members,  eight  of  them  renewable  every 
two  years.  Eacli  senator  must  have  an  income  of  .*'i,.')00  a  year  at  the  time  of 
iiis  election.  The  manner  of  choosing  tlie  senators  was  as  fidlows:  the  houso 
it  deputies,  the  government  in  council  of  ministers,  and  the  supreme  court  cf 
ju-slice  each  selected  a  number  of  persons  equal  to  that  of  the  senators  to  l>o 
tho.scn,  from  which  lists  the  departmental  assemblies  maile  the  clioice  of  sen- 
atiirs.  The  lower  house,  of  popular  election,  consistecj  of  one  deputy  for  every 
b"i(>,()l)()  inhabitants  and  every  fraction  of  80,000.  The  deputy  must  have  at 
Kiist  ?i!l,, ")()()  a  year.  No  person  having  jurisdiction,  civil,  judicial,  ecclesia.s- 
tiail,  or  military',  could  be  a  deputy.  4tli,  Organises  the  cNccutive,  vestiiivj 
it  in  a  president  to  hold  his  otUce  for  eight  years,  with  tiie  privilege  of  icrlec- 
tii)ii;  lie  was  chosen  as  follows:  the  pfesident  in  council  of  ministers,  the  sen- 
ate and  supremo  court  were  each  to  name  a  '  tenia  '  from  which  the  deputies 
hiiil  to  nominate  three  candidates,  one  of  whom  was  to  bo  chosen  president  by 
the  de])artmental  assemb''es.  With  the  president  was  associated  a  council  of 
l.'l  nieiiiljcrs,  two  of  whom  must  be  ecclesiastics  and  two  military.  The  coun- 
ciUdis  were  selected  by  the  deputies  from  a  list  formed  by  the  executive  out 
of  aiiotiicr  made  by  the  senate.  The  president  Mas  rcipiired  to  have  an  in- 
c'liiK!  of  i^l.tMK)  a  year,  and  had  the  exclusive  riglit  of  ap]i<)inti!ig  his  ministers, 
•"'til,  Ivitablislies  the  judiciary,  namely,  one  supreme  court  of  ele\ en  justices 
Hud  an  attorney  general  chosen  in  the  same  mjiniier  iis  the  executive,  one  of 
its  bniiu'lies  being  the  Kupreme  court  martial;  superior  courts;  iiuditing  tri- 
buii'I.^;  and  courts  of  the  lirst  instance  in  tlie  departments,  (Uh,  Treats  of  the 
(iivision  of  the  territory  and  interior  go\ermiieiit.  The  state  organi;'.ation  is 
iloiiciiw.iy  with,  and  the  country  divideil  into  departments,  each  of  tlieiii  liav- 
iii','  lui  a.sainblea.  The  appointment  of  governor  was  to  be  made  froio  tho 
'tenia '  proposed  l)y  each  nsamblea  departa.iiental.  At  the  head  town  of  each 
distiiit  was  to  reside  a  jirefceto.  Ayuntamientos  popularly  chosen  were  ti> 
exist  at  tlu!  departmental  capitals,  and  such  other  towns  as  had  a  certain  pop- 
ulation. The  rest  were  to  have  'jiieces  de  paz.'  7tli,  Fixes  tho  mode  ot  re- 
pealing or  amending  constitutional  laws. 

A  separate  hiw  of  the  same  date  makes  of  each  of  tho  former  states  a  de- 

liartiiiiiit,  with  the  following  changes:  'J'iie  state  of  ('oahuilaand  'I'exas  was 

i!ia>lc'  into  two  departments.      New  Mexico  Wiis  constituted  into  a  department. 

Tiic  itto  Californias  were  formed  into  one.     Colima  wai  uuucxod  to  Miclioa- 

Uist.  Mex..  Vol.  V.    10 


146 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


This  constitution  failed  to  satisfy  any  of  the  par- 
ties. Tile  jirogressionists  saw  retroo-i-ossion  in  it. 
The  clergy  v  re  displeased  because  certain  principles 
liad  not  been  expuiii^ed,  which  were  at  a  future  day 
to  bear  bitter  fruit  for  them,  causing  the  loss  of  their 
influence  and  property.  The  army  could  not  find  in 
the  law  any  power  entirely  dependent  on  bayonets. 
However,  certain  clauses  in  it  were  evidently  intended 
to  serve  as  checks  to  the  discretional  power  of  Sant-i 
Anna,  who,  it  was  expected,  would  be  the  first  presi- 
dent chosen  under  the  new  regime. 

President  Barragan  had  to  provide  resources  for 
the  canijiaign  to  put  down  the  revolted  colonists  of 
Texas,  full  details  of  which  will  appear  in  the  follow- 
ing chapters;  and  at  the  same  time  to  face  attempts 
to  restore  b^  force  of  arms  the  federal  form  of  gov- 
ernment. The  most  prominent  of  these  wei'o  made 
liy  generals  Jose  Antonio  Mei-'a  and  Juan  Alvarez. 
Tile  first  named,  after  failing  in  several  attenipts  iii 
Queretaroand  Guadalajara,  proceeded  to  New  Orleans, 
and  returned  in  November  1835  with  three  ships 
under  ]\Iexicnn  colors,  and  about  200  adventurers,  to 
Tam])ico,  where  through  tho  (Mio[)eration  of  the  com- 
mandant at  the  bar,  ho  succeeded  in  capturing  the 
i'ort  on  the  IGth  of  that  month;  but  on  assailing  the 
town,  where  the  garrison  had  remained  faithful  to 
the  authorities  against  a  pronunciamicnto  \n  sup))t)rt 
ot"  federalism,  ho  was  disastrously  repulsed,  leaving 
behind  a  nund.>er  of  prisoners,  all  of  whom  were  dealt 
with  as  pirates."     As  for  x\lvarez,  who  operated   iu 

<':iii,  .itiil  TlascaliV  to  the  dcpartinont  of  !Moxico,  whoso  capital  was  to  1>i>  t'lo 
I'ity  of  this  naiiio.  Mi'X.,Ciif.  Lci/.  J'uihI.,  \~\-2\^;  Unnlinniiiifi',  I'ozdc  hi  J'n- 
tnit,  :MS.,  xi.  r)t)-«:!;  An-Hlinjt,  /I'.v'o;).,  ls;{li,  ,lnly-|)ic.,  ,S10  7H.  Au'u.w- 
calicutcs,  wliicli  f-iiicc  ls;',5  luid  hoi'ii  (Ictaclicd  from  ZauatceaH  ami  iiiailo  a 
national  tcrritoi'V,  had  hocii  on  tho  'JOtli  of  Nov.  IS^d,  nude  a  ilojiaftnHiit. 
J  !.,  is;r),  188,  i"-'4-:);  liiiHl„„iiiiit,\  i'uz  (/<'  In  I'n/rtn,  MS.,  x.  fiT-S;  M^'., 
Mill),  /fitcii'iidfi,  18:!7,  <>;  Aijunncdlh  iitct,  Ada,  !-.">();  lUvrrii,  llist.  JalajKi, 
iii.  .300-7.  Con-frcsH  on  tho  "JOth  of  Miii'cli,  l.s;>7,  pif-scd  a  law  for  tin; 
g  ivurninent  of  the  dopaitnu'nts.  Ah\c.,  iKcrcto,  l-'JO;  .Uiib'aii  and  Lo:iiii'>, 
Lcj.  MiX.,  iii.  -•V.>3-:{H. 

'' Dustaujante  yivet)  otiic'i' vursious  as  to  the  real  object  of  that  uxpedi- 


AUTHORITIES. 


147 


made 
;aroz. 
»ts  in 
ieaiis, 

rs,  to 
coin- 
;  tho 
J  the 
ill  to 
-)j)ort 

liviii'.!,' 
dealt 

d   iu 

1)0  tlio 

la  I'll- 

A'-CUiw- 

liuiilo  a 

I'tiiic-iit. 

.1/t'  ■., 

ildp'i, 


the  south,  ho  was  defoatcti  shortly  before  tho  congress 
undertook  tho  work  of  reconstruction  of  the  country. 

tiim,  namely,  to  seize  a  coiiilucta  of  siivcr  at  Tnmpico,  and  to  kidnap  Santa 
Aiii.ii  at  ^langa  dc  Clavo.  Voz,  de  la  I'a/ria.  MS.,  x.  I.")0-C0;  /(/.,  Udhmi'i- 
J/../-.,  ii.  .S'2-il;  Toniel,  Trjfoi,  etc.,  (ilJ— };  J'nii'iel,  J)rfciim,  5;  Youmfn 
II, si.  Mix.,  '2d-2;  'Jrockett,  Life  of ,  381-:t;  SiW  Jlrg.,  xlix.  T.SA),  .%-l-5. 

Tho  iuithoritiea  nienti'ined  in  tlio  following  list  have  boon  consulted  in  tlio 
)>i'('paiati()n  of  tho  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  chapters  prcce<ling:  Mix.,  Vol. 
Ln/i^  Fund.,  1G4  70;  /(/.,  Col.  Lnjis,  1S2U-30,  l-K"),  4t)-oo,  8()-y5,  i:!»,  l."d- 
CO,'  17.'{-S,  l!K)-200;  M,  Le<jUI.  M<-j.,  370-7;  Id.,  Col.  Liycsy  Ihc,  1S41,  1-J; 
(oflix.  ])iario  Sen.,  i.  91,  144;  Id.,  Jj'mrio  OJic,  iii.  10.");  /(/.,  Dlario  Sai., 
Islio-O,  i.  10;  Mix.,  ErjKi".  O'lierra  y  Mat:,  1S32,  1-21;  Id.,  Man.  (Imrrn, 
is;;;),  •_';  1831,  Doc.  no.  1,  12-10;  1834,  17-18;  1835,  7,  1-',  annexes  7-8;  Id., 
Ml  III.  Kxtndo,  183."),  1-80,  annexes  1-12;  /(/.,  Mem.  liar.,  1831,  113-1'),  an- 
iio.cs  A.  toE.;  1833,  2;  1837,  0;  1870,  101,  122,  1028-.33;  Id.,  Mem.  Jtixlh-., 
ls:!4,  20-7,  07;  Id.,  Mem.  liclac,  1830,  1-40;  1331,  l-iJS,  annexes  1-10;  IS;{2, 
2-3'),  annex  1;  1833,  1-20;  183.'),  1-50,  annexes,  pp.  1  33;  liiirra,  JliM.  Jahtjiu, 
ii.-iii.,  passim;  Id.,  Cob.  de  Mix.,  ii.  120,  130,  144-201,  500-82;  /(/.,  Mi'.r. 
I'iiit.,  i.  12-14;  Siianz  »/  Navarro,  Hint.  Mix.,  p.issim;  Id.,  Liforme  Cnmh. 
Poll/.,  7-8;  TonrI,  Tija.,  >/  Ion  E.  U.,  57,  03-4;  Id.,  Curia,  3;  /("/.,  Nac.  M,j., 
lt),")-',t,  2'J5;  Id.,  Mitiii/.;  Id.,  lireve  licneiia  Hid.,  43-5;  Alamiiii,  JIht.  Mij., 
ii.  .7Ji-!t,  iv.  237,  v.  570-9,  84,3-09,  ap.  84-8;  Id.,  Dr/ai^a,  pp.  iii.-xxii.,  l-rJ(); 
III.,  I'n  I'iso,  1-255;  Id.,  Apnutes  liioij.,  23-38;  Id.,  Xol!c.  liioij.  .\frriil.,  1 1  - 
18;  Znmwoh,  IIinl.  Mij.,  xi.  passiu),  xii.  G-101,  258-9,  274-0, '295-0,  312-17, 
.";!l-7,  389-400;  Dnhlnii  and  Lnuc'">.  Lcrj.  Mex.,  ii.  passim,  iii.  9-10,  30-1, 
41-4,  51-9,  71-8,  91-2,  109-15,  193,  408,  005,  iv.  421-2,  559;  Busla.nanli.; 
Hist.  Iliirhidc,  211;  /(/.,  Hist.  Sania  Aium,  275;  /(/.,  MS.,  ii.  44;  Id.,  (liih. 
Mix.,  i.  103,  ii.  21,  32-3;  Id.,  Mid.  PudJ'.,  MS.,  ii.  supl.,  33  7;  Id.,  Kjhnir., 
iii.  1-14;  Id.,  Carta,  2-0;  Id.,  Maiiif.  Giiadalup.;  Id.,  Mem.  IliM.  Mvx.,  !MS., 
ii.  80-1;  /(/.,  Campana  xiii  illorki,  4-0,  21,  .38^2;  /(/.,  La  Monurq.  "ii  Mcx., 
MS.,  1-37;  /'/.,  Vozdela  Patria,  i.-v.  passim;  Id.,  MS.,  vi.-x.  passim,  xiii. 
■I;  J.'i  Ihi.ttrac.  Mex.,  ii.  375-7,  iv.  185-212;  Clar.  at  Coiiijr.,  1-8;  Xi'n-<ir.< 
I 'I'll.  Tixan,  10~\l ;  J)omiiiiiiicz,  Informp,  l-12;iS'?j  .Migtul,  Mnii,  /Vor.,  24- 
;  \\i:iCnmlit.,  Aprils,  23,  etc.,  1844;  Bonilla,  El  Chid.,  1  1.;  Zilmln,  Mat)!/., 
•'Id;  Api'lac.  <d  Sent.  Com,,  1-12;  Pina,  Pasciinn,  1-8;  liiienronfro,  Maui/.; 
Zn-'iiro,  L'ev.  Mex.,  74-0,  274-5;  Perue  des  Ihux  Muiidcs,  Aug.  I."),  1853,  31 1  - 
1(1;  Cilliam's  !/Vare/.i,  219-20;  Domenexh,  Hist,  jl/w.,  ii.  91-134;  Id.,  Mi-^s. 
Mi\,  3.')9-03;  IIo!lr!/\i  7"exa.^,  321-32;  Camhas,  AHii",  19;  Vakiiria,  Mniiil'., 
3  .'^;  1,'er/i.ilro  Yiic,  ii.  131-42;  Hoi/  se  cchan  los  Cim.;  Monit.  Coiistil.  Iiid., 
-May  2.S,  184.5,  3;  ]\'il.nvi\i  Mex.  and  lis  lieliij..  77-8,  274-9;  Id.,  Mex.,  /'.t 
hiisi'nis,  115;  Arisla,  Ilesetla  Pciol.,  9-102,  ap.  nt's4,  lS-19,  21,  31,  35;  IJoh 
AiioH  en  Mix.,  1-172;  La  Somhra  de  Mort.,  nos4-li;  Pai/iie'.i  lli.st.  Europ. 
Collides,  309-10;  Paltnn'8  Hist.  U.  S.,  094;  Finio,  li'e.ipiie.^/a  Car'/ni;  Id.,  E-- 
■pei^ie.,  1-21;  Dice.  Unii\  Hist,  (leoij.,  i.  7:»,  749  51,  iii.  7 19  03,  v'iii.  ,"44-8,  x, 
318,  103.5-70;  Sarnije,  Doe.,  ii.  185-91;  MIscil.  6  i-ea  Col.,  no.  2,  .5  19;  I'r.- 
eniiiv,  />0''.,  4  11.;  Jlinl'.s  O'eoij.,  ii.  1.31;  Ai/nascal.,  Aetn;  Thowjiaons  I'lenll. 
Mil-.,  01-3,  178-9;  Montesdioea,  JJisnirsh,  1-12;  Demoer.  Per.,  ii.  108-12; 
Xdiiv.  .Ann.  ]'oi/.,  xlii.  293-4,  Ixiv.  44-OS,  Kxx.  4S-.")0;  A'/iinr.,  Cod.  E'ltr., 
1.3:!  W;C,oclcii,  Life  of,  .381-3;  Midler,  /.'<;>,;,  /.,.  Mex.,  iii.  31:) -19;  Ciimjilido, 
Alhiini  Mex.,  ii.  94;  El  \'eracriizaiiii  Lilire,  .Juno  8,  I82S,  3-4;  Henniider.,  \'eril. 
Cd.hii,  19-31;  Ei/iofslein,  O'eol.  Mex.,  3,3;  Ln.  Venhid  Desinida,  1-0;  'I'hom- 
ifnii.i  Wars  U.  S.,  541-0."i0;  Titdor'.i  Tour,  ii.  251  3, 
Ii'iiiulo;  Id.,  Context.,  1-12;  Id.,  Consid,  Cm.;  LaCpo. 

Ihid-ni,  Ohsirv.  Proy.  Pe/onnn,  1-20;  Paqne'iro,  Eiisni/o  i'ne.,  i.  14-10;  El 
I'liinrfiiil,  Maivh  15,  1850,  4;  Mendoza  y  Sniiche-,  C,i>.  Mus.  Mex.,  ■.:' ;  I'ain- 
eeii'H  (itlur  Siih,  14;  Enii'jrado  (.'.'wr j-c.,' 1829,  37,  7S  9,  159-00;  lUirlmehano, 
Ml  III.  Ciinip.,  21-59;  Drtike'.H  Cirlif.  Sji.  Grant':;  MaOe-Hrun,  Prcris  Ceo;/. 
litiv.,  vi,  457-00;  Payno,  CucnUm,  Ganlos,  etc,  OOOj  Siiunz,  InJ'urme,  7,  3'i» 


122;    Poeiifiierle,   I'.i 
ion,  IS34-5,  i>assiiii; 
•    14- 


( 


148 


THE  FEDEr.AL  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


Texas,  Coll.  Doc,  noa  CO,  fi.'J-4;  Id.,  M!5.,  no.  38,  pp.  1-2,  in  PinaH  Coll; 
jAircnaiiilierr,  Mix.  and  Giiut.,  UlH-.'il;  Frti.\t'.t  Pict.  Jlisl.  Mix.,  100-7^!; 
I'n<)li'\t  'J'cxiiK,  i.  30!)-14,  ii.  r>(J-7;  lira  la  Fid.;  Lempricfc.'n  Xotci  in  Mex., 
427-8;  Cum.  de.  Diinif.,  Mn)iif.,  \SM-2,  1-.30;  Treviuo,  Salhf.;  Momiro  Mex., 
i.  229,  292,  ii.  197,  269,  344,  402;  Salv.,  iJkirio  OJic,  Jan.  20, 187o,  0;  Giitie)-. 
rex,  Voutesf.  nl  lAhelo,  14-10;  Quiutniia  Roo,  Dej'eund;  Marlurc'it  Opinioui',  i. 
3")1-G(),  .173,  39.3-4;  Chevidier,  Le  Mex.,  389-400;  Garria  CuhrM,  Encrtton  Di,:, 
142-02,  203-S;  Arroniz,  JJint.  y  Cron.,  208-74;  Chiapas,  Dicldmen,  1833,  1-18; 
Zmeiiiha,  Metrhaiit,  W;  Eseult ray  Liana,  Mex.  lliM.  />'.«rr.,  33-04;  La/ond, 
['oi/.  ant.  du  Moiale,  i.  bk  i.  17">,  191-(>;  Didlo;/o,  Cor.  y  Cap.;  Nayarit,  Lo-t 
PtubioK,  11;  Romero,  Tercera  Ripreseiit. ;  IJuzaiicourt,  Mexiqiie,  97-H8;  V/anCt 
Me:,:,  i.  327;  Rohimou's  Mex.  and  J/er  Milit.  Chie/tnitiM,  lGO-4,  218-41,  2.-)3- 
5,  200-81,  299-301;  Zineuiieijiii,  RexjniiMa,  l-4i;  La  Cruz,  iii.  '1m,  v.  033-.">; 
Armiii,  ireiitii/.  Mex.,  121-9;  Ayiintam.  de  M6x.,  Repre-i.  a  las  Cam.,  1830, 
1-1.">;  Listei  Gen.  Ei<pai<ol'f:,  1-1;  Zy/s/rt  Esp.  Enrjif.  dim.  Dipiil.,  1;  Lista  Exp. 
Eseept.  Cam.  Sen.,  1-4;  Seij.  fjsta,  1-2;  Expos.  Tercer.  Sala,  1-(I4;  Rcsp.  Si^r. 
Jnstic,  1-32;  Faeio,  Mem.  .fohre  Swi<ox,  1-24,"),  i.-viii. ;  Id.,  A  la  Cam.  <!<• 
I>ipnt.,  1-0;  Velez,  Vindiear.,  1-38;  Ult.  Ail'tos  Coii'/.  Consfit.;  CabaHero,  Re- 
nuncia  Justij'.,  ,3-0,  3.J-8;  Patronalo  en  la  Xar.,  I-'IH;  Sahjado,  Escritos  Prc- 
1','ut.,  1-37;  Cardomi,  Exjiosle.,  1-24;  El  Cenfinela  I'id.,  no.  121,  1829,  121-S; 
lh(n\  Muerte  Polit.;  Pei'iay  Peila,  I'o/.o  Fund.,  li-',ir>;  Maillard's  J/isf.  Terns, 
.'JO-72;  Tratado  de  Amist.  E.  U.;  Amiijo  del  Fneblo,  June  24,  July  31,  Sept. 
1(),  etc.,  184.'j;  Arlxia,  Risepti  Jlisf.  Rerol.,  1-I(i2;  /(/.,  Prod.,  1  1.;  Qiier/. 
//{/>;■(',  pp.  i.-x.  1-50;  Labrador,  'j"  Carfa,  1-12;  Ar/as  Comj.  Coiistil.,  yui.-x. 
jiassini;  Conij.  Coiixtit.  d  los  Pueblos,  1-12;  Rnjl.  Bib.  See.  Guerra,  H;  Cueras. 
Espos.  !>!/.  Franeia,  iu-U;  Id.,  Espos.  del  Ex-Minisi  ,  57-00;  Deffaudis,  Cor- 
res/),;  Rosas,  Defensa;  Id.,  Coniei*.;  Glea.'ion's  J/ist.  Cath.  Church,  iii.  37;  La 
Victoria,  Sept.  10,  13,  1878;  Lancaster  Jones,  Urarion  Cu:,  7-9;  Zacatccas, 
Diario  Emelo,  1-8;  D/ario  l)ebates  S'  Con;/.,  ii.  .58;  Torml,  Carta,  3-4;  Tor- 
vel  y  Mcndiril,  Derreto;  Bib.  Mex.  Amenid.,  ii.  319-20;  Leij.  Rec,  ii.  ]; 
Moreno,  Mani/.,  1-23;  Palacios,  Mnni/.;  El  Tiempo,  1834,  July-Oct.,  passim; 
El  Atlela,  1829-30.  passim;  llordas,  Dictdm.,  1-49;  Ober,  Mexico,  422  (i; 
BelaKCo,  Uiseurso  Civ.,  0-10;  Maucro,  Guide,  45-(i;  Gre;/or;i\i  Hist.  Mex.,  4(1- 
7,  53;  Amer.  Ann.  Re/jixfcr,  1829-.30,  140-9,  217  21;  Ranijll,  Defcnsa,  5;  !)</. 
lute,).  Kac,  Aug.  10,  1844,  3-4;  Gree/ij^  Scenes,  ii.  84-104;  Id.,  t.'om.  Pr/i!ri<s, 
ii.  99-102;  Doc.  Snblev.  Alvarez,  5-44;  Posadas,  Alujatu,  1-10;  Chismoijrqli  c 
■una  Matraea;  Rijon,  Ob-'crv.;  Guerra  Eferna,  1-8;  Graftan's  Cicil.  Ameri  ■", 
ii.  287-90;  Ocursos  Acreed.;  Excilativa,  Cons, jo  Gob.;  Becher,  Mex.,  passim; 
I'indi'-ac.  del  Gen.  Presid.,  1837,  1-13;  Anales  Mu.i.  A7a-.  .Mex.,  i.  17;  Pili.t 
Ifzd,  Mani/.,  1-22;  OyarzubrU,  Doc.  Just.;  Seinta  Anna,  Didloijo,  5-10;  /</., 
6  el  Conip:,  1-8;  Id.,  'EI  Gen.  a  sus  Compatr.,  1-7;  /'/.,  Manifest.,  1-39;  Hist. 
Doc.  Cal.,  i.  148-9,  100,  109,  177,  -10;  I'istazo  Rap.,  10-12;  Bdrcena,  Ca\ 
llist.,  241-54;  llnajuapan,  Resj,i'f.  Represent.,  1-10;  Hunt's  Mcr.  Ma;/.,  xlv. 
007;  Poinsett,  Contest.nc.  del  Ministro,  1  12;  ()  Av.r.iliami)sal  Gob.,  1-8;  Puibh, 
Ri'prisi'ut.  Constit.;  Id.,  Mani/'.  fj'ie  el  Rat.,  1-14;  Maifr's  Mix.  A~J.,  i.  314- 
2S;  [d..  Mix.  as  It  Was,  .3.39-40;  Estrada,  Doc,  7;  Ortiz,  Mex.  Indrp.  LH-n; 
98-111;  Revista  Mex.,  4()l-82;  Cent.  Amer.,  153-5,  227-9;  Derecho  Int.  Mi.<:, 
1st  pt,  150-70.  300-71,  009-14,  2.1  pt,  230  4,  209-300,  .345,3(1  pt,  320-4,  :!5()- 
1,  I15<)-00;  Alvarez,  Mani/.;  Id.,  Doc.  IH.  Subl.,  1-44;  Album  Mex.,  ii.  94; 
Ihilelin  Vfic,  nos  1-33,  35;  Monterey,  Acta  Guar.;  Ddvila,  El  Two,  ii.  l-25ii, 
4S!(-95;  Rnbio,  Discnrso,  1-12;  Manero,  Doc.  Interes.,  19-21;  Scvjasita,  ['•■lo 
I'artic;  Aim.  Calend.  Galrtn,  1848,  03-7;  1849,  54-72;  Aim.  Cal'end.  Man.  ii 
Giiia,  1829,  38-79,  109-34,  219.52;  1831,40-88,  113  39,  208-37,  207-77;  18;i-', 
40-88,  121-245;  Yuc,  Pnvificac,  no.  i.  pp.  i.-lxiii.;  no.  ii.  1-10;  no.  iii.  8-01; 
/(/.,  Es  el  Minisierio;  Id.,  Obsirr.,  1-3;  Id.,  Mani/.  GeJ'e  Sup.;  Id.,  Dnpinj. 
ObseriK,  1-10;  Id.,  Doc.  Interes.,  1-00;  /(/.,  L-i  Xuera  Propo^lc.;  Id.,  El  Pmi/. 
de  Ley,  12;  /(/.,  Mani/.  Conrrnc.;  SiHiman's  Journ.,  xxviii.  220,  xxxi.  17'i; 
Sierra  y  Rosso,  Aremja  dr.,  1-17;  Vdla-Amor,  Bioij.  Sla  Anna,  4  21;  Car- 
bajtd,  Vindieac,  10  27;  Pidrazn,  Obsirr.  sohre  Proet.,  1-28;  /(/.,  Ri-risla  Dw. 
Ihi,  1-.3G;  /(/.,  Rejkx.  Imp.,  1-19;  Id.,  Espos.  de  X.  U.,  1-12;  Id.,  Xotas 


LIST  OF  AUTHORITIES. 


140 


^ffln!/.,  1-42;  Id.,  S!  Vieiii',  1-8;  Kl  Tmlirwhr  F.<l.  Mcj.,  Xov.  20,  18:^1.  2n:V 
4:  Cor.  Atlaiil.,  May-iFnne  1S3."),  passim;  Mdiiimz,  Siiiop.  J/ist.  /{frol.  Me.r., 
i.  i:50,  148-."«3;  Id.,  Kl  (!ub.,  1  1.;  C(dmlliro,  Jiisl.  Aim..  0  12;  Coiiim.  Il<l., 
Fl'tijij  i<  I''i>t,  iv.  5;i0;  Hijlix.  mhrr  Ahj.  lt<J'ormuK,  1-44;  Mix.  Ziixtiiiide,  l;s.';0- 
2,  1-8,  47-119;  Ca-'tro,  Ultcurxo  dr.,  1-,S2;  McShi'm/i  Kxmn/'i,  50-1)3;  La 
Mhifrvn,  May  13,  1845,  I;  Sunrhiz  dr  Twjlf,  iJlxairxo  mhri'  J'odir  Cuiimrr., 
1  23;  Zuvnin,  Loh  Crimiiiis;  Id  ,  Ilcvol.  Slex.,  ii.  passim;  VidUjo,  Vol.  iJo^:. 
Mix.,  i.  nos  23,  33-(5,  39;  /(/.,  MS.,  l(!(j;  Id.,  JJoc,  iii.,53,  185;  Juarez,  Jiiui/., 
12;  J',dln.f'  Mix.  Wiir,  20  3;  Soc.  M<x.  Gioii.  liolit.,  iii.  77-9,  122,  3!12,  iv. 
JiiO,  243,  vii.  205-C,  293,  viii.  1(50,  253,  xi.  318,  2»  .'p.,  iv.  740-8;  A7  Iri»  dr, 
<'hiaiia-<,  Dec.  9,  1833,  i  -(i;  IhtHtumaiite  (A.),  Muni/,  d  la  Nac.  Mex.,  1-2!); 
Id.,  It'illi-x.  .•'ohre  fit  MaiiiJ'.,  1-22;  Toylor'it  Sjicr.  Pri'tn,  591-7;  Otero,  ICiisni/o 
Curst.  'Polit.,  112-23;  Id.,  Ohrax,  MS.,  ii.  52-76;  Cnrricdo,  Extitd.  Hist.  O/ij., 


I'Vl).,  1829,  passim;  Jul.,  iJixmrso  quf  il  C'oln'rii.,  Ill;  /(/.,  Expos,  (it  Coinf., 
1  21;  /'/.,  JJoc.  OJk.  Comiind.  Oral.,  1-11;  iJitr.,  ifa<:  Sup.  Uoh.,  1833-4,  422- 
.'!,  792-4;  /(/.,  Kxnm.  Anal.-Cril.,  30-44;  Lion,  Kxi>i)si(.,  l-.'M;  ilmrnru, 
S'lmiir.  Ariri'inuf.;  Id.,  Soli.  Kilndo;  Id.,  K.rptdsioi),  1  1.;  /(/.,  Kl  Pn.sidi'}ilc; 
Id.,  Maid/.,  i-20;  Mies'  Itiijixter,  xxxiii.  23,  40-1,  71-2,  .350,  xxxvi.-xxxvii 


.)IU-Il,    .>__-.>U,    .M_-.),    O.J.J,    .>-il>-_,    .).II,    tj.lii,    .IIJU-I,    ,V)I,   ,1I\J,   ,M~,  0(.»-U,    •>(l'- 

NO,  .isj,  390,  397,  400,  402-3,  407,  413,  420.  43p.  442,  rMi,  583;  Pitel,ln,  Col. 
Ai-iurilox,  0;  Mer,.,  Ilustii  la.<i  aMovjuh,  1-11;  Mcx.,  Partido  Comerv.,  1-44; 
/.'.,  Ihic.  Iiiii/ort.,  3;  /(/.,  Uonquiju  UiroL,  145;  1  > .,  Ada  lUl  Cahddo,  1-35; 
/  '.,  I'oittrnta;  Id.,  Mniii/.  Dijnit.,  10-23;  Id.,  Siijil.  Dinrio  (loh.  Mr;/.,  March 


i  >.,  j*tif'i'x  If  jjfi^rcf  nrji.   ^tii'.i.,   I  — i-^j  J'l't  'Vit.sfif.   i  ttuf.,  ^^— o,   iii.,  jjuk.   j,f- 

l<il.  rdlmnl.,  44,  52-74,  10,3-10;  Id..  I,'r/ res.  Caw.  I>i/,nf.,  l-.j9;  ///.,  Ciiesf. 
.Uoiiari/.  Coiistil.,  25-9;  /(/.  I,'i/iit.  del  Aiifrojo,  1-39;  /-/.,  Proif.  Ltif  Coiixlif.; 
/'.,  AV/A.'-.  n'/onm,  1-44;  /-/.,  Maui/  Ca'.nura  Jtijmt.,  lS3'l-2,  1-30;  Id., 
ii'iirr.  .'ifilire  Fitcidt.  Comjr.  E4iido:  Mi  .viimid  Soniiiidi.;  Pii/ielex  Siirl/ox,  lui.s 
lii,  Is,  20-1;  Papeli'H  Variog,  xiv.  pt  2,  xvi.  i)ts  2,  3,  xxvi.  pt  3,  xxviii.  pt.s  0- 
1  ■,  2iM,  xxix.  pts  15-20,  28-9,  xxx.  pts  3  14,  xxxi.  pts  27,  28,  .32-:{,  .30, 
>:;;xiv.  pts  1.5,  17-27,  29-31,  .33-51,  5.5  7,  xli.  pt  19.  xlii.  pt  0.  xliii.  pt  10, 
xlviii.  Jits  4,  4.'.,  7,  8,  xlix.  pts  1,  2,  4-0.  S,  lii.  pt  3,  Iv.  pt  8  Ixxi.  pt  2,  4,  ,5, 
!'.  11-12,  lJ-17.  19,  lx.\ii.  pts  2,  0,  9,  Ixxiii.  pt.s  1,  2.  (1,9,  13-14,  Ixxiv.  j.ts  1, 
.'i-Ci.  S  11,  15,  Ixxvi.  pt  14,  Ixxvii.  pts  2,  0.  Ixxxvii.  pt  13.  xoix.  pt  9,  cxi.  ]^t 
2,  cx\i,  pt  I,  cxxii.  pt  2,  cxxvii.  pts  1  34,  cxli.  pt  4,  oxiii.  jits  9.  10,  12,  13, 
Kl.  Is-Hl,  .xliii.  pts  1-.3,  .5,  8  10,  1.3,  17.  20-21. '.,  cxlv.  pts  4,  10,  12,  14,  Ki- 
1",  exlvi.  pts  1-4,  8-10,  12-10,  cxlix.  r.ts  8,  10,  14,  d.  pts  2.  22,  34,  cli.  pt  8, 
'  iv.  pt  5,  civi.  pts  8,  f»,  12,  14,  clxiii.  pt  3.  olxv.  pts  0,  12.  clxvii.  pts  10-12, 
>l:viii.  pts  .5,  0,  10,  12,  clxix.  pts  7,  8.  10-11,  tlxxi.  pts  2^-8,  17,  clxxii.  pt 
■J.  oKxiii.  pt  4,  c'lxxiv.  pts  I,  4,  clxxvi.  pt  I.  clxxvii.  pt  2,  clxxx.  pt  1,  clxxxi. 
pt.H  I,  2,  dxxxiii.  pt  1,  clxxxvi.  pt  2,  cxcvi.  pt  2,  cxcviii.  pt  2,  ccxi.  pt  5, 
toxiii.  pt  3,  OL'Xxiii.  pts  I  14,  <i'xxv.  \)t  .3,  ooxxvii.  pt  3;  Arrillfi'in,  I'evo}i., 
iSJli  30,  pa-siiii;  18.38,  !l4-!>,  404-5;  18.39.271;  1849-.50,  42-3,  74-0,  190;  I-'oh- 
-!l,  Miy..  1.54-9.  283-4,  .302-11,  370-7;  ItnmoM  Ariz/w.  Carinitiira,  1-4; 
)'."i,/x  Hist.  .Mix..  229-.52,  307;  Plnro,  Mc.i:  -•»  /.s'.;.',  22-4;  Filisoln,  Mem. 
Il':si.  (!,„rr:i  T'J.,  i.  148,  180,  .304-15,  325  32,  .382-4,  409-22,  ii.  9,  30-8; 
VuiizuUz,  Hint.  AijiMmiL,  100-10;  N,  Am.  Jitv.,  x.xxi.  110-14,  148-50,  x.xxii. 


150 


THE  FEDERAL  SYSTEM  AXD  ITS  OVERTHROW. 


S17  43,  xliii.  232;  Arranf/oiz,  Mf}.,  ii.  101-239;  Dhpomr.  Varim,  ii.  fol.  ;';"- 
e,  58,  (12,  G5,  (i8-71,  74,  7D,  80,  82-8,  iii.  fol.  51,  14"),  140.  l.il,  v.  fol.  1-^,  5- 
8,  12,  18,  21,  23-5,  27-30,  32-3,  70-3;  Mora,  l.'tv.  J/ex.,  7-0,  280-344,  371-4; 
/(/.,  Ohms  Sueltus,  i.  pp.  xix.-ccxcii.,  ii.  348-02,  42(1-9,  470-99;  N.  E.-<p., 
JUrive  lies.,  ii.  200-300;  Zuniijay  Oiitiverofi,  ValeniL,  118-10;  Ifumboldl,  Essai 
PolU.,  i.  20G-0;  Corr.  Moc.  Exp.  Lid.,  iv.  013-15;  RetjUt.  Yucateco,  i.  81-9fi; 
drikiies  de  la  Corona,  MS.,  iii.  fol.  118,  134-5,  v.  fol.  118,  134-5;  Currillo, 
Extiidion,  8;  Id.,  El  VrUjen  de  DeUce;  Bolet,  Geo(j.  Eslad.  Mex.,  ii.  17;  Span. 
Eiiip.  ill  Am.,  130-1;  Lag  Dos  liepublkns,  Feb.  8,  1879,  2;  Cattillo,  hicc. 
nut.,  10-18,  02,  100-7,  20C-.30;  Arivalo,  Compend.,  245-0;  Azaiiza,  MS.,  78- 
84;  Lacunzn,  Dixcuritos  Hid.,  xxxv.  500;  Juarros,  Compend.,  200;  Yuc,  Opri- 
miilo;  Yuc,  Mem.  Extnd.,  1-2;  /(/.,  Extadlst.,  1853,  287-93;  Ayala  y  Aijiiilar, 
Primvra  Man{l'.,  1-112;  Dunn's  Gual.,  30-7;  Htvphent'  Yuc,  i.  Ui;  Mill's  Mex., 
150-02. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

TEXAN    INDEPENDENCE;    MEXICO'S    CENTRALIZED    GOVERN- 

MENT. 

1819-1841. 

LouNDARY  Line — American  Aims — Loxo's  Invasion's — Colonization 
Plans— Colonies  Formed  by  Austin  and  Others — Mexico's  Liberal 
Policy — Coahcila  and  Texas— Stephen  F.  Austin's  Imi'risonment— 
Texas  Separates  from  Coaiiuila — Revolutionary  Acts— Mexican 
Troops  Assailed— San  Antonio  de  Bejar  Taken — Course  of  the 
United  States— Neutrality  Violated— American  Troops  Intai>e 
Texas — Declaration  of  Independence  by  Texas — Texan  Garrison 
at  Alamo  Massacred— Battle  of  San  Jacinto,  and  its  Results — 
President  Corro's  Adminlstration— President  Bustamante— Spain 
Recognizes  Mexican  Nationality — Financial  Distress— Political 
Troubles. 


The  province  of  Texas,  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico between  the  United  States  of  North  America  and 
the  Rio  Grande,  and  between  latitudes  2G^  50'  and 
.')(!  30',  had  been  for  some  time,  prior  to  1819,  a  sub- 
j"ct  of  disagreement  between  the  American  rc[)ui)lii' 
iiiid  Spain,  the  former  claiming  that  Louisiana  ex- 
truded to  the  Rio  Grande.  Her  great  desire,  how- 
ever, was  to  own  Florida  in  order  to  possess  the  whole 
r.iuge  of  coast  froni  the  Sabine  River  to  Nova  Scotia. 
After  getting  possession  of  that  peninsula  thegovern- 
iiuiit  of  the  United  States  voluntarily  gave  up  its 
nll(>ged  right  to  Texas,  by  the  treaty  of  February  '22, 
Is  11),  concluded  between  the  secretary  of  state,  John 
<>uincy  Adams,  and  the  Spanish  plenipotentiary  Luis 
di.'  Onis.*     But  that  treaty  caused  much  dissatistaction 

'  A  copy  of  the  treaty  may  be  found  iu  Mcx,,  Dvrccho  Intern,,  1st  pt, 
l:is-4l. 

(XU) 


132 


TKXAN  INDEPEXDENCE. 


IB'I 


on  the  pnrt  of  the  western  and  soutli-wc  stern  states 
of  the  American  Union,  and  it  was  ojiposed  by  many 
of  her  most  prominent  statesmen. 

In  the  following  year,  under  the  so-oalled  Missouri 
com])romise,  entered  into  by  the  slave-holders  of  the 
southern  states,  slavery  was  not  to  be  extended  north 
of  3()°  30'.  This  com[»romise,  together  with  the  south- 
ern bf)undary  stii)ulated  in  the  Adanui-Onis  treaty, 
greatly  reduced  the  area  in  which  slave  states  might 
be  formed. 

The  state  of  Louisiana  was  separatee'  from  Texas 
by  tlve  Sabine  River,  and  it  became  desirable  to  ac- 
quire the  latter  province  for  the  benefit  of  the  slave- 
holding  interest.  Several  devices  were  thought  of 
to  accomplish  that  purpose.  The  first  one  attem[)ted 
was  that  of  forcible  seizure  shortly  after  the  treaty 
with  Spain  was  concluded.  The  leader  of  that  move- 
ment was  James  Long,  a  Tennesseean,  who  with  about 
75  m(!n  started  from  Natchez  on  the  I7th  of  June, 
1811),  and  reached  Nacogdoches  in  Texas.  On  the 
2.'3il  of  that  month  he  issued  a  proclamation  styling 
himst'lf  president  (jf  the  supremo  council  of  Texas, 
and  declaring  that  "the  citizens  of  Texas  have  long 
indulged  the  hope  that  in  the  adjustment  of  the  boun- 
daries of  the  Spanish  possessions  in  America,  and  of 
the  territories  of  the  United  States,  they  should  b;.' 
included  within  the  limits  of  the  latter."  The  proc- 
lamation of  independence  of  the  republic  of  Texas 
then  followed.''  Long  established  a  provisional  gov- 
ernment at  Nacogdoclies,  and  then  went  to  Galvestmi 
to  secure  the  aid  of  the  buccaneer  Lafittc.  In  his 
absence  the  royalist  troops  routed  his  force,  of  whom 
a  number  were  killed,  the  rest  being  taken  prisoners. 
Long  made  a  second  invasion,  and  without  difficulty 
possessed  himself  of  La  Bahi'a  del  Espiritu  Santo. 
This  was  after  New  Spain  had  acquired  her  indepen- 

'Tlmtdocumpiit  was  published  in  the  Loiiinh'ia  Uerohl,  evidently  to  invite 
Americttu  citizens  to  join  Long's  stundaid.  Jaij\  liev.  Mix,  War,  11. 


SCHEMES  OF  ACQUISITION. 


1.-.3 


(l(^nro.  Long  and  his  followers  wore  captured  and 
Niken  as  prisoniTs  to  j\Iexioo.' 

The  next  device  resorted  to  in  the  scheme  for 
^vresting  Texas  from  Xew  Spain  was  that  of  coloni- 
zation. Under  the  5th  article  of  the  Spanish  treaty, 
the  inhabitants  of  the  territories  ceded  to  the  east  and 
iKirth  of  the  line  desii^nated  in  the  3d  article  conld 
transfer  themselves  at  any  time  to  the  Spanish  do- 
minions. Under  this  clause  Moses  Austin  }»etitioned 
]}rigadier  Arredondo,  governor  of  the  eastern  provin- 
cias  internas,  for  leave  to  settle  in  Texas  300  fami- 
lies,* which  petition  was  supported  by  the  few  ayunta- 
niientos  in  Texas,  and  by  Brigadier  Antonio  ^lartinez, 
miiitary  connnandant  of  the  province.  On  Jamiary 
17,  1821,  the  viceroy  directed  Commandant  Martinez 
to  allow  Austin  to  establish  his  colonies  on  the  right 
hank  of  the  Rio  Brazos  at  the  distance  of  00  miles 
iVnin  the  coast,  but  under  the  condition  that  the 
t'auiilies  were  to  be  from  Louisiana,  of  good  moral  char- 
a  tor,  and  professing  the  Roman  catholic  religion. 
They  mi'jfht  brinjj  their  slaves  with  them,  and  were 
iiMjuired  to  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Spanish 
Clown,  and  of  obedience  to  its  laws  and  authoiities  in 
Texas.  While  these  arrangements  were  being  com- 
I  leted  Closes  Austin  died  in  June  1821,  and  his  son 
>Uep]ion  F.  Austin  inherited  the  grant,  and  carried 
it  into  effect  midst  all  the  difficulties  resulting  from 
the  disturbed  condition  of  Mexico." 

Since  the  passage  by  the  constituent  congress  of  a 


'Aftpr  a  short  imprisonment  they  were  released.  Long  was  murdered 
Hliortly  alter  in  JS^J'i.  Am.  C'yrlop.,  xv.  077. 

'  lie  aUuj,'od  tliat  catholics  were  not  countenanced  in  the  United  States. 

•■'i'lie  concession  was  ratified  by  the  iniiieiial  govcnnncnt  of  Ituil)idc. 
Aintin  visited  Mexico  to  arrange  tlie  nuitter,  as  tiio  progrctiH  of  col mizatinn 
h:id  l)ccn  cliccked,  and  tlic  council  of  state  ni)proved  liis  jdan  \vil!i  a  few 
nio.liiicationa  relating  to  formalities  and  rennircnients  to  give  piis^essi^in  of 
land  ^'raiits.  After  the  downfall  of  the  empire  the  eoiiceshion  was  annull  i, 
hut  tlie  executive  issued  a  decree,  April  14,  IS'JS,  conlinning  tlie  grant  to 
Austin  witli  further  power  to  adopt  necessary  measures  to  insure  order  to- 
getlier  with  security  and  progress  of  the  new  settlenuuts.  Tiiese  were 
iiinaid  with  settlers  mainly  from  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiiuia. 
Austin  was  coniniLssioued  a  lieut-col  of  the  Mexican  aruiy. 


1.'4 


TKXAN  INDEPENDENCE. 


jioncrnl  colonization  law"  lcaviii)nf  the  state  govern- 
ments free  to  regulate  the  establishment  of  colonies 
within  their  respective  territories,  several  legislatuivs 
fi)rnjed  rules  for  promoting  the  occupation  of  their 
wild  lands  for  industrial  purposes/ 

With  the  adoption  of  the  federal  form  of  govern- 
ment in  Mexico,  Texas  was  united  to  Coahuila,  the 
two  former  provinces  now  forming  one  state,  whirh 
in  its  sovereign  capacity  made  to  Austin  several 
grants,  among  them  that  of  settling  eight  hundred 
families,  for  which  ho  was  assigned  a  larger  extent  of 
land.  Austin  was  an  active,  industrious  man,  and 
laboring  assiduously  in  carrying  out  his  colonization 
schemes,  succeeded  in  planting  colonies  on  the  Crazos 
and  Colorado  rivers  near  San  Antonio  de  Bejar,  which 
early  in  the  third  decade  of  this  century  were  ali'eady 
in  a  flourishing  condition. 

Austin  was  not  the  only  person  to  whom  such 
grants  were  made  in  Texas;  they  were  made  to  all 
foreigners  asking  for  them/  and  the  country  thus 
became  in  a  short  time  populated  by  about  eight 
thousand  fainilies  of  diffenuit  race.?,  religions,  and 
habits,  and  by  adventurers  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  many  of  whom  took  possession  of  such  land  as 
suited  them,  with  no  better  title  than  that  afforded 
them  by  their  rifles.  All  settlers  were  exempt  from 
taxation  during  seven  years  under  a  Mexican  law. 
This  state  of  affairs  greatly  facilitated  smuggling  on 
the  frontier  states,  to  the  injury  of  the  Mexican 
revenue. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  Texas  when  President 
A^ictoria's  administration  appointed  a  commission  in 


*  AugTist  18, 1824.  DuhlnnamX  Lozfttio,  Leg.  Mcx.f'i.  712-13.  Bustamante 
calls  that  iiicasuro  'la  borrioaila  mayor  quo  puJo  coinctcr  el  primer  cougreso.' 
Voz  de  la  Patria,  MS.,  x.  13G. 

'  Vera  Cruz  was  one  of  those  states,  where  a  French  colony  settled  on  tho 
Goazacoalco,  but  for  several  reasons  the  enterprise  faileil. 

*The  state  of  Coahuila  anil  Texas,  March  "24,  ISJ.j,  i)aa8eil  a  law  imitiu;,' 
foreij^ners  to  settle  on  lauds  of  tho  state,  'eran  libres  para  hacerlo,  y  so  Ics 
invitaba  por  esta  ley  &  verilicarlo. '  Zavala,  lievol.  J/co;.,  ii.  308;  ThruWi 
Ulit.  Texas,  I00-6. 


A  FOREIGN  COLONY. 


133 


lS-27,  with  Goncral  Manuel  ^lier  y  Toran  as  its  ciru.'t', 
to  ascertain  tiiu  l);)un(la?'y  lino  between  the  ^lexicaii 
and  American  republics  uiuler  th(3  treaty  of  1811).' 
Teran  then  had  an  opportunity  of  observinj,'  the  giant 
springing  up  in  that  portion  of  his  country.  Ho 
went  as  far  as  Laredo  and  San  Antonio  do  liejar,  and 
examined  nearly  the  whole  of  that  region.  Austin's 
colonists  were  almost  all  Americans,  and  of  the  same 
nationality  were  those  who  in  182(J  settled  the  west- 
i  in  lino  of  the  Colorado  and  Nueces.  For  this 
ivason  the  American  government  and  people  became 
the  more  anxious  for  the  acquisition  of  Texas,  which 
was  made  manifest  in  various  ways;  namely,  by  olfers 
to  })urchase,*"  by  throwing  obstacles  in  the  way  of 
the  treaty  of  limits  to  delay  its  becoming  effective, 
and  by  attempting  to  extend  the  boundary  of  Louisi- 
ana beyond  the  Sabine  River.'^ 

The  impression  had  meantime  boon  gaining  ground 
in  Mexico  that  there  was  serious  danger  of  a  disrup- 
tion of  Texas  from  the  republic.  Indeed,  there  were 
divers  good  reasons  for  that  apprehension,  the  chief 
being  the  class  of  population,  with  its  manners  and 
customs,  language,  religious  toleration,  and  love  of 
liberty.*-     The  conquests  of  industry  and  enlighten- 

'  Tlic  commission  performed  that  duty  from  early  in  1828,  and  used  its 
licst  iiiileavors  to  siivo  Texas  to  Mexioo.   Tornel,  Brere  Remui  HtHt.,  171-3. 

'"'I'lio  od'ers  of  money  were  made  at  first  with  the  view  of  securing  the 
Culiir.ulo  lliver  as  the  boundary  lino,  but  such  proj^sitions  led  only  to  tho 
a'ceptaiico  on  tho  12th  of  Jan.  iS_'8,  of  the  lino  designated  in  tho  treaty  of 
ISI'J.  However,  in  1829,  President  Jackson  caused  tlie  negotiations  t<j  lio 
icsnined,  designating  four  distinct  lines  as  admissible,  and  nauiin<.'  scvcial 
sums  of  money;  but  they  were  productive  of  no  result.  Tho  details  of  tho 
negotiations  present  no  matter  of  special  interest.  Gen.  NicohU  IJnivo  is 
.supposed  to  have  used  his  influcnco  against  tlie  American  wishes.  .Similar 
iiHtructions  to  the  American  minister  in  Mexico  were  repeated  in  IS,'};}  and 
1  >r).  A«/es'  nerj.,  liii.  180;  U.  8.  Govt,  cong.  25,  ses.  1,  II.  Ex.  Ooc.  4.'; 
Mcx.  Ihrecho  Intern.,  1st  pt,  114-17;  Mayer's  Hist.  M<x.  War,  i.  52;  Ja>j  it 
lln:  Mcx.  War,  20-1. 

"  Both  governments  at  last,  on  the  .Sd  of  April,  18.'55,  made  a  convention 
proroguing  for  another  year  the  time  to  appoint  commissioners  for  running 
the  bcnnulary  line.  Mcx.  Dererho  Intern.,  1st  pt,  177-80.  The  president  ot 
t!ie  United  States  urged  congress  to  make  provision  at  once  for  carrying 
out  that  treaty;  but  it  was  never  done. 

f  '-Private  transactions,  public  acts,  and  newspapers  were  in  English, 
which  was  the  commoa  language.  Zavala, llevol.  Mix.,  ii.  306;  Mai/crs Hist. 
J/ix.  Il'ar,  4G. 


I 


il 


iS'il 


I'i  I 


i  t 


,  !  ;.' 


I    1 

,1 


H 


1S6 


TEXAN  INDEPENDEXCE. 


iiicnt  arc  aliovc  all  others  solid  and  irrepressible. 
(h\\y  men  inexperienced  in  the  ways  of  human  nature, 
or  liiinded  by  their  iij^norance  and  pride,  could  ha\e 
entertained  the  idea  that  a  mere  })f(»vernment  decree 
could  undo  what  had  been  done  l>y  an  a<jf_<j;'ressivi', 
resolute  ])eo})le  such  as  now  held  Texas  I'or  them- 
s(']\(s  and  future  comers.  Had  the  ^Tcxican  u^overn- 
nient  been  n'uiiK'il  by  wise  and  generous  counsels,  it 
miu'ht  have  secured  for  tlie  whole  counti'y  benefits 
Ifoiii  this  inunigration  by  j^iviuL*'  to  its  guests  good 
Ijws  Mild  guaranties,  thereby  winning  their  good  will 
and  confidence;  instead  of  which,  the  retrogressive 
administration  of  ]iustaniante,  whose  guiding  si)irit 
Avas  Jji'icas  .Vlaman,  attemptinl  to  solve  the  [)1'o1)1(Mii 
witli  a  few  lines  involving  a  hostile  declaration  again.'-t 
a  rich  and  powerful  neighbor,  whose  policy  consists 
in  iiiakin"'  piactical  the  princi})les  of  the  most  unre- 
stricted liberty.  The  law  of  A])ril  G,  18;]0,  prohibited 
the  colonization  by  foreigners  on  lands  situate  within 
states  or  territories  of  the  i-epublic  adjoining  those  of 
their  nationality.  It  suspendeil  all  contracts  that  had 
not  been  carri"d  out,  or  that  were  not  strictly  within 
the  letter  of  it.^^  The  law  proposed  to  form  colonii's 
on  sueli  lands  with  convicts  from  \"era  Cruz  and  else- 
where, lorei'jners  cominijf  into  ^fexico  throun'h  tlie 
noitiiern  frontier  were  to  have  pass[)orts  from  agents 
of  tlu!  AFexican  government;  land  contracts  were  to 
be  revised  to  ascertain  how  the  contractors  had  car- 
ried vhem  out;  military  posts  and  gan-isons  and  (^ustoin- 
liouses  were  to  be  established  at  once.  Tlie  law  di  1 
not  name  Texas,  but  tliat  was  the  only  state  which 
could  have  bei.'ii  contemplated  by  those  enactuK-'nts.' 

"  Articles  4tli  to  7tli  oiiipowercil  tl)o  jiovi'Viiiiieiit  to  tako  pnnscasimi  nf 
sui'li  Iuii'Ihiis  niis.;lit  liu  suitiililo  fur  iiiilitiiry 'litViisos  ani'  new  eo'.Diiii"^.  i  i- 
tliMiiiiirviiiK  tlio  Htatt's  fur  tliciii.  JJiililaa  uiiil  Lozaito,  Lc'  ,  J.'..t.    '  .  "J^S— 10; 

Thntir.-,  ir,si.  yv,,„.s  17s  !». 

"  L'liili'r  tlie  Inw,  eonviots  Jiiid  !\nnv  ilcscrtcrs  wcie  si'iio  to  Tex.ns  n^  eolo- 
nists.   An-ill'iiin,    /.'m//*..  IS.'tl,  4:51);  /'./.,  L'>i<s.  aji.    \SX\,    i:t_'-7;   |s..t.  17 
50;  J/»>.,  Jffiii.  Jii.'^linii,   SO,  Till  I;    Vi<ll,jo,  Cnl.  J)iir.,  ii.  |.-)1.     Tiiat  l:iu, 
liowevi'r,  li.'id  no  t  ll'ect  wliativer  to  elieck  tlie  ti^li'  of  iiiiiiiiLrrMtioli.     The  |"  V" 
Illation,  '1  liiili  liail  been  rajiiiUy  iuereasijig  since  lij'-'O,  \saa  now  about  110,0»K}. 


TERANS  MISHIOX. 


lo7 


Temn  was  commissioned  to  carrv  out  tlicse  enact- 
nu'uts.  It  was  no  easy  task;  for  it  will  bo  readily 
understood  how  inipraetieaUe  it  must  have  been  for 
]\rexieo,  where  r-ivil  war  was  th  normal  condition,  to 
make  such  a  j)oli(y  ("ft'cctive  witii  colonists  so  advanced 
jind  powerful.  Teran,  however,  bejjjan  his  dillicult 
(lutv.  enteri'iLT  Texas  with  a  ;;ju.siderablc  force  of  in- 


Tl.vAS. 

fantry  and  cavalry,  includin!^  presidial  companies." 
![>•  appointed  dtliciaV^,  and  declared  null  and  void,  or 
iit  least  suspended  for  reconsideration,  a  number  of 
land  grants  made  by  the  g-overmnent  of  Coahuila. 

'Tlic  Ml  xicnn  minister  of  war,  in  liia  report  of  Apr'il  ISS.'J  to  coultcss, 
B.iys  tliiU  tliH'ri.;iU;ilioiis  ami  a  ri'giiiii.'iit,  vitli  iii-tilli;iy,  etc.,  li.id  Ijceii  si'iilto 
t!i(' Inmiii'i- of  T('x;i!<  to  riu'ck  liiiliiiii  riiids,  an.!  '.>  lniii).;  iukIit  .siibjcotiou 
the  new  oiiliiiiics,  wliicli  wrn;  alri'iuly  sliowi.i^'  sy!iii)toiiirt  of  n'stli."<siioss.  Ilo 
luUistJ  ihf  buiklitig  of  forts  iu  Texas.   J/iu.,  Mci/i.  U'uLn\i,  ISoo,  S. 


1S8 


TEXAN  INDEPENDENCE. 


f|!  i 


But  the  clifferences  between  the  Texan  settlers  and 
the  Mexican  authorities  hail  beufun  oven  at  an  earher 
date,  and  doubtless  prompted  the  adoption  by  ^fexico 
of  restrictive  measures.  One  of  the  colonies  was 
that  of  Itayden  Edwards  in  eastern  Texas — founded 
about  the  same  time  as  Austin's — which  soon  was 
involved  in  difficulties  with  its  Mexican  neighbors, 
and  through  them  with  the  authorities,  (governor 
]>lanco  having  ignored  ICdwards'  claim,  about  300  of 
his  men,  who  were  known  as  Fred(»nians,  attemjtted 
.lanuarv  1827,  a  revolution  with  the  assistance  of  the 
Indians,  and  intrenched  themselves  at  Xacogdoches; 
but  being  al)and»>ned  by  the  red  men  on  the  ap])r<»ach 
of  a  ]Mexican  force,  they  retreated  across  the  Sabine. 
The  ^lexican  congress  thereupon  eni]>owered  tiu^ 
executive  to  employ  military  force  to  quell  Texan 
disturhances.^'* 

One  circumstance  confrontinl  the  Texas  settlers  to 
tlieir  displeasure,  as  well  as  that  of  the  slav(>-owners 
in  the  American  border  states;  it  was  the  ^Mexican 
jtolicy  of  al)<»lishing  slaveiy.  Previously  the  slave- 
liolders  in  these  states  looked  upon  Mexico  with  less 
jealousy.  The  planters  could  cross  the  line  with  their 
slaves,  and  there  was  no  apprehension  with  regard 
to  the  recoverv  of  fugitivt;  slaves.  l>ut  after  the 
!N[exican  govermnent,  on  the  inth  of  July,  1824, 
strictly  fori)ade  the  importation  of  slaves  from  foreign 
countries,  border  relations  became  much  change!. 
Subse<picnt  enactments  aimed  at  the  total  abolition 
of  slaveiy,^'  whose  future  area  woukl,  therefore,  be 
still  further  contracted,  frustrated  the  views  of  th '' 
Ti!xan  settl(M's,  and  discouraged  future  importations 
of  slaves  I'rom  the  southern  states.  This  condition  ol' 
tilings  both  alarmed  and  irritated  the  supporters  oi' 


'"Tlio  luwof  I'\lt.  23,  1827,  plimoil  nt  his  disposal  4,000  men  and  Iiaif  a 
millinti  (liiU;irn. 

" 'I'lii.' (.■i)ii.stitiiti<iii  of  Coahuila  ftinl  Texas  in  1S27  gave  frcoilDiu  to  chil- 
dren bonu  if  n!av(i  l):in'iit>(  iiftiT  its  clMtc,  mid  pioliiliiti'd  tlio  imiiurtalinu  it' 
elavcs.  The  work  of  t'luaiiciiiiitiini  was  coniiiiiiod  \<y  the  act  of  llio  Moxictiu 
congress  of  Sept.  l.j,  \S2\),  luanuiiiittinj,'  every  hia\e  ui  Mexico. 


THE  SLAVERY  QUESTIOX. 


159 


tlic  slavc-jioldiiii^  iiitt  ivst.*''  It  is  iicedlosfi  to  say 
lliat  Mexico's  ]iLiiiiaiic  and  ciili^Iitoiu'd  [jolicy  uas 
icudiirctl  miyatory  ))y  that  intncst.  TIiu  «outli(jrii 
slavo  law.s  bccamu  finidy  iiiiplanted.'" 

Tlie  execution  of  the  decree  of  Ajn-il  0,  1800,  witli 
its  attendant  coercive  measures,-'"  includini^'  imprison- 
ment of  citizens,  superadded  to  Texan  sympatliy  witli 
tiic  movement  in  favoi-  of  federalism  in  Mexico,  ;^''ave 
rise  to  an  unintei-rupted  series  of  })artial  revolts  at 
dilleicnt  settlements,  which  daily  increased  the  in- 
subordination of  the  colonists  and  their  animosity 
toward  the  powers  placed  over  them  hy  the  Mexican 

vernment.      (Jarrisons  were  assailed  and  destroy «>! 


«'•() 


or  compelled  to  surrender;  and  at  the  end  of  iS.'Jl  a 
soi't  of  provisional  g'overnment  had  heen  set  up.''^ 

The  lil)eral  ]>arty  liavini^  soon  after  heen  restortnl  to 
])o\ver  in  Mexico,  these  movements  did  not  for  a  time 
lcn<l  t 
troul 


o  serh  'I. 


onsenuences. 


)les  o 


fT 


jqu 


There  was  a  lull  in  tlu 


IS.  Jiut  the  Tcxans  had  not  chant>-ed 
tlieir  views  as  to  the  desirability  of  haviuu^  a  i>'oveiii- 
iiM'iit  separate  from  that  of  Coahuila.  A  coum-il  " 
was  held  at  San  Feli})e,  the  lu'ad  town  of  Austin's 
colony,  and  a  constitution  adopted   i'or  the  state  of 

"■'I'eran  Ij.ad  been  also  iliroctoil  to  liliofato  every  sliivc  fcninil  in  Texis, 
'"III  ISH  tliu  giivciimu'iit  (if  'IVxas  (.'XiiclU'il  I'loiu  its  trnitmy  tlio  tivo 
cij'mii'il  iieipiile.   ll'mrn,  J/ini.  Jiiluiri,  iii.  ,">lii. 


Tlio  1 1  ill  artiilo  sti' 


•a.Uv  1 


)1  )w  at  ii\  ilization   oiitri'jinsi's.      In 


KouKi  casus,  like  that  of  tliu  '  coMipMUia  ilu  tioniiH  ile  Tejas  y  IJalii.i  ile  <  l.il\e,s 
I'll.'  whose  assyiii.'es  were  AiiKM'iiaiis,  heavy  ]ieiitiiiai'y  losses  were  iiillieteil, 
ai  i|  .M''Nico  was  afterward  calK.il  upon  to  settle  them.    Ciirfii'  Lilhr  lo  ( \il 


Mijia,  in  SiKirczii  Aurnrni,  Hint.  Mt 


:il.".-l!t:  A'. 


All  lid 


i/i/\t  7 


(.(-•'(x,    It.     (tl. 


Venturer  naiueil  .lolni  Austin  went  from  town  toiowii  ineitiii'^'  tin 


|n  n|ili.  to  |v.oehiiiii  the  iiulepeiiileiue  of  Texas,  ami  arms  wero  hroiii.'lit  from 
.N  w  Vorli  aii'l  \ew  Oilo.ins.  Jii  IS;>'_'  tlu^  j;  arisoiis  at  Au;ihiiao  ami  Velaseo 
w  'ri^  captured.  A  few  weeks  afieruard  a  I'exan  force,  saiil  to  ho  '_'">()  men. 
litter  heiii','  assured  of  the  neutrality  of  the  (,'hcrokees  niid  Siiawiices,  marehe  1 
ii'.aiiist  tlio  .L'airison  at  N'acoi;doehes,  set  ilowii  at  .'i7">  men,  and  (U'lnandid  c^f 
i.  i  eii:aiiian,lyr,  Colonel  I'iedr.is,  either  an  uneouilition.il  surrender  or  the 
I'l'i-laiiiatioii  of  federalism,  to^i'tlier  with  siippoitof  thi'  .Mexican  ennslituti'ii 


<i   \\2[; 


oompliance  Ijcim,'  refiiscil,  ii  lii^ht  insiied,  endin.;  in 


I'h.lr 


i.s  utter 


ilcfcjit.  Sir'(.ili-r\i  Am.  Shi'r/i  JlmL;  vi.  nc 


:!7 


A''/,-. 


>'.t  JiWrti, 


;j(i-7:  AV 


'i/i/'x  J'l 


ra,   lliit.  Jdliijii 
Miilhtt,  an  iipnt  "f 


t!ie  L'liiied  States  in  'I'evas,  is  said  to  have  placed  the  action  a^'aillst  l'iedia.s 


n 


itni 


■.X    /.'«  '-oil.   M' 


!74 


I'resided  over   liy   William    11.    Wharton.     Anioii^'    itA    meniliers   were 


f^ti'phcn   I'".  Austin,  Samiiul  liuustuu,  David  li.  iiiua.l,  J.   1).  Muler 
lii.iiich  T.  Archer. 


.1 


-;r 


I 


160 


TEXAN  IXDEPEXDEXCE. 


! 


i,  ■ 


Toxas.  A  cf)niinisHi()n,  composed  of  Austin,  Wlmrton, 
and  Miller,  was  appointed  to  lay  bei'ore  the  conj^iess 
of  ^Mexico  a  nienic^rial  settinj^  forth  the  grievances  of 
the  people,  and  a  petition  for  their  relief.  Austin  was 
the  oidy  comn>is.sioner  that  went  to  Mexico.^"'  His 
arrival  was  at  an  inopportune  time,  the  whole  country 
helng  in  a  state  of  revolution.  Under  the  circum- 
stances the  congress  showed  no  disposition  to  listen  to 
Texan  complaints.  Austin  was  put  oif  from  time  to 
time  with  unfullilled  promises  till  he  began  to  lose 
j)atience;  still,  unwilling  to  go  back  without  trying 
every  expedient,  he  remained  in  Mexico,  but  wrote  a 
letter  t<j  the  municipalities  of  Texas  urging  them  to 
complete  their  organizatii>n  of  a  state  government. 
That  letter  was  intercei)ted,  and  Austin  was  arn  sted 
at  Saltillo,  brouglit  to  Mexico  and  thrown  into  prison, 
aufl  kept  therein  several  months.-'  During  his  im- 
prisonment, the  Mexican  government  despatched 
Colonel  J.  N.  Almonte  to  visit  Texas,  and  report  his 
observations.  In  January  18;}5  he  published  a  por- 
tion of  his  official  report,  which,  though  showing  In- 
dirterence  and  ignorance  on  the  j)art  of  Mexico  in 
regard  to  Texas,  was  still  a  link  in  the  chain  of  histor- 
ical evidence.     He  pretended  that  the  p(jlitical  dis- 

'■'Tlic  chief  complaint  wsia  against  unconstitutional  laws  passed  by  tlio 
state  lci;i:3latu re;  the  neglect  of  Texan  inteivsts;  the  wanton  grants  of  lancis 
etc. — all  of  which  rendered  it  necessary  that  Texas  should  have  a  separiite  i^r- 
pmization.  Austin  also,  under  his  instruetidus,  deniiinded  an  iinprovcMl  niiiil 
service  between  Mondova  and  Nacogdoches,  extending;  to  the  United  Stal'  s 
line,  the  Sabino  lliver;  correction  of  custoni-hoiise  abuses;  the  punctual  pay- 
nient  of  tlie  presidial  companies;  and  the  ciiciilation  of  the  oliieial  j<>iirn;il, 
J:Jl  TiUiiniJ'o,  tu  the  ayuutaniieutos  of  Texas.  Aadin,  Enfios.  nubre  T<Jas,  'J- 
3-2. 

"From  Feb.  13  to  June  12,  18.T4.  During  the  first  three  months  hi; 
was  treated  with  the  utmost  rigor.  After  being  bandied  from  cfmrt  to  com  t 
witlioiit  tiie  slightest  iilea  of  what  his  fate  would  be,  he  was  released  on  iiail. 
and  finally  given  the  lienelit  of  an  finniesty.  It  is  said  that  ho  nwed  his  pai- 
don  to  Santa  Anna.  lUnra,  llixl.  JaJajxt,  iii.  '2li.''.  His  long  iniprisdnnunt 
and  detention  had  lieen  grounded  on  reports  from  the  government  of  t.'oahulLi 
and  Texas;  some  of  ids  own  country  men  also  liad  liecu  shmch'ringhim,  thouL;li 
bis  motto  had  ever  been  lidelity  to  Mexico,  and  opposition  to  violent  mm 
auil  measures.  Jle  had  warned  the  'I'exans  against  mecldUng  with  the  family 
fcmls  of  the  Mexicans,  as  they  had  notidng  to  gain  and  naicli  to  lose  by  sulIi 
interference.  Kaiiii' I !/'■■<  T( xii.s,  ii.  '2(),  ."),S-{m),  (>;!;  J)<iiii<  mr/i,  MishIoii  Ailr.,-0; 
Thi-dH'ii  Hicl.  TiX'K,  1!»,  (i()-'J.  Austin's  treatment  caused  much  iudijjuatiuii 
iu  Texas.  L<:ii((:r\s  llumtoii,  etc.,  40-51 


ASSAULTS  OX  GARRISONS. 


161 


si'iisions  of  ]\rcxio()  weiv  st'ldoiii,  if  wcr,  fult  in  Toxas,'* 
wliicli  was  far  from  lioiim'  true.  His  aim  ovideiitlv 
was  to  draw  Mexicans  to  settle  in  Texas. 

I  n  1  H;5;'i  the  Texans  apjiointed  committees  f)f  safety, 
jiiid  resolved  U[»on  having  a  se})arate  ^'overnment,-" 
the  war-cloud  was  darkenin«jf  and  forebodinn'  ill.-' 
Lai'ne  bodies  of  Alexican  troops  were  crowding  into 
Texiis  with  the  evident  purpose  of  subjugation.  The 
TexMUs,  on  their  jnirt,  were  resolute,  and  soon  be<..;an 
to  show  their  spii'it  in  a  scries  of  assaults  on  ^Mexican 
gari'isons,  which  met  with  success.  I  give  in  a  note 
the  main  particulars  of  these  encounters.'^'* 

On  the  .'Ul  of  Xovember,  18."]"),  the  delegates  chosen 
the  preceding  month  to  a  general  consultation  mot  at 

"'('on  cxeopcion  do  nlgunos  revoltosos'  the  itiliabitnnts  were  wliolly  <lc- 
votcil  ti)  tlifir  inthistriiil  piirsuitH.  A/iiwuti',  Xnl,  K<litil.,  r)-!MJ;  K<  iniid/i'fi 
y.jvM.  ()!»-7-',  81. 

"('lis,  tlif  Mexican  oonianilanti!  u'l'iioral,  atti'ibut('<l  tlif  agitation  ami  <lis- 
tiiil'aiRi"  to  lu'ts  of  alioiisaml  political  iiiti'imicrs.  lie.  callcil  mi  good  liiizcin 
ti  lay  llit'il'  complaints  Ijcforc  tlie  general  g-)Vei'iinient.  Otlier  ]iiipniineat 
nun  were  also  trying  to  allav  the  ferment.  Tuas,  Coll,  Ihic,  in  J'iii'irt,  ('u'L, 
.\iS..  nos:U,  :<•.>,  ".Ti-T,  41. 

'-•'riie  centralists  had  possession  of  the  government  in  .Mexico,  and  ■were 
resolved  to  cnisii  out  tlu;  rebellious  spirit  of  tiie  'I'exans. 

■'"'IMk^  lirst  OIK!  was  at  (lon/alez  on  tjie  '_M  of  October,  ISIl.",  \\  lien  Col 
M'lon'  defeated  a  body  of  Mexicans,  and  (h'ovo  tlieni  to  lliglit  towards  Sau 
Aiitiiiiio  de  Bejar,  leaving  behind  their  dead  and  \\onnde(l.  Six  days  later  - 
Oit.  Stli  — the  fort  at  (ioliad  was  attacked  and  taken  by  the  Texans.  'I'he 
lust  tiiconnter  was  on  the  "JStli  of  tlie  same  montii,  near  tlie  ( 'oncepcion 
iiiis.-iiin.  when  Howie  and  Fainiin  rontcl  a  large  liody  of  Mexicans,  kilSiig 
aliniit  loo  anil  capturing  their  field-pieces.  Kciiiici/i/'.-i  'i'l Xft.i,  ii.  I(),'»  !>,  117 
•JJ;  CrnrLiif,  l/ijv  of,  .■!(;<(-70;  JloHci/s  T<r'i.-<,  .■!;!7-.")(;.  After  the  last  atlair 
ii'i  li,'lLtiiig  worth  record  occurred  till  Dcccndier.  (!en.  Murlnson  with  SOO 
111' n  of  the  federalist  army,  in  two  divisions,  undi'r  (,'ol  !•'.  W.  .lohnson  and 
Kiiijaiiiin  H.  Milam,  between  the  ,"ith  and  lOtli  of  tiiat  month,  compelled  ( icn, 
('IS,  who  had  with  him  1,'2.">0  men  at  S;in  Antonio  de  l'>i'iar,  to  su;rendi  r  on 
I'lr  I  nil  with  upward  of  1,  lOOntid  all  his  .irni",  the  rest  of  his  men  liavin/  been 
killid  in  the  .""saults.  .Milam  was  killed.  Ilmlesun's  ollicial  rejioi  t,  I'ir.  It, 
!>:;:>,  ill  Fiinl,\i  T'.rax,  ii.  1(11-7.");  Tlii-<ill'-<  ll'.^l.  Ti .nix.  •_>_'-2-!l.  .Moliitt's  rc- 
|"Mt  on  this  ntliiir  seems  to  be  exaggerated.  He  makes  Cos  and  l.liOil  Mc\i 
cms  siiirendor  to  4(K)  Texans.  Thiinip-ifni'^  I'trnll.  M-.r.,  174  "i;  M'f>ni-'<  ///-'. 
.l/'.r.  U'lir,  47.  On  the  l.")th  of  December,  Cos  and  his  followers,  under  tin- 
t'Tiiis  of  their  capitulation,  began  their  march  to  the  interior,  ami  in  a  few 
iliys  there  was  not  a  Mi-xican  centralist  soldier  to  be  sen  between  the  S.ibine 
iiiid  Kill  (iramle.  H'illsoii'if  Am.  Ilial.,  (i4(!-S.  Hustainante  speaks  of  a  Jitter 
li'ihlisheil  in  Mexico  from  Oilonel  Ugartochoa  of  (Ktober  "JSth  from  Alamo 
Vi Moiiiiting  the  defeat  by  .'l(M)  .Mexican  cavalry  of  twice  that  number  of  AiiLrlo- 
.\iiietic,ins,  of  whom  78  were  killed  and  a  l;irge  number  wounded,  lie  next 
iillmles  to  Cos'  surrender,  nildim;  that  b  •  belmved  honoralily:  for  the  cause  of 
the  revolt  was  tliii*-  he  had  endeavored  to  check  the  governor  and  deputies 
who  were  selUng  tlio  line  public  lund>  at  uomiuul  prices.  Voz  de  la  I'alrin, 
MS,,  X.  KIS  !l. 

UisT.  Mes.,  Vol,  V.    11 


! 

r 

i\ 

1^ 

''i 

1 

■  t 

m^^-  - 


1G2 


TEXAN  IXDErEXDENf.'E. 


f': 


San  Ft.'lipc  tic  Austin,  aiul  at  once  oointitutod  a  pro- 
visional i^ovennncnt,  with  a  j^ovornor,  lioutonant-L^ov- 
ornor,  and  general  council  to  consist  of  one  uieniber 
from  eacli  numicipalit}',"^  Samuel  Jlouston  was  made 
fonmiander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  St('|)hen  F. 
Austin,  Branch  T.  Archer,  and  W,  II.  Wliarton  were 
aj.'pointed  co?nmissioners  to  represent  the  wants  of 
Texas  in  the  United  States,  soliciting-  aid  to  ])rosecute 
the  war.  A  declaraticm  was  likewise  issued  regardiii'^^ 
the  causes  that  [)romj)ted  their  movement.  It  will 
be  seen  that  no  intention  is  manifested  as  yet  of  sev- 
ering the  connection  with  Mexico.  The  authors  of 
that  instrument  merely  assert  tlieir  claim  to  sustain 
[>y  force  of  arms  their  rights  and  liberties,  and  tlie 
federal  constitution  of  Mexico  as  adopted  in  1824.^' 
T\\o  (lie  was  cast,  however,  and  the  consequences  to 
be  expected  were  a  bloody  v.ar  and  [jossibly  defeat 
with  the  horrors  of  3dexican  vengeance.  Urgent  ap- 
j)eals  for  resources  had  been  madt;  beforehand  to 
I'iiends  in  the  south  of  the  American  unifni,  wl)o 
wcie  not  urged  in  vain;  and  Irom  this  time  the  Texaiis 
were  in  constant  receipt  of  n)oney,  provisions,  arms, 
ammunition,  and  even  lighting  men  oijenlv  enlisted  in 

''^i  lovoniof,  Hciiry  P'tuit!!;  Iiotit-L,'(>voriirir,  Jainr^  W.  I'luliinsoii.  Tlie  Inttcr 
Mas  to  lie  (^N-(illicii)  {ii<'siiKiit  of  t!iu  ooiiiic  il.  'J'llM  liudy  \v;is  olutliod  uitli 
tliv  ))  iwcns  (if  ^oviriiiiiciit,  aiid  idiitimiid  uclii)'^  fill  Miiix'li  l.'i.'Sli. 

•"I;.  That  the  iilijoi't  I't'  taliiiiL;  m)  aims  w.is  (lit;  dcfiiK'u  (if  tlioir  ri',dii.s 
a;id   libciticH   tlircatt'iK'd   liy  military  d('s|ii(t.-(,  an  \.cll  as  of  tlie   lepiiWitjaii 
J':  iiuijile.s  of  the  Mexieaii  iVdci  id  (■(iii.stiialioii  of    1S21.     I'd.   'j'liat 'l\\as  \vai 
11(1  loii;.,'cr  moral ly  or  eivilly  lioiiiid  hy  the  ooiujiaet  of  union;  yet,  proinptf  I 
liy  j,'eu<rosity  iind  symjiathy,  slKMili'ered  .sniii)oitaiid  an.sistaiieu  to  tnuh  !,■.• 
lieivi  of  the  Nlexiraii  eont'eilcraey  as  \Mmld  take  iiji  arms  ai;aiiist  lailitai  ,  o 
pitisiii.     ;{d.    Ilefiisal  to  aekuuwledi,"'  the  '  iireseut  authorities  (if  the  nomifiitj 
\le\iiMii  repiililie.'     4th.   Kesoliitioii  to  eontimie  in  anus  as  lony;  as  Mexicnn 
tro(i|is  remaini.:il  in  Texas.     5th.    V.'liile  elaimiiiLf  the  rij:ht  of  del'en(!e  and  to 
estalilish   an  independent  goveninient,  Texas  will   continue   faithful   to  t'  • 
Mexican  j^overniiieut  .so  long  as  it;  is  carried  out  under  the  eonstitui  i":i 
iSJt.     ilth  iind  Till  ref(n'  to  expenses  of  the  army,  pledsiinj;  the  faith  of  T.  \ 
to  the  pjiynu'iit  of  dehts  contr.    a'll.     8th.  Oil'ering  land  grants  to  sue'i  .■ 
may  come  to  render  mililaiy  ser\  ice  in  the  juvsent  struggle.     !)th.  A  soh  lun 
vow  to  eairy  out  these  deelaiatious.    Jla/.f  r's  7V.iV(.-\ -l.'J-,");  Fil'innlx,  Mrin.  ///^'. 
(I'lnrru   Tijdx,  ii.   17.">-(i;   Tlii-all'>i  ll'nt.  Mi.c,  IST-'.M;  I'uiiif'a  '/'(Mt.--,  I'l.  41 
(i."),     ']'he  plan  to  estalili.sh  a  sejiarate  state  g()Veriiment  had  lieeii  Jiuitatfd  ia 
I8.'i4,  liilt  failed.     The  aiiti-seiiai'ation  ])ar<y  succeeded  in  allaying'  the  cv    '• 
ment,  and  an  ndjiHtment   of    dillereuei  s    \\as  eli'eeted  iliider  Santa  i\i   i  > 
.iirbitiatiou.   Kcunui/i/'ti  T  .vn.i,  ii.  {j-2  7;    l''il/.-:uH'/i  Am.  Jli.^f.,  0;W-40, 


AID  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


IG3 


Xow  Orleans  and  other  parts.  The  cause  of  the  in- 
surrection was  also  encouraged  and  HUj)[)orted  by  the 
press  and  at  [)ubli(;  meetings. 


We 


In  this  connection   witli  Texan  affairs,  it  will   1)0 
to    consider  what    course  was   pursued  by  the 


governnient  of  tlie  United  States,  and  what  e^^ort^ 
il'  any,  were  niachi  by  it  to  prevent  acts  which  were 
(iMcn  violations  of  the  neutrality  laws.  The  attention 
it'  the  secretary  of  state  having  been  repeatedly  called 
\'.y  the  ^Mexican  legation  to  the  fact  that  war  material 
;uid  armed  expeditions  were  constantly  leaving  lor 
Texas  to  wag(!  war  against  ^lexico,  with  whicli  power 
i!ie  United  States  were  at  peace,  orders  weie  trans- 
mitted to  the  several  districts  to  prevent  such  acts. 
The  secretary  assured  that  le'j;ation  that  it  was  the  wish 
■  ind  resolve  of  the  United  States  to  preserve  the  neu- 
t:ahty;  and  in  January  1H.*](5  added  that  the  govern- 
URiit  would  use  every  endeavor  as  far  as  possible  to 
prevent  injui'V  to  ]\I(!xico;  but  that  "for  tlie  conduct  of 
i;i(li\  iduals  which  theg(A'».'rnmentof  the  United  States 
<Muld  not  control,  it  was  not  in  any  way  resj)onsible."  " 
Tills  seems  to  have  been  the  loo]t-hole  ihi'oiigli  which 
the  American  govei'niiient  sought  to  esca[)e  res[)oiisi- 
liihty;  for  the  fact  stands  that  u  )ne  of  its  alleged 
cil'orts  availed  to  jtrevent  the  dej)arture  of  men  and 
siip[»lies  to  {Uvl  the  Texan  bellig(>ren(s.''-  Nor  \\;ts 
all.     Tlie  Uniteil  Stales  government  shortly  after 


ills 


isolved  u])on   the  military  oceupalion  of  "^fexan    ter 
;round    for  this  acti«"ii  was  a  rt'ported 


1  iorv 


T! 


•  I    atfection   of  a  nu!nb«  r  of   tribes  or   I'ragmcnts   of 


1 1  »es   • » 


f  T 


exau 


Ind 


lans, 


a  III 


I   ol'   so'Uie    others  that 


1;  111  formerly  d.\-eli  in  Unitcil  States  tei'ritorv.  Tin 
p' "|»l(.-  (.('  Texas  were  glad,  for  poHtieala>  well  a^ 
t'Hioiuicul    reasons,   to    luiv-:    United    Stati  -   troop; 


A*;U'  Rni.,  1.  -iio  13. 

Tlicy  li.iil  fmm  till!  I'liitcd  States    Muia  proti-c 

'  '  /.''trii-fi,  Hi'/.  ./(t!<t/j'i,        '.'s;!.     Ami  if  tl 


I'sti 


I.C  I, 


its  ^ynii):itliy 


(■iim  i'ii(Mii)r.'rL(i  y   ''''i>- 
niiu'iit  tlms  ]M','.i    i- 


u-.lluli.l'  the  laws  vi  .njiitriilily? 


Tixaa,  Would  the  iKiilis^m.^  ul  luut  cvuutiy 


164 


TKXAN  IXDEl'KNDKXCE. 


h;: 


!  1 


nt  Fort  Oil)son,  and  intontioiinlly  spread  reports  of 
iiitencK'd  Indian  raids,  most  of  wliicli  were  unfounded. 
The  result  was  that  alter  peace  was  estahlislicd 
in  Texas,  and  wlien  the  peoj)K>  were  ori^anizini^  a  civil 
i^overnnicnt,  American  troops  ]ia<l  l)een  stationed 
upward  of  a   month  amoinx  th(;m.''''     A  Ioiilt  corre- 


dc 


1  Otil 


ihiectj' 


'ted 


sjioiKlenee  passeu  on  tlus  and  ot.her  sui)|ects  oonner 
Avith  Texas,  between  Gorostiza,  tlie  ^[exican  minister 
at  Washin«Hon,^*  and  Forsvtli,  the  secretary  of  state, 
IVoni  ^Farcli  !)th  to  October  loth,  tlic  former  eh ietly 
c<im[»]ainin<i^  of  the  measni'es  then  in  prcvjfress  for  the 
violation  of  Mexican  tei-ritory  und(>r  the  pretence  of 
])unishin<i:   Indians;  and  the  latter  asserting  that  the 


advance  o 


le 


DO 


N 


icouf* 


ftl 
lod 


merii-'an  torces  uik 


ler  C 


IG; 


general  ijrames 


u^s   w 


as  a    measure   of   necessity:   that 


tliroun'h  ATi'xico's  inability  to  restrain  the  Indians,  it 
had  become  imi>erative  on  the  United  States  to  ]>ro- 


tect  their  citizens,  and  that  such  a  course  was  in 
accordance  with  ti'eaty  stiiMilations,''"'  I-'inally,  in 
consequence  of  what  (Jocosti/a  conceived  to  be  an  in- 
vasion of  ^^e\ican  terciloiy  by  the  United  States,  h. 
on  the  ir)th  of  Octobi-r  v,rote  a  long"  letter  of  riMinui- 
strance  to  the  secretary  of  state,  conchiding  that  li  ■ 
considered  his  mission  at  ai»  eii  1,  and  re(juesting  his 
passports,  which  were  transmitted  to  him  on  the  20tli. 

''(Icncral  Oaiiics,  of  the  l'''iiitc(T  States  nnny,  concentrnted  Inr/ie  lioili'-j 
»)f  iiit'ii  (111  tlie  tVoiitiiT.  See  lii.s  littci'  fidtn  (  ainp  Saliiiic,  Auj,'.  'JS,  ISJii,  t  i 
the  iiDvenior  of  'I'ciiiit'ssec.  in  S'thi'  A'c;/.,  li.  ST-S. 

^' Me  hiul  I'Diiic  ill  l'Vl)rii.iry  iSIKi  as  envoy  extraordinary  and  ministi  !• 
])k'iiipi)tentiary. 

■'' Forsyth  wrote  May  lOth  that  the  instructions  L;iv(n  to  (Jaiiies  Isad  not 
lieeii  liased  on  the  Ix'liif  that  the  Cnitid  States  iiad  cl.iiins  to  the  tenitoi'v 
hryond  XaeoL^doi'hes,  iiut  simply  to  ]irevent  eonse(|neni.'es  that  niiixht  j,'i-o\v 
out  of  the  liloody  eontest  l)egiin  in  Texas.  (Jaines'  instructions  were  to  fnl- 
til  ils  stipulations  in  rel'erence  to  the  Indians,  'whether  iielongiuj^  to  the 
territory  of  tlu;  irnitcil  States  or  .Nfexico,  and  especially  to  nndntain  a  stii'  t 
neutrality  in  regard  to  the  eontemling  parties  in 'I'exas.'  (laines  ealleii  oa 
several  states  for  recnforeenients  to  re])el  Indian  attacks.  ^Vhen  he  t'ouii  I 
that  he  had  l>een  deceived  as  to  the  intentions  of  the  Indians,  he  recalled  \w 

re(|uisitions.     So time  aftertlie  I'nited  States  forces  abandoned  tlu' country. 

'I'lie  correspondence  on  tiie  Ti'xas  (jneKtiou  niav  i)e  found  in  (I'aiiK.".  (Im., 
Cnnrxim„<L:  Lnj.  Kxirw.ril.,  \  X'Zlx  A //..V /.Vv.,"l. -JOT-!'. '.illJ-Ki;  li.  ll."<,  '-". 
4(»'.»  l"J;  Mir.,  I'lniti'siiu:  Ln/.  A'.Wjvion/..  1-70:  Am.  SI,  /'.i/<.— new  set  - 
Milit.  all.,  vi.  'l\-2,  4I(;  I'T;  I'.  S.  Cnvf.  Cnuir.  •_>».  Ses.  1,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  •24'.l, 
'J.jti,  vol.  vi.;  /r/,,C'ong.  -J-I,  Ses.  -J,  II.  K\.  Koc.  -J,  i)i).  U.VIOI;  I'L,  toni;,  •JJ, 


MEXICAN  rOLICY. 


165 


The  men  at  tlio  lioad  <>t'  the  new  centralized  gov- 
(  riniient  of  ^lexico  .sliowed  their  ineoinpetenev  to 
(Kal  with  tlie  Texan  insunvetion.  It  i.s  true  that 
Ihtv  niailo  a  lanu;  effort  to  eoiKuliate  the  rebels  with 
till-  olh'r  of  a  f'urtlier  exeinj)tion  I'roni  all  taxation 
(hiiiiii;'  the  next  ten  years,  hut  on  the  liOth  of  JJeceni- 
her,  is;};"),  they  pas.sotl  a  law  hy  which  they  foolishly 
t\[K'etetl  t<j  cheek  the  swelling  of  th(j  Texan  ranks  from 
the  United  States.  The  offer  came  too  late,  and  the 
law  produced  no  other  effect  than  a  number  of  horri- 
hli;  massacres,  an<l  the  conse(jUent  exas[»eration  of 
the  victims'  sympathizers,  together  with  a  more  de- 
tei'iniiied  resijstance, 


M 


Those  in  j)ower  misun<lerstood  the  difficulties  they 
had  to  ctintend  with,  namely,  the  character  of  a  poj)- 
ulatiou  wliich  might  he  exterminated,  perhaps,  but 
ii(\(  r  subdued,  and  the  natural  ol)stacles  offered  by 
the  region  and  climate.  They  seemed  to  think  that 
ill  a  ciintest  between  Mexican  soldiers  and  colonists, 
tile  latter  must  of  course  succund);  but  they  did  not 
(Dii.^iiler  that  those  soldiers  wctuM  be  iigliting  at  a  dis- 
tance of  about  (500  miles  from  home,  while  the  Texans 
^\^•le  liniitinu"  for  their  hearths  on  their  own  ground. "^ 

The  Texans   now   concluded,  in   view   of  Mexico's 


^til 


e  a 


th 


11  tu 


ttitude  toward  them,  to  sever  all  connection 
t  country;  and  on  the  '2d  of  March,  ly.'id    in 


invention  assend)led  at  Wasliiniiton,  on  the  ]iraz 


OS. 


Srs.    •_',   11.   Kx.    !)(.( 

Iriii.t,  |,s;(7,  xiv.  17ii-!>i 


rt,  pp.   1   -24,  vol.  ii.;    l!trt, 
!>(!;  J/i.f.  ('()rri"'jio)iil..  I'n 


X  I   l'_'(),  vol.  iv.:  Cnii'i.  1>>- 
,/./  Snhliia,  \    \-2-2. 


•""Tlie  law  ill  iiiustioii  lU'L'lari'd  tliut  ctl'ort.s  Wfie  iiiailo  in  tiic  I'liitid 
Mate.-!,  in  violiilioii  ot  tlio  iiviitrality  law.s  ami  of  the  wislii'.s  of  tliat  j,'ovliii- 
iiimt  .Mich  hail  lii'oir  its  as.siiraiicus  ~  to  lit  out  ariiii'd  (^xiifilitioiis  to  htl|) 
till' rohcU  of  'JV.xas.  In  coiist'niunu'i',  tin;  following  inks  wfii'  fstalili.Hlitil: 
Nt.  KorciLjiuTs  laniliiii,'  at  any  [lartof  thi!  fo[ml)lic,  or  cntcriiiL;  her  territory 
1  y  laiiii,  aniieil  ami  with  iiostile  intt'iit,  were  to  lieileait  w  ith  as  jiiiates.     •_'([. 


Ti 


;aine  treatment  was  to  lie  awarded  to  foreiLTiiers  found  landimi  or  in 


itroili 


ii  .:  anns  orotli<'r  war  inatorial  at  plaii'S  in  a  state  of  insurreetioii  aL'aiiist  the 
Ml  \ii':iii  itoveiiiinent  with  the  intent  of  ]'     ' 


arinu  tiiini  in  the  n 


rhels' 


1  iiijei- this  law  almost  all  'i'exans  taken  with  arms  in   their  hands  miL'iit 
1"' treated  a.i  pirates.   It'ivifi,  Hint.   JaUij'U,  iii.  'JSO-1;  JJnli/aii  and   Luz-mu, 


Mr 


iii.  lH-ir.. 


'I'Ih'  fatuous  rulers  took  no  net 


it  of  ot)staeles,  such  as  stre.'uiis,  rain 


■■uain 


[IS,  nor  of  the  iieeessity  of  iirovidiiiLf  supplies   for  the   soh 


ins  \\nA 


Ml 

til  J  MMuU  for  such  an  uudfrtukiiig.  Mora,  Obni/)Su(.ltiii<,  i.  p^^.  cclxx.xviii.-i.\. 


'Ver,  the  force  employed  to  attempt  the  siiliju.iration  of   the   'l"e\ 


1 

im 

'V'lJ 

EvIHhHk 

li 

i^^wf.^ 

1 

3;l     ' 

i:  !, 

*.  !^ 

'9MEP 

(/'•■" 

[^^< 

M 

'!wB^«8^ 

^^fStt 

'  i  III 


Ilfl 

i 


: 


166 


TEXAN  IXDEPEXDEXCi:. 


iiiianiniotisly  adojjtcd  a  dt'claratioii  of  iiidopondcncc, 
^vlli<•l»  ill  synoptical  tonii  I  *x\\v  Ixlow."*"'  Tlio  ari,ni- 
jiioiits  of  the  (lec'laiatioii  arc  <]iiitL'  assailal)lo.  It  is 
iK)t  tiui!  tliat  tlic  sottk'i's  Mure  invitrd  and  adniittrd 
under  tlio  faith  of  a  conipat't  in  tlu;  form  of  a  repuh- 
lii'an  constitution.  Mexico  acceded  to  tlie  [H'titions 
of  the  first  colonists  when  she  was  still  under  vice- 
iv^nl  rule,  as  an  ajijiendajjfe  ol'  Spain.  The  chani,n's 
sul)se(pR'ntly  experienced  in  the  institutions  could  iu>t 
justify  thv-ir  defection.  An  insiyniticant  minority,  as 
the  Texans  then  were,  had  no  riyht  to  arrange  the 
M'hole  conntry's  administi'ation  to  its  own  liking.  If 
that  minoi'ity  disliked  the  changes,  it  was  at  liberty 
to  leave  the  country.  In  the  political  vicissitudes  nf 
the  Mexican  repuhlie,  Texas,  as  an  integral  portion, 
liad  to  bear  her  part  oi'  neglect,  burdens,  and  general 
troubles,  like  the  other  states  and  tei'ritories,  neither 
more  nor  less.  Military  coercive  measures,  unwise 
or  l>rutal  though  they  undoubtedly  Mere,  resulte;! 
from  the  general  political   disturbance;    and    so    iiu- 

^""Tlic  McxiciUi  giivM'iiiiu'iit  luiil  iiiviti'd  tlii'ia  to  settli;  and  rcdiiiin  tlic 
vildcniiss,  iiiidir  tlic  iilcdi,'i'd  fiiitli  of  the  writtin  iiiiti<iiial  cfnisiitutiipii, 
■\vliifli  was  riinil)lic!iii,  and  similar  to  tlic  oiu!  tlify  liatl  livud  iiiidiT  in  tluii' 
iiativt!  land,  'i'lifir  ii.\|X'ot.itioiis  liad  Ik-i'ii  di.sajipointt'd.  Santa  Anna  had 
DVcilliiowu  tlio  cunstiLulional  system,  (iU'viilij,' tin  in  tin;  alteriiativi!  of  alian- 
iloiiiii'4  till!  homes  they  had  made  after  many  i)rivatioiiH,  or  of  KuliniittiiiL;  t  i 
tile  eomhiiied  despotism  of  the  sword  and  the  |ii  ieslhood.  Texas  had  lieiii 
paorilieeil  tor  tiio  henelit  of  Coaliiiihi;  the  |ictitiona  of  liir  eiti/ens  for  a  sepa- 
rate state  oij,'aiij/.atioii  had  heeii  disregarded.  Their  fellow-eiti/.en,  Austin, 
had  lueii  incaieerateil  ii  lont,'  time  for  his  zealous  endeavors,  within  legality, 
on  helialf  of  'i"e.\an  interests.  Trial  liy  jury  aii<l  a  system  of  puMii;  (ilii';i. 
tion  had  never  lieen  eiitahlished.  Military  eommandaiits  had  exereised  inlii- 
tiary  tyrannieal  powers.  'J'hc  state  congress  of  (.'oainiila  and  'I'exas  had  hci  n 
dissolved  by  foree  of  arms,  and  the  representatives  eoiii]ielled  to  (lei;  for  tin  u' 
lives.  <ii)od  citizens  had  heeii  unjustly  seized  hy  niilitaiy  authority,  earri(.l 
away  from  their  homes,  and  tried  on  ti-nnij)eil-\ip  eliaiges.  Piratical  attack^ 
had  heeii  committed  on  Texas  eommerco  hy  desjieradoes  in  the  service  it 
Mexico.  The  right  of  worshipping  (lod  according  to  the  dictates  of  tin  ir 
conscienc(!  had  been  denied  them.  They  had  iieen  rnpiirtd  to  siirieiider  the 
arms  they  ni^e<led  for  their  defenco.  Their  country  had  heeu  invjidcd  mid 
laid  waste,  and  tiieir  citizens  driven  away.  'J'hc  Indians  had  heeu  incited  t.i 
ravage  ami  massacre.  'Ihe  citizens  hail  liecn  made  the  contem|>tildo  simi  t 
and  victims  of  uiilitary  revolutions.  'I'lie  Mexican  government  hail  invari- 
ably shown  the  characteristics  of  wealiiiess,  corruption,  and  tyianiiy.  'J'Ins 
declaiation  was  signed  liy  .">7  inemliers,  of  whom  10ai)|icar  to  lie  from  luirth- 
oril  and  iMiropeau  legions,  and  'A  native  .Mexic.uis;  the  rest  were  natives  it 
the  southern  states  of  the  American  Union.  JJakcrH  Tij:as,  0o-71;  Tcxu-, 
Ltivt  lUjiid).,  i.  'A-~i. 


A  PROVISIOXAL  f;ovi:nxMK\T. 


ler 


ns  llit-y  nffi'ctod  Texas,  in  tlic  revolt  aijaiiist  the 
IrMjilly  or  illegally  eoiistitutcHl  aullioritios,  they  were 
no  worse  than  those  «lealt  to  t-iti/eiis  ol"  other  pai'ts 
of  the  country  utuler  similar  cii-eunistaiiees.  1'lu' 
i'act  is,  that  the  'IV'xan  I'ehellion  and  secession  were 
th(^  n.'sult  of  a  preconcertiMl  |»lan,  as  alluded  to  eaily 
ill  this  chapter,  to  ostahlish  a  niarki't  lor  Aliir.iii 
slaves'"  in  contempt  of  the  INTexicaii  laws,  and  after- 
ward to  annex  the  new  country  to  the  United  Statt  ^. 
Jt  iiiiL,dit  have  Ix-eii,  perhaps,  mort;  honoi'ai)le,  for  the 
]>arties  interested,  if  their  ])roiect  had  been  o]ienly 
avowed  from  the  iii'st,  instead  of  trickery  anil  subter- 
i"iii,^c  being  resorted  to. 

The  national  convention  on  the  17th  <»f  ^fan-h, 
1S;!(!,  adopted  a  constitution/"  It  also  established  a 
)  rovisional  government  with  jdenaiy  powei-s,  (.leetiiig 
I 'avid  G.  IJui'iiet  president,  and  L<ti'en/()  de  Zavala 
vice-president,  with  four  secretaries  of  state.  Samuel 
Houston  was  reappointed  connnander-in-eliief  of  the 
forces. 

Li't  us  now  consider  what  tln^  ^Fexican  government 
was  doing  to  brini''  thes(j  rcibellious  subjects  to  alle- 
giance.  llesoui-ces  were  scarce,  but  the  government 
liiade  the  most  of  them,  and  together  with  voluntary 
lontributious  from  patriotic;  citizens,  organized  an 
;uniy  lor  the  camjiaign.  The  chief  connnand  of  it 
v,as  intrusted  to  (ireneral  Santa  Anna,  who  in  Xo- 
veiuber  18oj  visited  San  ]^uis  l*otosi  to  complete 
jireparatiolis  and  to  set  the  troops  in  motion.  Toward 
tlie  end  of  December,  the  forces,  said  to  be  (!,()(;.) 
f-trong,  started  for  San  Anti)nio  de  JJejar,  then  oecii- 
jiied   by  the  enemy.*^     They  invested  the  Alamo,  a 

'"•This  lias  been  denied  on  tlio  gi'omxl  Ui;it  !it  tlic  onmiiieu'^ciiiciit  of  llir 
tiuiilili'.-s  slavery  cxisti'l  in  'lexiis  only  to  ;i  trilling'  txtiiit.  h'iliii/i'ir;/.'i  /.''»'., 
"xlvii.  'Jdl-'J.  ]iut  llie  siimo  writer  ai;knowledi;LS  tliiit  tin;  piohiliiiinu  to 
iiiiliort  tVesli  slaves  \v  is  JooUed  on  wiUi  jealousy,  as  it  would  picveiit  tiu' 
i'lUiiiLjiation  of  wealth    jilanters. 

'"A  eopy  of  it  may  je  found  iu  Baker'n  Texan,  14;i-70;   Texci-i,  Lnn-.i  /.'//., 

i  ii-'r). 

*'  AfcordinL;  to  IJustamante,  Santa  Anna's  army  in  Texas  diil  nut  exceed 
I'MHK)  men.  Jliit.  Iiird^ioii,  MS.,  1.  0.  Eight  thoii.s.uid  of  the  liest  t/oops  in 
Mexico.  Kviincili/'s  Tix.,  ii.  17IJ-7.     Another  account,  makes  tiie  force  7,jOO, 


A3 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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2.0 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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S>        •N*' 


0 


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'^ 


168 


TEXAN  INDEPENDEXCE, 


strong  fortress  near  San  Antonio  do  Bcjar,  which  had 
14  guns  in  j)()sition,  and  was  garrisoned  by  about  150 
men  under  W.  B.  Travis.  During  1 1  days'  siege  and 
bombardment,  32  more  men  forced  their  way  into  the 
fortress.  Travis  would  neither  surrender  nor  attempt 
to  retreat.  At  last  Santa  Anna,  on  the  Gth  of  March, 
ordered  the  assault;  the  stronghold  was  taken,  and 
the  whole  garrison  put  to  the  sword.  Among  the 
slain  were  colonels  Travis,  Bowie,  and  David  Crock- 
ett, and  also  twenty  residents  or  traders  of  San  An- 
tonio do  Bejar.  Only  a  woman  and  her  child  and  a 
negro  servant  were  spared." 

The  blood,  both  of  Mexicans  and  Texans,  shed  at 
the  Alamo  was  a  useless  sacrifice.  The  massacre, 
even  if  in  accord  with  the  barbarous  usages  of  war, 
did  not  serve  the  cause  of  Mexico,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, impressed  the  Texans  with  the  firm  conviction 
that  no  settlement  except  by  the  sword  was  any 
longer  possible.  It  was  now  with  them  a  question  of 
victory  or  subjugation  accompanied  with  the  direst 
consequences,  llie  fact  was  that  the  siege  and  storm- 
mg  of  the  Alamo  was  a  childish  display  o'"  -     lity,  to 

provideil  with  artillery  and  other  supplies.  A7n.  Cyclop.,  .-,  078.  Sant;i 
Anna  wanted  Bi'jar  for  his  centre  of  operations,  it  being  the  only  place  in  'i'exas 
inhabited  by  !>rcxiciins.  This  explains  why  lie  traversed  such  an  enormous 
distance  of  desert  country.  F'dlmla,  Mem.  J/ixt.  Oiivr.  Tt'jtm,  ii.  iJ'JS-aO. 

^''  Tile  Texan  or  American  accounts  of  this  struggle  place  the  Mexican  cas- 
ualties at  1,000.  According  to  the  account  formed  by  the  Mexican  general 
Juan  de  Andrade,  from  the  reports  of  the  several  organizations  consticutin,' 
the  storming  parties,  the  casualties  were:  otlieers,  8  killed  and  18  wonndcil; 
rank  and  iilc,  .W  hilled,  2.'i.'i  wounded;  total,  31 1.  Santa  Amia  reported  70 
killed  and  .'iOO  wounded,  and  with  his  usual  unscrupulous  disregard  of  veracity, 
si^ts  down  the  'I'exan  loss  at  over  000,  all  foreigners,  buried  in  the  ditches 
and  trenches,  ami  '  en  las  imnediaciones  un  crecido  niimero  (pie  no  se  ha  po- 
dido  examinar.'  lie  claims  also  that  the  Texans  used  21  pieces  of  artillery. 
According  to  Mexican  accounts,  the  investing  force,  together  with  that  imx  - 
ering  at  nhort  distances,  exceeded  .'),000  men.  Santa  Anna  detailed  four 
columns,  each  composed  of  one  battidion  and  two  companies,  besides  a  I'eservo 
of  one  battalion  and  live  columns,  for  the  assault.  JJia\  Unit',  //int.  (Iciki.,  i. 
np.  i;r>-S;  /•'ilisnh.  Mi'in.  J/I.^t.  aim:  Trjax,  i.  0-17,  ii.  .'182  IM);  //..»,./,»,, 
////'('  of,  93-4;  'J'hrall,  J/i/if.  T<xu.<,  2U8-40,  giving  a  detailed  account  (»f  the 
siege  and  capture  of  the  fort,  says  that  only  two  women  and  a  negro  servant 
escaiied  with  life.  Maillard,  Tc.v.,  lOl-.'J.  siiys  six  men  and  one  woman  escnpcd 
out  of  a  garrison  of  4.">0  men.  'I'he  same  autiiority  an<l  the  Mexiciins  .isscrfc 
that  Travis  had  offered  to  sui'render,  but  the  ])rivilegu  was  denied  hiiii. 
liiistamiinte,  //ixt.  Iinnnioii,  MS.,  i.  0-7.  says  tiuit  Santa  Aima  at  the  tukiUa' 
of  the  Alamo  lost  OUO  men,  which  may  be  exaggerated. 


FAXNIX  SURREXDERS. 


100 


make  it  appear  that  San  Antonio  do  Bojar  had  been 
retaken  by  force  of  arms  with  a  licavy  h)ssH  of  hfe  on 
both  sides.  Nor  did  Santa  Anna's  blood-thirstiness 
end  there. 

Colonel  J.  W.  Fannin  was  stationed  at  Goliad  with 
about  500  men,  when  he  received  orders  from  Gen- 
eral Houston  to  fall  back  on  Victoria.  These  orders 
were  not  promptly  obeyed,  and  a  Mexican  force  larL>ely 
superior  in  number  came  upon  Fannin,  who,  having 
heard  that  General  Urrea  was  marching  on  Kefuglo, 
(Kspatched  thither  Captain  King  with  28  men,  on 
the  1 1th  of  March,  to  cover  the  retreat  of  the  Amer- 
ican citizens.  This  small  force  had  to  seek  rel'ugo  at 
the  old  Refugio  mission  on  the  13th.  Next  day 
Familu  sent  112  men  with  Lieutenant-Colonel  Ward 
to  rescue  King  and  his  party.  The  latter,  however, 
while  reconnoitring  were  captured  and  shot  to  a  man, 
and  their  bodies  left  on  the  field,  food  for  carrion  birds 
and  beasts.  Ward  and  his  command  then  attempted 
to  esca[)e  toward  Victoria,  but  being  intercepted,  were 
captured,  and  soon  after  executed  at  Goliad.  On  the 
17th  of  March,  Fannin  hearing  nothing  from  Ward 
or  JClng,  attempted  a  retreat,  but  after  a  series  of  en- 
ii,'agen.ents  found  himself  surrounded  by  a  very  supe- 
rior force,  and  with  scarcely  any  sui)j>Hes  or  annnuni- 
tion.  At  La  Coleta,  however,  eight  miles  from  ( jloliad, 
he  fouglit  a  desperate  action,  March  18th.*^  The 
next  day  the  Mexicans,  1,900  strong,  under  Urrea, 
oil  the  Llano  Perdldo,  summoned  Fannin  to  surrender, 
which  he  was  compelled  to  do.  It  has  been  alleged 
that  the  surrender  was  made  under  terms  of  capltula- 
tioii,  by  which  Fannin,  his  officers  and  men,  weie  to 
he  treated  as  prisoners  of  war."     The  terms  of  ca[)it- 

*■'  Till!  Mexican  loss  is  sot  down  iis  l)c1r\\t't'n  .'{()0  niul  .VK).  anil  that  of  tlio 
Ti'xans  at  only  7  killed  and  00  wounded.  BdLcr'n  ^V.td.x,  54;  Tlii'ilCs  /li<(. 
T<:i:,  ■2VX 

^'  Tlu-  following  arc  the  alleged  terms:  1st.  The  Texana  should  be  treated 
fl'i  jiiisoni'is  of  war  according  to  the  usiiges  of  i;ivilizcd  nations;  'Jd.  Privato 
IM-opfity  should  ho  respected  and  restored,  but  the  side-arms  of  t\w  olliicra 
^liHiild  l)u  given  up;  3il.  The  men  slioidd  be  sent  to  Copano.  and  thinci'  in 
ei^lit  (lays  to  the  United  .States,  or  us  soou  as  veasula  could  be  procured  to 


170 


TEXAN  INDEPENDENCE. 


I 


:i 


ulation,  if  any  wore  actually  nrraiited  1)}'  General  Urrca, 
were  ijjfnored  by  the  coinniaiider-in-chief,  General 
Santa  Anna;  and  on  Sunday,  ^larcli  27tli,  the  prison- 
ers, who  had  been  sent  to  Goliad,  were  marched  out 
of  the  fort  and  shot.*^ 

Santa  Anna  i!i  a  letter  of  May  23,  1830,  to  the 
executive  of  Texas  denies  that  the  ^lexican  force 
lioisted  a  flaj^  of  truce,  or  that  its  commander  gav(! 
any  assurance  of  quarter  by  acccptinu^  a  capitulation. 
Urrea  in  his  report  to  Santa  Anna  declared  that  he 
had  refused  to  grant  terms  of  capitulation,  as  indeed 
he  was  prevented  from  doing  by  the  law  of  Decem- 
ber 30,  1835.  Accordint;  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  Hoi- 
zinger,  who  was  present  at  Fannin's  surrender,  Urrca 
gave  no  warrant  that  the  [)risoners'  lives  would  be 
spared;  but  his  commissioners  assured  Fannin  that  tlio 
Mexican  government  had  in  no  instance  taken  the  lifo 
of  a  prisoner  that  appealed  to  its  clemency/"  Fanin'ii 
Mas  not  .satisfied  with  the  assurance  ,  but  concluded 
to  surrender  and  trust  to  the  generosity  of  the  Mex- 
ican government.*^  Urrea  seems  to  have  promi.sed 
that  he  would  ask  mercy  for  them.  Holzinger  blames 
Urrea  for  want  of  iraidin<iss  in  his  reports  to  Sant;i 
Amia  in  not  informing  him  tliat  he  had  promised 
clemency  to  the  prisoners.  On  the  other  side,  liamoii 
]\Iartinez  de  Caro,  Santa  Anna'.s  military  secretary, 
says  that  Urrea  strongly  reconnnended  merciful  deal- 
take  tliom.  The  odlcera  hIiouW  be  paroled  and  returned  to  the  United  States 
in  liki'  iiiuniier.  Id.,  "J-llt  ."iO. 

*■'  DiiriiiL;  the  execution  "J"  of  tlic  prisoners  liroke  away  from  their  guanls 
nnd  csc'iqicd.  Reports  (lisa/rree  as  to  the  iiiinil)er  execnte<l.  Footc  makes  it 
.■{.'!(),  and  the  Texas  Alinanao  for  ISiiO  has  .'{S.'t,  {,'iving  the  names  of  the  vir- 
tinis.  Col  Alcerreea  superintended  tlio  execution.  Jlivcra,  Hist.  Jalapa,  iii. 
281. 

^Tmstamantc,  TTUt.  lufdmon,  MS.,  i.  7-8,  chiimsthat  Mexico  should  not  ho 
lilanicd  for  acts  which  often  occur  in  war  when  men  lose  reason.  He  jik'HiU 
tliat  ihniui,' the  10  years' war  many 'iVxans  fell  jjrisoners  and  were  kept  in 
forts  anil  not  treated  as  criminals.  Wlien  Canales,  with  UtK)  Texana,  invadcil 
!M<'xic()  and  capitulated,  tliey  were  amenaMe  to  the  death  penalty  nnd  yet 
were  liherateil.     lie  gives  other  instances  of  mercy  to  Texan  prisoners. 

*'  Fannin's  words  were:  '  Well,  I  liavc  no  water;  my  v.mindcd  need  nttenl- 
nnce.  I  particularly  lecommend  these  unfortunates  to  y^  ii.  I  will  surrciuUi' 
at  the  discretion  of  the  Mexican  government.'  L'rrcu,  Camp,  de  Tijus,  1-S- 
33. 


BATTLE  OF  SAX  JACIXTO. 


17f 


in<r  with  the  helpless  prisoners,  more  than  200  of 
wlioin  he  was  ahout  sending  to  Jiuhi'a  ilel  Espiritu 
Santo  or  Goliad;  and  that  Santa  Anna's  answer 
liad  been  a  scvei'o  reprimand,  telling  him  not  to  stain 
his  triumphs  with  misplaced  compassion.  The  order 
iur  the  execution  was  repeated  to  Urrea  ajid  to  the 
commandant  at  Goliad.  Then  again,  we  have  the 
statement  that  the  conmiandant  at  Goliad  report ei I 
to  Santa  Anna  that  Fannin,  before  he  started  from 
that  place,  had  burned  the  town,  leaving  the  people 
without  shelter,  for  which,  as  well  as  for  the  loss  of 
their  cattle,  they  i'elt  very  indignant,  and  clamored  fof 
the  death  of  the  prisoners.*^ 

The  reverses  of  Alamo  and  Goliad  only  had  the 
cftlct  of  crystallizing  the  sj)irit  of  opjiosition  to  ^lex-. 
ico.  General  Houston  addressed  the  renmants  of 
his  army,  telling  them  they  must  retreat  till  they 
wci'e  better  able  to  meet  the  enemy  in  battle.  His 
f  irce  was  now  of  GOO  to  700  men,  with  whom  he  re- 
treated to  the  ]h'azos,  and  a  few  days  after  to  a  point 
near  the  San  Jacinto  Kiver.  His  plan  was  to  con- 
(Tiitiate  all  his  available  forces  from  all  quarters,  and 
to  draw  the  enemy  away  from  his  base  of  supplies. 
The  plan  met  with  all  the  success  Houston  desired. 
Santa  Anna  with  a  portion  of  his  force,  about  1,000 
strong,  marched  to  the  banks  of  the  San  Jacinto, 
^vhL■re  he  was  attacked  on  the  21st  of  xVpril,  and 
utterly  routed  antl  taken  prisoner.  Houston,  accord- 
in^'  to  his  own  report,  had  an  aggregate  force  of  7S3 
null.  The  contlict  lasted  about  twenty  minutes  from 
the  connnencenunit  of  close  action  till  the  Texans 
took  possession  of  the  enemy's  encam[)ment,  together 
with  a  lt)aded  jtiecej  four  stand  of  colors,  all  the  camj) 
etjuipage,  stores,  etc.     The  rout  began  about  half-past 


^^Tlipro  wore  80  or  80  volunteers  from  New  Orleans,  taken  in  Copnu'i,  hut 
not  lijiving  arms  in  their  poxsession,  they  were  not  luchKlcd  in  tlie  oi'cK'r  of 
exeLiition.  Thniil'x  J/is/.  '/W.,  '2M;  Xilfs'  /.V;/.,  1.  .SK);  Cftro,  I'rnl.  Iilro, 
l-'l  14;  Urren,  Camp,  de  Tcja-o,  13-19;  Filiso'a,  Mem.  Hid.  Gitcr.  Tija»,  ii. 
417  'JVt. 


172 


TEXAN  INDEPENDENCE. 


four  In  the  aftcnioou,  and  the  pursuit  continued  until 
tvvilij^ht. 

General  Houston  in  his  official  report  to  President 
Burnet  on  the  25th  of  April  states  that  the  Texan 
loss  was  two  killed  and  23  wounded,  of  whom  six 
ilicd.  Houston  himself  was  seriously  wounded,  and 
in  conse(iuence  General  T.  J.  Rusk  succeeded  him  in 
the  conunand.  The  enemy's  loss  he  sets  downatG;>0 
killed.  208  wounded,  and  730  {)risonurs.  Santa  Anna,*" 
General  Cos,  and  four  colonels,  aids  to  Sonta  Anna, 


SAN  JACINTO. 

A.  Huiistim'aCHmp. 
D.  nurlcatiii  a  ItrginiPnt 

r.   Artillrry  ari.l  it'-f!<il«ri. 
D.  Slimnaiia  HiKi'n'Ot' 
F.  Ul>iii<la  of  Timber.  i 

n.  Hniilft  Aiii):t'i  ('Mmp.        |J 
il.    Almontr'a  Pi^itHin.  \ 

1.  M-iiu  Ariny  uudcrSuita  , 
I 
.11 


Anna. 


c 


.v    .1 


.»lv  i:':r.v;'K',',wi;i: 


'^'iii^v!W|i!i;!;lv;tt:*:i;'|.:.;lvlvli:.:.:i^ 


,rViv;i;'vi 

,1 


./  .1 


IJArrLK-oiwirsi)  of  S^vx  Jacinto. 


one  of  whom  was  Colonel  Almonte,  were  includetl  in 
the  kitter  number. ^^     Thouijrh  the  numbers  that  took 


'"Santii  Anna  wns  liiililcn  in  the  grass  when  cai>turcd;  he  was  disguised  in 
a  inisoruiile  rustic  dress,  wearing  a  skin  cap,  round  jacket,  and  pantaloons  of 
bine  douiestio  cotton,  and  a  pair  of  coarse  soldier's  shoes. 

•'"Santa  Anna  was  taken  >>n  the  '21d  and  Con  on  the  24th.  There  won! 
captured  also  (iOO  muskets,  .300  sabres,  and  'JOO  pistols — a  largo  quantity  ' if 
anus  was  lost  in  tlie  morass  and  baj'ou— :U)0  valuable  mules  ami  100  line 
horses,  besides  other  valuables,  including  SI-.OOO  in  silver.  See  Hon  toifs 
rejjort  in  TliraH'.^  l/i.<i.  T'.ai't,  "JCi.l-.S;  /(/.,  in  Kciuiul!/'^  Tvxti./t,  ii.  'i-'_'  7; 
Lrxtrr'K  l/oiiKtuti,  10!)  ;{'.>:  Ihislamaiilr,  ]'<>z  df  la  i'atiia,  M^^.,  \i. '2-2A);  U'i/I- 
soii'm  Aiiicr.  //('.-•/.,  <»(»() -1 ;  L'aro,  \'<nl.  Iilcd,  18-45,  gives  Santa  Anna's  ver- 
sion of  the  atl'air,  with  comments  showing  the  absurdity  of  many  of  that  giii- 
eral's  stiitements.  Fdisola,  .I/chi.  /fist,  (fun:  Teja^,  ii.  4.V2  70,  gives  wiiliout 
conunents  Santa  Anna's  report  of  the  campaign,  from  Manga  de  Qavo,  March 
11,  1837. 


SANTA  ANNA  A  PRISONER 


178 


part  in  the  Uattlo  of  San  Jacinto  wore  insignificant  as 
c<)iui»arc'(l  with  those  in  other  engagements,  the  rtsnlt 
was  nioinentoiis  to  the  Texan  participants,  and  to  the 
young  repubhc,  whoso  independence  it  aecured. 

Santa  Anna's  hlb  was  now  in  grave  peril,  owing  to 
tlio  execution  of  Texans  effected  under  his  orders."'' 
To  save  himself  and  his  companions  ho  entered  into 
an  armistice  with  General  Houston,  preparatory  to 
anaugtnnents  looking  to  the  recognition  of  the  inde- 
jiendence  of  Texas.  He  accordingly  sent  a  written 
order  to  his  sec(»nd  in  command,  General  Filisola,  in- 
structinsj:  him  to  retreat  at  once,  which  was  done.^" 
Oil  the  I4th  of  the  following  ^fay  ho  signed  a  treaty 
with  David  G.  Burnet,  president  of  Texas,  binding 
himself  in  its  first  article  neither  to  take  up  arms  nor 
to  use  his  iiifhience  with  Mexico  to  induce  her  to  do 
so,  (luring  the  pending  contest  for  Texan  indepen- 
(leiico.  In  a  note  will  be  found  the  remaining  articles 
uf  this  convention.*"     There  was  also  a  secret  aijree- 

•'''  The  onslaught  at  San  Jacinto  had  been  made  to  the  cry  of  'Reincniber 
tlio  Alamo!' 

■'-  'I'ho  Mexican  army,  now  alwnt  4,000  strong,  looked  upon  Santa  Anna's 
(iiilois  as  invalid,  consoiiucnt  upon  his  agreement  liaviiig  hvi-v  extorted  from 
lii; II  while  in  duress.  Filisola,  liowever,  thought  otherwise, and  carried  thumout. 
Anniiynious  diary,  in  Urrea,  Diario,  01.  The  retreat  was  eflected  under  gi'eat 
(listrrss.  The  orders  had  reacimd  Filisola  Ajiril  'JStii  at  .San  llernardo. 
}lo:iyy  rnins  had  made  the  roads  almost  impassable,  and  the  artillery  became 
iiiii'('(i.  and  would  have  been  lost  but  for  Colonel  Ampudia's  great  exertions. 
'I'he  ]i;issage  of  the  Colorado  Mas  dilUcult.  Filisola  established  his  iicadquar- 
t.'is  at  (ioli.ids  to  obtain  supplies  by  sea  and  open  communications  with  the 
iiiteiior.  Urrea  with  his  (livision  returned  to  Matamoros.  Texan  cruisers 
sliiit  out  the  hoi)0  of  maritime  succor.  (loliails  was  therefore  evacuated 
i:i  ten  days,  aii(l  the  retreat  began  for  the  Kio  Graiule.  Mnillnr(rn  'Je.r., 
II 7- IS;  Kennedy's  Tvx.,  iii.  '2lii-2i  Filixola,  Mem.  Hint,  iiuci:  'l\j(u<,  ii. 
47()-!t!». 

■''  Art.  2.  Hostilities  between  Mexican  and  Texan  forces,  Iwth  on  land 
iiiid  watei',  shall  cease  immediately;  ,'}.  The  Mexican  troop.«i  uhall  evacuate  the 
'I'eMiii  territory,  passing  to  the  other  side  of  the  l?io  Crande  del  Norte;  4. 
The  Mexican  army 'in  its  retreat  sludl  not  take  any  private  property  without 
(jlitaiiiiii^  the  owner's  consent,  and  uuist  pay  a  just  indtniniticatioii;  .").  i'l'i- 
viite  pi'(i|iirty  taken  l)y  any  part  of  the  >lexican  army  since  tlie  invasion,  in- 
eluiliiig  negro  slaves  or  inilentured  persons  that  have  taken  refn^e  within 
iis  lines,  nuist  be  surrendereil;  0.  The  troops  of  both  armies  shall  refrain 
fii'iii  Loiniiig  into  ecmtact  with  each  other;  7.  The  Mexican  army  must  not 
ilcl:i_v  on  it<  retreat  longer  than  absolutely  necessary;  8.  This  agreement  to 
111' at  once  notified  to  gonerals  Filisola  and  liusk  for  its  full ilmenf;  0.  Texan 
pvisoncrs  ill  the  hnntls  of  the  Mexicans  to  be  released  at  once,  and  passports 
tmiiislicd  them  to  return  to  their  homes;  Tex.as  to  release  a  eorrespontUng 
number  of  Mexican  prisoners,  and  treat  the  remainder  witij  due  humanity; 


174 


TEXAN  INDEPENDEXCE. 


U! 


I 


ment  in  six  articles  intciidcd  to  pave  the  wa}'  for 
peace  and  the  recognition  by  Mexico  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  Texas.  Below  will  be  found  the  said 
articles." 

The  Mexican  congress  issued  a  manifesto"*  repudi- 
ating this  arrangement  and  exhorting  the  pe()[)le  to 
continue  the  war.  Nor  was  the  otlier  side  in  any 
way  satisfied  with  it.  The  Texan  secretary  of  war, 
(General  Lamar,  had  on  the  I'Jtli  protested  against 
any  treaty  being  made  with  Santa  Anna,  insisting 
that  he  should  be  treated  as  a  murderer.  However, 
after  the  treaties  were  signed  he  ac(|uiesced  in  them, 
and  afterward  vindicated  his  official  associates  when 
they  were  assailed  for  their  action  therein.  The 
Texan  army  was  greatly  dissatisfied  at  Santa  Anna's 
liberation,  and  resolutions  were  adopted  disapproviuij 
tlie  course  of  the  government.  A  few  days  after, 
when  Santa  Anna  was  already  on  board  iho  I, i  vincible , 
which  was  to  convey  him  to  Vera  Cruz,  two  vessels 
arrived  at  Velasco,  with  a  large  number  of  volunteers 
ruder  General  Thomas  Green,  who  insisted  on  his 

1 0.  '  (Jen.  Antonio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna  will  bo  scut  to  Vera  Cruz  as  soon  as 
it  sliall  1)0  ilecnicil  proper.'  Thrnll'K  Hint.  Texax,  '27(i-7;  FiUioln,  A'^^)•;'.^/'«^, 
li8-70;  Id.,  Mem.  Oner.  Teja-f,  i.2[)S-'M);  KciuiciIi/a  7V.i-.,  ii.  '2:V.\-'}. 

■''.Santa  Anna  solemnly  pledged  himself  to  fulfil  the  stipulations:  'Art. 
1.  Jlc  will  not  take  up  arms,  nor  causo  tliom  to  bo  takin  up,  (iiraiiist  the 
people  of  Texas,  during  tiic  present  war  of  independence;  '2.  He  will  give  or- 
ders that  in  the  shortest  time  possible  the  Mexican  tro  ps  leave  the  territory 
of  Texas;  3.  lie  will  so  prepare  matters  in  tlio  cabinet  of  Mexico  that  the 
niissiou  that  may  be  sent  thither  by  the  government  of  Texas  may  be  well  re- 
ceived.and  that  by  means  of  negotiations  all  dilFerenees  may  bo  settled,  and  tlio 
independence  that  has  been  declared  by  the  convention  may  be  acknowledged; 
•1.  A  treaty  of  conuty,  amity,  and  limits  will  bo  established  between  Mexico 
and  Texas,  the  territory  of  tlio  latter  not  to  extend  beyond  the  Rio  Uravo 
ilel  Norte;  5.  The  present  return  of  General  Santa  Amia  to  Vera  t'ruz  being 
iiidi>iiiensablc  for  the  purpose  of  cfTecting  his  solemn  engagements,  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tex.as  will  p;;i)Tiile  for  his  immediate  embarkation  for  said  port; 
(I.  This  instrument,  being  obligatory  on  one  part  as  well  as  on  the  other,  will 
lie  si'jned  in  duplicate,  lemaiiung  folded  and  sealed  until  the  negotiations 
pliall  have  been  conchuled,  when  it  shall  be  restored  to  his  excellency  <■!  u 
oral  Santa  Anna — no  uao  of  it  to  be  made  before  that  time  unless  tluro 
sliouhl  be  an  infi'action  by  either  of  the  contracting  pirties.'  The  fore;,'oiiiq- 
is  given  by  Thrall,  Hi-t.  '/'(■,;•., 'J77-8,  as  taken  t'p:i  Yoi'-kum,  ii.  app.  nn. 
5,  ,'t2S;  I'itrrn.  UiM.  Jidi'i'ii,  iii.  IU;i-14;  Z'lrco,  Hid.  CojKjrr^o,  i.  107  "i; 
,V/'A.<'  /'(■;/.,  Ixix.  yS;  /1h-<,  'iikiiiIc,  Mem.  Jlifl.  Me,\.,  MS.,  ii.  Sti-'J),  vi.  '.j'y-H; 
JiOa  /tidvi'iid,  li'criierilos,  r);{8-4l. 

*^0u  the  -jyth  of  July,  IbSO.  Mix.,  Muiti/.  Cnxj.  Ocn.,  1-20. 


RELEASE  OF  THE  TRISOXER. 


17S 


not  boing  allowed  to  sail.  President  Burnet,  in  view 
(if  tlie  situation,  caused  Santa  Anna  to  be  brouj^lit 
bai'k  on  shore,  against  his  strong  protest.  Some  cor- 
icspondence  passed  between  him  and  the  Texan  gov- 
(  iiiMient,  early  in  June,  arising  Irom  his  j)rotest 
iinniiist  violations  of  the  agreement.  The  latter  ex- 
I  hiiiK'd  that  it  had  been  out  of  its  power  to  avert  tlic 
iiilVingements  complained  of;  tlia';  it  had  been  at  all 
times  disposed  to  treat  the  Mexican  prisoners  kindly, 
and  to  show  Santa  Anna  every  consideration  con- 
visti'iit  with  his  safety  and  the  ])oor  facilities  at  its 
disposal.'"  Santa  Amia  was  now  kept  in  close  con- 
liiifiiient  until  after  the  meeting  of  the  Texan  congress. 
Ill  duly  he  addressed  himself  to  the  president  of  the 
United  States,  askin<jf  for  his  mediation  to  brinuf  about 
a  settlement  of  the  question  between  Texas  and  Mex- 
ico. President  Jackson  answered  that  he  could  not 
art  in  the  matter,  as  the  Mexican  minister  had  noti- 
fied the  American  cabinet  that  his  government  would 
not  I'ecognize  in  Santa  Anna  any  authority  to  act  in 
its  name  while  a  ))risoner.  He  was  finally  released'^ 
and  taken  to  the  United  States. 

The  fate  of  the  "illustrious  prisoner  of  San  Jacin- 
to"'^ was  otlicially  heard  of  in  Mexico  January  II, 
1  ■!:>7,  when  the  government  by  a  letter  from  tlie 
Mexican  consul  in  Xew  Orleans  was  inf)rmed  that 
.Santa  Anna,  according  to  his  <lesj)atc]i  to  that  oUicial, 
liad  been  generously  liberated  by  the  Texans  and  had 
jiroceeded  to  Washington,  whence  ho  had  gone  to  a 
iinitheni  port  of  the  United  States  to  embark  for 
\r\\i  (!ruz.'^ 

Oil  liis  arrival  there,  about  the  2;3dof  February,  he 


'"■.v;w  /?.';/..  li.  I'.ti. 

■'•On  the  npplicaiioii  of  Andrew  Jaeksitu,  presitleut  of  the  Uiiitotl  Status. 
FuoIi-'m  Ti-.i-.,  ii.  .'U!l. 

•'Mlis  gdvernnuiiit  calls  him  so  iiia  circular.    Ilin ra,  Hisf.  Jalu/in,  iii.  'Ml. 

"'  llio  iiniiDuncfiiicnt  was  cclcbratcil  iii  .Mexico  witli  ilonion  .ttatiniis  of 
joy,  ami  the  Mad;  crapo  was  iciiioveil  from  tlir>  national  colors.  It  was 
tlioii  ;lit  strange  that  .Santa  Anna  sliouhl  speak  of  'I'cxan  L,'ciiero.'-ity  alter  IvinL; 
Inr-hly  treated,  even  Ji  jiistol  licing  lii'til  .-it  him  while  iu  prison.  Uasla- 
MiuiU;  Voz  ik  la  rutria,  M.S.,  xii.  11-13,  47-!54. 


m 


TEX/^\  IXDEPEXDENCE. 


^(1 


i 


I 


M 


mn 


was  roc(i\X'(l  witli  presidcnitlal  honors,  after  whU-h  lio 
retired  to  his  estate  of  Maiijj^a  de  (.'hivo.  It  was  suj)- 
j)os(.'d  that  his  visit  to  \Vaslii>i;^'ton  liad  l)eoii  for  tlu; 
j)ur[)oso  of  cnteriiij^  into  some  eonve'ntion,  luit  this 
was  made  to  appear  unl'ounded.*'  Beinn^  well  aware 
of  his  loss  of  ])opularity,  Santa  Anna  on  the  4th  <»(' 
]\[areh  sioiiified  his  resolution  to  retire  to  private  life."' 
But  on  the  9th  of  that  month  he  took  the  oath  as  a 
^lexican  uj'eneral  to  support  the  government  under 
the  existiiiijf  regime. 

The  Mexican  i^overmnetit  was  apparently  in  carnivt 
about  contiiuiini^  its  exertions  to  hrinj^  Texas  under 
Hubjeetion.  Lari^e  bodies  of  troops  were  des|)at<*hc  I 
at  the  end  of  IS'AG  to  reenforee  the  expeditionary 
army,  (leneral  Filisola  was  superseded  by  Urrea, 
and  the  latter,  shortly  after,  by  Ih-avo.  Ettorts  were 
made  to  awaken  the  peopli''s  patriotism,  and  souh- 
])i'ivate  jiarties  aided  with  their  means;  but  for  all 
such  elforts,  the  war  henceforth  was  a  very  passive 
one.  It  would  have  been  a  wise  i)oli('y  to  have  recot,^- 
nized  Texan  independence  and  made  peace,  which 
would  have  saved  Mexico  fi'om  greater  troubles  in  tin' 
near  future,  lint  that  policy  was  not  adopted,  and 
the  Texan  war  became  a  farcer  and  a  ]»arty  weapon. 

In  May  IH'.VJ  Bernard  E.  Bee  arrived  from  the 
United  States  at  Vera  Cruz,  conmiissioned  by  the 
TexivU  government  to  treat  with  Mexico  for  the  in 
dependence  of  Texas.  The  governuient,  however,  re- 
fusetl  to  receive  ]5oe,  and  simjtly  instructed  Victoriji, 
then  comandante  general  at  Vera  Cruz,  to  hold  private 
coniVirences  with  him  and  ascertain  the  real  object  nt' 
his  visit;  if  the  independence  of  Texas  was  asked  for, 
ho  Avas  to  make  him  reend)ark  at  once.  Bee  after 
exchan''in<j  some  m^tes  with  Victoria  returnetl  to  the 


^''A  fiovernmoiit  circular  m.ido  it  known  that  lie  Imd  frankly  and  positive- 
ly statt'il  ill  ticspatclic's  tliat  he  had  unteri'd  into  no  treaty,  capitulation,  i>v 
fngaj^enient  whatever  which  in  any  luanuer  M'as  l)indiuL;  on  Mexico,  or  injuri- 
ous to  her  lionor  or  the  national  territory.   Ai'rUlwja,  I'vcop.,  IS'.i'.  I"J4. 

'■'  'J'his  intention  he  repeated  July  7tli,  iu  a  letter  whicii  was  published  iu 
the  '  Corruo  '  and  other  journals. 


AN  AOdUKSSIVK  rr.OVINCK. 


177 


Unito(l  Stat(>s.  ])urin<^  tlu'  same  \vi\v  tlic  Toxans 
wolf  c'lidfavoiiMg  to  tonii  'I'cxas  and  somo  of  tlio 
iKirtluTM  status  of  jMcxico  into  a  North  Moxioan  w- 
jiiiMic,  uuil  there  were  not  wantinj^  men  in  these  state:^ 
lioldiniuf  similar  views.*'" 

In  IS40  the  Texan  <jjovornnR'nt,  while?  discountc- 
iianriiii^  raids  into  Mexico,  such  as  tliat  of  Coloml 
]aoss,  ( lainuHl  that  the  territory  of  tlic  new  rcpuhhe 
rxtcndoil  heyond  the  river  Nueces  to  the  Hio  'Jrande, 
;is  had  been  tixed  by  her  tirst  congress,  and  Cohjiul 
('i)ok  was  ordered  there  with  a  force  of  rcijfuhirs  to 
j.rotect  tlio  Itoiuuhiry.*"  In  the  same  year  the  Texan 
navy  had  already  heu;un  to  assume  proportions ;  its 
olliccrs  had  served  in  the  American  and  other  national 
navies.  It  heijfan  hostilities  against  Mcxi«;an  com- 
merce in  Aujjfust,  war  vessels  appearini^  before  Mexi- 
can ports.  Its  men  could  land  wheresoever  they 
jiicasc'd,  and  its  cruisers  after  a  while  ap[)roacheil  A'^era 
('ruz.  Finally  the  Texan  government  made  that  of 
Mrxico  understand  that  if  the  indeitendence  of  Texas 
v.as  not  recognized  within  a  given  j)eriod,  the  potts 
(f  ^^exico  would  be  blockaded  and  her  territorv  in- 
vndcd.  The  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  having  seceded 
I'lMUi  [Mexico,  admitted  and  saluted  in  its  ports 
Tt  xan  war  vessels,  and  looked  to  them  for  aid.  In 
IS4"J  they  rendered  assistance  to  Yucatan,  which  con- 
tiil)uted  to  their  support."* 

Karly  in  1 84 1  the  Mexican  forces  on  the  Texas  fron- 
lit  r  amounted  to  about  2,200  men,  besides  the  troops 
iit  Matamorosand  San  Luis  I^otosi."'  Cleneral  Arista 
was  ])reparing  for  a  cami)aign  in  Texas.  The  Texans, 
on  their  side,  began  to  move  u[)on  the  Mexican  IVon- 

"-Tlie  Mexican  government  beconiuiij aware  of  it,  a  law  wan  pasaod  dcflar- 
iii„'  liny  overt  act  in  that  direction  to  lie  liigli  trca.soii,  piinislialile  as  hucIi. 
JUrifti,  lli.<l.  JnldiKi,  iii.  4'2S. 

'■' Some  troops  of  Arista's  having  shown  themselves  on  the  Nueces,  tlie 
'IVxiiiis  prepareil  to  fight.  New  Mexico  was  jiuiccd  under  martial  law  liy  the 
Mexican  authorities,  because  it  had  been  invaded  by  Texans.   /</.,  iii.  440. 

'■'In  September  1,S4I  Colonel  Peraza  was  sent  to  'I'exas  as  uiinister  of 
Viu'iitiin  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  friendsliip  and  alliance  against  .Mexico. 

"'They  were  sbitioned  at  ditferent  convenient  places,  and  were  provided 
witli  artillery.   IHrrra,  Hint.  Jalapa,  iii.  olii-lU.  520. 
UiHT.  M£X.,  Vol.  V.    la 


178 


TKXAX  IXDEPEXDKNCK. 


tior  under  jcfcncruls  Houston,  Cilrccn,  and  Barton.  Tn 
Scptcndifi'  lariLjc  liodie.s  of  Tcxans  appeared  in  Now 
.^^exieo,  the  cliief  ones  in  tlie  i*ana<la  «l(!  Trujillo,  and 
on  the  hanks  of  the  l\'cos.  A  tew  trilliu!^  encoun- 
ters took  pUico  with  the  ^Mexicans  undur  (iareia 
Conde.'* 

In  the  midst  of  his  labors,  President  Tiarra_l,^^u  was 
attaeke<l  hy  a  putrid  fever,  whieli  put  an  end  to  hi ; 
hfe  on  the  1st  of  starch,  hSIU!.  ilis  death  was  uni- 
ve!sally  re^'retted,  and  his  political  (Jirors  eondoninl 
evi-n  hy  the  most  advanci^d  lilterals  in  consideration 
of  his  u^ood  p(>rsonal  traits,  ami  patriotic  services,  es- 
l)ecially  that  of  capturin;jf  San  .Juan  de  IJh'ia."' 

Owinuf  to  ({eneral  ll'irrat^an's  illness,  tlui  chamher 
of  dej)uties,  on  the  '27th  of  February,  IHIJO,  chose 
Josd  Justo  Corro,  of  Ouadalajara,  to  iill  the  [)ositioii 
of  actinuf  president.  Corro  was  called  to  ^t^overn  the 
nation  at  a  time  when  it  was  beset  with  tj'oubles  both 
internal  and  external,  and  showeil  himself  iMitirely 
untit  for  so  responsible  a  jxtsition.  Ho  was  a  man  of 
exooKsivo  piety  "^  and  timidity,  and  utterly  ij^niorant 
of  military  alfairs,  v/hon  the  country  mit^ht  havo  to 
bring  into  use  at  any  moment  its  resources  and  ener- 
H'ii.'s  in  a  war  with  the  United  States  on  the  Texas 
(question. 

Amid  the  confusion  in  the  interior  a  ]  in  of  'con- 
cordia,'  as  it  was  called,  was  brou«^ht  forward  in  June, 

•^''' Iii.Tniio  1S41  an  exiicditioii,  goneniUy  known  as  tlio  SaiitiiFt'  expedition, 
liiul  sUirti'il  from  the  neighlnnliooil  of  (Jeorgotown  on  lini.sliy  to  ocuupj  Xcw 
Mexico  Jinil  iniliice  tlic  people  there  to  nnite  witli  the  'l"ex:uis.  It  hud  a  dis- 
asti'(»u.s  terniiniition,  most  of  tlie  men  bein;;  either  killed  or  taken  prisoner-! 
I'.nd  curried  to  Mexico,  where  tliey  languished  sonio  time  in  pri.son.  'I'lay 
Were  linally  releimed,  which  allayed  the  excitement  of  the  people  of  Te.;:n 
who  wanted  to  invade  Mexico.  Mi'.<\,  JJcirchu  Intern.,  'M  pt,  'SM;  ThraWi 

•■'  Jiurragan  l)efore  his  death  made  a  whimsical  disposition  of  his  remains; 
one  jiortion  was  to  he  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Mexico;  the  eyes  were  ho- 
(jucuthed  to  the  N'ulle  del  Maiz,  his  birthplace;  the  heart  to  (iuaduhijani; 
the  entrails  to  other  places;  the  tongue  to  San  Juan  de  Ulna.  It  is  umici- 
stood  that  ho  died  jioor.  The  funeral  was  on  a  scale  of  great  magnilicence, 
th'.!  clergy  manifesting  their  sorrow  at  his  loss.  Arrillwid,  Jt<co]>.,  l!s;t(i,  .Ian. 
-.June,  '2~-l~i>;  Jiustamaiitc,  Vozile  la  I'atri'i,  MS.,  xi.  i)-'JO. 

•^ One  of  the  most  devout  lawyers  in  the  repuljlic.  His  election  wus  a 
severe  blow  to  the  eacoceses.  and  the  forerunner  of  tlieir  losa  of  iuUueuce  »ii 
the  govcninjcut.  Mora,  Obrcts  SiidUi-i,  i.  p.  cclxxvi. 


COIinOS  ADMIXIsTRATIOX. 


170 


at  Pnc'l»la.  Corro's  LjovcrmiH'iit  iMisooiistnied  tlio 
(•((luiliatoiy  jnupost's  of  its  authors;®*  tlioiiiL^h  it  uiust 
hi'  {•(tiil'ossi'd  that  uikUt  ihv   (•iivimistaiicL's  the  plan 


was  an   mipi'ai 


ticahl 


u  (»iie 


T\ 


It'  a<ritati<)ii  was  sdhh-- 


wliat  allayed  hy  the  ivtuiii  I'loin  oxilo  of  Anastasio 
lliistaiiiaiitc,  on  whom  the  jJoopK;  boj^iii  to  turn  their 
eyes  I'or  their  next  jiresideiit. 

Diniiit;  Corro's  adininistration   in      i'.'i?  the  j)o|>e 


dtl 


rM( 


the  u 


iKler 


it'co^nizeu  the  niilependenee  ol  .Mexico,  on 
standing  that  anti-et'clesiastieal  laws  had  been  le- 
|naled,  the  pope  proniisiiit^  to  accredit  an  internuncio, 
as  tlu!  |)overty  of  th<!  holy  see  did  not  permit  of  his 
stiidiiii;'  an  (»iiicial  of  hi^du'r  raidv.  The  internuncio 
was  to  he  comfortahly  snj>[)orted  hy  the  Mexican 
i:(t\ernment.  Corro  is  said  to  have  been  greatly 
jtleased  by  so  much  eomlescension  on  the  jiait  of 
tlu!  j>t)jie.  The  sanu  j'ar  tlu;  admiral  coi.imandini^ 
llie  Fn^nch  forces  in  the  Antilles  visited  ^'exico 
1>»  make  reelanuitions,  which    if  n(.»t  irranted   nuLfht 


liave 


led  t 


t)  war. 


71 


The  financial  affairs,  hko  the  political,  were  in  the 
Worst  possible  state.  Money  had  to  be  borrowed  on 
tlio  most  onerous  terms.  The  army,  not  beint^  l>aid 
v.itli  rei^'ularity,  sought  oidy  ])i'om()tion  and  hon(trs, 
cariu''  little  for  the   eountrv's  t^ood  name  or  iieace. 

O  I/O  1 

The  people,  instead  of  progressing,  were  sinking 
(!i'('])er  into  the  slough  of  ignorance  and  superstition. 
Such  were  the  circumstances  ol'the  ^[(jxlcan  republic 
when   JJustanuintc    was    elected    president."'      Coi'ro 

'•'•'Tlio  oIiii.'f  object  Wiis  to  proinoto  llie  uiium  of  iiai^tics.  TIic  govcniiiu'iit 
I*  il  it  was  intcnileil  to  form  ii  new  [i  irty  to  woi  k  ii;_'iiiiist  SaiilJi  Anna  .'^nil 


ji(lininistration.   IHi: 


Hist.    J(l 


MS. 


xi.  -JK-.SO. 


"t" 


in. '2'.)\   -l-' JUtstiuii'.iiiti;   IVc  -/•  /i 


Im 


"'ManiU'I  Diczde  I'onilla,  the  Mi'xican  niini-itiT  of  foriM.^'n  rclatiup^.  In. I 
•u  iiCL'veilitcil  an  jjU'iiipotcntiary  to  tin;  papal  court  to  mnko  un  aivan.i^e- 
iDL'iit  on  Miiiritual  alt'airs,  A  coiiy  of  liis  letter  from  ItiMuc,  datc'l  Nov.  ;>0, 
\'^M,  tu  his  (lupartmcnt,  kivcs  (Ictail;^  of  lii.s  M'iji'|iti<pns  liy  tho  pope,  iifi.'i>tia- 
ti.iiis,  ptc.  J/ocrt,  C>/(r«.'<  .S'»(/^/.-(,  i.  p.  cilxxxiv. -viii.;  .1/ 


",/", 


/;. 


I'o/J. ,  I  S."!7, 


\''>'.i  4;  Buhtamante,  I'oz  de  In  J'af/i'i,  MS.,  xiii.  M  '.Ni;  Itivora,  Ui«l.  Jal<(/'i  , 
it.  ;!'Ji),  anil  others  also  furnish  infoiniation  on  tlio  snlijoot. 

''Corro's  government  published  a  pompous  manifesto,  hut  in  their*  .>su- 
liniousnesH  i;o  the  ii(hniral  Bliowed  that  they  were  under  the  inliueiice  of  fear. 
IHnra,  Qjh.  dc  Mi. v.,  ii.  204. 

'■The  electoral  votci  were  as  follows:  for  Bustamunto,  o7;  for  Gomez  I'c- 


I 


I! 


H 


III 


If 
ji 

.'r 

l!   -    . 
f    ''    ■ 

M  :    ■ 

I    ■ 


: 


*:5l,[ 


If 


IcSO 


TEXAN  n;  DEPENDENCE. 


surrciiclcrcil  tlio  cxocutivo  authority  on  the  10th  of 
April,  1837,"  iicvor  again  to  appear  in  puWic  hfo. 
His  rule  had  hoon  one  of  the  nio«t  injurious  to  Mexico 
in  every  sense  of  the  word.'* 

President  Bustaniantc  encountered  from  the  first 
a  nuniher  of  ohstacles  dearly  indicating  how  dithcult 
it  would  be  to  sustain  himself  in  power  for  the  term 
of  eight  years  for  which  he  had  been  elected.  The 
promises  of  his  inaugural  address"  were  received 
by  tlu"  nation  at  large  with  indiit'erence.  Acts,  not 
tlieories,  were  wanted.  The  liberal  masses  had  been, 
however,  buoyed  up  with  hopes  that  the  new  admin- 
istration would  really  endeavor  to  carry  out  an  en- 
lightened course;  but  they  were  disappointed  from 
the  lirst,  as  soon  as  the  names  of  the  ministers  called 
to  form  the  cabinet  became  known,'*^  for  the  reason 
that  they  belonged  to  the  ranks  of  the  aristocracv  and 
intolerance.  Luis  (lonzaga  Cuevas,  the  minister  <if 
relations,  as  a  creature  of  Liicas  Alaman,  was  gener- 
ally looked  upon  with  distrust;  Manuel  de  la  Peiia  y 

tliaza,  G;  Bravo,  .S;  Santa  Anna,  2.  K\hii'  liaj.,  lii.  49;  ArrlUnr/n,  liii-o/i., 
]S;J7,  .'TOO-I ;  J)iililun  nud  Lozuiio,  Ln/.  Mcr.,  iii.  'M'.i;  Bustamntite,  Gabiinti' 
Mcx.,  i.  l-:{;  /(/.,  Voz  de.  la  I'nirin,  MS.,  xii.  117-KS. 

'^C.  M.  JUistauKiiite  cU'S(;ril)es  the  act,  a  Idiiii:;  tliat  among  the  per.sons 
vho  tendered  the  now  president  their  conj^ratidations  was  A<lnural  La  Wvr 
tonniere,  who  did  it  in  the  most  eourtly  I'linch,  and  was  answered  in  tin' 
same  langua>;(  ,  the  Mexicans  heiiiL,'  nuich  dcligliteil  at  having  a  ))rcsi(lciit 
'(jno  jnidiera  pedir  los  garvanzosen  trances  eonio  frnto  de  su  estaila  en  I'.iris.' 
It  is  well  to  say  here  that  this  author  had  undergone  a  eliange  of  feeling  t(i\\ 
ard  the  pre.sident  at  the  time  of  Miiting.  Tliu  merits  of  liiistaniante's  lir.-t 
administration  belonged  to  the  ministers,  the  blunders  of  the  adniinistratiii;i 
now  beginning  were  the  president's  own.  Gabiiutc  Mcx.,  i.  'J;  It/.,  MS.,  ii. 
1-4. 

"  His  ministers  were  the  following:  of  relations,  .Tos(5  'M.  Ortiz  Monastcrio, 
oficial  mayor  in  charge;  of  justice,  Joaquin  de  Iturbide,  oticial  mayor  in 
charge;  of  liaeicr.da,  Kafael  Mangino,  Feb.  'Jl  to  Sept.  "JO,  IS.'ili,  Ignacio  .\la-, 
Sept.  -Jl  to  Dec.  18,  IS.'W,  Jost5  M.  Cervantes,  Dec.  I'J  to  Ap.  1!»,'KS;]7,  ad  ii, 
tcrini;  of  war,  Jost'i  M.  Tornel.  Feb.  '27,  \S'M\.  to  Ap.  18.  1S.'{7,  Ignacio  dd 
Corr.d,  Ap.  IS  to  April  10,  KS;;7.  M'.,:,M())i.  Ildcnwla,  1870,  lO.TM. 

'■"To  pur.sno  an  enlightened  policy;  to  promot;;  the  well  being  of  the  ])cn- 
]ilo  as  the  soui'co  of  all  political  jiower;  and  to  see  that  justice  was  inlle:;ibiy 
tiwarded,  without  fear  or  favor.  Rirmi,  Ooh.  de  Mi'.v.,  ii.  '207;  Xd"s'  J'';/., 
lii.  '204.  The  congress  before  which  the  new  president  was  inaugurated 
closed  its  session  on  the  '24th  of  May,  and  reopened  it  on  the  Istof  JiiU'. 
Jlii^foindiife,  (luhiriete  Mex.,  i.  l."i-17;  Id.,  MS.,  i.  4i-.'{. 

'"IJustanianto  has  it  that  tlio  appointments  were  well  received  by  tl'.c 
public.  /(/.,  3-4. 


A  NEW  ADMINISTRATION. 


181 


Peua,  minister  of  justico  and  ecclesiastical  aftairs,  was 
a  fanatic  in  rclii^ion  belongin;^  to  the  most  moderate 
\\\\\<X  of  the  liberal  party,  and  had  lieM  inn)ortant  })o- 
sitit)ns  under  the  colonial  government;  Joaquin  J^c- 
hrija,  minister  of  the  treasury,  was  considered  incom- 
petent for  the  position;  and  Mariano  Michelcna, 
called  to  fill  the  portfolio  of  war  and  navy,  was  almost 
unknown  to  the  army." 

On  the  8th  of  May  the  list  of  the  members  elected 
to  form  the  *su~premo  poder  conservador '  was  j^ub- 
lished.  It  was  as  follows:  Justo  Corro,  Rafael  !Man- 
gino,  Jose  Ignacio  Espinosa,  Francisco  Taglo,  and 
( k'ueral  Melchor  Muzquiz,  The  suplentes  were  Cirilo 
(lomez  Anaya,  Jose  Maria  Bocanegra  and  Carlos 
^[ari'a  Bustamante,'^  The  body  was  organized  with 
General  Muzquiz  as  president  and  Tagle  as  secretary. 

Shortly  after  the  inauguration  of  tlie  new  govcrn- 
iiiont  the  news  came  that  the  Spanish  court  had 
lornially  recognized  the  independence  of  Mexico'''  in 
a  treaty  concluded  at  Madrid  between  the  minister  of 
foreign  affairs,  Calatrava,  and  the  Mexican  pleni[)o- 
tcntiary,  ^Miguel  Santa  Maria,  on  the  '2Sth  of  Decem- 
ber, 1S3G.^^  With  the  sanction  of  the  Mexican  c(mi- 
gross,  on  May  1,  1837,  the  executive  ratih'ed  the  treaty 
(111  the  3d,  together  with  a  secret  article  binding 
.Mexico  not  to  allow  the  fitting-out  of  cx[)editions, 
nor   the    planning   of  schemes  within  her  territory 

"A  list  of  the  ministers,  ami  the  time  eacii  of  tlioni  hfld  office,  may  liu 
seen  in  Mi'x.,  Mem.  Ildcknila,  1870,  WM  .">. 

'''Owin;,'  to  Espiuosa's  ileatli  ami  Coiro's  absence,  (".  .M.  liustannuite  early 
entcrcil  the  body  as  ail  active  member.   Arnlhi'id,  I'lro/i.,  ISliT,  Ml. 

''•* Since  Auijust  'S.SO  orders  had  been  issued  to  discontinue  all  acts  ui' 
liostility  against  Spain  and  lior  subjects.  liutOtmaiifc,  I'd-  dc  hi  J'atnii,  .MS., 
xi.  47.  A  <lecreo  of  Decend)er  l."»,  IS.'Jd,  pei-mitted  Spanish  vessels  to  entei' 
Mixican  ports,  and  to  receive  all  neeilcd  assistance,  but  they  were  not  to  lly 
their  colors.  Arrilhuj'i,  liccop.,  18:U),  July   Dee.,  !!(.')-(»,  .SO'J  4. 

'■''The  treaty  was  ono  not  only  of  recoynitiou  of  Mexico  as  .m  independent 
niition  with  uU  the  territory  she  then  possessed,  liut  also  of  amity,  commerce, 
inid  navigation  on  the  basis  of  the  most  favored  nations.  Art.  4tii  stipulated 
tiiat  at  !>n  early  date  the  two  powers  would  negotiate  a  special  treaty  of  com- 
iiicice  on  terms  of  mutual  benellt,  which  was  done,  rfistdnntiitr,  didiim-ir, 
Mir.,  N;s.,  i,  9-1'J,  184-7;  Alaiiidu,  Hi-^t.  Mij.,  v.  Sd.VO;  Arrilhcia,  /'im/i., 
iii'uS,  07-73,  30li-7-;  JJuUan and Lozano,  Ltj.  Mcx.,  iii.  aSb-'Jl,  4GJ-5,  o'M". 


■i'i 


v, . 


182 


TEX  AX  INDEPENDENCE. 


!  i 


■:  !  il 


ar^aiiist  the  Spanisli  possessions  in  tlie  Xew  World. 
The  treaty  was  subsequently  ratified  by  S[)aiii,  ami 
beeame  a  law  in  Mexico  February  28,  1838. 

About  two  year.-i  afterward,  on  the  IDtli  of  Decem- 
ber, 1839,  the  first  Spanish  minister  })lenipotentiary 
accredited  to  the  Mexican  government,  Angel  Cal- 
deron  de  la  Barca,*'^  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  on  the  war 
brig  Jason,  and  his  reception  was  most  cordial. 

The  political  parties  hitherto  existing  under  the 
names  of  yorkinos,  escoceses,  lil)erales,  progresistas, 
and  retr6grados  now  organized  themselves  into  two 
great  parties,  known  resj)ectively  as  federalists  and 
centralists,  the  latter  being  strong  in  the  ca])itals  and 
other  })arts  where  the  clergy  and  army  had  inthiencc, 
and  the  former  in  [)laces  where  the  fallen  system  hail 
created  many  interests  and  asjiirations.  This  party 
was  much  strenfjthened  by  the  accession  of  some  mili- 
tary  otHcers  of  good  repute  for  courage  and  ability. 

This  second  administration  of  Bustamante  comparers 
unfavorably  with  his  lirst,  as  regai'ds  res[)ectability, 
foreign  credit,  and  success  in  promoting  ])ul)lic  pros- 
perity, but  was  superior  in  its  manner  of  using  the 
supreme  authority,  which  was  moderate  and  \vithi:i 
legal  bounds.  Kestricted  as  the  [)resident  was  by 
constituti(;nal  checks,  even  from  proposing  measuri  s 
to  congress,  or  returning  for  reconsideration  such  a-; 
the  cluunbcrs  had  enacted,  he  seemed  to  be  guided  by 
no  well  dellned  policy,  which  was  owing  in  a  grc;it 
measure  to  the  fact  that  he  had  not  the  uniform  co- 
operation of  his  ])arty. 

Soon  after  l^ustamante  assumed  ]iower,  revolt-; 
broke   out   in  several  i)arts  of  the  rejudjlic,  *'- whicli, 

^' A  lUMisioned  kii' ;ht  of  tlio  onlor  of  Carlos  .IIT.,  coiiinuiiuk'r  of  tli;it  of 
Isnbi'l  l;i  I'atolit-a,  iiiiil  of  tlic  Xoapolitaii  onlor  of  Cuiistaiitino.  Oiiu  of  tlu 
(jiiOLni's  fii't'ivtaii(.'S,  ami  a  inciiilie/ of  her  council,  CaKlci'oii  liail  also  a  ikiiiio 
in  tlio  world  of  IcttcM.  J!ir(i;i,  Hist,  ./(('iiiki,  iii,  4_'l ;  A'i'cs'  AV'/.,  Iviii.  .'H. 
}li^  arriv.il  in  Mexico  city  was  on  the  iJ4tliof  J>cc.  linnlUinaiiU',  Oahiiufc  M(.i;, 
i.  '_'!.-). 

^'  Ugavtc  and  E^tcvau  Mocler.uma  lieaded  insurrections  in  San  Luis  I'otosi 
and  liio  N'erdc.     The  latter  was  killed,  and  tho  foiinci-   ca[JitiiluLed  under 


TROUBLES  AT  HOME  AND  ADUOAD. 


1S3 


thoujT^h  qiU'Ilt'd,  kt-pt  the  public  j)uaco  oonstantly  dis- 
turlu'd,  a  c()iKliti<Jii  of  things  uuulc  still  worse  l>y  the 
petitions  of  several  military  organizati(jns  in  I'avor  of 
a  change  in  the  system  of  government.  The  admin- 
istration  was  thus  beset  by  internal  troubles  when  it 
iieedetl  entii'c  ireedom  to  devote  its  whole  attention 
to  the  Texan  war,  and  to  the  relations  with  France, 
which  were  in  a  very  strained  condition,  the  latter 
p(tw('r  having  lately  uttered  threats  against  ^lexico.'^ 

The  alarms  from  which  some  portions  of  the  coun- 
try sutl'ered  were  not  wholly  })olitical.  Nature  also 
added  to  the  distress  with  heavy  uarthc|uakes  and 
other  calamities.*^* 

The  national  treasury  was  cm]ity,  and  there  was  no 
means  of  re}»lenishing  it,  or  even  of  jjrocuring  money 
to  meet  the  most  pressing  demands.  Direct  tax- 
ation was  tried  and  i'ailed,  private  projiert}'  being 
excessively  encumbered  already.  The  only  estates 
exempt  from  heavy  burdens  were  those  of  the  church, 
and  hence  the  necessity  <jf  mortgaging  them  began 
to  gi'ow  ])opular.  At  the  time  the  cabinet  was 
formed,  much   had  been  expected   from  the  minister 

tln'  most  fiivoralilo  trrins.  But  to  att.iin  tliose  ends  the  govcrnmont  \\:\'\  to 
call  tiu(i]).s  from  otlicr  (lopai'tiuciits.  ami  even  tlioso  coiiuentrate  I  at  .Mata- 
iiKirus  for  tlie  Ti'xiiii  caiiipaign.  Tliure  were  distuibancus  also  iii  Xi'W 
Mexico,  SoiHii'a,  anil  elsewhere,  ami  attoiiipt.-f  to  lireak  the  peace  in  Mexico, 
rtulila,  ( Juanajuato,  and  otlier  places.  Aiidraile,  liirvL,  l-7li;  Jil.,  Crtliiir. 
LvijdI.  I -'21;  FiH.-<nl'i,  Mem.  IliM.  (liiir.  Tij'iA,  \.  .")07,  ii.  -(>-ISti;  hnr.,  J^r/nr- 
Kii'j.,  ill  ]>in(iif,  Col.  J)o<\,  1~1(»;  Piiinrt,  ('i>l.  hnr.  Sn,i.,  ii.  -'Til-.'WL',  SOil-iO; 
Mir..Siijil.  1)1  ffio  i!ol).,  l44-.")7;  />ii.-i(iniaiifi\  (talnin  Ic  Mi  .v.,  i.  5  10,  17,  o.'!- 
."lu;  y /.,  MS.,  iii.  a-7,  07  SI,  10!»-l(t;  /(/.,  \'(,z  (h  it  Puiri't,  MS.,  xii.  S.i, 
■SI  •_',  ll.'!-17;  /(/.,  Menu  JitMux  ()hiJ(U,  IS;  Liuntlir.dr,  in  So<\  Mix.  (t'lin). 
JlJif.,  iii.  i:V2. 

*■'  I'Var.s  being  entertained  of  foreij,'n  aggressions  on  tlio  coast,  foreigners 
Were  under  the  strictest  surveillance. 

'■'On  the  1st  of  Aug.  1S.'{7,  a  very  heavy  shock  wa.s  felt  in  >[exico.  The 
night  liefore  a  shock  did  some  ihimago  in  \'era  Cruz.  Again,  Nov.  "Ji'd, 
a  hliock  in  Mexico  lasted  more  than  live  minutes,  and  did  very  serious  dam- 
age to  .some  of  the  strongest  buildings,  including  the  cathedral  ami  several 
oilier  churches.  It  was  felt  throughout  the  rciiuMic.  Shortly  befon- about 
r.20  hliocks  had  beun  experienced  in  .Aeapulc.i,  wliicli  destroyeil  a  part  of  tho 
town.  Mild  forced  the  pi^ople  to  abamlon  it.  This  was  snon  followed  by 
lui  i|ii(lemio  that  killed  millions  of  lish  on  liolh  sias.  The  government 
fidnpteil  measures  to  prevent  the  sale  of  allected  lisli  from  Tampico.  A  great 
tlond  in  the  Itio  (Irande  did  much  damage.  A'/A.<'  AV;/. ,  Hi.  4l)"J;  Jlnitmw  itc, 
Cnhiihii'  Mix.,  i.  'JO  7,  -ll-o;  /(/.,  MS.,  iii,  114-17;  Jal.  Xut.  0<i>j.,  in  .SW, 
Mex.  Ucoij.  Bold.,  vi.  314. 


1 

1 

n| 

m 

1 

mmmm 


■■Mi 


IM 


TEXAN  IXDEPEXDENCE. 


id'  the  treasury,  but  lie  accoini)lisliecl  notliiug,  and 
meantime  the  expenditures  <(reatly  exceeded  the  re- 
ceipts. ]lumor  succeeded  rumor,  each  as  false  as  the 
prece(Hn|i(  one,  but  all  containing  a  little  grain  of 
truth  as  to  the  })resident's  views  in  favor  of  a  change 
of  system.  His  vacillation  at  last  displeased  the 
ministers,  and  they  resigned  in  a  body  on  the  14th  of 
October.  It  was  reported  that  the  president  wanted 
the  federation  restored,  and  the  agitation  was  very 
great.  At  last,  a  few  days  later,  he  appointed  a  new 
cabinet  as  follows:  Jose  Antonio  Romero,  of  relations; 
Jose  Maria  liocanegra,  of  hacienda;  Ignaeio  Moray 
Villamil,  of  war,  and  ad  interim  of  justice.^'* 


'■■'  Honiero's  appoiiitiiicnt  displeased  the  opposition.  Indeed,  though  tho 
prcsidcMit  tried  to  please  the  opposition,  it  was  not  satisiied.  liiintdinaiilc, 
ii'dhhiilc.  .1/c.c.,  i.  41. 

The  following  additional  authorities  have  been  consulted  for  the  preeodiiiL; 
eha])ter:  J)iili/aii  and  /jozniio,  Lai.  Mix.,  iii.  i;VJ-5,  '2l.")-,')i(,  IW.'J-.ScS,  ;j."rJ-(;;!, 
3S<J-!)1.  443-4,  4(iL»  i"),  -.-.'(J  7,  (504-'."),  T'-'.'J,  v.  17;  Mtx.,  Col.  Lr,/.  y  6rd.,  .lan.- 
May  IS.".4,  vi.  (ill;  Mix.,  Col.  Liyi-.i  I'lnnl.,  171-21S;  CdrtiM,  JJiarlo  Sr.-*.,  1S;{,V 
(i,  ii.  •2_»7;  IS:«).  i.  •_'!),  -Jll-i:},  ii.  Ill  -IS,  i:{7-8;  CViWc-i,  J)ian,>  Otic,  vii.  ;i_'t. 
ix.  171,  X.  '27!>-S.'i;  liivcro.  Mix.  en  /.V.^.M'4-,5,  11!I~V'.S;  BuMdmaiitc,  Mvm. 
Jii.'itu'iQiii  /UK,  I  S;Jil.,  ;i  ■m.  J/i-il.  Mi.r.,  MS.,  ii.  01-70;  A/.,  Hespupstaid  Alhi 
Villi,  l-'20';  /(/.,  Vozililal'iitria,  MS.,  xi.  l-0:i,  xii.  1-llS;  Iil.,  <,'al>in^/i- Mrx., 
MS.,  i.  1-D,-),  100  17,  ii.  1-40,  l.'>8-!)0,  iii.  3-7,  07-81;  A'i'A.t'  lli'i/iMcr,  1.  .•{():), 
;{:i;i,  U.-lii.  p.issim,  liii.  '210,  I'J.l. '24:1,  hi.  WIW,  .'l.SS,  Ivii.  V.Vl,  Ixii.  40-51,  '27^, 
l.wiii.  :n,">-10,  Ixix.  OS,  index  'Texas;'  Filiiuln,  Mmn.  JHsl.  Gun:  Ti-}.,  i.  47!'- 
507,  ii.  4-0,  •20-;i0,  88-0,  li:?-'20,  i;ri-.")l,  17:i-0;  Oouzalez,  J/Ut.  Aiiua^ruL, 
117-:i'2;  Itirini,  Hob.  i/i-  Miw.,  ii.  100  70,  '20-2-.'r);  Iil.,  Jfinf.  Jahjia,' in.  ■27;! 
.S3fi,  427-:W,  440-'2,  4o0-:i;  ArriUioin,  h'rrop.,  IS.SO,  .ran.-.)unc  102-4,  •2:U  ',), 
'2.V2-8,  '274  (),  -280-00,  .Sll  1-2,  :W4-0.-),  4'27  H,  442  .■>,  490;  18.30,  July-Dee.,  4S, 
;■)!,  O.'j-O,  124-40,  271-378;  1837,  passim;  1838,  07-73,  SS-0,  284-0;  Kciini'ilin 
'fix.,  i.-ii.  passim;  Santa  Anna,  liioij.  ilil  Orn',  '20-32;  Ririsia  L'sp.,  '20ih 
April,  1830,  782;  Torml,  Xac.  Mij.,  53-.");  <)rfii/a  ( Xiincz),  Minn.  Ni-lw. 
Jtijil.  Mix.,  83-03;  liorkuvWH  Sjiiin.  anil  Mix.  Law,  480-92;  Mo^airo  Miw., 
271,  341,  401;  Sunn-z,  Fnformi',  177-80;  Larrainzar,  Socoviim-o,  102,  108;  fil., 
Jti.trnr.io,  0  10;  Andlisi.^  Cril.  Con,tlitiii:;  Arroniz,  liioij.  Mrx.,  08-72;  M(u/i>r''< 
Mix.  .l-J.,  i.  321-5;  Mrx.,  lirxiua  Hint.  Xo/oc.  Dqil.  cntrr  A's/i.  (/  Mix.,  I 
140;  Virifra,  El  (lob.  ilil  ])q,>"  id  I'l'ihl.,  1-10;  .1/(0-.,  Liu  Malr.i  P'l'ibl.;  R< ji,; 
Krnl.  (J/tf  /(It  Cajittnlailoa,  1-10;  Mix.,  Manif.  Junta  Dipart.  Mix.,  1-11; 
Fonii',  /)i.irnr.io;  Si-mblanzax  ilc  Ion  lli priM'ntnnti's,  1  -40;  lilauro,  I)i'icur.'<o  Cir., 
1-S;  Fn/isi-!/,  Mcx.,  .358-00,  .m")  7;  Jkrirho  Intern.  Mrx.,  1st  pt,  .387-414,  058- 
0,  3d  pt,  '237;  (linltun  ij  Gomez,  Ornrion  Pair.,  13  pp.;  Domenech,  Hist,  tin 
Jfex.,  ii.  l.')0;  Dice.  Fnir.  //JsY.  Geo;/.,  i.  751-2;  Gruttan'n  Civilized  Amerini, 
ii.  255;  Cutt.'<^  Conq.  Cal.  and  X.  Mex.,  0;  Collnia,  Itepre/ient.,  7;  Cfdiallem, 
Hist.  Aim.,  1.3;  Arrawjoh,  Mij.,  ii.  '2.30-40;  Corno  Xac.,  Jan.  '2-3,  IStO;  K' 
t'o:ii>fii'iir!onal  ile  Mi'rida,  I'Vh.  3,  1838,  1-2;  Con-ftilurional  del  Intmo,  M;iy  15, 
1S37;  Pinart  Coll.;  Jiolit.  dri  Innlit.,  i.  00;  Itejirexent'*  i/iie  Ion  Verinondi'Ciiidn  I 
Virtoriii,  1-10;  Gnerra  entre  Mix.  ij  lox  Lit.  I'n.,  10  17;  TAvn-enMern,  Le  .Mi'x- 
i'/ne,  83-01.  4'23  31;  Memor.  Hist.,  Feb.  2,  1840,  3:  Merida,  Eymsie.  qne^  .1 
Ai/inil.,  1-12;  Mex.,  JJerreto  )>"■  el  Arrn/lo  Lw  de  loi<  Diparl.,  l-'20;  Mer., 
JJein.  Jldc,  1844,  3-9;  1870,  1033-5;  /(/.',  Man.  lid.  Exter.,  1838,  1-19;  //., 


AUTHORITIES. 


185 


Sfiijil.  Dinr'io  Ooh.  U!timnfiim,  144-r»7:  /'/.,  Proyocto  Terrern  Lry  CnvHl'it,,  I- 
IS;  III.,  ISkx.  !I  L'i/.  CoiixIH.,  1.S;{7,  \  \'2.~\  Mixr'il.  6  Sea  Cole-.,  m..  2,  I'O-SO; 
.\V(^  ('ali')iiL,  IS;  Tolnra,  La  t'htdiiil  y  Munic;  Ainlriuli',  livvol.  Ciiiiirnzdila 
I II  S.  //.  i'dlnsi,  1  "(>;  /(/.,  Calijicarioii  Lii/til,  l-'J4;  Sn/J.  iil  Uiitrin  (lah.  Mix,, 
Mai  'li  .SI,  ls;i8,  1411-57,  -20;  Shrrii  //  /I'osno,  l,'rj>ti si  nl"  ;  \"ni<Hr<iriiiu  ih'l 
ti'ni'  I'n'niili'iitc,  1-18;  I'aijHO,  Coiirciic.  Mix.,  (J-14;  /</.,  t'lciifiis,  (liLttoi,  tfr., 
(lOi);  Itomero.  Mich.,  I.")l;  Srilr.,  Diurio  Ojic,  .Ian.  2(5,  1S7.">,  (!;  Xnniorn,  Jlih/. 
ill'  Li'iji"!.  Cltrnm" ,  ii.  277;  Sou.  /look-,  ii.  2G5-iS2,  .'KMi-IO;  Mcc,  t'oiintilin'ioii, 
l-7.">:  Knr'uloji.  de  lo.t  Sdiis  l'nlolti'.i;  Milx:,  Coni/iliiiietitii;  Mix.,  Proi/ir/o 
ijiiiii/ii  J.I  I/;  Mdx.,  I'royi'cto  Sclinui  l.vy;  Soc.  Mix.  Oi'mj.  liol.,  iii.  1.12,  .'{70-2, 
\  i.  .SI4,  vii.  2!).S,  viii.  ir>4;  I'liiart  Coll.,  iJoc.  no.  oOS;  JJiitriu  /hliatvn  (J  Voiiiir., 
iii.  704;  h'mrio  del  Imper.,  ,luno  1,  1S(!(>,  .'iSl ;  DUp.  I'driun,  ii.  81,  v.  o.">; 
A I  run  z,  Maiiijii'ito,  1(5-17;  Alunuui,  Hint.  Mej.,  v.  8(5.")-(5;  Vallijo,  Vol.  Dor. 
Mix.,  i.  noH  (52,  (>.'»,  71;  MS.,  i.  no.  84;  vol.  iv.  1-120;  ]V<i)ii)an.f,  Mrx.  (iml 
I'fiil.  Amir.,  124;  yoiuiij'x  Hist.  Mix., '2ti4,  'AO'AO;  ZiinKirois,  Hist.  Mr}.,  xii. 
72-1S2;  Mailliird's  Hist.  Trx.,  paHxiin;  J/oiisloii's  Lilti  rtoSiiida  Ainiu;  /iiirb^n 
'j'.iiis  Alumnae,  1882,  passim;  J/tV.,  Mini.  liil.  Extir.,  1840;  JJiario  (luh. 
M,.,:,  -Mny  20,  1840,  I;  C/iaiinimj,  Curta  al  linn.  II.  Via;/,  l-CS;  Ki  ndnll's 
Xnrr.,  ii.  410-17;  lliint'n  Mitrh.  Maq  ,  ii.  2(54-.'),  iv.  .■)(54,  .\xv.  7.'58-!(;  Ward'H 
Mix.,  ii.  r)88-;);  Jaifx  h'lV.   Mix.   War,    W-'AO,  ;">:{  7,  ()4-r),  S7-0o;   Miu/ir'.i 

I  list.  Mix.   War,  i.  4;i-!);  lloiiMon'x  'I'lxas,  i.  2O0-.")(5;  .V.  Am.  I{er.,  xliii.  2;W- 

4,  244 -.")7;  Au.'<tiii,  F.tjiosic.  xolirr  Tijax,  l-;}2;  I'aiiih.i  Var.,  cxliii.  pt  10, 
tlwii.  pt  10;  Ikwi'i's'  Lettcrx,  pa.ssini;  l/ol/i'i/'x  Tvxax,  rw-72,  12.")  15(52,  ;5!K5- 
410;  Jndins'  M<-x.  War,  'M-4:i,  'f2-Ci;  Kdiiih.  Rir.,  cxlvii.  25l)-()(5;  IJabr'n 
Uisl.  Trx.,  32-71;  Thom/ixou's  Jlrroll.  Mfx.,  pas.sini;  Xiiri'll'ii  Itrr.  in  'I'lX., 
jiassiin;  <  'rorkrtt,  Lil'r  of,  ;{(50-77;  Krv.  Ami'r..  ii.  583-4;  WilUon's  Amcr.  Hist., 
(;:il-7-2;  liamsci/x  Olhi'r  Side,  15  22;  Fooli-'x  Tixa.%  i.  7-2(5,  4l-(55,  2I8-02,  ii. 
liiissiin;  Moridiix'  Hist.  Tex.,  passim;  I'lid'M  Tramji,  42-52;  ii'oinin'x  i'isinl 
Hist.  Tix.,  l-.-)3;  Thrall's  Hist.  Trx..  passim;  Tcx(vi  Aim.,  I8.")7-(51,  18(58- •), 
Is72,  passim;  Sirishir's  A»iir.  Skrtrhliook,  iv.  no.  4,  l!).">-227,  237  51,  v.  no.  5, 
•J.")!*  113,  vi.  no.  1.  7()-8l,  no.  2,  534-0,  no.  3,  214-;5(5,  no.  5,  .325-1.5,  no.  (5,  4;)!»- 
27:  r.  S.Vom.  to  Tex.  Mojiit's  L'ljit.  1837,  in  Thorn ii.-<oii\i  Un-oll.  Mix.,  174- 
.")!  Tixax,  Jmich  Nr/K,  1838-45,  passim;  Jones'  I'epuh.  Texas,  10-04,  l2y-.")20; 
j:,hnird.i'  lli.it.  Trx.,  14-17,  41  .-);{,  01-110,  177-313;  llr.  (.>""''■  J''"'-,  l^^i. 
3ll."i  (;2;  Lester's  Iloiistoii,  4'>-'20\;  Jiiiifoii's  Thirty  Viars'  I'inr,  ii.  ()(),5-7(5; 
Hunt's  Address,  pa.ssini;  Voiii/.  JJeliates,  1835-(5,  xii.  passim;  18.3(5  7,  xiii.  3(10, 
.V.n  S,  I010-I.3,  1137-40,  20IO-()4;  1837,  xiv.  1I7-.52;  Con,/,  dlohe,  ls;{(5  7.  (5, 

5,  apii.  225-0;  1837,  5,  0;  1837-8,  12,  25,  app.  5.55;  18.38-0,  18,  08-0,  100-10, 
2i;);  1830-40,274,  281,. 541;  1841-2,  app.  513;  1842-.3,  70.  133,  .340;  Txas 
'  ./.  J)i>-.,  nos  1-1 1,  13  15,  17,  20,  33,  4(5,  48  ,5.3,  5(5  0,  (51-2,  (54;  Id.,  MS.,  k;, 
is  2S,  30-45,  47,  (55;  U.  S.  Curt,  conj;.  22.  sus.  1,  Acts  and  Rosol.,  app.  1-24; 
III.,  ciinL;.  2.3,  si's.  1,  Sun.  .lourn.,  12-13;  Id.,  cont;.  24,  .ses.  I,  11.  .loiun.,  14, 
S!i7  S,  i'Oill,  1100-1,  1218-21;  H.  Ex.  Doc,  2.50,  2.5(5,  vol.  vi.;  Sen.  Doc,  3(5.5, 
374,  :\s4,  vol.  v.;  40(5,  415-1(5,  418,  vol.  vi.;  Id.,  cong.  24,  scs.  2,  H.  .lourn., 

II  12,  10;5-(5,  200,  457,  402,  II.  Ex.  Doc,  2,  35,  105,  240;  Sei..  Due.  20,  84, 
IT-';  III.,  cong.  25,  sus.  I.  H.  Ex.  Doc,  40;  Id.,  con;,.  25,  ses.  2,  II.  Ex.  Doc, 
•V).  74  5,  vol.  ii.;  10(5,  '.  '  A.  iv. ;  Son.  Doc  50;  Id.,  contr.  27,  scs.  2,  H. 
I'A.  Doc,  2t)();  Id.,  con^'.  .,,,  flos.  2,  II.  .Toiirn.,  indi-'x  'Ti'xas;'  Son.  Doc  I, 
V  li.  i.;  /'/.,  oong.  28,  scs.  1,  II.  Ex.  Doc,  2,  vol.  i. ;  Sen.  Do-.  .351,  vol.  vi.; 
•Sou.  Joiim.  417,  iiulc.x  'Ti.'xas;'  /(/. .  cong.  20,  ses,  2,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  4. 


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CHAPTER  A^II. 

THE  PASTRY  WAIU 

1838-1S39. 
Foiunr.H  Reclamations— Fhkscu  Demands — Ui,TiMATrM  and  Blockadk— 

rKJiKUAI.ISr   AiilTATION— AdMIKAL    UaI'DIN    Al'PKAUS    ON    TlIK    SCKM: — 

C(>nki:i4i;nck  at  Jalata — Tiii',  MEXl(^\N  Giuhaltar — ]k»Mi)ARiiMiAT 
AND  FAf-r-  OK  San  Jtian  de  Uh'a — Mexico  Declares  War — ExprLsiov 
HI''  Kkenchmen — Descent  on  Vera  Ciifz — Santa  Anna  Poses  as  a 
Hero  and  .Martvk— Cuitral  Condition  of  the  (ioviiRNMEXT— Tiik 
Ministry  ok  Three  Days — Santa  Anna  Called  to  Assist  IJi'stamanti: 
— English  Mkdi  \tion  — AiuiANdEMENT  with  Baudin — Disai'I'ointim; 
Resi.lt  ok  the  French  Kxi-edition. 

And  now  ronics  the  first  l)riisli  with  a  foreign  power, 
tlie  ])enalty  of  a  luarkcMl  national  failin<^,  unfuhillcd 
|>roiuises.  In  ooursc;  of  the  ever-increasing  nunihcr 
of  ])ronnnciainientos,  with  their  atteiidant  wars  and 
oLithreaks,  t'oi'L-igners  .suffered  in  connnon  with  tlio 
natives  in  person  juid  pi-operty,  with  the  difference 
that  wliile  the  latter  criiNl  in  vain  to  a  ))rotecting  gov- 
ernnieiit  foi'  relief,  tlu'  fni-mer  invoked  the  aid  of  niin- 
istoi's  and  consuls  to  press  ior  goodly  solace.  If  tli" 
diplomatic  agent  re[)resented  a  powerful  nation,  lie 
generally  succtH'ded  in  obtaining  a  profusion  of  - 
jironiiscs;  sometimes  in  the  shape  of  formal  assign- 
meuL  of  comjiensation;  hut  the  fullilniont  was  only 
too  I'requently  thwarted  by  change  of  rulers  and  iiii 
em]»ty  excluMpier. 

i'rominent  among  claimants  were  a  number  nf 
Frenchmen,  with  se\t'i'al  heavv  demands  diitiiin'  from 
the  time  the  ]?arian  was  sacked  in  1828,  notably  oiio 
by  a  baker  whose  [)astry  had  tempted  the  mob — a  cir- 

(180) 


I    ! 


TROUBLE  WITH  FRANCE. 


187 


cmnstanro  wliic-h  the  b:intciln<^  Mexicans  seized  upon 
to  I'idicule  the  whole  afiair  as  the  j)astry  elainis.  In 
1  ,si'7  the  French  ^•overnnicnt  had  formed  a  provisional 
ni,nx'enient  with  Mexico  for  a  treaty  of  amity,  assur- 
in_Lj  for  its  subjects  the  same  <^uaranties  as  had  been 
granted  to  those  o'*  favored  nations.  Steps  were  taken 
at  (hfferent  times  for  tlie  conclusion  of  the  treaty,  with- 
out ert'ect,  mainly  because  the  French  objected  to  sul.- 
iiiit  to  forced  contributions,*  and  to  the  option  of  the 
!>[oxican  authorities  to  suspend  the  privilege  of  retail 
(lading.  Even  the  provisional  convention  had  n(»t 
l)uon  sanctioned  by  the  congress,  and  this  defm-t  was 
used  by  the  government  as  an  additional  excuse  for 
deferring  the  subject. 

France  finally  lost  patience,  and  seeing  no  attempt 
made  even  to  examine  the  claims,  her  rejjresentative, 
JJaron  Detfaudis,  took  his  departure  January  1(1, 
IS;'>8,  leaviuix  the  leufation  to  a  <'har<re  d'affaires.  At 
Xrvn  Cruz  he  received  despatches  confirming  his 
attitude,^  and  inducintj  him  to  instruct  French  resi- 
dents  in  the  countrv  to  form  an  inventory  of  their 
iirocts.  The  sigiiiticancc  of  such  steps  could  not 
1)0  misunderstood,  and  they  were  placed  beyond  all 
doubt  by  the  arrival  of  a  French  squadron  under 
]jiizoche,  in  !March,  from  on  board  of  which  l)ef- 
lUudis    dictated  an  ultimatum,'^  demanding  the  pay- 

''I'lio  loriiliin^  cases  of  injury  to  person  ami  property  are  ^ivcn  in  the  ulti- 
laatiini  ])resL'iite(l  iii  March  ISIW.  lllditchnrtl,  S'lii  Jiuin  tic  i'hit,  '2'2\)  ft  sej. 
Also,  witli  (locuuieiils  and  iliscussion  in  ('ii<'V(i<,  E^/inx.  I>'if.  Frrnici'i;  Mr. v., 
l>'<i\  r<l.  UllimiU.,  I  !•_'."),  etc.;  J'ap.  Var.,  Ixxvii.  pt  ii.  l-'Jli),  cl.  pta  i.ii.; 
J'l  I'lii  !/  I'ciia,  I'riictii'd  Funiisi',  iv.  l-,'i(\). 

-lie  was  sailing  out  of  the  Iiarhor  when  the  French  war  vessel  entered 
Mit!i  the  despatches. 

'  n.ited  on  boai'd  L' /firni'intr,  March  "Jlst.  It  revi(nv.s  the  leadius,' eau-ies 
fir  cimiplaint,  assassi-iatioiis,  roliliuries,  and  other  outrai,'es  by  individuals, 
iiiolis,  and  authorities,  and  the  evasive  attitude  (jf  the  .Mexican  trovernnient, 
and  demands:  I.  A  payment  by  May  l.'ith  of  .'^(it)i).()i)l),  at  \'era  Cruz,  in  s.'t- 
tlenii'iit  of  the  claims  till  March  1st.  'This  amount  \\as  shown  to  be  merely 
t/iie  half  or  one  third  of  the  sum  really  due',  were  aci'Uinulated  interest  added 
and  the  host  of  minor  elaims  of  which  tin;  uiiuister  had  not  receiveil  formal 
siu'ciliwition.  2.  'I'hat  the  government  shouM  place  no  obstacles  to  the 
settlr'iieut  of  certain  loans,  rebati;  from  duty,  etc.,  due  to  Frenchmeu  and  not 
iiii!;ided  in  these  claims.  'A.  'That  certain  Krenclinien  unjustly  imprisoned 
slit  iild  be  released,  and  a  number  of  designated  ollii'ials  concerned  in  <i'.ilia  ,'es 
Voiuuved.     4.  Tliat  u  perfect  reciiirocity  bo  observed  toward    Krcuch  agenta 


i 


ivi' 


t  j 

r.i>t. 


II 

m 

;  ^^ll^ 

1 

188 


THE  PASTRY  WAR. 


'i  ■ 


niont  by  April  loth  of  8000,000  in  sottlonicnt  cf 
tliu  ruiluced  claims  Avithout  interest,  the  removal 
of  certain  oft'endinijf  officials,  and  the  observance  (4" 
favorable  reciprocity  toward  French  residents,  \vil!i 
exemj)tion  from  forced  contributions  or  any  i)eremi'- 
tory  interference  with  their  retail  trading.  The  goN  - 
ernment  replied  on  the  25th  of  ^larch  that  thu 
national  honor  could  not  admit  a  favorable  considera- 
tion of  the  document  uidess  the  s(|uadron  retire; I. 
This  dignified  though  somewhat  abru[»t  answer  r  ■- 
ceived  the  approval  of  the  congress,  which  that  veiy 
night  met  in  extraordinary  public  session  to  listen  witii 
tumultuous  disap[)roval  to  the  ultimatum.*  It  was 
nc^t  exj)ected  that  France  would  bo  able  to  carry  out 
her  threats  in  view  of  the  approaching  ycllow-fevi  r 
season  along  the  coast  and  the  subse(|uent  northers, 
which  must  j)lay  havoc  with  both  ships  and  crews,  as 
indeed  they  diil.^ 

No  satisfaction  being  tendered,  Bazocho  on  April 
IGtli  declai-ed diplomatic  relations  sus[)ended*^  and  tli'i 
p<jrts   under  blockade,  a  measure   dictated,  he  said, 

uml  subjects,  on  the  Ijasis  enjoyed  by  the  most  favored  nation,  exacting,'  ni 
forced  contributions  and  exuludingno  Frenchmen  from  retail  tradijiy; \villiip;it 
due  indemnity.  After  tiie  fre<nient  remonstrances  maile,  an  immediate  ansvai- 
might  be  demanded,  i)ut  Dellaudis  would  wait  till  April  loth,  and  if  satisi'ac- 
tion  was  !iot  given  he  would  leave  BaKoche  commander  of  the  s((uadron,  t) 
carry  out  the  ordcrd  ho  had  received,  by  making  reprisal  ou  the  maritime 
sources  of  revonue.  Jjldiichanl,  San  Juan  tie  i'liia,  '21[)~i>0.  IJustamaiitc 
ridicules  some  of  the  claim.s  made  as  absurd,  laughs  at  the  <lemand  for  roci- 
priK-'ity,  since  the  l''rench  alone  were  enjoying  the  tratlo  and  other  privileu'cM, 
and  stamps  the  document  as  a 'verdadero  libelo.'  d'aliini'li',  M<x.,  i.  JIJ. 
Itivera  joins  somewliat  in  this  sentiment,  but  blames  the  Mexican  govera- 
ment  for  not  consenting  to  a  joint  commission  for  arriv-ng  at  a  settlement. 
lli^t.  Jala/iu,  iii.  ;i'iO~l.  This  view  has  been  acei^pted  by  many  later  ,Mox- 
lean  writers,  although,  like  Zaniacois,  they  still  object  to  certain  features  of 
the  uUinuitum. 

*  After  which  it  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  government.  The  gov- 
ernment had  given  notice  to  the  cliandjers  alread.;^  on  February  1st  of  llio 
impending  demand.  .See  comments  of  the  press  in  Diario  ({fie,  March  I'Tui, 
etc. 

'^  Also  from  scurvy.  L'/Irrtnin'c  alone  .shows  the  following  progress  of  the 
fever.  On  .fuue  l.")tii,  '2'A  on  the  .sick-list,  in  .fuly  74,  in  August  IKJ  to  Hi7.  '^a 
September  1 1th,  'M'.i,  and  this  out  of  .")00  men!  After  this  came  a  liurriLiiic 
which  assisted  to  break  the  pest,  but  inliicted  damage  ou  the  shipping.  JJl'ia- 
tharil,  San  Juan  lie  Uti'ia,  71  et  seq. 

"  iShoi'tly  after  Seiior  Oarro,  the  Mexican  minister  at  Pari.s,  received  his 
passports  for  England,  after  being  refu.sed  an  audience  by  the  kin^.  I'ulo  A''(f,, 
Sept.  io,  1838.    Charge  d'ulluirusDo  Lisle  left  Mexico  April  '2'3d. 


OPrOSITIOX  TO  BUSTAMAXTE.  189 

not  aGfalnst  tlio  nation,  luit  au^ainst  the  nfovornnicnt. 
Tills  announoi'iiient  was  inti-ndcd,  whilo  sootliin*^  tlu; 
masses,  to  strungtluMi  the  oj>i)ositioii  to  ]:Justaniant(!; 
and  not  witliout  suceess,  tor  the  federalists  grew  more 
(ontideiit  as  they  saw  the  supremo  authorities  beeoni- 
iii'^'  involved.  Pronunciande'iitos  increased  in  every 
(liicction,  under  tlio  win*if  ot'Cluznian  in  Mic.'hoacan, 
under  Olartc;  in  the  mountains  oi"  Puehhi  and  ad- 
jiiininijf  provinces,  hreakiiii^  out  with  particular  foi-ce 
in  Tani[)ico,  and  under  Urroa  in  Sonora  and  the  re- 
uiiin  southwaiil  ;^  besides  which  the  Texan  ((uestion 
came  loomini^  up  again,  Chiapas  was  threatened 
with  a  (jiuatemalan  invasion,**  and  San  Luis  Potosi 
with  military  mob  rule,  due  partly  to  an  impoverished 
ti'casury  that  coukl  not  provide  pay  for  the  troops 
(»!•  means  to  execute  the  plans  of  the  cabinet.  '^I'he 
]ii'(>sident  had  to  ask  permission  to  contract  i'resh  loans 
t'oi- meeting  the  ditKculty,  and  received  s[)ecial  powers." 
Oidt  IS  were  issued  to  strengthen  the  coast  defences. 
Additional  troops  were  levied  and  several  volunteer 
(Hips  f  )rmed,*'^  but  in  so  spasmodic  and  unsatisfactory 
a  manner  as  to  evoke  an  outcry  from  several  quar- 
ti  IX."  The  government  aimed  rather  at  sccui'ing  it- 
^(•ll' against  the  tederalists  and  otlnir  opponents  than 
f:t  ])rotecting  the  country.  Comandante  General 
]{inc()n  of  Vera  Cruz,  for  instance,  was  directed  to 
strengthen  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  th(>  so- 

'  I 'ill'  whicli  soe  ///v/.  Xoiih  }fi\i'.  Slati's,  ii.,  this  scries,  and  /Ji-<t.  Cdl.,  iii., 
forthf  similar  indvciiiont  in  ('alifiiniia. 

■■  Wliicli  went  NO  far  at  least  as  Id  promote  il  revolution  under  ex-<  ioveiiior 
(oitierrez;  but  it  was  defeated.   Ijii^I'iiiihiiIc,  d'nliiihli'  Mi.r.,  i.  (i7-S, 

"  Id'ciees  ill  hiilildii  and  Lo'.imn,  Lcij.  M'X.,  iii.  ol'J  ."U.  A  loan  of 
.'i!:i,(J(iO,(H)0  was  twee  enjoined,  and  au  extra  tax  of  .?4,();)(l,00;).  Details  in 
M'X..  Mi'iii.  Jlttc,  IS.'JS,  ;{et  .se(|.;  l'iimtro,Mim.,[S\4,v.U:. 

''Some  known  a.s  juntas  de  lumor,  others  as  defenders  of  the  eountiy. 
IMUVreiit  classes  eonil lined  into  distinet  <iii,'aniy.ations,  sueiias  the  ( 'onnnereial 
l!e-iin<iit.  Mr.r.,Col.  L,',/.  y  JJpr.,  I8;;!>,  :((»  S,  !K)-1(K"),  IXt  4,  Kil  :{;  .IrW- 
ll'i'jd,  Ji'ccop.,  l8;iS,  ;").■{(>-!),  r)Jl-4.  J5y  deereo  of  .June  KUh,  tiie  army  was  to 
1"' r.iiseil  to  70,(K)0  men.  /</., 'J73-4.  See  also  oliservations  of  Tariii/,  i'nri'i, 
7  'J';  Ptiji.  V(ir.^  eexix.  ]it.  iv.,  concerning  contraet  for  arms.  Turiid,  Mi.ni- 
J<  ^'■.  I.     A  i)ro]iosal  to  seize  ehureh  proiicrty  was  defeated. 

' '  <  urlos  lUistamante,  niemher  of  the  jKjder  conservador,  <>v  supreme  council, 
»iid  ]irofexseil  friend  of  the  presiilont,  caino  out  in  more  than  one  pain[)!d<  t, 
)"  ' -1  Tiiiiino,  1-4;  Males  j  Males;  also  in  Voz  de  la  Palria,  MS.,  xiv. 
'JU3-10. 


1:1' 


'V  ijl 


is 


pi      W 


[\ 


i      I 'I 


190 


THE  TASTUY  WAR. 


called  f^ildaltar  of  America,  (Icfcndiiii,^  Vera  Cruz 
liarltor,  but  felt  ho  hampered  by  the  lack  of  I'lmds  that 
he  proposed  to  resign."'  NevertheU'ss  ho  presented  a 
bold  front,  and  liJazocho  did  not  tieem  it  j)rudent  to 
attack  the  fortress  with  his  fever-stricken  ships. 

The  blockade,  while  cutting  deep  into  the  custom- 
house revenue,  did  not  a[)pear  to  impress  the  Mexi- 
cans, and  France  lelt  it  necessary  to  act  energetically 
on  the  j)(»sition  taken.  Deffaudis  had  gone  home  to  re- 
port, and  in  his  itluco  was  sent  licar- Admiral  ChaiK  s 
Jniudin,  with  several  shii)s  to  sv^U  the  squadron, 
and  with  full  jyower  to  effect  a  settlement,  peaceably 
or  by  force,  lie  reached  Vera  Cruz  toward  the  dos*; 
of  October,  and  sent  at  once  a  connnissionur  to  Mexi<'i> 
re([ue8ting  an  answer  to  the  late  ultimatum. ^^  This 
led  to  a  conference  at  Jala[)a  on  November  17th  be- 
tween ]3audin  and  Cuevas,  minister  of  foreign  alfairs. 
The  Ibrmer  iiisisted  on  the  main  points  already  [(re- 
sented, "  but  while   prej)ared  to  abate  the  additional 

'-  Ho  Iiiiil  to  liorrow  .small  sums  from  tlio  nicrcliniits,  aiul  siipjily  tlio  lark 
(if  troops  witli  local  volunteers.  Soo  liis  ManiJi'iMto,  17,  ".i."},  ami  appoudix, 
sup|ioi'tc'(l  l)y  i;iv('i'a.   ///'</.  Jalapti,  iii.  ;{.")0-8,  3(lt,  'M\. 

''J'liu  note  is  (latoil  October  "JT,  18;t>S,  on  board  tlio  frigate  Xi'riUdi'.  I !, 
proti'sts  against  the  excuse  that  Mexico  is  in  a  state  of  I'cviilution,  ami  lliat, 
lorci^'uers  choosing  to  resiile  theru  do  so  at  their  own  risk.  Such  niaxini;<  i\tr 
at  variance  with  lier  own  desii'c  to  be  admitted  in  the  sistorhood  of  civili/i-  I 
nations,  and  \.ith  the  jirovisioual  agreement  of  lsi!7.  if  a  nation  can:i'it 
maintain  order  witliin  her  territory  she  nuist  learn  to  suH'er.  Foreigners  ai\) 
useful  and  necessary  for  Mexico's  prosperity  and  ailvancenient.  Utdiichur  I, 
Sdii  Jnnii  <le  L'liht,  'S>1  [).     Tlic  note  was  carried  by  ( ,'a[>tain  Jx:roy. 

"Jlaudin's  bases  were;  .'{.  Conlirmatiou  of  the  convention  of  KS'JT  till  a 
regular  treaty  of  amity  could  lie  arianged.  4.  No  reclamations  by  .Mexiin 
for  Frt'nch  seijucslrations.  it.  I'aynient  of  ^'200,000  to  defray  the  expenses  I't 
the  expedition.  The  total  §H(H),OJO  had  to  be  paid  M'ithiu  SO  day.s.  An  a. I 
ditional  secret  clause  demaiuleil  that  holders  of  the  so-called  17  per  cent,  tua 
sliuuld  lie  free  to  presi^nt  in  payment  of  duty  the  proportion  thereof  agree  1 
upon.  Articles  I,  "J,  4,  and  part  ui .'{,  of  former  ultimatum,  were  insisted  upi'n. 
Cuiivas  consented  to  pay,  within  six  months  after  the  date  of  the  eonvenii  ii, 
?,iO(),()Oi)  in  settlement  of  all  pecuniary  I'csponsiliility  jirior  to  March  '21,  l.s;is, 
but  re([uired  that  Mexico  should  be  at  liberty  to  decide  upon  the  punishnr  at 
of  the  objectionable  ollicials.  The  exemption  from  f(jrccd  contributions  ov 
loans  was  no  longer  applicable,  for  the  congress  luul  decided  to  use  no  surli 
measures  in  future.  The  other  points  should  be  submitted  to  luiglish  arbifi''i- 
tion.  Existing  dilferenccs  being  settled  by  the  acceptance  of  this  prop  >  ,il 
the  French  licet  should  retire,  surrendering  the  secjuestraled  vessels.  Steii-i 
would  at  (jnce  be  taken  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  amity  and  connnerce,  an  1 
lueauwhilo  the  moat  favorable  reciprocity  should  prevail.     IJaudiu  yielded  as 


TlIK  FRKNCII  I'LTIMATUM. 


191 


(l.'iiiaM(l  for  6-00,000  to  vowv  llio  ('X|uMises  of  his  o:;- 
piMlilioii,  lio  could  oWtiiln  no  satistaclory  |»i'omis(.'s 
r 'ij^ardiMti^  tlio  i-xiiiiptioii  iVom  I'oi'ci'd  ronti-ilmtioiis  or 
llif  ^('[(tymt'iit  of  i-otail  ti'adc,  nor  j^uaranties  lor  tlio 
1  aynirnt  of  tlie  $(500,000  n(t\v  conci-di'il,  allliou^Ii  do- 
i'lTrod  for  six  months.  Ho  accoi-dini^ly  Icit  .lala|ia 
oil  tlio  'J  1st,  with  tho  (h'chiration  that  unli'ss  his 
l.'iiiis  wore  acc('|)tod  hy  noo^i  on  tho  "JTth  lie  would 
then  hci^in  liostilitics.     Tl 


u'  coiiL^ross  and  poopi 


h.l 


^itat  oonlidonoo  in  thoir  ( Jihialtar,  which  liold  out  so 
loiiLj  iindor  Spain,  and  tho  hithoi'to  passive  operations 
of  the  fleet  encoura'j'cd  tho  <jenci'al  desire  for  rcsislinii^ 
I'lrci^n  deniands  which  wwro  i'e[)res('ntod  as  huiuiliat- 
i;i;4.  Tho  i<4'noininious  failure  of  the  Spanish  expt;- 
(lition  was  still  fresh   in  mind.      And  so  tho  chanilicis 


tared 


unanimous 


ly 


a<>ainst  vii 


■Idinjjj. 


Th 


le  prcsi- 


(lv'( 

(lent  issued  tho  usual  llorid  [>roclamation"'  ollcrini;'  ti 
su'rliiee  his  life  in  defence  of  national  honor,  hut 
I'liled  to  oxhihit  any  elfective  ))rom[)tness  in  his  meas- 
ures. General  Arista  was  si'iit  to  rociidorco  Vera 
(Vuzwith  1,000  men,  who  of  course  arrived  on  tho 
scene  when  tt)0  late. 

r 'giinls  tho  ]mni:sliincnt  of  t!ic  ofBciala,  and  even  renounced  tlic  demand  for 
e\|niisL's.  Several  minor  niudiiicatioiis  nf  ihiuses  wvw.  lulniitted  (m  liulli 
file),  liearinL,'  )iarlly  on  the  ednvcnticHi  of  IS.'T.  Full  ti'Xt  et  eiirre:<|ioni!eiiL'o 
ir.iil  (HMJeets  may  bu  consulted  in  ('utrns,  h'^/iits.  Itif.  Fran  fid,  and  in  /'(■■hk/o, 
J>iic.  t.'oi!/(  r(iiri(f<  en  Jiildjin,  Mexieo,  I.'S.'IS.  [')[>.  See  also  tiie  otlii'ial 
r.'ciich  version  in  /!!  mr/mnt,  S'lii.  Jmiii.  ilf  ('/tin,  '2C)\ -S't,  'M)\  ^^.  'I'lie  fra;,'- 
liieiitiuy  aeeonnts  in  Ji'inrti,  Hi.<t.  Jithijin,  iii.  ,'{77  !•,  liiistiiiit(iiili\  (inliiin'e, 
.'/(.<•.,  i.  I  111,  etc.,  followed  hy  Zamaeois,  eithei"  iiii-is  or  perversily  ne^d;  .1  tho 
i".ain  |iiiints.  Additional  aullioriLies  v.  ill  he  ;.;iven  in  a  later  note.  The  ]iro- 
li'j.sid  lliiLjlish  arhitration  wa.s  not  entertained,  nor  had  .Mexico  listened  to  it 
Vilien  iiU'cred   shoi'tly  hefort^   '])onjUc  ^al)iaiiios  d^'  Luadi'es   ipte  nada  d'heria- 

mos  esjiciar  favorahlc'  /i/.,  IKi    IS.      Tliis  writer  hrlieves  that  niediatii M 

ttic  i)ail  ol'  I'rusHia  or  Russia  mi^ht  have  suci'ceded,  tor  '  it  was  known  '  that 
I'nuuu  would  Iiavo  eagerly  accepted  a  decorous  coui]jromise.  A  stronj:  ad- 
mi-isioii  hy  .so  rahid  a  Mexican  advocate,  in  face  of  the  wide  charj,'<'  that 
lUiuliu  w,is  anxioiLs  for  naval  achi'-'vements.  .l/f.c.  Mm).  Miii.  Hi  I.,  is,".;  I,  2 
It  .SOI I .  liiterferenco  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  w.a.s  at  one  time  pi'o- 
]  'I  hy  the  Mexican  envoy.  See  also  lemoustrances  liy  iMi^lish  tr.aders  in 
rr,/:',;„,f  ■„/.  Dor.  J/r'.c.,  i.  ptVj!);  Rivera,  (l.ih.  de  .Mrj;.,  ii.  'JU-i,').  declares  that 
C'U'va.s  was  Hu  obstacle  to  any  arrangement  and  J5ustainanto  blinded  ti>  the 
i^'~:i\'-  of  all'aii'.s. 

' '  lUistamantc  assorts  that  tho  capital  was  ripe  for  revolution  a'^'aiiist 
iiuy  roiicession  to  I'rance.  The  deputicj  were  threatcneil  with  assassinaticjii 
i!  they  yielded.    Ulii  sup. 

^"  Jl:(4aiita:itc,  A  aud  IlabUanlvi,  \   1;  Willi  jo,  Col.  Doc.  Mc:,  i.  pta  l'2'2-3. 


i    r 

a  ,     III       K 


■HBf 

^•'^HP'^'^'i 

HnSH 

iji'^lpl-'  '  =1^' 

PI''i:Ui 

'j'l|v!^"|;« 

V  f    ■  li 

'  ii'  t'l^  *''  sSs 

-■'    :    i  '.^'« 

'Kli  il^.^  i^  H^BH 

^  . 'lIltiHW 

:.    i.lii 

H^H^H 

in-j 


TUK  PASTRY  WAR. 


'  ? 


I 


',    I 


■,    ' 


naiidln,  on  tlio  othci'  liaiid,  liad  not  liccu  idle.    Tin 


anc'horaiLji'-Li^rittmd  round  San  .luan  di-  I'lua  had  Ix-cti 
I'xainMU'd,  and  ••l)S('rvatit»ns  made  lor  i'U'rctivtM'annun 
adini;  ol"  dillc'i-cnt  jtoints,  and  under  llic  coNcr  orni^lit 
Woat  paitios  had  niadr  soundings  hcnt'ath  th(^  \(  rv 
hattc'i'ii's  to  peil'ect  the  jtlans  I'oi- a  in'ospectivi' assanh, 
(.'Specially  tVoni  the  reel's  of  la  ( Jallei^a,  which  approadi 
it  on  the  noj'th,  hiddi-n  l>v  the  tide.  Tlu'  fortress  eo\ 
ei'ed  the  whole  extent  ol*  a  small  coral  ish-t,  the  con 
tiimalion  of  this  reef,  and  situatuil  hall' a  mile  n(Mtli 
east  of  V^i-ra  (^'uz,  i'orniinii^  the  lino  of  slu'lti'r  I'oi-  the 
Iiarhor  in  this  direction.  Tlu!  rather  low  walls  rising' 
IVoni  till!  sea  enclosed  asliohtly  irrcij^nlar  jJaralleloo-iMin, 
with  a  hastion  at  I'ach  anijie,  aikd  further  relieved  ;it 
tlh^  south-west  and  south-east  points  respectively,  ly 
a  lighthouse  of  brick  and  a  scjuaiv  tower,  CaltalKio. 
ninety  fe(>t  hi^h,  of  tlazxJinij^  whiteness,  and  surniomit- 
ed  l>y  a  helvedere  whence  shi[>s  were  siijfnalled.  Tiir 
hastions  on  the  north-west  weiv  si'parated  hy  a  tide- 
covered  channel  witli  its  redo\d)t  from  the  half-mooii 
line  of  low  batteries  infoldinj;' that  side.  The  structure 
lookiid  imj)osin!j^  enouu^h  for  its  name.  Unfortunatily, 
it  was  built  of  soft  madi'cpore,  excej)t  the  side  facing;' 
the  harbor,"  and  with  hardly  any  casemates  to  protect 


tl 


le  liunnei's. 


Tl 


le  ai 


■till. 


•ry 


was  besides  of  inferior 


calibre  and  poorly  mounted,  and  the  whole  in  a  state 
of  utter  neglect  sineo  the  Spaniai'ds  surrt'udered  the 
plac<\  The  late  circumscribed  efforts  of  ]lincon  li> 
remedy  the  numerous  defects  had  been  superlici;il, 
sei'vini^  mainly  to  infuse  .  dej^ree  of  false  contldeiiif. 
'^i'ho  <>arrison  consisted  o     about    1,200    men,  under 

O  7.7 

General  Claona,  the  comi,    ndant.^'^ 

j)urin<>'  the  mornin'jfof    Ovember  27tli  the  anch"i'- 
age  round  the  fortress  pre.    nteil  a  most  animated  ap- 


"  CoiistructiMl,  it  is  aaid,  of  stones  wrought  from  Spain  ia  course  of  time 
as  bnllitst.     Sfo  plan  as  given  in  oliajaoi'  ii. 

"Uiiicon  plai'cil  the  condition  clearly  licforc  the  people  in  his  subsc(|iiint 
defence.  Mani/lixto,  \)[>.  vii.-viii.,  x.vi. -ii.,  I'JO,  I'.VJ,  etc.;  also  Lniiiiza,  I'/"- 
(/((■(j,','o«,  .S,  etc.;  /'dj'.  V(ir.,  clxx.\i.\.  j)t  x.;  lllanrhan!,  San  Juan  ilc  L'liin, 
'294-3;  Farrujitt,  Life,  134;  liicera,  IIL4.  Jalajia,  iii.  3o'J. 


ATTACK  (>\  SAN  .)V.\S  in:  \\A\. 


10.1 


|)i'nratirc,  sijjfiiuls  tlviiii;', imd  itoiit-i  lnni'viii<^  <<>  and  IVo 
with  oi'dtTs  jimoiiL,^  tin-  l'')'fiirli  s<|na(liMii,  w  liicli  f\- 
liiltilffl  ii  total  of  L'd  v<'>srls.  includiinj;-  traiisjtdi'ts,  w  itl; 
;i!mui1  I, ()()()  nn'ii,'''  out  ol'  wliich  three  IViLjates,  two 
hir.iih-kctelu's,  to  tlie  liol'th-east  aild  north  fesj»eetively, 
and  one  sloop  of  war  \vert>  designated  for  the  iiist  days 
Ii  |ht,  eniplovin^j  lot  ijuns,  whili-  scveial  other  vesNcIs 
(  I'liscd  ill  dilfel'ent  direetiohs,  soiin'  to  t)l>se|-ve  thi; 
ttl'ct  of  the  shells  and  eorrt-et  the  aim  hy  siL,'iials.'^' 
'I'hi'  ships  wvvv  allowi'd  to  take  np  position  unnio- 


^^^%3^ 


1    ll«atkint'ri4ii  CHsi^n, 
t.        •'      •■  Ka   l-.dlj. 

I.,      ••      "  ».i.i...w... 
4.       ■•      "  L*  ^'Ifi^l. 
i.  (*«l>tillvru 
ti    Hariulr  tintuuil. 


^■  Ui^ut  iiouM-. 


fc>AN   J I  AN    UK    Ul.l'A. 

I'^led,  althoiiL^li  a  few  shots  nii^lit  have  disalile(l  1]|.' 
>traiueiseni})loyod  fortlie  piwposi'.'-'      At  hall-past  two 

'■' Ai't'onliiiH  to  tlio  list  issued  ii  inoiitli  hiU-v,  uliii^li  tines  not  inolinlc  the  ;> 
er  l  .-iii;ill  vessels  seized  from  tho  Mexicans  pi  ior  to  Noveiiilier  I'Ttli.  This  list 
silunvM  -l.-'US  mei). 

■"llincDii,  Miiiiijiistn,  p.  1.,  adds  2  tVi^ates,  '2  sfiiiniiTs,  and  a  liiii;  to  the 
iirtive  jiarticipaiits,  Imt  the  ollieial  list  in  Jllinir/iitril  is  as  aliove,  'I'he  cele- 
h  ated  l''aiTat;ut,  wiio  wituessi'd  the  operation,  pi'aises  llaiidin  for  his  plan. 
'  ill'  woidil  lie  undouhtedly  a  ram  (irix  in  any  navy.  He  is  aliout  lifty  yeais  of 
a^<\  lias  lost  his  iiL,dit  arm,  looks  like  a  nortii  llurope  inaii. .  .  .with  tiie  expres- 
si  Ml  of  j^reat  decision,  with  (iinmess  and  activity  to  execute  his  wtll  di;^ested 
plans.'  l.,etter  in  Fiirnniiity  /.!/<■,  \',V,i. 

-'This  was  made  a  I'har^e  ai^aiu.st  (.laona,  hut  lie  had  orders  not  to  beyiu 
iiwT.  Mkx.,  Vol.  V.    13 


194 


THE  PASTRY  WAR. 


ill 


II; 


in  the  afternoon*'  tlioy  opened  fire  with  a  perfect  hail  of 
shells  and  bombs.  The  former  penetrated  from  twelve 
to  eighteen  inehes  into  the  soft  coral  walls,  there  to  ex- 
))lode,  '*  tearing  out  whole  masses  of  stone,  and  in  some 
instances  rending  the  wall  from  base  to  top."^  Such 
results  had  not  even  been  dreamed  of  by  the  aston- 
ished garrison;  nevertheless  they  responded  with  great 
spirit,  and  forth  over  the  gleaming  water  rolled  the 
thunder  I'rom  a  hundred  guns,  the  dense  sn^oke  encir- 
cling for  a  while  the  batteries.  It  was  mainly  bluster, 
however,  for  neither  artillery  nor  gunners  were  capable 
of  much  precision,  while  the  powder,  most  miseiablc 
stuff,  barely  brought  the  heavier  balls  within  reacli  of 
the  vessels.  This  lent  fresh  assurance  to  the  French, 
who  with  more  and  more  correct  aim  added  to  the  ex- 
ecution, silencing  one  gun  after  another,  and  scattering 
destruction  also  within  the  batteries,  now  among  the 
infantry  ranged  along  the  curtains  in  case  of  an  assault, 
now  among  the  handful  of  artillerists.  For  the  first 
two  hours  the  gaps  in  the  latter  raidcs  were  filled,  but 
after  this  no  substitutes  could  be  obtained,  and  tho 
firing  stopped  at  frequent  intervals  for  lack  of  men. 
An  hour  ai'ter  the  first  broadside  a  bomb  struck  thu 
magazine  of  batter}-  San  Miguel,  which  exploded  with 
a  terrific  detonation,  belching  forth  in  a  volume  of 
fiames,  stones,  war  material,  and  human  remains  torn 
into  a  thousand  fragments.  Shortly  alter  the  bolvedore 
of  the  lofty  Caballero  sprang  into  the  air  with  its  load 
oT  soldiers,  yet  strange  to  say,  the  stafi'  which  here  u|)- 
held  the  fiag  remain eil  intact,  and  as  the  smoke  cieaicd 
from  the  mutilated  sunnnit,  the  colors  fluttered  a  dv- 
fiance  to  the  foe,  cheering  the  brave  defenders  to  fresh 
efforts.  But  what  availed  mere  spirit  when  hau'ls 
were  lacking  for  the  enginery  of  war  which  here  playtd 

liostilitics,  and  it  was  expected  till  tlie  last  moment  that  tlic  govpniim  iit 
niiylit  yield  to  Baudin.  Llrcra,  llisl.  Ja'cijia,  iii.  ;{8.").  The  disijosilioiis  uf 
liuoiia  ace  given  in  liis  re[)ort.   Itiiicon,  Maiiijiexto,  1"J0-1. 

"A  delay  beyouil  the  spocilied  noon  hour,  caused  by  a  letter  from  Ciicvas 
rt'hii'li  contained  merely  unimportant  couccasiuus,  such  as  otferiug  moatlily 
instalments  on  tlio  *(J0O,OCK)  payment. 

'^  Far  rat)  ill,  loc.  cit. 


FALL  OF  THE  FORTRESS. 


106 


the  sole  role.  It  was  no  longer  a  matter  of  mere  guns ; 
battery  after  battery  grew  silent,  and  before  six  o'clock 
almost  the  whole  exterior  line  had  been  abandoned, 
ill  many  cases  with  the  wounded,  who  could  not  bj 
carried  off  under  the  scathing  hail  of  explosives  and 
(lobris.  Even  the  interior  lines  responded  feebly,  at 
last  with  only  an  occasional  sputter,  like  the  gasp  of 
the  dying.  Most  of  the  ammunition  had  exploded,  and 
over  200  of  the  most  indispensable  men,  including  four 
superior  officers,  had  been  killed  or  disabled,  leaving 
the  fortress  practically  dcfjnceless.  The  sun  had  set, 
and  soon  the  gathering  gloom  interposed  between  the 
combatants.  The  bombardment  ceased,  and  only  at 
intervals  for  another  hour  a  bomb  came  crashinuf  in 
upon  the  desolation.  The  Frencli  also  welcomed  the 
respite,  for  although  not  over  a  dozen  of  their  men 
had  fallen,  the  vessels  had  suffered  somewhat  and 
needed  overhauling.  The  bustle  merely  changed  in 
form  to  active  preparations  for  thv)  morrow,  when  the 
battle  should  begin  anew.^* 

Gaona  on  his  side  recognized  that  he  was  powerless 
to  continue  the  struggle.  The  fortress  was  no  longer 
tenable;  and  fearing  that  the  enemy  might  attempt  a 
(loseont  during  the  night,  he  resolved  to  gain  time  at 
least  by  proposhig  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  under 
plea  of  collecting  the  wounded  and  burying  the  dead. 
At  tl;c  same  time  he  addressed  himself  to  llincon  for 
instructions.  Fearing  the  responsibility,  this  f^encral 
^u,avc  the  commission  to  inspect  the  fort  to  Santa 
Anna,  who  had  hurried  from  liis  country  seat  to  olfer 
Ills  services  against  the  invaders.  A  glance  convinced 
bini  that  to  prolong  the  defence  there  meant  purely  a 

"'Tlio  bulletin  nt  iho  close  of  the  day  admitted  only  4  killod  nnd  '29 
vmimlcd,  Uldiichrird,  San  Juundi'  Uttia,  ;W3-7.  Tliia  speaks  of  210  killfd 
iiiiioiig  the  garrison,  and  Farrajjut  Mtatcs  that  '2'22  Mexiiuiii  sailors  jwiislud  in 
tlie  (inter  batteries.  Li/e,  130;  but  (iaona's  lists  cxhiljit  only  03  slain  antl  147 
vxnnnled.  Silicon,  Mmiijlcsto,  rJ4-r);  'ilas  do  cicnto  cinouenta  htiidos  y 
Olios  tantos  muertos,' maintaina  Bustamante.  Gubhutc  J/^r.t.,  i.  128.  Tho 
Jlexicans  alludo  vagncly  to40  Runs  liring  against  140  French,  while  Ikiudiu 
giviM  a  list  of  '20  silenced  guns,  I3.S  mounted  and  M  dismounted,  ranging;  from 
8  to  J 4  in  calibre.  Of  the  104  French  guns  used,  0  were  eighty-pounders  uud 
the  rest  thirty. 


fill  tj 


i',:-. 


r 


4 


19G 


THE  PASTRY  WAR. 


I 


sacrifice  of  life,  and  the  council  over  which  ho  thereupon 
presided  voted  unanimously  to  capitulate,  for  Baudin 
would  accord  no  delay  beyond  the  morning.  And  s(j 
fell  the  Gibraltar,  after  a  few  hours'  bombardment. 
The  French  took  possession  at  2  o'clock  in  the  aftri- 
noon  of  November  28th,  after  allowing  the  garrison 
to  retire  with  honors  of  war,  and  promising  to  restoic 
the  fortress  as  soon  as  all  ditferences  were  adjusted. '' 
Vera  Cruz  being  now  at  the  mercy  of  the  new  hold- 
ers of  Ulua,  llincon  was  compelled  to  enter  into  a 
special  agreement  to  reduce  the  garrison  of  the  port 
to  1,000  men,  and  receive  back  and  indenmify  expelled 
Frenchmen,  Baudin  offering  in  return  to  suspend  the 
blockade  for  eiirht  months.-" 


If: 


At  Mexico  the  news  evoked  the  cry  of  treason. 
Vv'ith  a  violent  denunciation  of  Bustamante's  lack  of 
promptness  in  C(jnsonance  with  the  inspiring  sound 
of  war-hymns  along  the  streets.  The  government 
fountl  it  neces.sary  to  follow  the  current  by  ignorin;^' 
the  capitulation,  and  sup[)lementing  the  act  witli  a 
declaration  of  war.  An  attendant  feature  was  the 
expulsion  of  French  residents,  proposed  already  in 
the  spring,  but  now  enforced  with  a  certain  har-!i- 
ne.ss.'"^      The   president    further    stilled    the   outeiy 

^'■'  The  troops  agreeing  not  to  serve  ngainst  Friinec  witliin  eight  moutlis, 
^''Thc  French  were  allowed  to  seek  fresh  iirovisicjns.  All  excess  bov>i;iil 
the  1,000  allowed  for  garrison,  h;id  to  retire  to  a  distance  of  ten  ]e;igucs  lidiii 
the  port.  Among  the  reasons  for  the  capitulation  were  the  scanty  rcnjuant 
(if  annnnnition,  the  lack  of  artillerists  for  n.ore  tlian  ten  guns,  the  dcinuli- 
ti<in  of  so  nuiny  batteries  and  dismounting  of  ciinnon,  and  tlie  discouriigcimnt 
jif  the  men  at  the  slaughter.  Santa  Anna  had  sag .^'stcd  that  the  forliii>a- 
tions  facing  Vera  Cruz  should  bo  lilown  np,  astamlii.,'  order  with  the  foiimi' 
vicci'oys,  who  were  also  to  entrap  invaders  idong  th?  ii.tricate  roads  to.Ial;ipa 
or  ()ri.:;vl)a.  As  the  French  Hag  rose  over  Ulua  the"  Fngiish  man-of-war  jniicil 
■with  the  rest  in  saluting  it.  ("onnnents,  witii  ddcuments,  in  />^^s•/nw^  '■ , 
(•'iihiiiclc  Mi.v.,  i.  r2,")-;{7;  Arnllwja,  Ihcop.,  1S3'J,  3.  Jloth  Rineou  an. I 
(Jaiina  were  called  to  answer  for  their  conduct. 

■^' They  had  to  leave  towns  within  three  days,  and  the  country  v.ithiii  tif- 
teen.  Tliosc  nuirried  to  Mexicans  or  disabled,  it'  well  lieliaved,  were  exiiii|it, 
l)ccrees  of  Dec.  1,  ISIJS.  /</. ,  ISIW,  ■').');)— tl.  The  outcry  against  so  bii't'  a 
ti'rm  caused  it  to  be  extended  to  two  months,  nuiinly  at  tlio  intercessinii  nf 
the  foreign  ndii'sters.  Dtihhin  and  Liniiiio,  Liij.  Mt.v.,  iii.  oii-l-T,  "'70.  Cir 
culars  of  March  i;i  had  enjoined  good  treatment  of  I'renchnien,  in  view  of  llu' 
popidarfevnient.  Vall<p),('iil.  Jhn-.  Mir.,  MS.,  i.  i)ts.Sr).  ]27.  Xow  thisiVi'linn 
had  grown  so  strong  that  many  hastened  to  leave  at  once.     Ou  Vi:*:.  iii.li,  --'' 


ESCAPE  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


107 


iii^ainst  himself  by  appointinjv  the  rcsohitc  General 
I'aieclcs  minister  of  war.^*  The  r»\s^ular  army  was 
onlorod  to  be  increase*!  to  33,000  men,  with  an  enrol- 
iiRut  of  volunteers  ^  for  repelling  invasion,  and  reiiii- 
forcemonts  were  hurried  down  to  the  coast,  Santa 
Aniui  being  at  the  same  time  chai-ged  to  replace  the 
disgraced  Kincon  on  the  strength  of  the  favoVablo 
impression  created  by  his  pronqjt  appearance  on  the 
scene.  This  general  connnunicated  the  declaration 
ot  war,  and  sunnnoning  Arista  to  his  aid,  they  began 
to  prepare  for  a  defence  of  the  plaza  of  Vera  Cruz, 
l^audin  expressed  his  regrets  at  the  act,  and  intimated 
witli  brusqueness  that  ho  could  raze  the  city  to  the 
mound  in  a  moment,  but  ho  would  not  retaliate 
upon  an  innocent  population  for  the  deeds  of  its  gov- 
oriinient.  At  the  same  time  he  quietly  took  the  res- 
olution to  render  ineffective  the  pieparations  at  the 
port. 

Early  the  following  morning,  on  December  5th, 
lie  sent  three  divisions  to  the  city,  with  orders  for  two 
of  them  to  carry  the  two  forts  Santiago  and  Conco})- 
cion,  which  flanked  it  on  the  east  and  west  respect- 
ively, spike  the  guns  and  otherwise  disarm  them, 
while  the  third  division  marched  to  the  residence  of 
Siuifa  Anna  with  the  view  to  capture  him.  An  un- 
usually heavy  fog  came  to  assist  the  movement,  and 
th(.'  first  divisions  were  readily  enabled  to  surprise  the 
lorts.  !More  dilHcult  was  the  task  oi'  the  third,  led 
1>V  Prince  de  Joinviile,  a  son  of  the  king.  J  [o 
landed  on  the  quay  before  the  central  gate  and  broke 
it  o](on  with  a  petard,  capturing  the  cannon  defending 
till'  entrance.     The  noise  warned  the  sleeping  Santa 

\u  IV  louviiiL!  till' capital,  with  tlu'ir  wivcHiiiid  ni'arly  400nttf'iiilnnts,  wlion  tlit  y 
Wriv  ,st(i|ipi,'(l  iitiil  (Irprivi'il  of  tlii'ir  lioi.scs.  Jln-^litiiirnifr,  tt''iliiiii  !■■  .]fi.r,,  i.  |;{'.>. 
Si'i'  cipinmi  Ills  1)11  ^uuil  tii'iitiiunt  in  Ciii'rd.i,  J-.'s/iii.'i.  l)ij.  FraDiiu,  !.'>  IM;  J'aj). 
I'/'.,  cl,  ]it  '2;  M(.i\,  K.rjion.  (',);i<li'\,  ■.!();{().  Otlicr  turciniurs  Miil'rivd  smno- 
«'liiit  ill  tilt' excitoiiKMit,  and  tlio  iiolgi.m  legation  was  vidlaiud.  J>iiirii>  (i':i'>., 

l>oo.  .">,  is;ts. 

-".Monui  liaviiiL;  rosigni'd.  A  I'oinniis.sion  eaniu  actually  to  doiiiand  that 
liiHtaiiiaiilc  should  I'l'liiinnisli  the  pi'c^idciu'y. 

■■'  Arrillftja,   L'a'ojt,,    lH'oS,  ood,   olo-4;  Miix.,  Dicnto  imni,  Onjait.,  1-7^ 

Vlill'jn,  utc. 


TiOi'i 


'1  ■ 


198 


THE  PASTRY  WAK. 


Anna,  who  rushed  half-clad  from  his  house  just  in 
time  to  escape.  Not  so  the  less  suspicious  Arista, 
who  was  caught  in  his  room.  The  column  there- 
upon turned  to  disable  the  defences  along  the  soutli 
line,  and  on  arrival  of  the  other  parties  an  attack 
was  made  on  the  barracks  of  la  Merced.  Here  tlio 
scattered  Mexicans  made  a  stout  resistance  and  main- 
tained a  galling  fire  on  the  assailants,  who  suffered 
greatly.  Baudin  coming  up  declared  the  movement 
both  costly  and  needless,  and  ordered  a  retreat,  for  it 
M'as  not  his  intention  to  hold  the  town. 


^^wga&eaD^ "  'r^ 


JInll  Ring 


Su.Ju 


*■    :Plazrd»^ 


'-^r 


7V,V  / 


Vkua  Cruz. 

Santa  Anna,  meanwhile,  had  kept  himself  at  a  safo 
distance,  collecting  what  troops  he  could  and  waitiiiL;' 
fort  1)1'  .sunnnoned  force  of  Arista.  Learning  of  the 
reii'oi^avie  march,  however,  ho  thought  the  moment 
had  ;inivod  to  sliare  in  the  credit  earned  by  the 
defenders  of  tlie  barracks,  by  pretending  to  chase  the 
Freneli,  He  came  up  after  the  greater  part  had  em- 
barked, and  made  a  valiant  dash  at  the  few  still  left. 
These  had  token  the  precaution  to  cover  the  approach 
with  one  of  the  captured  caimon,  and  as  he  pressed 


i!.t:, 


BAUDIX  AXD  SANTA  ANNA. 


109 


toward  tliem  at  the  licad  of  liis  men  a  cliarge  of 
i:,na[)e-sliot  raketl  the  line,  killing  two  officers  and 
si'vcn  soldiers  and  wounding  a  largo  number,  among 
tlieiM  Santa  Anna,  who  was  hit  in  the  left  leg  and 
liaiid,  his  horse  being  shot.  A  few  more  volleys  were 
exchanged  ere  the  mist  hid  the  departing  boats,  and 
sliortly  after,  as  it  cleared  away,  Baudin  retaliated  for 
his  losses  by  shelling  down  the  troublesome  barracks,'*" 
.111  oj)cration  which  frightened  the  inhabitants  into 
;il)andoning  the  town.  The  troops  also  withdrew 
I'loin  a  place  n(>w  utterly  defenceless  to  the  adjoining 
]*o;'.itiis,  whither  the  suffering  Santa  Anna  had  been 
carried. 

This  general  had  behaved  far  worse  than  the  dis- 
oraced  Rincon,  in  allowing  himself  to  be  so  readily 
Nur])rised  by  the  enemy,  keeping  carefully  in  the 
liackground  during  the  main  fight,  and  finally  evaeu- 
iitingtlie  city;  but  ho  possessed  one  shining  quality — 
a  brazen  assurance  that  bordered  on  genius.  He 
'indorstood  the  feelings  of  the  masses  at  this  moment; 
how  readily  they  could  with  a  little  bombast  be  hood- 
V,  inked  into  the  belief  that  he  had  achieved  a  gratify- 
ing victory — for  had  not  the  boats  retired!  and  above 
all  to  accept  him  as  a  martyred  hero  bleeding  for 
his  country.  In  order  to  deepen  the  inipression,  ho 
wiote  as  from  his  death-bed,  relating  how  ho  had 
(h'iven  the  foe  into  the  sea,  with  losses  roachinir  far 
heyond  the  hundred.  "Cast  aside  discord,"  he  con- 
tinued, "and  unite  against  the  French.  As  for  me, 
fuiglve  my  political  errors,  and  deny  me  not  the  only 


""The  French  exhibit  a  loss  of  S  I;il!cil  and  GO  wonmlcd.  which  tho  ^Jtoxi- 
Ciiiw  suill  into  fiir  greater  actuiil  los-:,  wliilc  tiilmittin;^'  iieavy  casualties. 
Jt'in I'd,  Ui't.  Jila/)(i,  iii.  401.  It  is  also  stated  that  Santa  Anna  was,  Lit  by 
iriapu-sllut  from  tho  boats  wliilc  piancin^;  ou  tlio  (juay.  Arista  eiiiuo  out 
M  ith  tiio  usual  .Vaiiiiii'x/o,  1-lC,  to  cxj)laia  his  capture,  lie  was  released  on 
Jiui.  'JTtli.  r>astamaiitc  suppnits  San'a  AnnaV.  charLfe,  that  tht:  French 
attackc  I  wliilc  negotiations  were  peudiiiLr,  U  ihhietf  ^Icx.,  i,  110;  and  tho 
latier  nply  tliat  Santa  Anna  (piietly  elo-ied  tlio  gates  of  Vera  CVnz  on  Dec. 
4.li,  ere  (kcl.iring  war,  with  a  view  to  capture  tlio  prince  and  other  otlicora 
tiien  on  a  visit.  See  also  /'bs^cv,  .l/fr.,  .">ll;  Ilnzaiirourt,  J/rr.,  I'Jl-'J,  i;!l  -2. 
Mexican  accounts  place  the  French  coliimua  at  l,l00-l„50i),.  while  Fossiijf. 
intimates  only  5o0. 


!  k 


200 


THE  PASTRY  WAR. 


title  I  desire  to  transmit  to  my  diiklren,  that  of  a 
true  ^lexical!."  Tlie  laroe  succeeded.  The  cue  ab- 
sorbiiiijf  theme  throunhout  Mexico  now  became  the 
noble  and  patriotic  Santa  Anna.  San  Jacinto  and 
all  the  rest  were  consii^ned  to  oblivion  beneath  the 
pedestal  of  the  hero.  Even  more.  His  leg,  amputated 
at  Pozitos,  was  aiterward  removed  from  its  resting- 
[)lace  at  Manga  de  Clavo  and  deposited  midst  im- 
posing ceremonies  at  Mexico.''^ 

As  the  abandonment  of  Vera  Cruz  became  known 
the  discontent  burst  out  anew,  directed  as  before 
against  the  government.  The  cabinet  resigned,  and 
]iustamante  yielded  so  far  as  to  offer  the  inteiior 
and  foreign  portfolios  to  two  well  known  federalists, 
Rodriguez  Puebla  and  Gomez  Pedraza.  They  took 
possession  on  December  13th,  and  the  very  same  day, 
after  taking  the  oath  to  the  existing  constitution, 
they  presented  a  bill  to  the  council  for  the  formation 
of  a  consultative  body,  composed  of  one  deputy  from 
each  department,  and  for  the  convocation  of  an  assem- 
bly to  revise  the  organic  law  of  1824,  the  president 
being  meanwhile  invested  with  extraordinary  powers. 
The  council  rejected  tlie  bill;  but  the  ministry  had 
already  summoned  the  chambers  for  their  purpose,  and 
I)efore  them  they  repeated  the  arguments,  encouragoil 
by  a  large  federalist  representation  in  the  galleries. 
The  same  audience  served  undoubtedly  to  impose  ujioii 
those  deputies  who  would  have  risen  nidignantly 
against  the  project,  and  answers  were  modifiecl  to  ic- 
monstranees  against  it  as  ill-timed  under  the  prevailing 
critical  circumstances,  with  a  final  determination  lor 


"  rnilor  !i  line  inonmncnt.  S.iiita  Anna  luul  the  weakness  to  bo  presoiit 
oil  the  (ic(j;isii)n,  iu  Sept.  1S12,  ti>  listen  to  tlio  fulsome  eulogy.  Spceiinen  in 
Sirrrii  y  A'tw*),  Discrryo,  18;  Pa/).  \'(ii:,  xlii.  pt  iv.,  xxxviii.  pt  ix.  IIo 
also  received  a  cross  to  eomnieiiiorate  the  li;-;ht.  C.  IJiistaniante,  as  a  gn"  I 
centralist,  tells  the  story  willi  pathetic  eai'uestuess.  G'ahiiutc  M< .v.,  i.,  141  "i; 
I'oz  ill'  In.  /'ti/.'/ii,  .MS.,  xiv.  'JIO,  etc.;  but  othera,  at  first  secretly  ami  Liter 
openly,  spared  not  their  ridicule,  as  Villa-.Auior,  Bio'/.  'Saiitn.  Anim,  17  I's 
who  also  ihiclares  th;it  the  general  shrieked  greatly,  especially  during  tlie 
iinpuiatiou,  which  was  clumsily  performed,  for  that  matter. 


END  OF  THE  MINISTRY. 


201 


ilie  potior  conscrvador  to  announce  the  people's  will 
(111  the  subject.  The  crowd  thereupon  salHed  into  the 
streets,  shouting,  "Viva  la  federacion"!  Others  took 
up  the  cry  and  ])roceeded  to  ring  the  bells,  and  to  re- 
lease the  lately  imprisoned  federalist  conspirators,  no- 
tably Farias  and  Father  Alpuche,  who  were  conducted 
ill  triumph  to  their  residences.  Fortunately  for  peace, 
llic  garrison  did  not  join  in  the  outbreak,  and  the 
|ia(rt)ls  were  soon  able  to  restore  order,  Alpuche  re- 
turning of  his  own  accord  to  prison.  The  movement 
lacked  strength.  Bustamante  accordingly  declined 
ti)  enter  into  the  views  of  his  cabinet,  such  as  con- 
voking an  assembly  and  taking  possession  of  church 
]ir(ii)erty,  and  accepted  the  resignation  of  the  members 
on  the  18th.  So  ended  the  ministry  of  three  days.^' 
It  was  not  easy  under  the  circumstances  to  prevail 
upon  eligible  men  to  form  a  new  cabinet;  finally 
( jorostiza,  famed  as  dramatic  writer,  Cortina,  Lebrija, 
and  Tornel  accepted  the  portfolios  for  foreign  afiliirs, 
llnances,  interior,  and  war,  respectively.^^  This  was  on 
the  whole  a  very  desirable  combination;  but  Busta- 
mante personally  did  not  gain  by  it,  for  Tornel  joined 
in  the  pressure  to  intrust  the  direction  of  affairs 
(huing  the  crisis  to  the  firm  and  popular  Santa  Anna. 
Dustaniantc  indeed  began  to  think  it  well  to  yield, 
c.s[)ecially  as  he  would  thereby  relieve  himself  of  a 
Serious  responsibility.  He  accordingly  pretended  that 
tlio  spreading  revolt  centred  at  Tampico  recjuired  his 
[iersonal  attention,  and  the  poder  conservador  selected 


■'-'  An  explanation  of  tlioir  motives  appeared  in  Vrrthidrra  Xof^'-ia  ih  Ai.f 
7'/v .  h'la.-i  de  Miiitntcrh  M( x.,  I8;J9,  \-'.Vl\  and  I'uebla issued auothi.'r in  Mlui.-i- 
li rid  ill'  Ti'c<  Dins,  admitting  that  lie  aimed  solely  at  a  change  of  system. 
Si'iiie  little  known  conimeiitH  on  these  aio  f;iven  in  Biintnmniitf,  D'lai'io,  MS., 
xlv,  'Ji.")-17;  /(/.,  Voz  ill'  1(1,  PiUi-ia,  MS.,  xiv.  '2:29-40.  Satiiical  obaorvation^i 
ill  Ti'</iiiiii'/ilu  dd  iJifiudo,  1-12;  I'op.   Vnr.,  Ixxvii.  pt  v. 

"•  (loi(i.stiz;i  jiad  been  made  a  niLinljer  ot  the  f;overmnent  council  in  Feli- 
ruary.  l'al!i'jo,  Col.  Doc.  Mr.v.,  MS.,  i.  pt  81;  J/.c,  Mint.  Mhi.  Int.,  KS.'SS, 
--■>.  Zamaeoi.s,  Hint.  Jfi'j.,  xii.  171,  names  only  two  niinistens,  and  those 
Mfoii'.'ly,  eopying  a  va^ue  utterance  of  liustaniante.  In  March,  Pesado  re- 
phuid  Koineio  in  tlie  interior  departnieut,  hut  rc.sii,'ne(l  not  long  after.  'I'ornel 
was  a  irijniber  of  the  podcr  conservador,  yet  received  permission  to  enter  the 
cubiuet. 


HA 


202 


THE  PASTRY  WAR. 


for  provisional  president  during  his  absence  the  maimed 
hero  of  Vera  Cruz.^* 

The  prospect  of  again  figuring  as  ruler  at  the  capi- 
tal, from  which  he  had  so  long  been  kept  an  exile  by 
the  fiasco  at  San  Jacinto,  did  more  than  all  the  doc- 
tors toward  the  convalescence  of  Santa  Anna.  H(3 
transferred  the  command  of  the  coast  to  ex-president 
Victoria  and  hastened  to  Mexico,  receiving  there,  on 
February  17, 1839,  an  ovation  that  must  have  equalleil 
even  his  egoistic  expectations.  The  most  consoling- 
feature  was  undoubtedly  the  triumph  achieved  ovci" 
the  many  bitter  opponents  who  had  for  over  two 
years  showered  unopposed  their  abuse  and  ridicule. 
The  decoration  now  publicly  conferred  upon  hiii:  i'or 
driving^  the  French  into  the  sea  silenced  them  for  a 
time  at  least.  Bustamante  was  wliolly  eclipsed.  Ho 
felt  not  only  mortified,  but  afraid  that  his  ambitious 
suhstitute  would  retain  the  presidential  cliair  if  he  once 
obtained  possession;  and  so  ho  delayed  his  departure 
under  pretence  of  perfecting  preparations  against  tlio 
French  as  well  as  the  federalists.'*^  Santa  Anna  fuljy 
understood  feelings  so  readily  suggested  by  his  own 
scheming  nature,  and  thought  it  necessary  to  assur ; 
him  that  he  had  no  desisjfns  on  the  chair.  "Marcli 
at  once  against  the  rebels,"  he  added,  "or  I  sluiii 
have  to  go." 

The  French  question  had  now  assumed  anothci- 
phase.  The  blockade  and  other  disorders  attending; 
it  were  felt  especially  by  the  English,^''  and  Mini.sti.r 

"By  decree  of  Jan.  .3.3,  18.39.  Mvx.,  Col.  Lnj.  y  Dor.,  1839,  15-10.  fun- 
eral ^loraii,  as  |)resi(lent  of  the  council,  alioukl  liave  taken  tho  place,  but  lio 
jilcailed  illness,  porliajis  advisedly.  During  the  recent  crisis  Santa  Anna  w  j 
proposed  for  dictator  in  case  the  government  should  bo  nnable  to  resto.-o 
order.  Mi'x.,  DirUimnn.  Comis.;  I'ap.  Var.,  xliii.  pt  iii.  10. 

^■"'Troops  and  funds  were  collecting  in  dilferunt  quarters,  a  portion  bcin,' 
Bcnt  to  Vera  Cruz  nnder  Codallos,  wlio  was  replaced  by  Valencia.  San  v 
Anna  joined  in  the  contributions  offered  for  dci'enco  by  conspicuously  tm- 
dcring  his  estate  for  mortgage.  For  donations,  sec  Jfcx..  Cut.  La/,  y  I>  ■., 
ISnn,  5-10;  Vulhjo,  Col.  Doc.  Mex.,  i.  pts  ]■.'!),  1.T2;  Arri'luf/a,  LWop..  In:,!, 
204-5,258.  Governor  Salonioof  Vera  Cruz  is  praised  for  his  energetic  ail 
by  lliveia.  Jlinf.  Jalapn,  iii.  304. 

^Tor  extent,  stringency,  etc.,  see  Vullcjo,  Col,  Doc.  M('X.,'\.  pts  120,  1-M; 


TREATY  WITH  FRANCE. 


203 


Paclvoriliam,  who  arrived  about  this  time,  asjain  offered 
nu'diation.  The  first  flush  of  resentment  over,  the 
^Mexicans  began  to  reahze  that  a  continuation  of  tlie 
struggle  must  prove  disadvantageous  to  themselves, 
especially  with  the  federalist  movement  upon  them. 
The  French,  on  their  side,  were  not  prepared  for  deeper 
<  iitanglement,  particularly  in  face  of  the  concentration 
of  English  war  vessels,  whereof  a  squadron  of  thirteen, 
surpassinfj  their  own  in  strenijth,  had  anchored  before 
A'era  Cruz.^'  Nor  did  thev  care  to  face  another  sum- 
mcr's  ravage  of  yellow  fever  on  this  coast.  As  victors, 
ill  possession  of  the  leading  fortress  of  the  republic, 
and  commanding  the  ports,  they  could  afford  to  enter- 
tain even  concessions;  and  so  Baudin  admitted  tho 
jtroposal  now  made,  although  not  till  tho  English  had 
yielded  to  his  scruples  by  reducing  their  fleet  to  an 
equality  with  his  own."**^ 

After  a  conference  of  two  days,  attended  on  the 
|)art  of  INIexico  by  Minister  Gorostiza  and  General 
Victoria,  a  treaty  and  a  convention  were  signed  on 
]\[arch  9th,  whereby  Mexico  promised  to  pay  .3<>00,- 
000  within  six  months,^'  in  settlement  of  French 
claims  prior  to  November  20,  18.38,  and  accord  t(> 
French  citizens  the  same  privileges  as  were  (iujoyed 
ly  those  of  tho  most  favored  nation.  The  restitution 
(if,  or  indemnity  for,  captured  Mexican  vessels  and 
cargoes,  and  compensation  to  ex[)elled  Frenchmen, 
were  ({uestions  referred  to  a  third  power. '"^     This  being 


MS.,  i.  ptsSO,  90;  ArriUaga,  Rccop.,  1838,  211,  400,  etc.;  1839,  .3-11,  .34-7; 
Jhthliiii  iiiid  Loziao,  Li'if.  .l/f.c,  iii.  4S'2.  With  ohsurvations  in  /^(;/.sYnv/',-( 
J''u-L  Deh.,  xliv.  7'2-;  Ntlei'  Itc(j.,  Hv.  177,  etc;  M.x.,  Mem.  Onerm,  1S3!).  •21. 

''  At  the  close  of  Dec.  1838.  It  was  Admiral  I'agct'a  lloct,  for  tiic  timo 
tiniler  (Joininodoro  Douglas.     List  in  Blanrltanl,  Sail  Juan,  de  Ulan,  •104-5. 

^^Tlicre  was  ground  for  scruples  in  view  of  tiie  debates  in  tlio  parlianient 
;it  L.indon,  hinting  at  French  desij^ns  and  English  honor  and  interests,  tice 
Unnmrd'x  Pari.  Deb.,  xlvi.  891-910. 

^"In  three  instalments,  on  Vera  Cruz  custom-house. 

*"  The  treaty,  containing  5  articles,  estaljHslies  perpetual  peace;  refers  to 
ailiitriition  the  indemnity  for  voihscIs  taken  after  tlie  fall  of  Ulua,  and  for  ox- 
jiLllcd  Frenchmen,  as  well  as  for  Mexicans  injured  after  Nov.  '2ii,  IS3S;  de- 
clares for  favorable  reciprocity  until  a  treaty  of  commerco  may  seitle  the 
ili'tail.'!,  and  stipulates  that  Uliia  shall  bo  restored  so  soon  as  tlie  treaty  is 
liitiiicd,  whicjj  is  to  be  done  witiiin  12  (lays.  Tlie  convention,  in  4  articles, 
coucedes  the  §jOO,000  indemnity;  refers  to  arbitration  the  ([uestion  whether 


>   '.-if! 


Ir 


204 


THE  PASTRY  WAR. 


ratified  by  Santa  Anna,  San  Juan  do  Uli'ia  was  8ur- 
rcndored  on  April  7th,^'  and  tlio  French  tleet  retired 
with  a  number  of  old  cannon  as  trophies,  leaving  tho 
task  of  conciliation  to  Baron  Alluy  do  Cypres,  tho 
new  minister,  whoso  tact  and  discrimination  wore 
hardly  equal  to  the  occasion.  Mexicans  sought  con- 
st)lation  in  abusing  a  dilatory  and  inefficient  govern- 
ment, and  in  giving  prominence  to  those  who  had 
sustained  national  honor  by  a  brave  though  futile  re- 
sistance. They  undoubtedly  found  a  certain  relief  in 
considering  that  Franco  had  achieved  but  a  barren 
triumph;  for  tho  loss  sustained  in  trade  and  influencu 
in  ]\Iexico,  in  outlay  for  the  expedition  and  injury  to 
her  citizens,  far  outweighed  the  indemnity  obtained.*- 


^Icxican  vessels  and  cargoes  taken  during  tho  blockade  and  after  shall  be  ic- 
giirded  as  lawful  prey  or  not;  promises  not  to  baniper  tho  payment  of  reeoi;- 
ni;:ed  l''rench  claims,  not  ineliulcd  in  the  §000,000  amount.  iSi;,'ned  by  Uorus- 
tiza,  Victoria,  and  Baudin,  at  V^era  Cruz,  March  9,  1839.  Tho  ratilicatinns 
arc  dated  at  Mexico  March  21st,  and  at  Xeuilly  July  0th,  Text  in  JJiihhtii  and 
LurMiio,  Le<i.  Mrx.,  iii.  017-19,  092-;i;  also  in  Arrillai/a,  Hero/).,  IS.'W,  9j-^; 
J/cj;.,  Col.  'Lr;/.  y  Dec,  1840,  370-80.  Allusions  in  .\li\v.,  Mmi.  L'el.,  is;!!), 
3;  /(/.,  1840;  concerning  last  payment,  in  Niles'  AVi/.,  Ivii.  104,  2'24.  Fully 
000,000  franca  remained  unclaimed  for  years  after  to  prove  the  excessivc- 
ness  of  tho  demand,  observe  tho  Mexicans,  t'ucvax,  E-ijiot.,  48-9;  PaniiD, 
Ciiciita.i,  On-sto/i,  923-4.  The  most  exhaustive  work  on  this  episode  is  S'ln 
Jiinn  (le  Ulua,  ou  llvhit'ioti  da  VExpvilition  Fniiirninp.  an  Mcxiqiic,  by  I', 
Blanchard  and  A.  Dauzats,  with  notes  by  ^laissin,  pu))lis!ied  by  order  of  the 
king.  I'aris,  1839,  4\  ("idl  pp.,  with  illustrations,  nudnly  by  IJlanchavd,  wlm, 
assi.sling  also  as  interpreter,  had  additional  opportunity  for  gaining  infcu'iiia- 
tion.  ifo  accompanied  Ijaudin's  representative  to  Jlcxico  and  otlier  i)lact's, 
and  used  his  pen  freely  in  observations  on  the  scenery,  the  people;  and  their 
institutions,  all  of  which  servo  to  add  variety  ainl  interest  to  tho  narrative, 
tlio  attractive  style  of  winch  owes  nnicli  to  the  revision  of  Dauzats.  Tiiu 
diplomatic  features  of  tho  ease  are  given  special  attention  in  Mrx;,  Siijf. 
Diarii)  (roh.,  342  and  Oopp. ;  Pnp.  Var.,  Ixxvii.  pts  2,  7,  clxxiv.  pt  7;  M<.): 
P(tm])h!('t.i,  i.  pt  10;  with  observations  in  ^htillllrd\•<  Jlist.  Tex.,  132-48;  Ar- 
ranijii'r.,  Mij.,  ii.  240-3;  JJiihoii,  Mcx.,  115-18;  Domcmch,  Hht.  JI,\r.,  ii. 
l.")9-(!l;  C'ina-d,  Exciir.^.,  10-13,  etc.;  Larciiaudlirc,  ^^cx.  ft  (!uat.,  'IW-'yl- 
Frann:  and  jMi'.rico,  3-24;  Jtvaumoid,  lies.  (Jucstloii  Mcx,  1-41;  Escidcra  // 
Hintn,  Mvx.  Ilht.  J>i'»fiiiit.,  Tw-Ol. 

■*'  Tlio  chambor  of  deputies  approved  the  treaty  by  a  vote  of  17  against  12, 
and  the  senate  by  12  against  3.  A  heavy  iire  occurred  at  Vera  Cruz  shortly 
before,  involving  the  customdiouse. 

''- A  favorable  airaiigement  was  eflccted  on  behalf  of  Thitish  bondhohkns. 
DuhhuiRnA  Licaiio,  Lnj.  J/c.r.,  iii.  024-31;  Xilr.t' ncij.,  lix.  309,  Ivii.  80.  A 
review  of  the  claims  may  bo  consulted  in  I/,  .s'.  d'ort  J)oc.,  Cong.  37,  Ses. 
2,  II,  J'lx.,  oO,  pp.  17-20.  A  steamer  line  to  I'lngland  was  also  projected. 
Vpil<cido  de  la  Vcfdad,  pp.  i.-iv.,  l-oO;  Pup.  ('«/•.,  xix.  pt  iv.  24,  and  .i 
colony  of  negroes  and  others.  Mix.,  Col.  Lcij.  if  .Dec,  1844-40,  r).")2-4,  r)77-!l'-. 
IJaudin  had  been  induced  on  Feb.  17th  to  open  to  foreign  vessels  the  upper 
porta  on  tho  gulf,  then  in  the  hands  of  federalists.     The  blockade  w;h 


ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


90B 


!!\r(ircovor,  she  liad  accepted  practically  tlio  very  terms 
ollercd  her  before  the  outbreak  ot"  hostilities,  and  now 
siniiilicantly  presented  under  the  auspices  of  a  foreign 
f-ijuaih'on.  England  availed  herself  of  the  o})portu- 
nity  to  press  her  advantages  with  the  republic. 

riiiscil  on  Mnrch  0,  ISHO.  For  icwnrds  grnntcd  to  defenders  of  Vera  Cvn/.  nnd 
nim,  ill/./.,  is;!!»,  47-!>;_,l84(),  L'GO-I,  7()0-Tl>.  Kincoii  «iis  acniittt-d.  \'<i- 
III  jo,  ( 'ill.  Ihif.  M<  .1'.,  MS.,  ii.  pt  L'ST.  liis  defeiit-e  appeiiis  in  llhn-iiii,  .]fmiln'i''/o, 
jiji.  i.-lx.wiii.  1-141;  Luiiif.ii,  ViinHr.,  1-77.  Defence  of  otht'in  in  (>rA(,  Ik'/n- 
I  ir'ioii,  l-L'4.  A  law  of  184;{  deprived  foi-eij,'ner8  of  the  privilei;e  of  retail 
t'.iile.  Ihihhiii  and  Lo'.idio,  Lrij.  Mr.v.,  iv.  571--.  IJiustanmnte  lieiran  to  re- 
vive tliu  jn'ojeut  for  ii  SpanisiiAnierieau  confederation  to  resist  foreign  inter- 
ference, liifira,  Gob.  de  JIij;.,  ii.  227. 


II 


CHAPTER  IX. 

FEDEKALIST  AGITATION. 
1S38-1840. 

CnECKKD  IN  THE  WK8T,  THE  Fk.I)EI!AI.ISTS  RiSE  IN  THE  EaST— TaMI'ICO 
TaICES  THE  LeaIJ — TlIE  MOVEMENT  Sl'UKADS  KKOM  TlXl'AN  TO  THE  lihl 
GUANDE  DEL   \oRTE  — DlLAIOIlY  AoTlON  OK    IJlSTAMANTE— SaNTA  AnnV 

Fi(;riiK.s  AS  Uekohmek-  -His  KNKiu;y  Saves  the  Goveknment  ~ Dekk  vr 

AND    EXEC'ITION    OK    MeJIA  — TaMPICO   AM)  TcXl'AN    C'Al'ITlfl.ATE  — ISl  s- 
TA.MANTE     llESr.MES    THE     rUESlDENOY — YuCATAN     SECEUES     KCO.M     Till; 

IvEiTiiLic— lif;voLUTU)N   IN   Tabahco — Ukiiea's   Puominciamiknto  at 
Mexico — Bombaudment  ok  the  Palace— Eailuke  of  the  Outhklak 

— A  MoNAllCItK'AL,  IJltEEZE. 


Free  from  foroign  complications,  the  govorninoiit 
was  ])cniiitted  to  jiivc  uiitlivitioil  attention  to  the  i'ed- 
eralist  uprising,  which,  under  the  f'osterin<^  patronage 
of  the  French  Meet,  liad  received  fresh  iuipiilse. 
Before  the  autumn  of  1838  it  was  practically  conliiicd 
to  Jalisco,  and  even  hore  the  eneri^etic  Paredes  had 
followed  up  his  earlier  successes  aj^ainst  Urrea  in 
Sinaloa,  and  ai^ainst  Guzman  and  his  allies  in  the 
Guadalajara  region,  by  giving  the  latter  a  most  v\'- 
fective  check  on  February  4,  1839,  at  the  hacienda 
de  Santa  Cruz.  This  not  only  st.ved  the  depait- 
mental  capital,  but  reduced  the  rcM.clution  in  the 
west  to  insignificant  proportions.^  Southward,  in 
Oajaca  and  Chiapas,  slight  sym{*atl.etic  movements 
had  taken  place,  only  to  be  promptly  suppressed.     Jii 

'(Juzmnn,  with  hia  associates  Montenegro  anil  Pulafox,  lost  about  1"0 
killed  and  many  prisoners.  About  tlic  saine  time  Vicente  Gonziilcz  \\aa 
defeated  with  a  loss  of  90  in  an  attempt  on  Toliica.  A  pronunciumicuto  iit 
Guadalajara  in  May  was  (luickly  suppressed  with  aid  of  Governor  EsoobuKi. 
Diarlo  (Job.,  Feb.  12,  May  25,  1839,  etc. 

(S06) 


URUEA'S  rP.ONUXCIAMIENTO. 


207 


tho  latter  dopartinont  the  rising  was  fostered  by 
(iuatemalii  aiul  ex-(aovenior  Uutierrez,  who  fell  in 
llio  iirst  and  decisive  encounter  with  the  «^ovenunent 
troops.*  Tlicso  successes  and  the  injprisoninent  at 
.Mexico  of  Ooniez  Farias,  lately  returi\ed  from  the 
rnited  States,  and  his  associates  Alpuche  and  others, 
who  were  jjenei'ally  looked  upon  as  the  heads  and 
secret  promoters  of  tlie  federal  agitation,  had  reas- 
siued  the  government,  when  in  October  1838  a  fresh 
]>i<)iiun(.'iamiento  broke  out  at  Tampico,*  whereof  tho 
i'li'^'itive  Urrea  from  Sonora  soon  assumed  the  tlirec- 
lioii.  The  commandant  I'iedras  was  compelled  to 
1.  avc,  and  arrangements  were  made  with  the  French 
.si|iia(lron  to  permit  the  entrance  of  vessols.*  Owners 
of  cargoes  availed  themselves  of  this  privilege  to 
introduce  goods  almost  on  their  own  terms,  for  the 
leaders  were  only  too  eag'  r  to  procure  means  for 
their  project,  as  well  as  wealth  for  themselves.  Thus 
'itstered  and  shielded  in  the  rear,  the  rising  speedily 
extended  to  below  Tuxpan,®  and  on  tho  other  side  all 
over  Tamauli|)as  into  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Xnevo 
Leon,  whose  i.ihabitants  had  strong  reasons  for  (lis 
satisi'action  with  tho  remote  and  inditierent  central 
;:ntliority.  The  prolonged  stay  among  them  of  the 
uinuly  army  of  observation  against  Texas  was  cs- 
iH'ciallv  annoviiiLT,  the  more  so  since  its  maintenance 
devolved  chieily  on  these  provinces. 

The  government  took  alarm,  and  Canalizo  was  siMit 
ill  November  to  reduce  Tampico  with  part  of  the  i'orce 
i;u;;od  against  the  French  invaders.     On  the  30th  he 

'  Uiukr  Barberena,  in  May  lvS38.  Tlio  rebels  nuiubccd  less  than  250,  an<l 
iiiit^t  (if  the  oliicera  fell.  Jjitslnmnnte,  (lubhirti'  Mix..  i.  07. 

^A  captain,  Montcnej;ro,  taking  tho  lc;ul,  in  favor  of  Cul.  Voranicndi's 
plan.    Tliis  occurred  on  October  7th. 

*  A  sii,'iiiiicant  letter  from  tlio  French  admiral  to  the  federalist  loailer  may 
lie  consulted  in  Kileti'  Iirf}.,lr.  40-t,  and  Vi'^ldZii  /'.'/ji'i/o,  "> -H>;  J'n/'.  !'«;•., 
I'l.  ]it  ,31.  IJtistaniante  eoniinents  on  the  outrageous  arrangenieiits  niado 
V.  iili  traders  to  defraud  th '  national  treasury.  Of  duties  csti;n:iteil  at 
SU>>),000  oa'.y  §70,000  entered  tlio  custoni-honsc  coders.  O'abiitcte  Me.i:,  i. 
I'T,  li;."!.     'J'ho  French  obtained  supplies  at  least. 

■"  Where  the  French  blockading  s(padron  had  had  a  slight  skirmish  in 
"uly  while  seizing  a  vessel. 


**»»■  \\  i 


,i    )'l|1l 


:lr*ii 


,ii. 


1 


]-H 


i 


III 
ill 

Hi 


FEDKRALIST  AGITATIOX, 


undeT'took  to  carry  the  }5lace  by  assault,  and  managed 
t  '  !jain  a  stronn"  foothold,  Imniudiately  alter,  how- 
c\  iT,  ail  ox})losioii  occurred,  blowing  to  j)ieces  a  num- 
ber of  his  men,  and  a  })anic  ensued,  of  which  the  exjX'ct- 
ant   garrison   took    advantage    to  regain   possession. 


TaMPICX>  C/VJIPAIUN. 


While  Cajializo  strove;  to  rally  his  force  the  federali 
sallic^d  in  another  direction  ui)on  his  camp,  and  ])ii1 
flight  the  reserve  uiuh'r  the  inefficient  (Jeneral  ( 
The  alread}-  demoralized  main  body  soon  foll(jwed 
example,  and  it  was  only  at  Altamira,  seven  leagi 


stS 
<  i>. 
lO.S 


REVOLUTION  IN  THE  NORTII-EAf^T. 


209 


lu'VcMid,  that  Caiializo  \vas  able  to  colloet  the  fugitivos, 
to  the  number  t)f  700.  About  :?00  had  been  kilKul  or 
captured,  auiouj^  the  latter  Commandant  Piedras,  who 
was  shot." 

The  fall  of  U K'la.  and  attendant  events  at  Vera  Cruz 
t;ave  fresh  impulse  to  the  revolution,  partly  from  the 
jiaralyzing  eft'ect  on  the  government.  The  latter  ])re- 
jiai'od,  nevertheless,  to  send  a  stronger  expedition 
a'>ainst  Tampico  under  the  able  Valencia,  and  ordered 
rtenforcements  for  Canalizo,  so  that  he  might  proceed 
to  ]\ratamoros  and  check  the  spread  of  the  movement 
ill  the  north.  The  recnforcements,  under  Garay  and 
Jjcnuis,  revolted,  however,  and  joining  the  party  re- 
cently formed  by  the  Montereyan  Antonio  Canales, 
they  hastened  to  lay  siege  to  Matamoros,  assisted  by 
a  coi'ps  which  had  overrun  the  centre  of  the  de}nirt- 
iiuiit  and  driven  forth  Governor  (^uintero.  The  gar- 
1  isoii  at  Monclova  also  rose  under  liuiz,  on  January 
1."),  KSol),  but  its  effort  to  capture  Saltillo  and  re- 
move the  governor,  Francisco  Garcia  Conde,  was 
IVustrated  by  the  arrival  of  aid  from  ^Monterey.' 
Colonel  Ampudia  had  also  obtained  an  a<lvantage 
which  relieved  ^latamoros,  Lemus  promising  to  ro- 
turu  to  obedience;  but  no  sooner  had  the  cok)nel  turned 
his  l)ack  than  the  latter  reconsidered  the  situation 
and  surprised  the  poorly  defended  ^ronterey,  and  sub- 
-cfjuently,  on  ^tay  2;3d,  the  capital  of  Coahuila,  the 
!4o\('niors  of  both  departments  liaving  to  retire.'^  ]^y 
this  time  attempts   had  been   made  to  gain   for  the 

'' After  an  outrageous  trcattricnt,  says  Bustiutianto.  /</.,  G^'.h'ineto  yfi'r.,  i. 
liM  •_'.  Montoni'gro  \vh  )  lum  startod  tlic  |irciiiuiui;iiniciit(),  was  aiuuii;,'  tlio 
f:illiii.  Jiifirli)  (ioh.,  Dt.'c.  10,  1S3'J,  etc.  A  ^^  riter  in  Hnsiamaii/i',  Diario,  MS., 
xlv.  Xt,  swull.s  the  loss  to  >MM). 

'  I'lulur  Ug.utcclu'a,  on  Jan,  'J.'!il,  lie  claiincil  to  liav(!  acliievcil  this  vic- 
t'lv  with  less  than  400  men,  captnrint;  71)  and  killiiiL,'  17  <>iit  of  the  .■ittiickiiii,' 
ln)-,(>  iif  000.  Ctiii/i.,  d'tz.  (i'(il).,  .Ian.  '_'(»,  ISliO,  ami  citlu-r  nnn\liL'i-s.  'J'aniauli- 
|as  hiul  by  law  to  maintain  ii  local  force  of  l,;{00nifn.  .S'nc.  Me.v.  Oooii.  Jio/<t., 
i.  Kid  7. 

M  Jarcia  was  the  go'-  :  .  rulin^^' at  Motiteri'v;  1'rieto  ,«nccotMlc(l  liim  snnn 
litter,  anil  the  eoinandancia  general  ftirmed  alionttliis  tiniefor  Nuevd  Leon  was 
i-oiaatter  li]loilt)V  .).  M.  do  t)rte;,'a,  (h;'i''/ii,  AV/ic-'.,  \  '2; /''i/k  Tar.,  exr.  j.t 
(!;  I'i,'irl,  Coll.,  is;t!t;  Vail, Jn.  Col.  /^).•.'  Mf.r.,  i.  jit  17!';  J/c'.i-.,  Cut.  L'l/.  y 
ii'-:,  \SA),  \-l\).  I'^'arteehea  fell  wiiilc  defending  Jsaltillo. 
lliST.  Mb:i„  Vol,  V,    U 


f,  H 


210 


FEDERALIST  AGITATION, 


1:1 !  Il 


niovGinent  also  the  capitals  of  DaraiiLfo  and  San  Luis 
Potosi,  but  without  success."  Farther  down  on  the 
gulf  coast,  however,  Cos,  who  had  been  in'  .•usted  wilh 
an  expedition  against  Tuxpan,  was  routed  by  the  fed- 
eralists under  ML!Jia,^°  who  now  stood  prepared  to  as- 
sume the  offensive. 

Tiiis  blow,  together  with  the  fear  that  when  the 
French  departed  the  federalists  might  descend  on 
Vera  Cruz,  served  to  rouse  the  loitering  Bustamante, 
and  he  was  at  last  persuaded  to  start  upon  his  cani- 
l)aign,  for  wliich  troops  were  no  longer  lacking,  owing 
t;)  the  enrolment  lately  made  against  invasion  and 
the  release  of  tlie  corps  of  observation  against  the 
French.  The  war  feeling  being  still  rife,  advantiigo 
v/as  taken  of  it  to  continue  the  levy  and  the  formation 
(if  volunteer  bodies;"  and  an  effort  was  made  to  reor- 
ganize the  army  and  to  give  it  a  more  martial  appeiu- 
a'.ice,   yet  with   only  partial    success,   owing    to    the 


"Coinandanto  Ocncral  Ilcivilia  proni])tly  suppressed  the  outbrc.ik  .it  Dii- 
raiigo  Oil  M;'.y  ."il,  tirrestiug  tlic  luadcrs,  Capcaia  Itosii  raid  others.  Ugarte  h;ul 
so:i;:;lit  to  rise  \vi  Ji  the  garri^jou  of  the  citadel  at  San  F^uij  I'otosi. 

'"This  occurred  in  Marcii.  Santa  Anna  had  proposed  Valencia  for  tin's 
expedition,  ijut  tho  president  feared  to  strengthen  ttiosc  whom  he  regarded 
as  rivals. 

"Tho  departments  hail  also  been  fired  witli  patriotic  zeal,  and  even  'Aio 
interior  Guanajuato  and  Durango  were  taiiing  energetic  steps  to  raiae  i.i-ii. 
Instance  Dtu'nmjo,  Iiiiciatiud,  1-10;  J''tp.  l'(ir.,  cl.wx.  pt  7.  By  decree  of 
January '2(i,  1S;1'J,  was  issueil  tho  general  annual  draft  of  men  for  the  army. 
JIc.v.,  Decrclo  }>ari  Itei'uqAazar  UJcrcUo,  l-'2\;  Mx.,  LcjU.,  LSjI},  il.VJ-ljjj 
and  on  July  Sth  one  for  reorganising  the  army,  lixed  for  the  lime  at  1*2  rcgiauatj 
of  permanent  infantry,  8  and  ii  frriction  of  cavalry,  both  known  by  numerio 
order,  ',i  brigades  of  artillery,  bcsidcii  '.i  coiupanie.j  on  foot  and  1  on  horsebael;, 
and  a  battalion  of  sappers,  the  wliolo  to  bo  distributed  into  0  divisions.  Of 
active  militia  there  were  to  be  9  regiments  on  foot  and  0  n;  'Unted.  Tlie  gov- 
ernment could  appoint  tho  generals  of  divi.-:ioii  to  control  the  7  comandaiRJas 
gencralca  of  the  repulilic.  Mex.,  Dcrcto  para  Onjanizar  Ej''rcilo,  1-7;  Arri- 
!/a>/a,  Rccop.,  18.TJ,  70-7,  102  4.  Militia  rules  in  iljc..  Col.  Lnj.  y  Dec,  ISIO, 
(i  ).'{-9,  Gl'J-'20.  For  light  cavalry  and  i'(3r  the  regiment  formed  by  traders,  ;;i;o 
Mv.r.,  Decrclo  livtjimicnto  Cnmrrclt,  1-7;  I'ap.  Wir.,  cl.  pt  '27.  Coninn'iits 
on  insuflicient  arinament  in  Turncl,  Carta,  8-17,  21-5.  An  order  of  July  IDih 
regulates  the  uniforuH:  the  infantry  in  IjIuc,  with  collar  and  facings  of  df- 
ercnr,  color,  according  to  the  regiment;  white  trousers  to  take  the  place  of  iilno 
with  the  change  of  season.  Tho  cavalry  varied  greatly  in  their  uiiiionu. 
llotli  were  given  an  enormous  shako  covered  with  oinanicnts.  .See  for  deciu 
of  May  11,  on  uniforms,  Vallcjo,  Cul.  ])o\  Mcc,  MS.,  ii.  pt  101.  Aniilitaiy 
eonmnssion  was  appointed  to  collect  statistics,  t>or.  Mi  x.Oco'j.  Hold.,  i.  II-'- 
l.S.  Undue  proportion  of  ollicersand  regulations  for  them.  ArriHa'ia.  J,'rr<>]i., 
1839.  40-GJ,  l.i7-8.  '22o-;}2,  20:1-0;  Mr. v.,  J-Utntiilo  Phin'i  Mayor  Eje  nil,  1- 
22;  Pap.  Var.,  l.\xix.  pts  3,  4,  el.  pta  oO-l,  elxxx.  pt  8. 


BATTLE  OF  ACAJETE. 


211 


chronic  lack  of  funds,  which  affected  armament  in 
(jiuilitj  and  sufficiency,  and  uniforms  as  to  congruity, 
(11 10  eonnnon  and  ccnispicuous  feature  of  the  hitter 
hfing  the  national  sarape.^^  The  reforms  effected 
were  mainly  due  to  the  energetic  Santa  Anna,  who 
;is>umed  control  as  provisional  president  on  March  18, 
1^39,  and  manifested  his  self-will  by  promptly  placing 
tlio  press  under  restraint." 

Bustamante  had  marched  to  San  Luis  Potosi,  and 
Cvintcnt  with  the  achievement,  he  i-emained  there 
revolving  what  next  to  do.  Encouraged  by  this  in- 
nctivity,  the  enemy  emerged  from  the  gulf  districts 
iiili>  Puebla  under  Urrea  and  Mcjia,  and  })roposed  to 
vli.s-.;''n<?rt  h.is  plans  by  threatening  the  seat  of  the  de- 
jJi-tM  I.  and  consequently  the  capital  itself,  where  a 
luc'jo  number  of  adherents  stood  prepared  to  rise. 
Santa  Anna  saw  the  danijer,  and  on  tlie  strenj^th  of 
a  reluctant  permission  from  the  council  he  hastened 
Oil  April  30th  to  Puebla,  borne  in  a  litter,  ordering  at 
tlic  same  time  the  concentration  there  of  available 
troops.  This  promptness  turned  the  scale.  The  city 
v>a>  already  in  a  ferment;  within  three  hours  of  his 
arrival  a  pronunciamionto  in  favor  of  federalism  would 
liavi!  ijoen  made,  involving  the  release  of  prisoners  in 
tliu  jails  and  the  overthrow  of  the  small  garrison. 
fSaiita  A'.na's  p.'esonce  sufficed  to  awe  the  factions, 
and  the  appro.'>-]i  af  troops  caused  them  effectually  to 
siil)sitle.  (lenoral  Valencia  hatl  brought  f  )rward  the 
Hi'oatest  ioi\  0,  lo  I  to  him  were  confided  1,G00  men 
and  five  guiis  wl  '^rovitli  t<-  face  the  enemy.  They 
iiii'tat  Acajeto  on  ^viay  3d,  anil  a  fierce  battle  ensued. 
Tiio  centralists  had  found  time  to  form  in  gootl  order, 
St  tliat  when  the  less  strong  federalist*  fell  upon  them 
at   the    break   of   day    they    were   warmly   received. 


t  I' 


M 


III 


'-Liiwenstcrn,  ^f•x.,  40-?.,  9t-101,  is  severe  on  the  whole  .system.  As  fur 
pay,  the  voucliera  ere  i>oarly  always  ili.sposed  of  at  an  ciiDnnoa.s  loss,  soiut:- 
ti'.'ioT  as  lu.^h  as  per  cent,  which  speculators  shared  wiiha  eorriipiadiiiiii- 
istra'i  ion. 

"''miinenta  lv  <  j:  •  -'n  DaVojo  entre  Ministro  y  Com'j<:ri>,  l-l.  He  took 
tiio  (lalli  liy  jiroxy. 


1  ^'Ibi 


212 


FEDERALIST  AGITATION. 


Again  and  again  the  latter  charged  with  a  will  that 
more  than  once  caused  their  opj)onents  to  waver. 
Valencia  proved  equal  to  the  emergency,  however, 
and  finally,  by  an  unexpected  countercharge  with  his 
cavalry,  he  created  a  disorder  which  soon  developed 
into  flight.  A  large  number  of  prisoners  were  taken, 
and  about  GOO  dead  testified  to  the  bitterness  of  the 
struggle.  Santa  Anna  came  up  with  reenforcements, 
too  kite  to  be  of  any  service,  but  the  credit  of  the 
achievement,  which  saved  the  government  by  effect- 
ually crippling  the  adversary,  belongs  nevertheless 
mainly  to  his  proi  >:,  and  independent  action,  regard- 
loss  of  a  timid  couin'  .t  sought  at  the  last  moment 
to  prevent  his  depart  ..  from  Mexico."  Among  tlio 
captured  was  ]\Iojia,  whose  dash  and  tactics  had  main- 
tained the  advantage  during  the  earlier  part  of  tlio 
battle.  "You  arc  to  be  shot  within  three  hours,"  said 
his  captor.  "Had  Santa  Anna  fallen  into  my  hands, 
T  would  have  granted  him  three  minutes,"  replied 
]\Ieiia  with  seeming  indifference.  As  he  was  led 
i'orth,  he  distributed  what  money  he  possessed  amoni,' 
the  men  detailed  for  his  execution,  and  then  knelt  in 
pious  attitude  to  receive  the  volley." 

Urrea  escaped  and  gained  Tampico,  which  was  in- 
vest(^d  on  ]May  2Gth  by  Arista.  The  place  had  a 
garrison  of  about  800  men,  was  well  fortified  and 
supported  by  some  small  gun-boats,  so  that  Uri'ea, 
with  every  confidence  in  its  strength,  resolved  to  in- 
trust the  defence  to  General  Escalada,  and  seek  to 
distract  the  besiegers  by  a  movement  in  their  rear. 

'♦  Iv-iciiliida's  roster  .shows  a  fuilunil  force  of  807  men.  Manifit'Ktn,  45.  'J'lic 
tiitiil  Iks?!  (Ml  l)otli  .silk's  was  Ijotwccjii  (JOO  and  700.  Bustanianto  intiinalu 
tiiat  Santa  Anna's  cavalry  cauio  in  time  to  tnrn  tliu  victory.  Gabinetc  Mtx., 
i.  LSI;    IV(/A/.,  Cnl.  Dor.  M,'.i:,  MS.,  ii.  18;i  7. 

'•'.lo.s6  Antonio  Mejia  was  ii  Cuban  who  came  to  Mexico  in  182.'?  ami 
proved  ever  a  .stancli  Icderalist.  lli.s  cliildron  were  educated  in  the  ruilril 
.States,  two  sons  rising  to  prominent  jiositions  under  tlic  suliscquent  foliial 
govermnent.  VdHijn,  Col.  J)<ii'.  Mcx.,  MS.,  ii.  pt  4.37;  /'«/>.  Vur.,  cxivi. 
pt  ii.  (I,  'J3.  Sliot  without  trial  hy  spiteful  Santa  Anna,  observes  N'ill:* 
Amor,  liiii'j.  Simla  Anna,  10.  liivera  states  that  this  general  diil  not  i  hih; 
up  till  after  the  execution.  Jle  ]iraises  Mejia's  constancy,  yet  bluines  liiiii  i"i' 
bringing  foreign  adventurers  into  tiie  country.  Gub.  <le  A/i.v.,  ii.  "220.  At- 
tack of  Oortaair  for  federalist  sympathies,  in  Jlunnuito,  May  ItJ,  1831),  etc. 


FALL  OF  TAMPICO. 


21  a 


No  sooner  had  ho  departed,  however,  by  slipping 
through  the  lines  one  dark  night,  than  ]3arburena, 
commander  of  the  flotilla,  joined  Arista.'"  This  treaeh- 
cry  not  only  deprived  the  town  of  supplies,  but  ex- 
posed it  on  the  most  vulnerable  side,  as  was  soon 
made  manifest  by  the  fresh  impulse  given  to  siege 
(mcrations.  The  garrison  became  disorderly,  some 
])ioposing  to  remove  the  commandant,  others  begin- 
ning to  drink  and  commit  outrages.  The  frightened 
property  holders  and  merchants  now  joined  in  per- 


\"^:\ 


-■N, 


.V 


bS'.^. 


Plan  of  Tampico. 


suading  Escalada  to  accept  a  capitulation  on  Juno 
nil,  whereby  troops,  officials,  and  citizens  were  guar- 
iiiitt.'t'd  tlie  possession  of  pro[)erty  and  positicMi,  the 
military  remaining  in  service   of  the  government.'^ 

' 'J  lie  largest  vessel,  a  guleta,  was  entrappeil  liy  Arista,  and  the  ivst  had 
tlinctfiro  to  yit'ld,  say.s  Aiiastasiu  IJiistaiuaute,  Maiiijieslo,  '1\).  in  E.<ciilwlii, 
Cijiiti'st.,  11,  only  tho  'lanclias'  are  ineiitiuiied, 

^''  E-<ralaila,  Maii'ijii-.sfo,  oO-l,  ete.  Tho  luiglish  consul  a,rranged  tho  pro- 
limiiiiirios.  Urrca  was  iiioludod  in  the  oapitulation,  under  eertaiu  conditiuiis. 
Tliu  sunLudured  armamoat  cinbraocd  32  caimou  and  UiO  luuskota.     The  gar- 


214 


FEDERALIST  AGITATION. 


'5  IP 


m 


!f 


IS- 


This  ready  surrondcr  of  the  most  important  liarljor 
on  tlie  gulf  next  to  Vera  Cruz,  with  its  rich  stock  of 
goods,  guarded  by  so  large  a  force,  tends  to  eoniinii 
the  charge  of  treason  against  Escalada.  It  had  the 
effect  of  precipitating  also  the  fall  of  Tuxpan,  whither 
Urrea  had  betaken  himself  to  weave  fresh  plans. 
Foreseeing  the  inevitable  in  the  concentration  <»f 
forces  against  the  ])lace,  he  hastened  to  enter  into  ;iii 
arrangement  with  Paredes,  whereby  he  was  conlirmcd 
in  his  position  and  honors  as  general.  Santa  Ann;i 
naturally  felt  indignant  at  such  terms,  and  modilied 
them  in  so  far  as  to  order  him  into  exile,  under  sur- 
veillance. While  on  the  way  to  Vera  Cruz,  however, 
he  escai)ed,  and  disappeared  for  a  time,  till  the  turn 
of  events  again  brought  him  to  the  front.^^ 

The  fall  of  Tampico  was  a  heavy  blow  to  the  feder- 
alist cause,  now  sustained  mainly  in  the  north-cast. 
The  news  arrived  there  at  the  same  time  with  thu 
report  that  Garcia  C<nide  w*as  advancing  with  a  strong 
force  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  while  Canalize,  reenforccd 
by  Quijano,  was  moving  against  Monterey.  Lcnnis 
at  once  abandoned  Saltillo  and  withdrew  toward  thi- 
Texan  border,"  but  w^as  soon  after  overtaken  and  ca[)- 
tured.^^  Canales,  who  now  assumed  the  undispulol 
leadership  of  the  party,  with  the  aid  of  a  representati\  e 
convention,  continued  the  atruijule  with  Indian  and 

risoii  is  placed  by  Montoro  at  1,000,  whereof  .300  had  been  brought  by  Urrea 
tVoiu  Acajctc  l);ittlc-fiuld.  This  writer  dcclarca  tliut  Es  ilada  maiuLMivrcd  tlie 
l)t'tray:;l  of  the  town.  'El  tieinpo  ha  dcacubicrto  (juo  el  tin  y  olijcto  de 
Escalada,  fueron  traicioiiar  y  eiiri(iuccerso.'  Coiitcxiacion  al  Ifiiifmrio,  \-'2\, 
wiiii  docuiiieuts;  Pap.  Vrir.,  xxxvii.  pt  2.  Traders  had  availed  tlioui.iclvij 
of  the  federalist  occupation  to  iutroduco  a  largo  fpiantity  of  goods  uiidur  vciy 
low  ilutios,  and  tlio  government  at  lirst  refused  to  reeogiiizo  the  trans;ictiii:is. 
Xilcx'  Ih'ii.,  Ivii.  (ill,  118;  D'larlo  (/oh.,  June  '20,  IS.'i'J.  An  attempted  re- 
volt in  May  1840  was  promptly  suppressed.  /(/..  May  21,  1S40. 

•'^  The  capitulation  took  place  June  llth.  Vallejo,  Col.  Dor.  Mex.,  ilS.,  i. 
pt  '200,  Urrea  issued  a  protest  a','ainst  tho  infringement  of  the  capitulatiun. 
Profcifn,  1-1!);  Arrainjoiz,  Mi'j.,  ii.  '2t;j-4. 

'^(iarcfa  Conde  entered  Saltillo  June  "21,  18.'19. 

'•'"Together  with  his  brotlier,  18  olliccrs,  and  "2  commissioners  who  were  on 
the  way  to  asU  for  Texan  aid.  This  occurred  near  llosas  at  tho  end  of  Au^'ust. 
Lenius  created  ill  feeling  by  allowing  pilLigc  and  levying  contributions,  la- 
llejo,  Col.  Doc.  Jlcx'.,  MS.,  ii.  203. 


INDIAN  RAIDS. 


215 


Texan  aid,  and  ()l>taincd  on  November  2d  so  pro- 
iKiunecd  a  tiiuni})li  over  Colonel  Pavon*^  as  to  alarm 
llio  government,  the  more  so  as  liis  confederate,  Jesus 
( Vndenas,  was  laboring  in  Texas  for  aid  toward  the 
J!]  Illation  of  northern  Mexican  states  into  a  separate 
republic.*^  Arista  was  sent  against  him,  and  before 
tlie  close  of  January  1840  lie  had  practically  cleared 
Xuevo  Leon  of  federalists,"^  and  two  months  later  he 
()l)tained  a  decisive  victory  at  Morelos,-'  obliging 
Caiiales  to  take  refuge  on  the  other  side  of  the  Rio 
(!i;inde  del  Norte.  Raids  and  skirmishes  continued, 
liowever,  till  November  1st,  when  Canales  furmally 
suhniitted  to  the  government.'^"' 

This  by  no  means  restored  tranquillity,  for  the  fed- 
eralist troubles  were  followed  by  raids  on  the  part  of 
the  Indians,  encouraged  lately  as  allies,  and  now  taking 
advantage  of  the  growing  hostility  between  Mexico 
and  Texas,  and  of  the  comparatively  unprotected 
bolder  and  the  secure  fastnesses  bey<md.  They  pen- 
ciiatod  even  into  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Zacatecas,  and 
];illed  during  that  southerly  raid  alone  about  300  per- 
sons, carrying  ofi'over  100  women  and  children.'*^ 


'^'  By  treachery,  says  Bustamantc,  for  Pavon  bad  defeated  liiin  on  the  pro- 
ceiling  day,  and  was  negotiating  for  his  submission,  when  Caualcs  fed  upon 
hij  nngu:'.rdcd  men.  Oab'ncfc  21cx.,  i.  213. 

*-'  Including  tlie  provinces  above  the  south  line  of  Tamaulipas  and  Sinaloa, 
c\-ccpt  San  Luis  Putosi.  Cardenas  was  aiming  for  the  pr^Kidcney.  IHtrru, 
Hit'.  Jalnpa,  iii.  440;  Nilen'  He;/.,  Iviii.  (JO,  11,'].  Anaya  w'as  in  tiio  United 
States  agitating  for  the  constitution  of  18:24. 

^'(,'a:ialca  at  lirst  licUl  his  ground  well,  although  retreating  into  ]\Iontorey 
with  Arista,  but  he  was  out-maneeuvrud,  and  sufl'cred  also  in  retiring  toward 
ilouelova.     Vidaurri  was  defeated  on  January  liOth,  near  I'oUotcs. 

•'Canales'  second,  Zapata,  was  shot.  Fully  200  were  killed  and  ISO 
captured. 

■■'Surrendering  700  muskets,  158  barrels  of  powder,  and  4  war  vessels. 
Fur  text  of  armistice,  see  Duxtnmuiiti',  ilabhwtc  M(X.,  ii.  4IJ;  D'un'io  U  b., 
Niiv.  IS,  ISDO,  etc.  ^lolano  !iad  formed  a  .sinular  agreement  on  Sei)t.  •J4tli, 
near  Sakillo.  Tiiu  vessels,  with  11  guns,  weri!  secured  for  the  Texans.  Wire- 
r<i.  Hi  I.  Jafapa,  iii.  405-0;  Paroii,  Maui/.,  l-_'4:  /'/.,  Cuiifi'-'<t.,  l-L'O,  relat- 
ing to  his  conduct  during  the  campaign.  Xoiiv.  Aiiiialci  Voij.,  Ixxxvii.  l;i7-8. 

•"'I'lic  (.'osmojKtlila  of  Jan.  '27,  ISil,  speaks  of  a  raid  to  Catorcc  involving 
S'):)  victims.  For  allusions  to  tlio  raids,  sec  Mrx'.,  Mem.  (riierrn,  1841,  ."iU- 
0;  Md:,  Iii/ormc.  Pesqulsidora,  1874,  G:i,  SJ,  etc.;  Aimtila,  (•'nrdiitian,  .'i-Iid; 
.l/-,'s'f(,  Ojlcio,  1-4U;  Coiilnni'<,  Gnnuitkif;  I'np.  \'ar.,  xxxviii.  pts  1,  0, 
Ixxx.  pt  17;  Wilhdin'ii  Eiijhth  U.  S.  Iiifdutri/,  i.  17''l-4;  Xoiir.  Aiina'i'.-^  I «','/., 
b.xxvi.  110,  etc.;  )>/fwo,  Son.,  2u3,  etc.;  Xoo.  Mix.  Uexj.  lioUf.,  vii,  'J'J.'t, 
b.'l,  xi.  1)8.     These  raids  extended  from  Tamaulipas  to  Sonora,  and  will  bo 


m 


t'i;'!i ' 


mm 


0. 


216 


FEDERALIST  AGITATION. 


;  '-i  'Si 

Ji 


■  •(  ' 


After  tlie  victory  ut  Acajote,  Santa  Anna  had 
madu  a  vcritaljlu  triuni[)lial  entry  into  Mexico,  and 
each  subsequent  success  added  to  his  laurels.  Cen- 
tralism seemed  ih'mer  than  ever,  and  under  its  wiiii;' 
was  drawn  from  neglect  the  memory  of  Iturbide,  to 
be  exalted  above  that  of  the  federalist  heroes  as 
the  author  of  independence  and  as  the  patron  of  the 
ruling  party. "^  The  approaching  return  of  Busta- 
mante  and  certain  aspects  of  the  [)olitical  horizon  in- 
duced the  wary  Santa  Anna  to  retire  to  his  estate  en 
the  plea  of  bad  health,  leaving  the  government  in 
charge  of  Nicolas  Bravo,  president  of  the  council, 
wlio  took  the  oath  as  substitute  president  on  July  in, 
]  8.']'.).  Nine  days  later  the  actual  president  returned 
to  reassume  the  control.  He  was  received  with  cus- 
tomary honors,  but  even  among  his  own  party  he 
a|)peared  greatly  overshadowed  by  the  clever  shams 
of  his  predecessor,  while  oj)p()nents  proved  so  iiu'i- 
ciless  in  casting  ridicule  on  his  dilatory  and  cautious 
military  march  in  the  north-east  departments  that  lio 
wiXH  induced  to  publish  a  defence  of  his  conduct,  seek- 
ing to  take  as  nuich  credit  as  possible  for  directiu'.;' 
the  fmally  successful  movements  of  Arista  and  otlur 
generals.-"  The  aging  Bustamante  was  evidently  n^t 
the  dashing  cavalry  leader  of  the  independence  wai'. 

Although  hostile  demonstrations  were  rapidly  bcinj," 
supjjressed  in  the  north  and  west,  the  feeling  of  tli  ■ 
people  found  expression  in  demands  for  constitutional 

more  fully  treated  in  ///•^^  N^orfh  Mox.  Statcn,  ii.  this  scries,  which  covers  tlio 
liiatory  of  the  frontier  provinces.  A  law  tosiiiiprcss  brigiimliigc  by  direct  iiiiii- 
tary  interference,  issued  on  -March  VI,  lS-10,  was  aimed  also  against  n^volu- 
tionists.     See  counnents  in  lim^tamault',  d'ahincle  Mix.,  ii.  40-54,  10.")-!!. 

'■''  His  ashes  had  been  removed  from  I'adiUa,  in  Tamaulipas,  and  deiKisitid 
with  impressive  ceremonies  in  the  cathedral  at  Mexico  on  Oct.  '2~th,  tiie  day 
wlien  tno  indepenilenco  was  sworn.  The  ceremony  hail  been  proposed  for 
Sept.  '27th,  tiio  day  of  Iturbide's  entry  into  Mexico,  but  the  arrangements 
failed. 

■^  Maniftexto,  1-70,  with  documents.  Even  the  D'lurlo  Gofi.  ventures  ou 
June  ijth,  under  iSanta  Anna's  wing,  to  join  in  the  hooting,  although  it  suli- 
se(piently  modilies  the  utterance  l)y  attributing  Ihistumante's  lack  of  cut  r_'y 
to  goodness  of  heart,  which  objected  to  slicdding  Mexican  blood.  See  al  -d 
Text'unrnto  dd  <n'io  IS.JO,  1-40;  Teslamenlo  del  D'lJ'unt.,  1-23;  Pap.  Var.,  xlii. 
pts  'J*,  y;  el.  pts  123-24. 


OUTBREAK  IN  YUCATAN. 


217 


icTorni,  and  the  podor  conservatlor  declared  on  Xovein- 
lirr  9th  that  these  could  be  entertained  by  the  eon^'re.ss 
vwu  before  the  time  properly  desii^nated  by  the  con- 
stitution, so  long  as  its  cardinal  bases  were  res[)ected. 
The  concession  was  not  deemed  sufficient  by  the 
I'eiU'rahsts,  but  their  opponents  })revailed,'-''  anil  the 
i^ovcrnment  gained  renewed  confidence,  although  the 
riv(|uent  ministerial  changes  continued  to  stamp  its 
|iiiHcy  as  extremely  vacillating,*' greatly  owing  to  a 
jealous  fear  of  Santa  Anna.^^  With  the  opening  of 
IS40,  however,  came  news  of  a  fresh  outbreak,""  this 
linn;  in  Yucatan. 

The  peninsula  had  quietly  submitted  to  the  over- 
throw of  the  federal  system  in  18o4,  but  when  in 
iiildition  long-conceded  privileges  were  infringvd  or 
set  aside  by  the  introduction  of  excise,  the  increase  of 
custom-house  duty,  the  levy  of  funds,  and  the  drag- 
niiig  away  of  local  militia  to  sutler  and  die  in  cam- 
[laigns  against  friendly  Texas,^^  then  patience  came  to 

'-"Sfo  the  respective  arfjuinents  in  Conmopolita,  Nov,  10, 1S39;  Diarlo  Goh., 
Xiiv.  "JO,  is;]!),  ill! J  other  journals;  Mix.,  Ijxycdknlc,  2  ct  acq.;  J'ap.  \'ai:, 
xliii.  \)t  V. 

■'"  lletwcen  April  1837  and  March  1839  tlierc  were  12  changes  in  the  minis- 
try  (if  l'oreij,'n  relations  alone.  Santa  Anna  made  several  changes  in  the  iiiterinr 
iiuil  liiuiiico  departments  during  his  short  tenure  of  power,  and  on  .luly  27tli 
riiist;iiuaute  renewed  tlie  entir.e  cabinet,  th  later  celebrated  Almonte  assuiii- 
iiii;  the  war  [wrtfolio  on  Aug.  t)th  and  retiiining  it,  strangely  enougli,  fur  two 
jcais.  Mr.c,  Col.  Lni.  y  Doc,  ISTO,  138,  101-5,  170-1;  Arr'dUujn,  lhrn^>., 
I'l.'ill,  17(1;  Uomero,  Mem.  I  lac,  1035-0.  An  important  feature  in  the  treas- 
111 Y  (lipartnient  was  tlie  organization  of  a  trilnmal  de  cui'utas,  or  auditor's 
ti'.iici',  in  Marcli  1S;{8.  M(x.,  Col.  Li'i/C'f,  1810,  3!)2-42-4;  with  conim''iits  in 
i:i(.<f(iiiiaiitc,  (lahluele.  Mex.,  MS.,  iii.  143,243-8,  253-4,  which  contains  points 
inliUtional  to  those  in  the  printed  issue.  Id.,  Voz  de  la  Pulria,  MS.,  xiv. 
•Jll-51. 

•"  As  instanced  in  the  abrupt  dismissal  of  the  war  minister  Tornel,  and 
\\\<  rxchisioii  from  tlic  poder  eonservador.  The  sarcastic  letter  of  dismissal 
may  he  read  in  English  in  A'jA'-t'  llcj.,  Ivii.  li),  150.  Consult  tlie  protests 
and  rcjiorts  on  the  case.  Mi'r.,  Dirtdmnit,  11-10;  Tornel,  E.rjicdinile,  .'{  it 
si'i|.;  III.,  Cartti,  1-25;  Andrade,  Maui/.,  pp.  i.-xii.;  Pap.  \'ar.,  xliii.  pts  3, 
II.  I{),  .•'•■:•.'  pts  4-5,  clii.  pt  18,  ccxix.  pt  10.  The  poder  eonservador  enn- 
si-itt  .1  at  tlie  close  of  the  year  of  Muzquiz,  president,  Ciirlos  M.  Bustamantc, 
I'l iia  y  i'eua,  Goinez  y  Auaya,  Sanchez  de  Taglo  secretary. 

"■'  I'etty  ones  did  also  occur,  as  at  Celaya  and  Tampiuo,  in  Marcli  and  .May, 
Imt  tliey  were  promptly  suppressed;  the  former  assisting  to  swell  tiio  .Nli- 
ehn.ii'an  revolutionists  with  a  few 'nen.   M<j\,  Mem.  Gnerra,  iS41,  3S, 

■'■'  l)ai[ueiro,  Hiimyo,  i.  3(1,  ii.  448  et  se((.,  enters  fully  into  tlie  causes,  to 
vliii  li  may  be  added  the  indiflerence  of  Mexico  for  tii(-'  peninsula  during  tho 
I'lciii  h  liloekade.  Kivera  attributes  too  much  to  the  intrigues  of  olllce-seck- 
tis.  aJj.  de  Mex.,  ii.  244. 


m  "I 

?         .1"  ■«!. 


!,  -;  -'iS 


I) 


318 


FKDI'IIALIST  AfJlTATION. 


1 1:.'! 


ail  end,  and  Inian,  a  militia  ofTKv.'i',  I'aisoil  llic  standard 
of  I'oN'olt  at  Tiziiuin,  in  Mi\y  ls;51).  Al'tcr  .several 
unHucccssrul  nioveiiK'nts  with  unl rained  lollowors  lie 
])i'()'itc'd  I)y  exjxaienee  and  managed  in  FcUinary  *n 
the  ielluwinj^  year  to  (;aptiirc  Valladolid.  This  L;a\o 
inipoitance  to  the  canse,  and  j\[urida  joinint^,  the  en- 
tire north-eastern  pai't  of  the  j)eninsula  stood  for  (he 
revolutionists,  who  now  declared  the  province  inde- 
pendent of  Mexico  until  the  federal  system  shoidvl  l)o 
reestablished.  AlKiirs  were  restored  to  the  f'ootiiiLj 
of  1834,  including  the  legislature,  Governor  Cosgaya, 
and  oilier  authorities,  and  the  local  constitution  of 
182o,''^  the  Indians  being  besides  granted  a  reduction 
in  ecclesiastic  fees  as  the  price  of  their  favor. 
With  increascid  strength  the  federalists  now  drove  the 
govermnent  forces  into  Campeclu^  and  laiti  siege  to  it, 
assisted  by  a  flotilla  of  four  vessels,  which  elfectually 
offset  the  reenforccments  sent  from  Mexico.'''^  During 
a  close  investment  of  two  months,  several  conniian  l- 
ing  points  were  gained,  and  the  town  was  reduced  to 
great  stress  from  bombardment  and  failing  supplies 
and  annnunition.  The  popular  feeling  growing  de- 
cidedly hostile,  and  no  prospects  appearing  of  I'urtlier 
aid,  the  commandant,  General  Ilivas  Zayas,  capitu- 
lated on  June  (jth,  and  was  allowed  to  depart  with  his 
troo[)s  for  Vera  Cruz,  leaving  the  federalists  in  posses- 
sion of  the  whole  peninsula,  under  a  newly  chosen 
le^'islature  or  congi'oss,  which  met  in  August,  headed 
bv  Santiaii^o  Mendez  as  tjovernor  with  presidential 
power."" 

■"I:u:in  was  prochiiincd  provifiional  comandantc  general,  and  a  govcriiiii,' 
eoiuii:il  ii;siiinucl  charge  till  (^'osgaya  entered  oliicc.  Tho  legisLituro  of  I -iil 
ni  t  ill  I  ho  same  niontii  of  February  to  give  authority  to  tiicse  acts.  Mi.c, 
jlcm.  Giicrva,  1810,  47-  Di'.ring  tiio  excitement  the  Anicricau  consul  ;it 
Canipcchc  w.ia  killed.   XVc.s  h', lister,  Ivi.  40,  liv.  •J2(j,  3:!(J. 

•'■'  i!ai!)  irha.io,  Mem.  Cain/t.,  CA,  etc.  They  came  in  an  I'Liglisli  vessel,  to 
the  nuniocr  of  about  OOJ.  Tlio  federalists  had  two  vessels  wliich  caijt.aul 
two  iitliers.  Tiic  direction  of  th(!  siege  iiad  lieen  intrusted  to  Lt-cul  Lkr;^'i), 
u  recenj  acquisition  but  a  trained  ollicer,  greatly  to  Iinan's  discontent. 

'•^  And  Miguel  llarbaehano  for  vice-governor.  Secretaries  of  war  and  li- 
nance  were  appointed.  Tlic  preceding  centralist  governor  was  Marcial  (!ii(  rr;i. 
The  elections  did  not  pass  off  without  trouble,  and  partisanship  grew  Inuii. 
JJaqueifo,  Eiisaijo,  i.  33,  etc.,  id.  ap,  19-23;  Los  Pueblos,  Juue  8,  1540  ct  suq.; 


DEFEAT  OF  AXAYA. 


219 


Xot  content,  tlio  victors  o])enc(l  roininuiiicatioii 
with  Texas  iin<l  tirrang'ed  lor  ui;l  IVoni  it:;  navy,^'  with 
v.liich  th(>y  tlicroupon  penetrated  into  1'a!)asro,  when; 
^^■hildoiuulo  and  others  had  tor  some  time  sustained 
thestruj^^gle,  capturinL;-  t!io  capital,  San  Juan  ]]autista, 
on  November  11),  liSiO,  and  drivint^  out  Governor 
(Gutierrez  and  his  forces.  Anava,  who  had  so  lom' 
labored  in  the  United  States  for  the  federal  cause, 
Y.as  tlie  leader  of  the  invasion.'*^  llis  arrival  was  not 
wholly  welcome;  but  a  portion  of  the  local  revolution- 
i.;ts  declared  I'or  him,  and  having  with  their  aid  gained 
the  control,  ho  advanced  with  swelling  forces  into 
Chiajxas.  Here  the  comandanto  general  liarberena 
luavlicd  against  him,  however,  and  inllicted  so  severe 
a  blow  at  Comitan,  on  May  15,  1841,  as  to  utterly 
disperse  his  I'orces  with  heavy  loss,^*  Anaya  lied  to 
Yucatan,  and  now  a  })lausible  adventurer  from  llaba- 
r.a,  named  Sentmanat,  whose  bravery  and  magnetism 
li:id  won  the  way  durimx  the  cami)aign,  availed  him- 
seli'of  the  demoralization  to  secure  the  control.  Santa 
Anna  entered  into  negotiations,  and  in  view  of  the 
imposing  preparations  for  the  Yucatan  campaign,  the 
new  governor  and  legislature  were  prevailed  upon  to 
ivcoi'-nize  the  bases  de  Tacubaya  and  its  results,  in 

O  I.' 

return  for  several  advantageous  concessions,  with 
jiiactical  autonomy.*^ 

Miiirrni,  May  lo,  184.").  TIic  prcsiilciit  of  Moxico  dccrecil  tlic  clo.uiig  of  tlio 
]  Liiiusiilar  purU  wiLliout  lucuiw  to  I'nfofco  tlie  onlcr.  JJi'.c,  Hoi.  Lri/.  1/  Der., 
I^KI,  'lSS-;»,  (il'J,  77O-I;  Piiiiirt,  Coll.,  pt  'y',;  Xo:iv.  Annnhn  Vo;'/.,  Ixxxix. 
I'.'J.  The  local  govorninunt  issued  an  explanation  of  its  reason  j  au;l  ainn. 
Yii<\,  Erpos.  (Job.,  3-4;  Suarct,  Iiijhrinc,  S-l);  Ancoiia,  llisl.    Yiic,  iii.  37;{, 

Ctl'. 

•''This  was  settled  in  .Septenil)or  by  Colonel  Poraza,  who  oircred  a  contri- 
liutiuii  toward  the  expenses  on  tlio  jiait  of  Yucatan.  YoxkunCi  ll'.xl.  Trxan,  ii. 
|{|S-|;),  The  naval  expenses  \vci(\  estimated  liy  llnMainniitc,  Cnhhii'tr  Mci-,, 
ii.  (!■>,  at  ^'^,000  a  month.  /(/.,  ilS.,  ii.  378,  etc.,  witli  eoiTC-jponde; ce. 

^'  il(^  came  i;i  tlircc  'J'exan  ami  three  Vucatce  vessels.  J}:i-<t  >,  I'-lnl.  Ilri>., 
iii.  ]iti.  'l\'i.  His  ideas  had  been  circulated  in  a  j  iiirnal  started  under  tliu 
title  I'ro'jrciio.  His  appeal  to  tlio  Tabascan'i  ii  given  in  Aiimiri,  Aly-urlon, 
1-1 1,     (intierrcz  issued  a  defence  of  Iiis  conduct.  I'ap.   !'«/•.,  xli.  i>t  Ii). 

■ "  Which,  according,'  to  Barberena,  amounted  to  'JO.')  out  of  fully  (It):)  nieu,  wlio 
v.it:i  4  guns  held  a  height  near  Comitan.  Ho  stormed  thi-  position,  as  he  ro- 
p  iited  in  Ilcijcnvrador  tie  Oiix.,  no.  i,",;  J)iiiri'>  <!oh.,  June  ■"!,  ISII,  etc.;  .lAV., 
Mem.  (I'lirrra.  l.'.H,  4;)-l.  On  rewards  to  Mexicans  for  service,  see  iJnhla.i 
and  L  r.ctiio,  Lcj.  Mix.,  ii".  7ol-;]. 

'"Tiiia  icunion  was  finally  agreed  upon  April  3!),  1S42,  and  the  nominal 


t'  <i! 


I 


i& 


220  FEDKUALIST  AGITATIOX. 

Tlic  success  of  tlio  Yucatan  niovoniont  arousod 
fresh  hope  auioni^  the  federahsts.  General  Urna. 
had  heou  rearrested  and  phieed  under  restraint  at 
^lexico,  yet  not  in  a  manner  to  stop  intercourse  with 
liis  frien<ls.  Of  this  privilej^e  ho  availed  himself  to 
continue  his  machinations,  encouraged  greatly  hy  the 
strain  between  the  executive  and  the  other  powers. 
Several  influential  people  joined  in  the  cons[)ira('y,  and 
two  battalions  were  won,  besides  a  number  of  otlicers, 
Before  dawn  on  the  morning  of  July  15,  1840,  some 
of  the  latter*'  broke  into  the  old  iiKpiisitiou  building 
and  released  Urrea,  who  thereupt»n  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  movement.  With  a  force  of  selected 
me?i,  strijjpcd  of  their  boots,  he  silently  gained  the 
palace  and  surprised  the  guard,  nearly  all  asleep.  On 
the  up[)er  floor,  however,  the  srpiad  before  the  presi- 
dent's private  aj)artnients,  sixteen  strong,  challengi'd 
the  intruders.  They  had  come  to  relieve  them,  was 
the  answer,  and  while  hesitating  they  were  over- 
powered, Urrea  passing  into  the  inner  rooms.  The 
noise  had  awakened  Bustamantc,  and  as  the  conspii-- 
ators  entered  he  juni})ed  half-dressed  for  his  sword. 
*'  Fear  not,  general,  I  am  Urrea,"  said  the  leadei'. 
"  Ungrateful  rascal,"  retorted  the  other,  at  which  tlio 
soldiers  raised  their  muskets,  but  were  restrained  by 
the  t)fiicers.*-  The  president  was  assured  that  liis 
person  would  be  res[)ecte(l,  but  he  remained  in  his 
rooms  a  prisoner.  General  Filist)la  was  also  arrestrl, 
but  Almonte,  minister  of  war,  escaped  to  the  citadil, 
and  there  made  preparations  for  suppressing  the  revolt, 
sunnnoning  all  the  reliable  troops  in  the  vicinity  ot' 
the  capital  to  his  aid. 

]>y  this  time  Gomez  Farias  had  been  Invited  to 

bloekailo  prodaiiiicd  by  the  republic  since  Jan.  12,  1841,  was-roised.  M'X., 
Miin.  (,'iirrrii,  ISIt,  .'^O-l. 

■"  Uiiilor  loailership  of  a  prominent  person  wlio  waa  spending  a  f,'ooi!!y 
patriniony  in  tlio  main  clFurt  to  .L;aiu  notorictj'.  Bustamantc  proposes  to  ilu- 
feat  his  object  by  .suppres-^ing  tlic  name,  jiartly  for  the  sake  of  his  family. 

■*■'  'Xo  lui^an  fuoLfo,  (|ue  es  el  segumlo  tlol  Sr  Iturl)iile,' exclainieil  Marion. 
JJiistaiHiiiitc,  Gidniirif  M( .c,  ii.  G3,  leaving  tlic  impressiou  that  those  soklicis 
held  that  uamc  aa  a  talisman. 


THE  PRESIDKNT  A  CAPTIVK. 


221 


ncoopt,  tlio  leadersliij)  and  provisional  prosidtnicy.  and 
•III  a  swelling  mol)  at  his  lict'ls,  lilling  the  air  with 
,  iva  la  lederaeion!"  he  proeeeiled  to  the  palace,  as 
the  head<]uarters  of  the  revolutionists.  ^lessenjjfers 
wi're  sent  in  diil'erent  directions  to  invite  support  for 
l!ie  ni</venient,  especially  to  Puebla,  where  numerous 
s\  inpathizers  existed.  Tlie  hearer  of  the  des[»atch  to 
this  city  was  incautious,  liowever,  and  a  suspicious 
i  inkeepcr  of  Tesinelucan  nmde  him  drunk,  secured 
Ills  papers,  and  hurried  to  Puehla  to  warn  (jrovernor 
Codallos,  who  at  once  took  precautions,  and  moreover, 
sent  reiinforcements  to  Ahnonte.  Ere  these  could 
iU'rive,  a  nund)er  of  adherents  liad  come  to  increase 
the  j^ovcrnment  forces  under  commantl  of  Valencia, 
aiiioni;  them  the  alunmi  of  the  military  colle<n;,  who 
not  without  some  risk  made  their  way  j>ast  the  feder- 
alist tiles,  carl)ines  to  the  shoulder  and  drauji^iiii^  their 
siiiull  camion.  The  younufest  were,  much  a^'ainst 
their  demands,  assigned  to  garriscm  the  citadel,  whih; 
the  troops  marched  forth  with  four  field-pieces  to  tnk(3 
jmsition*'' near  the  central  jdaza,  where  the  federalists 
Ind  occupied  not  only  the  palace  but  all  pi'ominent 
Miildings,  stationing  troops  on  the  roofs  and  in  the 
,'j);icious  towers  of  the  cathedral,  and  at  the  approaches. 
These  manoeuvres  had  not  been  performed  without 
Iiloodshed.  Skirmishing  was  maintained  the  whole 
nrternoon,  at  times  with  lieavy  fire,  particularly  against 
the  palace.  As  the  captive  president  sat  down  to 
(Hiuier,  toward  six  o'clock,  a  ball  crushed  through  the 
I'loni,  peppering  the  table  with  dust  and  del)ris. 
Without  betraying  the  least  emotion  he  continued  to 
s'Tve  himself,  saying,  "  I  wnger  our  friends  do  not  sup- 
I'Dso  that  we  are  cahnly  eniovinu:  our  meal."  Shoi'tly 
attur  another  shot  struck  down  by  his  side  the  officer 
charged  with  his  custody." 

■'■'  The  Aufjiistiiiian  convent  was  made  hcadquartors. 

*'OiiL,'iniillya  iloctor,  Hustaniaiito  pcrsonallvMttPinlccl  t-o)iim,ancl  afterward 
1k>  p':intcil  him  for  sonic  tiuu-  lui  aUowaiico.  for  his  K',;,'  had  to  lie  aiiipiUat('<l. 
Tlii.^  oiiicer  it  was  who  had  prx'vcnted  the  soldicra  from  shooting'  him  at  tlie 
tiiuc  uf  the  arrest. 


WW 

IF  1; ' 


222 


FEDERALIST  AGITATION. 


Early  the  f(>li»)\viii<j^  n.orning,  July  lOtli,  the  con- 
test was  resuincd.  The  revolutionists  had  secured 
possession  of  the  treasury  and  made  use  of  it  to  gain 
adherents,  but  the  government  displayed  grt.'atir 
strength  and  activity  than  had  been  expected,  and 
tliey  feared  a  bitter  fight.  Intimidation  having  no 
eftbct  on  the  president,  who  would  promise  nothiii;; 
be3'ond'  efforts  to  prevent  bloodshed  if  consistent 
with  honor,  it  was  determined  to  release  him  and  try 
neu'otiations.  They  demanded  a  reestablishment  of 
the  constitution  of  1824,  pending  its  revision  and 
acoe})tanec  by  the  state  legislatures  as  existing  in 
1834;  the  installation  of  a  provisional  government, 
restricted  to  directing  foreign  relations,  the  stato:, 
being  left  at  liberty  to  jrganize  their  interior  adminis- 
tration; and  the  abolition  of  excise."  These  proposM Is 
were  not  entertained,  as  may  bj  supposed,  and  the 
fight  burst  forth  anew,  varied  by  sallies,  pursuits,  and 
siego  operations,  v/ith  great  injury  to  the  city,  stag- 
nation of  trade,  and  sullering  to  the  iidiabitants,  of 
wiiom  a  large  proportion  had  to  llec  from  their  houses 
into  the  suburbs  and  country.  This  state  of  affairs 
continued  for  twelve  days,  at  the  end  of  which  the 
jilaza  especially  presented  a  woe-begone  appearance, 
with  business  buildings  in  ruins  and  the  palace  dis- 
fifjjured  its  rich  i'urniture  and  even  the  archives  8c;it- 
tered  and  ruined  in  barricade  service.  All  this  time 
reenforcenients  had  been  received  by  the  government, 
and  larger  bodies  were  on  the  way  under  Santa  Anna 


*''  Within  S  months,  the  recent  10  per  cent  increase  on  the  consuinptinn 
tax  hcing  rctumcil.  Four  ilcputiua  from  c:ich  statu  to  join  in  rcvisin,'  t'lc 
constitution.  Among  the  reforms  must  he  fu'l  '^vjlitijal  liborty  of  the 
press.  The  provisional  president  ti>  he  clectel  at  once  liy  ILocral  mcnihcrs  i  f 
congress  and  military  and  judicial  con;  fcs.  Military  ami  proprietary  civil 
positions  to  bo  respected.  Anmosty  granted  for  past-  political  oii'i'tices. 
'J'his  was  signed  hy  i''ari.i3  as  general  in  cliiof,  Urrca,  ir.il  a  host  of  folKjuern. 
Tlie  Mnnitor  of  Vera  t.'i-uz,  CoamnpoVda,  and  niarir>  Ooh.,  July,  10,  l.S.'il),  etu., 
also  Aug.  '20,  contain  interesdiig  details  ou  the  outl)reak.  In  Jiil.,  Gnntn,  i. 
no.  84,  is  (i  letter  of  Uustainanto  on  his  conduct  as  prison  n'.  Imniediati'ly 
..iter  ho  i.ssued  a  proclamation  promising  to  enforce  obedience.  The  otiicr 
side  replied.  The  text  may  be  consulted  in  ICnglish,  in  <  'al  lerou'i  L'j'v  Mi.c, 
i.  ;{Jl-4;  liobiusoii'n  Mex.  and  her  Mil.  Chie/taiiis,  224  ct  seq. 


CAPITULATION  OF  JULY. 


223 


,111(1  other  generals,  wlii  o  the  rovolutioni.sts  boqnn  to 
I'ail  both  in  number  and  resources,  under  thi;  superior 
advantages  of  their  oiiponents  and  the  iniluenee  of 
liie  clergy  over  the  masses,*^ 

The  struggle  was  evidently  hopeless,  and  to  pro- 
loii""  it  niiuht  be  fatal.  Neo:otiatit)ns  were  accord- 
iii:;ly  resumed,  and  on  tlie  plea  of  sparing  the  capital 
tiutiier  injury  the  government  accorded,  late  on  July 
■J;ith,  a  capitulation  of  the  most  I'avorable  nature, 
assuring  the  revolutionists  in  the  undisturbed  ei)j«)y- 
111  'lit  of  their  propert}^  and  positions  under  tlie  govern- 
111 'ut,  with  oblivion  of  ])ast  oifences.'''  This  leniency 
was  greatly  due  to  Bustamante's  jealousy  of  Santa 
Anna,  lest  he  should  gain  not  onl}'  the  credit  of  re- 
st')ring  order  and  use  it  to  extend  his  iniluenee,  but 
improve  the  occasion  to  obtain  control  of  alfairs.  It 
was  even  whispered  that  the  arch-schemer  had  started 
the  movement  to  this  very  end.  lie  Vv'as  promptly 
di'dered  to  countermarch.  The  following  day  the  bells 
i:ing  the  signals  for  peace  celebration,  and  tolled  for 
till!  death  of  fallen  soKliers  and  innocent  citizens.*^ 

The  apprehension  was  not  wholly  ;iliaycd,  however, 

'"TIr' povcvninrnt  farces  and  autiioritics  cxorci'd  great  inlliicni'c  in  the 
ont'.yi;),'  towns,  aud  priests  were  made  to  ini[)rcss  tlio  po;jplo  by  iiK^kiii;;  (lij 
m  1-it  111  t!u!  dcricuratin^^j  occupaliini  of  ilu  ealhedi'il,  yuh  the  archbishop  pu'o- 
liily  ai;';iio\vk'd;;oil  the  forbearance  of  tho  p;irty. 

'•  Valencia  proniisin;,'  to  iirj,'o  tho  g  )Vcr!inicnt  to  proiiioto  a  reform  of  tho 
ciiiistitutioii.  1'hc  capitulating  troops  had  dwindled  to  4S0,  their  kille.l 
uinihering  aljont  iJOO,  it  is  said. 

'■^  Over -lOO,  if  wo  niaj' l)elievo  Bustamante's  fi;;in'oa  and  estimates.  (Inhi- 
M'c  .l/(.i'.,  ii,  7i)  SO.  Otiiors,  iucluiling  Fo;sey,  .Ut'.c,  170,  an  cye-\vit;ie.-ii, 
in'im.iti's  that  ffW  soldiers  fell,  the  cilizcns  aiili'erin;^  most,  while  thijves  and 
111;;',' ".eiers  availed  themselves  of  the  lack  of  patrol,  etc.,  to  porpe.r.itc  out- 
ra  ;o.s.  He  ])oint^  out  that  the  capitulation  did  not  embrace  t'orei;,'n'-,".';-.,  wi'.,) 
WM'o  thus 'lachement '  abiindoncil  by  tlu'ir  omrado.i  to  the  govi'rrimcal":! 
VI  ii';eaiieo.  I'rocccdings  against  them  were  ordered.  Sec  decrees,  VnUr'^n,  ''•/. 
!>'■■.  Mix.,  MS.,  ii.  pLst'J.VJ-T,  ;VJ"J-r),  ;!7I.  Some  troops  were  al-o  di<b.i;ided. 
M'.i-..  Cul.  Lcij.  y  ])pc.,  ISl:),  7ol)-(31;  while  honors  were  showcrc'l  on  Valenrin 
and  \m  men.  Id.,~t(\l  /.  Bustamante  i)eing soon ,':f tcr  recommended  to  eoni'rcss 
f  II'  cross  of  honor  and  the  title  beiiemi'iito,  wliich  \,-ere  granted.  Iius'(ii,yiii'i', 
l.ii-in'im,  1-1.'};  .]fi'r.,  JJUcursos  p'jr  l',r-iilci:t(:-',  l-l'J;  i'ap.  I'ar.,  elx.xi.  pt 
hi.  e>:oi.  pt  1.  Madame  Calderoti  do  la  Barca,  who  n.^iilcd  at  Mexico  dar- 
111,'  this  ]ieiiod,  gives  some  interesting  iiarticiilars,  especially  of  the  suilering 
iii'licted  cm  the  people.  Life  Mi:i\,  i. ';il8-[)0.  Also  Rircia,  IJIsl.  Jdlaitti,  in, 
4.M  (1(1;  Di^jM^.  Vitrias,  v.  ,3S-9;  Thoiiip-oii'^  Mix.,  (14.  In  liinia,  Mix. 
I'  III.,  i.  -I'.y'l-l,  etc.,  are  accounts  of  damage  sulFercd  by  the  palace  and  other 
paljUc  e.lilice3.  Mix.,  Mem.  Guiira,  1641,  3J-40. 


1 


lii'Jl 


k< 


n      t'M 


»         J I 


!    H   *■ 


n  n 


224 


FEDERALIST  AGITATION. 


I  '  i 


for  Farias  ftncl  Urroa  had  gone  into  hiding;*'  the 
president  revealed  liis  lack  of  confidence  by  convertinL^ 
his  temporary  residence,  the  Augustinian  convent, 
into  a  military  camp  bristling  with  guns  and  bayo- 
nets; and  the  ministry  threatened  to  resign.  As  it 
was,  several  changes  took  place,^"  partly  owing  to  the 
failure  of  the  president  to  obtain  extraordinary  powers. 
The  need  of  a  firm  government  became  more  apparent 
to  suppress  lamentable  disorders  like  the  one  M'hicli 
had  just  desolated  the  capital.  The  federalists  would 
evidently  continue  to  agitate  their  cause,  and  even 
if  tliey  triumplied,  the  centralists  promised  to  striw 
in  the  same  manner,  to  the  stagnation  of  trade  an  ! 
industries,  the  demoralization  of  society,  and  general 
ruin.  It  occurred  therefore  to  Gutierrez  do  Estrada, 
a  former  minister  possessed  of  great  influence,  that 
the  evil  might  be  remedied  by  establishing  a  nKui- 
archy  under  a  foreign  prince,  and  so  suppressing  the 
political  aspiration  and  turmoil  which  appeared  to  lio 
the  root  of  disorder.  There  were  still  adherents 
enoui'-h  of  the  ideas  centred  in  the  plan  of  Joniala 
and  in  the  Agustin  empire  to  form  a  respectable  pai'tv, 
•strengthened  by  the  })assive  support  at  least  of  a  latuc 
class,  especially  of  property  holders  and  iudusfri  il 
representatives,  who  naturally  long(Hi  f  )r  any  m- ans 
to  secure  peace  with  its  attendant  blessings.  And  so 
]*]strada  boldly  issued  in  October  a  pamphlet  ad\!)- 
cating  the  scheme,  to  be  referred  to  a  representativi; 
convention.  But  the  howi  of  indignation  which  it 
evoked  from  the  two  recognized  parties,  both  attacked 
in  their  most  ardent  hopes  and  principles,  silenced  tlio 
approval  that  had  timidly  prepared  to  manifest  itscll'. 
The  ])ublicntion  was  condenmed  as  seditious,  and  the 
writer"  had  to  hide  himself  from  the  furv  of  the  i)u1)- 

■"  TIic  arrostof  the  latter  l)oing  ordiTcd.  Farias  was  discovered  niid  txilid 
to  tlio  United  States. 

''"  In  tlie  interior  ami  foreign  department,  three  men  followini;  one  nnntliir 
in  the  former,  in  (bourse  of  live  months.  .\[i\t:,  Col.  /.(•>/.  ;/  J)ir.,  KS40,  '^^l  "^-'i 
etc.;  .l/r,i'.,  K.Vjinl.,  1 -(ii);  /'■ip.   I'ttr.,  Ixxx,  ])t  5. 

■''  i'lvon  the  printer  was  iirrested.  licsides  the  dirfn  directed  to  tlie  pn'si- 
dent,  id)  pp.,  whieii  eontains  tlie  main  scheme,  J'^atraila  issued  .l/;/((//ic  Ik' 


ESTRADA'S  PLAN. 


i.'1'o 


lie  and  .seize  the  first  opportunity  to  escape  from  the 

country. 

iu .vh')ie<,  SO  pp.,  to  the  same  end;  Dor.  sohre  Mi'.r.  Similar  advocacy  in 
','»(/,/(«  Mnrin,  h'ipo.i.  I'rnfi:if.,  iv.  1-80.  Coniincnts  in  L'xirdila,  J.ettre,  !-:{;?. 
))iiuini'i;itioiiH  iqiiK'ared  in  luo.st  journals  and  in  E^lraila,  Jnijni;/.,  l-IJT;  />'(■•>'- 
tiiiiinir,  Kl  PirxU t elite;  l\ip.  Var.,  xxix.  i)ts  18-1!),  <'vi.  pts  '2-4,  8;  Vallejo, 
(  ,.l.  Ihii\  Me.c,  ii.  408,  etc.  Arrangoiz,  Mij.,  ii.  'i4ri-0,  2.')4-r);  Donienccli, 
//-■</.  Mex.,  ii.  l'i7-0;  Otero,  Ohrax,  MS.,  i.  1!)4,  holong  to  later  a<lv()euto8. 
INti-.iila  succeeded  iinally  in  his  plan,  as  we  slwill  sue,  and  Almonte,  now 
liiouiitient  in  opposing  it,  became  its  firmest  supporter. 
Hist.  JVIex.,  Vol.  V.    15 


if 


CHAPTER  X. 

BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 

1841-1842, 

More  Taxes  anb  Less  Refohm — Paredes  Pronounces  at  GrADALAJAUA— 
Valencia  Seconds  Hiai  at  the  Capital — Santa  Anna  Steps  Fokwaiu* 
TO  AssiME  THE  Leadership — Bases  of  TAcrnAVA— Federalist  Cors- 
ter-proninciamiento  I!V  the  President — Mexico  again  Besiec:i:i)— ■ 
Bustamante  liESiGN's — His  Character  and  Bulk  —  Santa  Anna 
Vaults  into  the  Chair — S.mai.l  Concessions  to  Cover  Large   Kn- 

CROACHMENTS  AND  AlilSKS — YcCATAN  DEFEATS  THE  CENTRALIST  TR(I(U'S 

and  OisTAiNS  Practical  Aitonomv — Sentmanat's  Invasion  of  Ta 
BAsco— Movements  alo xj  the  Texan  Border— Cl^vims  of  the  United 
States  and  Growing  Bitterness. 


The  secession  of  Yucatan,  imitated  by  Tabasco, 
tbe  growing  hostility  of  Texas  wliich  had  actually  as- 
sumed the  offensive  against  its  late  mistress,  and  tlio 
dire  calamities  attending  the  inroads  of  Indians  in 
the  north,  were  matters  presented  in  stronger  liglit 
now  that  the  subsidence  of  the  federalist  movement 
gave  the  government  a  respite.  Santa  Anna  had  in- 
deed received  orders,  as  guardian  of  the  lower  gulf 
coast,  to  prepare  an  expedition  against  the  revoltcsl 
provinces  and  fortiiy  Vera  Cruz  against  Texan  cruis- 
ers; but  for  this  and  the  other  e(iually  pressing  needs 
funds  were  re(|uired.  Notwithstanding  the  cry  of 
stagnation  in  trade  and  industries,  the  revenues  had 
been  increasing  of  late  years,  but  also  in  greater  pin- 
j)ortion  the  expenditures;  so  that  every  budgcit  pic- 
sented  a  large  deiicit,  calling  for  extraordinary  nuas- 
ures  in  the  shape  of  loans  and  fresh  taxes.  Among 
the  latter  figured  an  increase  of  fifteen  per  cent  on  the 

(  2'JO ) 


^INA^XIAL  TROUBLES. 


interior  circulation  of  imports,  decreed  at  the  close  of 
I SMO.  Yet  this  afforded  little  relief,  for  more  than 
liiilfof  the  custom-house  receipts,  the  main  relianru 
of  the  central  authority,  had  for  years  been  assij^iieil 
t')  repay  advances,  cover  interest  on  debt,  and  so 
i'di'th/  The  only  recourse  was  therefore  to  increase 
the  already  heavy  burden  of  the  jieople  by  adding  a 
tax  of  three  per  mille  on  real  estate,  and  a  personal 
monthly  contribution  of  i'rom  one  rial  to  two  pesos.' 
A  grumble  was  to  be  expected,  and  it  came,  but 
directed  mainly  against  the  former  increase  of  fifteen 
jxr  cent  on  imports.  The  representation  came  from 
URichants  at  the  capital  and  from  Jalisco,  and  the 
government  finding  it  impossible  to  entertain  the  re- 
(|nest,  Comandante  General  Paredes  y  Arrillaga  of 
the  latter  department  took  the  part  of  the  petitioners, 
and  declared  to  the  governor,  Escobedo,  that  tr(^oj)s 
as  well  as  pe()j)le  manifested  an  irritation  that  could 
he  allayed  only  by  reducing  taxes.  The  governor 
thouglit  it  best  to  yield,'  but  congress  conceded  only 
an  abatement  of  three  per  cent  on  the  consum])tion 
impost,  and  so  the  outcry  grew.  It  found  ever  fresh 
gi'ound  for  complaint,  such  as  the  exclusion  in  18;17 
of  forcMgn  c()ttt)n  fabrics,  and  subsequently  a  ]wrtial 
exem[)tion  in  favor  of  ^latamoros,  in  order  to  pro- 
cure money  for  the  northern  army,  which  injured 
manufacturers  while  the  trade  remained  unappeased. 
Further,  there  were  the  interminable  tliscussions  on  the 


ifi 


'  r>y  armiigeincnt  of  August  18.10  the  government  could  dispose  only  of 
"■\\  iiLT  cent  of  the  Vera  (.'ruz  and  'l\inipi(.'()  rcccii)ts,  the  most  important  cif 
■tU,  and  ."lO  pel-  cent  of  tlic  others.  The  budget  of  ISH  estimated  the  p'veniie 
:it  S|-_',S74,U)(),  less  !?4..S00,0'''0  of  eni,'a','ed  oustom-house  receipts,  and  the  <x- 
jii'iiilitures  at  .^'JUHilO.T!^!,  whereof  817,1  Hi, S7S  fur  military  department,  leav- 
ing; a  delicit  of  .Si;{,7U'2,(581.  The  eost  of  eoUection  amounted  to  IS.i;)  jier 
tciit.  ivlieveri-fa's  rejjort,  ^fl'■.l•.,  Mini,  /frf.,  ISII,  3  et  seip ;  /ionii'i'd,  Mi  m., 
1''7  it  sri|.;   Ti'.'ttamciifi)  'li  I  JJi/inito  IS/fi),  1-1(1;  /'((/I.   Tro-.,  xlii.  lit!). 

-On  , 'ill  idiled)odied  persons  over  18  years  uf  age,  and  clivided  in  quotas 
;ininii.r  live  classes,  according  to  their  means.  The  I'cspectivo  t;i\  ilccrees 
vnv  Hsiicil  Miircii  II  and  April  8,  1811,  the  latter  regulated  liy  ordinance  c.f 
AiMil  'Jiltli,  in  /'iiKir/,  Col/.,  no.  ,")8I. 

■' l'rcrc;'ing  tliat  wliile  tlio  congress  cnusidered  the  question,  a  consump- 
ti'ii  tax  of  only  seven  per  cent  would  lie  levied  iu  the  department,  1i\c'  at 
I'll  lilal.ijara  and  Tepic  and  two  clsi'where;  with  two  per  cent  ou  export.s, 
Thu  personal  tax  was  also  lowered.  Decree  uf  August  4,  1S41. 


,1  'n  - 


E:i 


22S 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


proposed  constitutional  reforms,  without  any  prospect 
♦  ti'  speedy  result,  although  congi-ess  had  been  sittiiiL;' 
from  January  till  the  elose  of  June  and  met  again 
in  July.*  The  dela}^  being  due  greatly  to  the  doulilc 
consideration  required  by  two  cliambers,  some  de- 
partments began  to  urge  a  joint  session,  while  otheis 
advocated  a  special  convention  for  the  task;  but  noth- 
ing was  done,  save  to  change  two  of  tlie  ministers."' 

This  naturally  increased  the  irritation,  and  Paretles, 
who  had  been  merely  feeling  the  }>ul)lic  pulse,  canie 
out  boldly  on  August  8th  with  a  manifesto,  appealing 
to  the  nalion  against  an  incapable  administration 
whicli  had  humiliated  ]\Iexico  amon<>'  the  nations,  im- 
perilled  its  intetjfritv,  allowed  it  to  be  ravaijed  with 
impunity  by  Indians,  yet  burdened  it  with  debts, 
v.hile  the  army  stood  neglected,  the  poo])le  oppressci 
with  taxes,  and  industries  paralyzed.  It  demandid 
the  convocation  of  an  extraordinary  congress  to  in- 
form the  constitution,  the  executive  being  meanwhile 
vested  b}^  the  poder  conservador  in  a  citizen  worthy  oi' 
confidence,  with  extraordinary  power."  The  com[)laint 
and  the  demand  were  just  enough,  but  the  latter  was 
but  a  mask,  as  usual.  It  imjilied  a  dictatorship  in 
the  hands  of  Santa  Anna,  for  the  'citizen  worthy 
of  confidence'  could  bo  none  other  tha)i  that  anli- 
intriguer,  who  had  of  late  been  re}X3atedly  laudeil  !y 
the  ])eople. 

It  must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that  PareJes 

*  For  refdrina  agitated,  consult  M<'X.,  Col.  Ln/.  y  Dec,  IS.W,  S.^S-O;  1S4:1, 
(!:21  7t7.  Coniiuittcc  ruports)  in  JJirfditvii  Coinh.,  l-'>\;  Pap.  Var.,  ^.Aw'w. 
pt  11;  M<.i\,  Proi/i'rto,  1840,  1-107;  liniiiirc-.,  Vutu  Partk.,  lOD-l.HS;  Puji. 
\'ar.,  cxc.  j)t  'J.  rrotcstr)  anil  ooiniiicuts  in  Toni'l,  I^ntlcsl.;  J/i.c,  (Jh.o-rr., 
1S41,  1  'JS;  J)isnn:'<o  Sohrc,  1841,  I-GO;  Jf<:i:.  Pdiiiphfdi.  i.  ]^t  u;  I'on. 
V((r.,  xliii.  pts  1-11,  clii.  pt  xxv.  Con<,'i'css  w;is  prorogucil  on  March  .'lOtli. 
J/'.i'.,  <'(>l.  /.('!/.  1/  !)(■•.,  1S4I,  'J;{-4,  01.  i"or  prcsidont'rf  address  at  its  close  mi 
JiUK(  .'iOtli,  Bcc  I'lip.  Var.,  Ivi.  pt  5.  Another  trouble  was  a  partial  ilroiigiit 
in  tiio  valley  of  Mexico. 

''' For  foreign  alhairs  and  finances,  ^f(■x.,  Col,  Lry.  y  Dpc,  1841,  54;  Jlnxla- 
rnniiir,  (.Uthimfd  M<x.,  MS,,  iv.  1-2,  \'l. 

''Tlio  actual  congress  was  to  meet  to  aid  in  this  appointment.  Thi'  new 
president  slioiild  sunnnon  the  constitutional  convention,  prcscriliing  its  dic- 
tion and  duration.  Pi tntrt,  Coll.,  no.  '}',){).  Favorable  coiuments  on  the  plan 
in  Olcni,  Ensaijo,  7-19;  Iii/onuc  Eslrad,  S.  Bias,  15;  PaiK  Var.,  c'v.  pt  5, 
clvi.  pt  19. 


w]]oJIj  a  tool  of  fl 


^vllrI•o  esteoijiod  so  I] 


with    J 


liiii. 


H. 


0    stood 


/I  111 


.       ^•"■^'--uiu([  so  tar  n^  .1.,  J  .,    "i^i'd    c'Vl'I'v 


tllC  COUJl 


tl 


try 


«t'iontific   taste 


";:«l^'tl  a  better  ad 


eiiej-o-etic  Hoifo    a       ^'  '"^" 


yJlo   believed'    tl 


t"  insure  the  ni 


"imi.stration 


ind  i] 


oiier- 
lat 


lat 


;■;"">;  m  illirvvent  t 
unmi. 


'^veiiient  J 


le 


rT^'^''t-     J""nler 


/'istallod  ne 


'•  wuierent  towns    ],>f'f   ..    "7.  ,",^*v  uyuntaiii - 

^"'•^•'•••H)fa.and   n.arebJd   M^'ti    "^t^"^'  -'''»'''-'»  at 

;  .'^■';^  ^Mto  Guanajuato,    v  ure    1,.?'  '"^^"  '^V  ^^^^7  of 


('(HI 


:^<];=  ^' *'-p"wC:;: 


>od 


•  xaiii 


lllll 


I  "■'•'to,  General  J„  vera  „i-  n      ' .;" I " 

^^'OOmeua,>-aiM.f  ].;... 


<-'  most  in- 
l5L'j)ared  t 
owiiio-  tJ 


;o 


^t  i/i  a  body.      TJio'  fi 


^^^^Hi^eut  at  oneo  sent  .7  '"^ 
^''^^^^i"',butth<*;   'i.V""'^-'>^' 


y  passed  ( 


''I'staniantn  +I.,...  .     7  "^'.\^  tbe.soJdiors  woll       ir 


>\oi-  al- 


l>'(lst, 
ind 


ever 


wei'e 


therefl 


fi',.i-,,, ,      ,.  ',-)'i     iO\<ll     r>t!c.ii,,„ . 


coniparati 


vo  neo-Iect. 


)yal 


10  prospeetsi 


low 


••|»ntinued   to 


A'ci'a  C 


■iiz  and   Ui 


t'', 'loclarinu- fo,.  .^j, 


t""  ns  tulJowed 


^''}   Pi'onounced  for   Jt 


t)i 


I'rai.siii 


^''^•;'  reduction  in  ta> 


aniono-  tjioni  U 


UTison  of 
on  Auo-ust 
-^^'«.     Other 


-'■-on  „f  the  eiUdX     ,:  ,::'^'«',  "■*■"•'"•  ■■■■.the,- 


'mpsoiu  Rerol.  Jf, 


'n.     M 


'''■r.. 


').i:iir",rtiU],s2i 


I'lano  fari;,!, 


;'<^-(),  and  L 


under  Val 


itiii'liid 


li. 


.■lino 


.'ind  w 


iiaiiroyalistodice' 


L'-i  y  AiTiJl 


(ii\U 


:i'J  1 


HviUy 


^««\''';al,andi„|s4, 


F'l'oiihjtod  for  I 


■'■,'■•1  M-as  I 


>n\y  t 


■•istorii,    .1/,.; 

•H.it.Me 


^^"<'ia/'  who  had 


hi), 


.  -i'f>-!);t. 


')r;u 


i£:::^'';v  "■^^'' t^-'c^nt;;:!';;^-^-'. --t;.d;.r; 


"P'-iuiiey.     Jf, 


VIC;)  in    )-;■, 


■tl 


''■'''"11,  l»VWi\ 


A 


Ilia 


.    "-I'd  ho-  M;i 
"'o'  tlio  plan 


r,'^::!,^"'7-''-.nr'^"; 


'Jill  ill 
ainl 

H'll  joilit'd 


<'h 


I'f'a 


lUl.SUO. 

•IIS 


,.  '";'  ivcoiv,.,! 


«.     In  J, 


Mi-nrs  fiiat 


-  ^'-  -"-/^£i:'['' ■''-■-its,  ,:^' £.;:;;- :'-i-ati;:nt 


til 


""■■<  riiat  over  •>  "on  „  '•  '  -^ 


rr;--  '-^^^  v;,:. 


/"••,  cli\ 


■ /, 


ti'st  aii.l 


H'cra, 


i/;!;:''  ■^''!"Pn,  iii.  4f)o- 


'y^'^l  to  I'arcdcs' d 


poiiiLs  t 


I VI 


l'«titi()n 


i«tinc(Iv 
\'-  pt  i}, 

^^i'J".  «catturwrin  !l 


I) 


'oc. 


II  IS.'iij 
'■"iiiinand 
ii.    -N7; 

tiJ  tiic 
'  Santa 


•>  iicivin 


It  tlio  t 


inic, 


'f;-'^"-i'r;„i;,;:;;;^y;;;-t-TaIapa  presented 


!id: 


er- 


as ooniandant 


^.;;''^''to,,tinvai;:  o  X':'|':^on,,.a,,ft;;..:p 

J''''l"'oi,  ,.  .,f  V.,..   .     .' '^;"^^»'  ^^lllcli  )  :,c,f.,. ^   I' 


il;i  .s. 


;:i;'^ofiSauL„i3i>,X; 


''"^'•f'y  iicfor 


III  1,1  in 


J  04. 


For  C 


'SI  /la.l  atf 


''"^■unanti 


.'■^'■■'"ta  Ann 
[n-ovinei..     I„  .) 


'it/irst 


:i   w 


iis   stav 


I  pro- 


■'-'  '-'"line, 


'  liana  jua  to 


■"'Pt<M  to  ,1 


■ts  Wit  If  I,/,. \'" 


'"•'>ii  inuy  „J,sc„ 


P'-"iiunciaini(..nt 


I'lVC  (Hit  ( 


iiC'  \m 


■■'il'lltl 


111,1,. 

;i(;c 


'»,   Siiv_ 


y;vorn„,  Sopul 


"I  I  nil,,    ,,,_i  .'   ""■■'L.iin)  •  o. 


'■".'say.s  linst 


Vail. 


VO,  Col.  J),j 


vu- 


•«  'iiistainantc,  //;./    o,      , 


^p-'-ofjii.,,,:;';:-';g;.^A>/..,,,  ,j,-^^;. 


90- 


C'ii, 


;irn 


'ly. 


•230 


BASRS  OF  TACUBAYA. 


SO  ably  chocked  tlio  late  outbreak  by  Urrea  and  Fa- 
rias. Assisted  by  bis  brother-in-law,  Colonel  Loiu- 
bardini,  he  had  no  trouble  in  gaining  more  than  1,000 
men  for  his  plan,  who  on  August  31st  declared  in 
ia\or  of  Paredes'  pronuncianiiento,  with  slight  vaiin- 
tion,^"  and  he  began  at  once  to  fortify  himself  at  dill'ti- 
eiit  points  in  the  ca])ital.     This  success  was  greatly  (liic 


,(       ','?•>  ZACATECA3 
>>Jmy-  0°  Salinas 

ly^  'it,  ^^  **■  ?  \        »  J»  * 


AS       (Jjfltlo.-J    . 
-ITES  ,       ■    • 


J.UilSCO. 


to  the  usual  lack  of  energy  and  foresight  on  the  part 
of  Bustamante,  who  now  too  late  took  precautions  tor 
defence,  declaring  the  capital  in  a  state  of  siege,  and 
conceding  a  few  of  the  demanded  tax  reductions.  A 
remonstrancc  against  violence  and  strife  was  added  1  a' 
that  nonentity,  the  poder  conservador,  whose  opinions 


'"  VaJencin,  Manif,,  1-lG,  with  docuineuts  to  prove  liis  clear  record  Jurin;,' 
the  movement. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  POSITION. 


231 


were  generally  asked,  in  accordance  with  law,  but  re- 
i^anled  or  followed  only  when  convenient." 

Santa  Anna  had  during  this  occurrence  marched 
to  Perote,  where  in  the  guise  of  a  mediator  he  awaited 
the  turn  of  events,  and  as  such  addressed  the  gov- 
t'l'innent.  The  latter,  which  had  so  far  affected  to 
ic'gard  him  as  loyal,"  sent  a  sharp  repi-imand  for  this 
uiiautliorized  advance,  to  the  neglect  of  the  coast  line 
intrusted  to  his  care.  Santa  Anna  p'-otended  as- 
tonishment. He  had  actually  calmed  the  revolution- 
;iiv  excitement  around  hini,  but  deemed  it  his  duty 
to  urge  a  consideration  of  an  evidently  wide-spread 
(luinand  for  reform,  and  would  hold  the  present  min- 
isters responsible  for  any  blood  spilled  in  opposing 
jtopular  rights."  Such  dictatorial  language  from  an 
otKcer  was  properly  met  with  dignified  severity  by 
Minister  Almonte,  who  nevertheless  concluded  by 
accepting  the  meditation  for  the  sake  of  the  counhy, 
in  «o  far  as  to  exhort  the  risen  leaders  to  submit  to- 
tlie  government,"  j)roniising  that  all  complaints  sliould 
receive  due  attention.  Santa  Anna's  reply  was  to- 
n|»enly  adhere,  on  September  9th,  to  the  })lan  of  Guada- 
jaia  as  modified  by  Valencia,^'^  and  then  to  march  to 


"  liiistamanto  indicates  two  revolutionary  inaiiifestations  at  Mexico  in 
the  jnocciliiig  December  and  January,  Gnhinele  Me.r.,  ii.  !)()-7,  100;  /(/.,  MS., 
1-17,  •Jli-H"J,  .■{!)-41,  whioli  should  liave  warncil  tlic  govcniineat.  Tliii  clci;- 
tioii  iif  TorncI  as  mayor  liail  l)een  opposed  hy  the  autliorities  and  created  dis- 
Luiitent.     S.,-e  also  TormJ,  Vnr'ioK  Eip.,  \-'-l;  Pitp.   \'nr.,  cxeiii.  pt 'J. 

'"'On  the  j,'ronnd  of  certain  letter.s  wherein  he  liad  lately  censured  the  de- 
mand f(ir  reduced  taxes.  Tlie  D'uirio  Gob.,  no.  2270,  denies  the  ruuiurs 
iiL'aiiist  his  jilotting. 

"  And  fur  any  violence  against  General  I'ai'edes  'I'lotros  gcfes  henenieritos 
i|iic  se  piesentan  ii  sostener  conio  aquel,  Ids  derechos  imprescriptihles  de  los 
imililds.'  Letters  in  (lahinetc  Mcx.,  ii.  14.")  et  seq. 

"  If  the  pronounced  leaders  subinitt";d  they  woulil  be  treated  with  indul- 
gence, altiiougli  a  ndlitary  mutiny  at  a  time  when  the  republic  stood  threat- 
ened in  tlie  u(jrth  and  south-east  merited  severe  chastisenuMit. 

''  liiistamante  must  not  govern  despotically  at  the  heaii  of  troops,  regard- 
less iif  l;iw;  nor  has  the  podcr  con.servador  tiic  right  to  authoi-ix.e  such  attitmle. 
Tile  president,  h.aving  decided  to  assunu'  comniaiid  of  the  troops  in  person  and 
(leeiile  tlie  (luestion  Iry  force,  has  violated  the  constitution,  and  nnist  not  re- 
sume executive  power.  No  other  means  of  salvation  remains  for  tiie  republic 
tli:iii  to  sanction  the  bases  proclaimed  by  Valencia.  In  transmitting  this  ai;t 
to  tile  governnieut,  Santa  Anna  stated  that  if  other  chiefs  had  not  already 
ii>eii  ill  behalf  of  national  rights,  the  despotic  order  of  the  president  in  de- 
cluriug  Mexico  in  a  state  of  siege  and  uasuming  command  of  the  army  would- 


V'    I 


:,r 


232 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


Piiobla,  wlioro  ho  entered  nine  days  later,  (jtoveriior 
Codallos  liaviiiijf  wiiiicrrawii  to  us.si>st  lUistaiaante  at 
IVIuxico.  jJet'ore  tlio  arrival  of  tlio  recinforceinetit  the 
iiicreasinii^  desertion  and  news  f'rojji  the  interior  had 
so  intimidated  the  ^'ovorninent  tliat  it  suhinitted  to 
the  poder  conservador  a  plan  lor  |)eaeeal)le  arrant;(  - 
iiient,  in  coiivokinj^  an  extraordinary  congress  of  on*' 
chamber,  s[)ecially  elected  for  January  1,  1842,  to  re- 
form the  political  organization  and  choose  a  ruler; 
meanwhile  the  actual  con<jfress  and  all  constitutioiml 
authorities  should  subsist,  the  president  ac!'e])ting  iis 
associates  Nicolas  Bravo  and  Santa  Anna.  The  poder 
regarded  the  project  as  unconstitutional,  but  deferred 
its  decision  till  the  aspect  of  affairs  should  become 
more  defined. 

One  reason  for  the  delay  was  the  confidence  in- 
fused by  the  arrival  of  1,200  loyal  troops,  JJelieving 
that  ho  could  now  face  the  enemy,  JJustamaiite,  ou 
September  22d,  intrusted  the  ])residency  to  Javier 
Echoverria,  vice-president  of  the  counciV  left  a 
strong  force  in  the  city  under  Codallos,  and  moved 
with  the  remainder,  assisted  by  General  Canalizo, 
from  one  point  to  another  in  the  vicinity,  fortifyin;^ 
them,  but  making  no  efforts  to  oppose  the  hostile  forees 
now  marching  up  from  the  north  and  east,  althougli 
the  attemj)t  could  well  have  been  made  in  detail. 
He  probably  doubted  his  soldiers,  and  the  hesitation 
was  not  groundless,  for  the  defection  continued,  (la- 
lindo  among    others  passing  over  to  Valencia    with 


justify  any  uprising  to  overthrow  an  impolitic,  .arl)itniry,  and  imwortliy  iid- 
ministration.  Conmicuts  ou  Santa  Anna's  attituilo  by  Alvarez,  in  Pap.  \'ar., 
cxxii.  pt  '1. 

'"During  the  absence  of  Bravo,  the  president.  Mix.,  Col.  Ley.  y  J)ei., 
18-H,  SI-'J;  JJnblaii.  and  Loznno,  Lnj.  Mix.,  iv.  32.  F™  J.  Eclievcrri'a  wiis 
Ijorn  at  Jalapa  in  1707,  and  followed  the  vocation  of  his  father  as  trader-. 
]j:iter  he  came  to  -Mexico,  after  serving  in  tiie  legislature  of  Ids  state.  In 
18IS4,  and  again  in  1S;}8  and  183!),  lie  was  called  to  the  niiinstry  of  liniun.'. 
Jtlnni,  (!oh.  etc  Mix.,  ii.  2.'JS.  All  this  time  he  retained  his  interest  in  i\v:. 
tr.iding  firm,  and  intluenced  iu  its  favor  a  luunber  of  government  contrail.^. 
lie  gained  little  credit  by  his  public  career,  but  stands  pronnnent  as  a  patinu 
of  arts  and  useful  institutions.  L.  <t.  Vieyra  was  governor  oi  -Mexico  at  tiii.s 
time.  l\i}>.  r<ir.,  xliv.  pt  30.  Tlie  prior  claim  to  the  presidency  appears  tj 
have  been  htdd  by  the  absent  J.  A.  liomero. 


A  xi:\v  l>M^. 


2r,3 


-.V  declare,!   ren.ovod,    eV"  rT,'""'"";.'"  "f  '«•■« 

--t,  selected  by  tL";  nt'd  ;rV''r/-''  ■'"i-' 

'  i'"  l"'°.«i<loi.t  wa's  to  I,avo  llf  "  "°"'  "'"^titution. 
";"K;'"«o  the  puUie  „,],°  "''''"  ['""•'^■•.nocc.ssarv  to 
>"""-tcr>,"  and  a  conn  '"".'"■"'■'^''''*'''l  '-y  four 

""■  '"lliicnco  and  |.„«-er  tn,        ,      ^'  l'''^^'-^.,!  (,„t;, 

. ,  ''«  plan  sranted  tlic  1     ,^        '."'"*  "^  '■'''"■^^■■ 
'"'"'«•  upon  its  c-ourso'vif    ,:"'","':"    '""  ''".V»  '"■•  do- 

•™'"'^;   but  thi»  wa«'o    ,Z^h     t^^^^^ 


,     "■fl"' convocation  t„  I     •        ,"  '    "''    """    "™^''"-"      Al 

l^f:/^^./'"«^.,  21!>-oS'^;^  :,  «^,^'"l-.^'l  army  .liri^f,,  .r'  "'^"' J  ■";-'''^  ""il 


i  I 


8S4 


BASES  OF  TACUHAYA, 


ino)it(>,  the  miiiistor  of  war  iuu\  virtual  ruler,  iiow 
conceived  the  idea  of  declaiiii<^  in  favor  of  the  fednal 
HN'sti'Mi  as  a  mi'ans  for  preveiitin^i;  tiie  ohji-etionaltlr 
(hetatorshi|),  and  ahove  all  for  ein-uuivi'iitinL,^  tlie  aiii- 
liitious  Santa  Anna.  It  was  believed  tliat  the  d(  - 
])artineiit.s  woidd  su[)port  it  with  an  ovcruliehniii^ 
vote,  and  the  cajjital  was  known  to  he  strongly  in  lis 
favor.  To  this  end  the  minister  nej^otiated  for  a  |)rn- 
longation  of  the  armistice,  and  issued  connnissions  to 
sevi.-ral  jxM'soriS  of  iniluence  to  collect  and  arm  the 
former  militia  of  the  city.  Karlv  on  tln^  morninn'  <>t' 
Sei^temher  ;50th  ]^ustamante  and  Canahzo,  heacHii.;- 
the  cavalry  and  infantry  respectively,  proclaimed  tih' 
federation  in  the  i^reat  s(juare  before  a  vast  crowd, 
whose  jubilant  shouts  were  reiii'hoed  in  salvos  ami 
pealini";  of  bells;'"  but  the  act,  as  mi^ht  have  been 
expt'cti'(l,  was  not  properly  sustained  by  efficient  mov^'- 


men 


ts;  \"alencia  had  beside 


s  won  over  manv 


lil 


)erals, 


and  the  i'ormidable  army  at  Tacubaya  had  not  been 
duly  taken  into  account. 

IndiLjnant  at  the  counter  manoeuvre,  Santa  Ami;i 
]>repared  to  renew  hostilities,  and  once  a,iL>'ain  tlu'  city 
was  cxposeil  to  all  the  horrors  of  the  Urrea-Fan'iis 
episode,  with  destruction  of  buildings  and  slaui^'htcr 
of  imioceut  citizens,  with  i-obberyand  outra^jes  l)voui- 
laws,  midst  the  lament  of  terrified  and  bereaved  faiiii- 


1 


les. 


The  lire  was  sustained  not  alone  bv  th(^  irarri 


SlUl 


\mder  Valencia  and  J^ustamante,  which  occupied  dif- 
ferent positions  within  the  city,  the  latter  with  hea.l- 
quarters  at  the  jxdace,  but  by  the  allied  forces  n 


i)\V 


invcstin<jf  the  suburb^' 


Char 


U'OS, 


sorties,  and   sk 


"Account  mill  text  in  Bolcfin  Ojic,  Oct.  2,  1841.  Tlic  constitutidii  "f 
1S-J4  vast  iK'clan'(l  nstorocl,  subject  to  revision,  toi^'otlici'  with  tiio  coiiu'iiss, 
l^'^;islatll^l•s,  and  authorities  of  \S',]'2,  inoludiiii;  tlie  tlu'U  provisional  [iresiiKiit, 
(Jeueral  Mnz(iuiz.  Tli!s  wassigucil  liy  the  new  governor,  Ortiz  du  Ziiratc,  ami'ii^' 
others.  A  junta  ]iatriotiea  of  tin;  follow  ing  day  lulded  coinpleiueutary  t'laui-i  s 
on  election  and  I'eforuis,  and  Canali/.o  eonlirnuHl  them.  .Sant;i  Anna  UdW 
sought  to  win  over  the  poder  couservador  l)y  pointing  out  tliis  overthrow  nf 
the  constitution  of  IS.'Ui,  hut  obtaincil  no  reply.  Jliintainniiti',  (labiml''  .1/'  ., 
Ms.,  iv.  87  et  sc().;  Id.,  J)iario,  xliii.  1-147;  Jiirrro,  Mrx.  cii  JS.}.',  8(!-ll4. 

-^  Anil  numbering  about  8,000.  At  the  opening  of  the  struggle  widi 
Valencia,  iiustaiuautc  bad  about  2,000  Uicii,  with  a  large  proportion  of  cav- 


DOWNFALL  OF  n^STA^L^^•TK. 


885 


iiilslu's  liad  Uocii  the  JMil(\  and  on  Octobor  .'^d  Biista- 
ni.inti'  inadi'  a  loi-niidaMr  though  int'tl't'ctual  attack  on  a 
iiosition  at  I'lit-ntu  do  Jamaica,  whicli  cost  a  niuubcr 
(if  lives.  Thl  addi'd  to  tlic  disroiirauoniont  iinj)artc'd 
liv  tli<'  ufrowinLj  strcni>tli  of  {\\c  l>i'.sii'i;c'rs,  and  deser- 
tion ini'i'i'ased.  many  lulievinL''  that  an}-  revolution 
lu-adod  l>y  Santa  Anna  must  succeed,  Eclieverri'a 
and  two  of  the  ministei's  had  disaj,)|»ea red,  leavin;jf 
Almonte  to  act  for  the  j^'ovei  nment,  lor  IJustamanto 
hesitated  to  resume  the  control,  althouu^h  widely  called 
upon,  and  ^Iuz(jui/,,  the  sunnnoned  lederal  president, 
luld  hack.  Under  sui'h  ciicumstances,  liustamaiito 
resolved  to  spare  the  city  from  further  useless  sutter- 
inu:  bv  evacuatiu'*'  it,  which  he  <li(l  on  tlic  morniuLj  of 
the  ."ith,  in  the  din'ction  of  (luadalupe.  The  allies 
tnllowcd,  and  both  sides  T-rmed  in  battle  array.  Al- 
though strouij^er  than  lii.s  adversaiy,  Santa  Anna  by 
no  moans  relished  the  prospi!ct  of  a  battle.  ]Justa- 
iiiante  on  his  side  doubted  the  resolution  of  his  miMi, 
iidditionallv  demoralized  bv  I'otroat,  and  so  an  amicable 
arranii'omont  was  otfoctoil,  bv  which  the  •.''ovormuont 
li'oops  passed  over  to  the  allies,  all  past  dilferoncos 
bcin<j^  burod.'-' 

Husi  i.manto  departed  for  Europe,  attended  by  the 
rcsj)ect  of  all  })arti(>s  ibr  his  i'rank  and  kind-hearted 
character  and  his  unsellish  and  lionorablo  record  as  a 


ail 


;)ui)lic  man.  ]Ie  was  a  brave  soldier,  however,  rather 
tiiaii  a  statesman,  somewhat  slow  of  rellection,  vacil- 
lating, and  devoid  of  moral  energy,  and  as  such  unlit 
above  all  to  assume  the  administration  under  the  try- 
iiig  circumstances  o[)ening  betbre  him  in  IrtoZ,  along 
a  now  path,  under  a  new  constitution  forced  upon  the 


\^>^- 


'<  1 


iilrv,  while  the  other  had  1,200,  ami  most  of  the  iirtillery.  Madniiu;  C:il- 
iKruii  lie  la  IJarca,  Li/i'  in  JI(.c.,  ii.  "Jl'l  ot  sucj.,  gives  some  iuterestiiig  expe- 
linice  cliiriiig  this  ])('rioil. 

■'The  jifoposed  eonstitutional  ('onL.'1'css  should  alone  pass  jud^^meiit  on  the 
iii'ts  of  the  late  and  tlie  future  ailiniuistrations.  ])iihhiH  and  {.ozitiio,  Ln/. 
-l/.r.,  iv.  .S2-4;  Vnl/(]io,  Col.  J)or.  J^.c,  MS.,  ii.  pt  4(11.  The  act  is  dated 
iit  Ivstaiizucla,  Oct.  (kh.  On  the  d.iy  Santa  Anna  approaehed  'I'ai'uhaya, 
r>iistaiMaiitc  had  sought  in  vuiii  to  cllect  an  arrangement  with  I'aredes  and 
Cortazar. 


230 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


country  by  a,  party  M'itli  which  the  people  at  hiro'o 
were  not  in  synii)athy.  With  undetined  ideas  and 
scanty  means  he  had  started  upon  the  experimental 
course,  trusting  to  fortune  and  bad  advisers,  and 
neglecting  the  lessons  taught  by  experience.  Active 
and  passive  opposition  encountered  him  on  every  si<k', 
based  [)artly  on  stagnated  resources,  and  breaking  out 
in  pronunciamientos,  which,  added  to  the  French  fiasco, 
the  secession  of  Yucatan,  the  insolence  of  Texas,  and 
Indian  border  raids,  left  his  administration  in  no  en- 
viable pligjit.-'^ 

On  October  7th  Santa  Anna  made  his  triumphal 
entry  into  ^Mexico,  and  was  declared  provisional  ])res- 
ident."^'^  Two  days  later  he  assumed  control  of  ali'airs, 
forming  a  new  cabinet,  composed  of  Gomez  Pedraza, 
Cris[)iiiiano  del  Castillo,  Ignacio  Trigueros,  and  (jreii- 
cral  Tornel.^*^  Popular  approval  naturally  follon-'jd 
the  winning  side,  but  any  change  was  now  welcomoil 
as  an  impn^vement,  and  the  hero  of  Vera  Cruz  seemed 
the  most  promising  man  for  the  occasion.     A  si)ecta- 


25  He  rettimcd  after  the  fall  of  Santa  Anna  in  1S44-,  ami  wo  shall  again 
meet  iiiiii  ill  |iul)lic  life.  H(!  luul  been  decorated  wliile  pre.sidLut,  aiul  recL'iviil 
tlio  coveted  title  l)CMiuini5rito  do  la  patria.  A.  Biistamaatr,  ])<rreln.t,  1-1;  //,, 
Iuh-iaiii\t,  \-\'.\;  P(ip.  Viii:,  Ivi.  pt  5,  clxxx.  pt  14,  cxei.  pt  1.  Madanu;  ('.d- 
doron  eoiiuueutM  on  his  frank,  honest,  unheroio  face,  and  his  (j^nidities  as  miIj- 
ordinaJe,  ratlier  tiian  leader.  Li/a  in  Jh'.c,  i.  'Jfj-7.  Liiwenstern  attriituri'S 
his  errors  to  frank  reliance  on  friends.  Mix.,  iSl-.").  Tlionipsou  lauds  tli'3 
unsel!lsliness  shown  in  his  poverty.  ItiroU.  Mi  x.,  ST.  '  J'e  nianos  piiras  y  do 
coraZ(i;i  inocentc','  adds  IJiistaniantc.  Apinitin  lli.4.  Suutd-Aiiiid,  "JS. 

-''''J''irnel  siyns  the  decree  as  president  of  the  body.  J/c.t'.,  Col.  Lof.  y  ./h'\, 
ISH,  '.)•:,-{. 

"•  ]"\ir  interior  and  foreign  relations,  public  instruction  and  industrie-', 
fniance.  and  army  and  navy,  respectively.  I'cdra/.a  luid  lignivnl  in  ls;iS  ,is 
iiiiuiscer  for  forei:,'n  affairs,  and  Tornel,  the  well  kn(j\vn  supporter  of  his  chief, 
Irul  been  repeatedly  war  minister,  and  aLsoin  charge  ot  tiie  tinances.  (ian  1 1, 
('X-i;overnor  of  /acatccas,  had  been  sidected  for  linanccs,  but  deelint'd,  ;:;id 
1  )ufi'io  took  charge  till  'i  rigueros,  a  Vera  Cruz  merchant,  entered  in  Xoveniln  i . 
About  the  same  time  the  able  Hocanegra  left  the  supremo  court  and  touk 
I'edraza'a  place,  Castillo  assuming  eonirol  of  the  judicial  and  cccleaiastic 
biancli.  The  latter  was  replaceil  by  I'cdin  Velez  in  February  l.Sl'2,  'J'hoiii|i- 
son,  Jifroll.  Mi'X.,  82-4,  ppeaks  higlily  of  Bocauegra,  'J'rigu(;ros,  ami  Turin  1, 
t'lo  latter  known  as  a  patron  of  learning.  I'edrazaisalluiled  toasa  liau^hty, 
disagreeable  man,  witii  whom  Santa  Anna  (]uarrellod  on  a  .slight  pretext, 
Jhi.'i/aindiiti;  Diarh,  .MS.,  xliii.  •J.'jS-O;  /(/,,  Mi^m.  j/ist.  Mr.v.,  NlS.,  ii.  b'llt, 
conceining  Trigueroi'  career.  Alnio.  ;0  was  (quieted  with  the  mission  to  tiio 
United  blatea. 


PROTESTS  FROM  THE  XORTH. 


237 


tor  could  not  fail  to  l)o  impressed  by  his  tall,  cfraccful 
figure,  with  its  small  oval  face  stamped  by  thought 
and  energy,  and  with  the  closely  set  eyes,  brilliantly 
itnlecting  an  impulsive  nature  and  a  talented  mind. 
A  sjjriidvling  of  gray  in  the  black  hair  added  dignity, 
Mild  the  dark,  bilious  complexion,  with  its  striking  cx- 
jiiession  of  anxious  melancholy  hovering  round  the 
mouth  when  in  repose,  gtaierally  brightened  during 
Lunversation  into  sympathising  affability  and  winning 
smiles.  When  giving  com  nand  the  voice  assumed  a 
well  balanced,  dictatorial  tone,  which  was  effectively 
iii)})osing,  and  when  rouscci  his  face  changed  into  re- 
puiling  fierceness.  The  arbitrary  power  accorded  to 
him  by  the  bases  of  Tacubaya  in  seJ- -election,-'^  control 
of  convocation  for  a  congress,  and  subordination  of 
the  council  of  state,  opened  the  eyes  of  opponents  still 
doubtful  as  to  the  drift  of  the  revolution,  and  protests 
began  to  flow  in,  notably  fnmi  Jalisco,  Aguascalientes, 
(iuanajuato,  San  Luis  Potosf,  and  from  I3ravo,^''  iu 
the  name  of  the  southern  provinces,  supplemented  by 
a  I'edcral  [)rormnciamiento  in  Guadalajara  and  Dumngo, 
litre  by  Llrrea.  But  Santa  Anna  was  prej)ared.  lie 
had  foreseen  some  such  difficulty,  and  hastened  to  de- 
spatch Paredes  against  the  federalists,  with  an  army 
greatly  swelled  by  impressment,  while  sending  com- 
missioners to  win  others  by  promises  and  intrigues. 
T\io  mere  news  of  Bustamante's  overthrow,  his  own 
successful  assumption  of  power,  and  the  prom})t  ad- 
Mince  of  a  strong  force  sufficed  to  bring  about  a  pru- 
dent reaction.  Guadalajara  announced  its  submissi(>n, 
the  central  protesting  body  at  Queretaro  dissolved, 
Alvarez  yielded  on  the  condition  of  being  left  in  cliarge 

''■"  lie  was  elected  by'39  out  of  44  votes,  tho  ilepartmeuts  being  by  no  nu.'ans 
fuUvdi'  properly  represented. 

-■'His  proclaniiitiou  in  VaUijo,  Col.  Doc.  M^x.,  MS.,  ii.  pt  41)4,  l,"i-17. 
Notices  were  sent  to  deny  il,  as  in  \'oto  <l<'  Son.,  Dec.  '20,  IS41.  (ium  r.il  Xl- 
v^!!'/ Mistained  liim.  J/kh//'.,  oT,  etc. ;  I'd/i.  IV/r. ,  clxxxvl.  pt 'J.  Artr'aniciit 
iiu'Miiiit,  in  y»/;;V(.<  tie  los  JJix:,  l-S;  .!/<  .i.-.  raiii]ihlil<,  i.  pt  !).  'I'lic  prutcstin  ,' 
].:ijvii,cea  demanded  tiiat  a  junta,  convoked  at  Queretaro  by  I'.ncde.;,  >iliinild 
thoDse  the  jnovisional  president  and  deline  lli^^  powei",  and  thai  a  coiii,'res9, 
1 1  lie  innnediately  sunuuoncd,  should  elect  a  proprietory  executive  anil  irauio 
a  cniisti'ution. 


238 


BASES  OF  TACUBAVA. 


lilll  i  . 


of  the  southern  coast,  Bravo  had  to  aoqulosce,  and 
Urrea  was  bribed  with  the  coniandancia  general  of 
Sonora,  whereupon  Santa  Anna,  now  firnior  than  ever 
in  power,  generously  issued  a  general  amnesty.** 

Kcfornis  became  now  the  order  of  the  day,  from 
th'>  nature  of  the  energetic  man  in  control  as  well  as 
from  a  politic  desire  to  conciliate  parties  and  remedy 
glaring  defects.  The  first  step  was  naturally  to  grat- 
ify the  army,  and  so  bind  closer  to  the  administration 
its  main  support,  while  preparing  also  a  necessary 
check  on  the  movements  of  Yucatan  and  Texas,  the 
latter  marked  th.is  time  by  an  invasion  of  New  Mex- 
ico under  McLcod  and  Cooke,  but  promptly  defeated 
by  General  Armijo.^^  Several  now  regiments  woic 
formed,  notably  the  grenadier  guard,  under  stringent 
drafting  resolutions,  and  with  determined  efforts  to 
dress,  arm,  and  maintain  them.^"  For  this  and  other 
purposes  a  deph^ted  treasury  liud  to  be  filled,  and 
with  fresh  taxes.  But  it  was  not  deemed  prudent  to 
startle  the  people  by  any  sudden  or  heavy  contribu- 
tions from  the  fondled  vision  of  ligliter  burdens  and 
rising  jsrosperity.  They  were  still  lulled  by  the  re- 
moval of  the  fifteen  per  cent  consumption  tax,  and  a 
modilication  of  the  three  p(?r  mille  im[)ost  on  estat.s, 
while  a  [)arade  was  nuide  of  economy  by  i-educi'ig  the 
assignment    to  home  creditors^^  by   putting  off  the 


!-i ,;, 


^^  VnUi'Jo,  Col.  Doc.  Mex.,  MS.,  ii.  pt  4CG.  / gnascalicntos  mms  maile  a 
comanilaiicia  general.  Dnhlaii  and  Loiano,  Leij.  J\Iex.,  iv.  Si).  Ahuioz  was 
pi'oinoteil  ti)  a  division. 

"']"lio  Tt'xans,  inclmling  many  U.  S.  men,  hoinj^  sunt  to  langnisli  in  cap- 
tivity at  I'orotc  and  otlur  places.  A  full  accuunt  of  tins  interesting  episu  Ic 
i-i  given  in  //i.^t.  Arizoii't  and  Xcw  Jlcxirn,  this  series,  liased  on  original 
soui'eea,  as  well  as  on  works  like  Ki:ii(laJr.H  Xan:  Sdii/it  Fe  Expfl.,  i.-ii. 

'■^'M'-.c,  Col.  I.eij.  y  Dec,  1841,  l.VJ-Gl,  iSS-l).  The.  movements  of  the! 
otlieeis  were  su1)jecte(l  to  closer  control.  I'al/rjo,  Col.  Doc  ^f'•x'.,  MS.,  ii.  pt 
41J8;  /JiiKtitmiiiiJe,  Diitrlo,  MS.,  xliv.  3.  Charges  arose  against  Ari.-^ta  an! 
others  in  eoiuieetion  with  army  contracts.  /.'?  M'ni<rr«,  Mar.  Z"),  ISl'i. 
1  taring  I S4()  several  decrees  appeared  for  organizing  the  militia.  J/^u'.,  Dorr  hi 
Milichi.,  1-4;  Pnp.  Vnr  ,  liv.  jit  12,  clii.  pt  .'),  II,  cl.\.\.\.  pt  ll;  Mcx.,  Mini, 
amri-'u  1841,  KS42. 

''■'Of  tlie  fl,  10,  rj,  l.'t,  and  17  ])er  cent  ai^.iigncd  on  oiistomdiouse  reci'ipts. 
TliC  hoi  lers  raised  siieli  an  ontery  against  a  eoatemplated  t  )t:d  siispeu-ion 
tliat  half  tlie  ai.i'iu'it  was  allowed,  and  sub.'ie((uently  the  arraugoiuent  of 
1830,  with  dill'erent  mudilicatious. 


alili; 


TAXATION. 


239 


EiirMish  bondliolclors,  wlio  wore  finally  appeased  with 
ii  suiall  concession,"*  by  resuming  the  management  of 
the  tobacco  department,  and  by  other  measures.  In 
A[)ril  of  the  following  year,  however,  several  direct 
coiitri  >utions  were  imposed  on  industries,  on  articles 
dt"  lux  iry,  and  on  incomes,  together  with  a  capitation 
tax.^''  Meanwhile,  to  cover  immediate  and  additional 
ih  .(is,  the  archbishop  was  obliged  to  provide  $200,000, 
Mirrendcr  tb*^  inquisition  building,  and  witness  the 
sale  of  a  fine  estate  formerly  belonging  to  the  Jesuits;"'^ 
and  subsequently  the  seizure  of  the  California  pious 
fund.''  And  so  the  clergy  had  to  pay  for  their  share 
ill  the  revolution. 

A  part  of  the  sums  thus  obtained  were  appropri- 
ated fjr  redeeming  the  copper  money,  about  fourteen 
n.ilHons,  mostly  false,  which  circulated  at  half  its 
t'aco  value,  to  the  prejudice  especially  of  the  poor. 
The  new  coin,  worth  an  eighth  f)f  a  rial  and  weighing 
halt'  an  ounce,^'*  proved  a  great  relief;  but  the  abrui)t 
manner  of  calling  in  the  old  money  caused  great  mis- 
chief."''    Santa  Anna  took  special  pains  to    renuA'e 

''Lizardi  &  Co.  arr.angc(l  at  first  for  allowing  thorn  one  fifth  of  tlio 
rcoiMpts  iit  Vera  (,'niz  and  Tumpieo  ciistuin-huuses,  they  surrciulcriiig  liiilf  uf 
thi'  tinir  years'  interest  due;  but  this  n<jt  being  allowed  by  the  governim-ut, 
t'.iu  latter,  on  October  10,  1842,  assigned  '.i^  per  cent  added  to  the  duties 
at  these  ports. 

" '  'I'lie  latter  one  rial  per  month,  the  income  tax  from  J  to  ^  per  cent. 
.\1mi  l.'i  per  cent  on  legacies  to  corporations.  Mex.,  Mem.  llac,  1811,  184J; 
L'oiii' ro,  Mem.,  'ilo  et  seq. 

^''Tliat  known  as  La  Compaiiia,  near  Chalco.  Tlic  !?'JOO,flOO  were  in 
rispciii.se  to  !?>00,00()  demanded.  Bustamanto,  (hihtimi'  Mix.,  ii.  I'JJ-."); 
A/innt'fi.  S'liifn-Aiina,  l.")-17,  at  this  time  made  a  vain  appeal  for  restoring 
till' .lesiiits.  Other  petitions  in  Mfudrjibal,  /'(•jin.i.,  l-'JO;  /'it/K  Viii:,  elxxi. 
I't  II;  .l/e.c,  J)oc.  y  Obras  sobre  Jcxuita.'i,  1-8,  on  a  proposed  issue  of  Jesuit 
iliicmiu'iits. 

•'  Serving  to  sustain  its  nussionary  and  clergy.  The  government  for 
a  wiiile  allowed  an  e(piivalent.  See  Ilisl.  ('«/.,  i  v.,  this  series.  A  dciiiM!  of 
Octiilici-  l.'ith  forbade  tlu^  sale  of  mortmain  projicrtj-  without  govi'rnnieiit  per- 
luissidii,  J)iil,/(tii  and  Loxaiw,  Leij.  M<.c.,  i v.  ;(.">-().  'i'liis  bisliops  and  orders 
\\\w  licsiiles  oliliged  to  aeeept  iliii'ts  for  dillcrent  amounts.  Jlii.<tiiiii'iiiti , 
Apiiiiii.t  Santa- Anita.  47  8.  V^aleneia  was  rewaidid  by  the  grant  of  sei/eil 
l>r  ijicviy  and  tlie  nianagenientof  the  jiious  fund.   lUri  ra,  (luh.  <lr  Mi  v.,  ii.  '2i'i. 

^'  lii;ning  on  the  fat'e  a  figure  of  liberty  and  on  tlio  reverse  a  ei\  io  erowa 
V ith  (!n;  \idue  mark  in  the  centre  and  rmuid  it  the  wor^I  *  /'i /itiblicn  ]'iji  -iina. 

'•'Tlie  decree,  dated  \ov.  4,  1S41,  fiiil);nlu  tlio  circulation  of  tlw^  old 
iiiniiry  ;iiter  Hi)  clays  in  the  department  <if  .Mexico,  and  alter  (iO  days  elsewiiere, 
yet  ellercd  tlie  new  coin  only  six  mouths  after  the  surrender  of  liie  other.   Le- 


'1  !!,i| 


U   1" 


240 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


ti' 


vestiu'cs  of  tlic  late  conflicts  in  the  city,  rebuikliiv 
the  plaza  Volador,  and  causing  the  erection  of"  a 
new  theatre  to  boar  his  name.  He  must  also  ho 
cred't'>d  with  having  t'ostered  education,  trade,  and 
iiidujtries  in  several  directions,  establishing  mercan- 
tile tribunals  and  juntas  de  fomento  for  general  devd- 
oi)mont  in  departmental  capitals  and  ports,*"  rcinstall- 
in«j:  the  old  mining  tribunal  and  forming  a  leiTfislativu 
junta  to  edit  the  code.  A  cont^-act  was-  entered  into 
to  open  the  Tehuantepec  Isthmus  for  interoceanic 
traffic,  although  nothing  came  of  it;"  steps  were  taken 
to  plant  European  colonies  in  Tamaulipas,  with  litllo 
success;*"  and  Mexican  territory  was  swelled  by  the 
incorporation  of  Soconusco,  a  province  formerly  be- 
longing to  Chiapas,  but  which,  refusing  to  join  lur 
when  she  separated  from  Guatemala  to  become  part 
of  the  newly  formed  Mexican  republic,  had  nuiin- 
tained  independence  of  both  neighbors.     Aggressive 


Irija  y  Darrera,  Cobrc  Tahac.  Prest.,  several  pamphlets.  Pap.  Var,,  cliv.  pts 

i-io/ 

■• '  Supported  liy  one  eighth  per  cent  on  consumption  duties  and  other 
contiilnitions.  llcguhitions  of  Js'ov.  IJth,  in  Miix.,  Col.  Lit/,  y  JJcc,  1S41, 
]l!t-'2,">.  Otero,  Ohms,  ilS.,  ii.  7-12,  has  sonic  ciucHeut  ohservjitioiis  oii 
cliorts  for  dcvulopnient  in  Mexico.  A  proposed  bribe  by  merchants  of  ii^TO:),- 
OUO  for  the  free  introduction  of  spun  tliread,  thougli  teniptiuii;  to  a  poor  guv- 
cniment,  was  rejected  in  tJic  interest  of  manufactures.  Comments  in  \'ir- 
dm/i'ra  d  la  Falsa  Opinio)!,  l-lo;  JimttamniUn,  Gabinttc  Mc.x.,  Mo.,  iv.  10-17. 
Information  on  schools  of  agriculture,  mining,  etc.,  in  Jianiii<lii,  Dcr.  EkciiiIih, 
\~\'l;  Duhhui  and  Lcz'ino,  Le'j.  Mex.,  iv.  ,514-31;  Max.,  Junta  Minc.via,  l-Vl, 
On  the  Volador  rebuilding,  in  Mtix.,  Ayiint.  i'lrpof.  J'luza  Voludor;  /'<ii>. 
Var.,  civ.  pt  14.  In  course  of  1S4.')  the  famous  I'arian  bazaar,  cliieily  ocuu- 
pied  by  mercers,  at  an  annual  rental  to  the  municipality  of  8-10,0U0,  w.ia 
(U'lriolislicd  for  the  sake  of  cnd)ellishing  the  plaza.  Petition  against  tlio 
ilei.ree  in  Mex.,  Ex/iun.,  1--1G;  Pup.  Var.,  Ixxxiii.  pt  11.  Losses  to  mhi- 
cliants  specified  iu  Lista  de  JJa.nos  del  Parian,  1S4J,  MS.,  l-7j  L>oc.  1114. 
i1/r  ..••,,  pt  I -J. 

"  With  Garay,  agent  for  Englishmen,  who  again  transferred  the  chiirttr 
to  Americans.  Contract  iu  Diario  Gob.,  March  4,  1S4'J.  Details  of  I'laii, 
survey,  etc.,  in  Oarai/,  Isf/i.  Tdiiian.,  1-188.  The  later  claims  of  the  graiitui'S 
wure  ignored.  Tehiian.,  Diddmen  Comis.,  1851,  1-51;  Tvhiian.,  Mod.  ])'r(- 
cfioK,  \S~>2,  1-28;  Garaij,  Pririlcij.,  1-28;  Manero,  Not.  Ili4.  Com.,  ol-<i; 
I'am'irez,  Mem.  Diferenc,  1-108,  The  interoceanic  question  will  be  treatod  in 
anotiier  place. 

*■' Which  brought  about  also  the  permission  for  foreigners  to  hold  real 
estate,  altliough  not  without  protests.  /Jithlau  and  Iakjiuo,  Lcj.  M'.r.,  iv. 
4(1."),  (i'iO-l.  Outlines  of  colonization  plans  in  Willie,  Not.  Hac.,  b'.\  7,  up. 
14-28,  IJustamante  objects,  J)t  irio,  MS.,  xHv.  51.  Itixero  conipari -*  Hio 
value  of  diil'erent  nationalities  for  Mexico,  and  liuds  all  lacking  iu  synipaihy. 
Jlex.  cii  lS.'f.\  240-1. 


V] 

SI 


iMiSFORTUXES. 

acts  on  the  parf  of  P„  ^        i  ^^^ 

"'•^;  i-i'ty.  wi-id.  :L™ : trt™"-'^' «-  ».?if.ti,„. 

^•";l  t.kc  possession  in  Au.'ust  IR  ,?«  '""l'"  '"  >•'"'«'• 
Oil  tlie  ot  ler  hi,,,]  ..„    °      ,  ^''-'-• 

"..Its  and  .lespo  ?  l?:';r;ttr'  '?"'-''^""''"rt»"ate 
(Its  conrerred.     E„.]y   ;*'  ,'^,'  f"  r*"!;'.?''"'  t'.o  bene- 

Wi'.rcrs  I>ef„,.o  tlie  severe  oon^'/^'''',*''" '''>''*  <'f 

-"t:.«  and  outbreaks  vZcdaf"V"  /"-""""eiaini- 
"l;.".,     tlieir  evil  in  different      '  f    ''""'  '"'"^""'  "■'-I 
xtnred  by  civii  war,  wa  /e°d  a  ',,i  "  fn""-     ^"""'■'''  ™« 
;■'■"'  U.To...  by  Gandara%  .ntl;         Co'i'-^'idante  Gen- 
-Her  CaliCornia  bad  a  ^^  ,^'^,'^  "t"'''""  ''"''  P"-"''-" 
'I'"  l'.-ov,„oes  eastward  sXre d   =1^    "f,"''''''^'-'^'''-.  "■"! 
;;ylsol  wild  Indians-"  „b  I    t    '""""'«  "sual  bloody 
L  liilapa  region  rose  a.,ai        tb    o  '""""'^"^-'-^  of  tbi 
'■""■»tf«d  I'y  tlioslK-ItS-i    :     *  'f''7""''^''t.  "'Hi  en- 
■-"■vesses,  tbey  proniotJd"  an  '"-''■«''''  ""litarv 
^"•".iq-  niovei/on't  all  a  o„„     .^ff'"'?  i''  ""'    ^•''7 
;!'"   Oajaca,  wbieb  continued  l-ouT'"*  1','^"  ^'"''''''^ 
l.Jlonnig years."  """uybout  tliis  and  tbe 

'Ami  ))y  flecree  of  Soi-if    iim    x, 


^^'«.  te.,  Vol.  V.    10  ■  ^"'•^•'  ^^^- ^'y.. 


112 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


A  more  scri(nis  nffiiir  was  tlio  now  ]>roiionnf(>(l 
SL'L;rogati()ii  ot"  Yiur;it;m.  Slio  luul  in  ALjircli  ISU 
adopted  a  nuw  ct)iistitation,  a  rcivisio.'i  ')f  tlio  f'(.;diT;il 
Jaw  ol'  IH'25,  a  iiuwly  elected  conujress  luid  been  in- 
stalled, and  a  declaration  of  iu(le[)endenco  had  actuidlv 
])as.sed  tlic  lower  chamber,  althoui:fh  the  governor  m- 
duced  the  senate  to  table  \t}^  Santa  Anna  was  ({,■- 
tcnnined  to  continue  the  j)reparations  for  recoiKjUot 
which  lie  had  diverted  ibr  the  overthrow  of  Jjiista- 
niante.  Meanwhile  he  coniniissioned  the  Yucatrc 
lawyer,  Qnintana  Roo/'*  to  seek  a  peaceful  settleiiiciii ; 
but  relying  on  its  late  successes,  the  peninsula  wduM 
yield  only  in  so  far  as  to  remain  nominally  a  jiart  <>\' 
j\[eKico,  with  her  own  present  laws  and  managcni'Mit 
of  iinancos  and  custom-houses,  subject  to  her  own  (•i\il 
and  militarv  rulers,  and  contributing  to  the  republic 
only  a  fair  sum  based  on  true  resources  and  reijiiii'  ■- 
nients.  Any  (lisj)osition  encroaching  hennipon  couhl 
be  entertained  oidy  I'rom  a  free  and  poj)ul;n'ly  elects 
congress. 


^'•'     These  terms  roused  the   indi'jfiiation 


i   «   I 


the  ]\[exican  government,  which  declareil  that  the 
bases  of  Tacul)aya  nmst  be  admitted  as  a  pi-imaiy 
condition,  and  that  all  Yucatecs  who  I'ailed  to  submit 
to  the  laws  of  the  re])ublic  would  be  treated  as  foes."' 
The  })eninsular  authorities  proving  equally  obdu- 
rate, a  part  of  the  projected  expedition,  1,500  stronu', 
left  V'era  Cruz  in  August  under  Morales^  and  after  a 
slig'ht  skii'mish  took  j)ossession  of  the  Isla  del  Cdrineii 
presidio  and  the  entire  Yucatec  navy  of  three  v^.s- 
sels.      With  the  aid   of  2,700  additional  men,  mulvv 

^'ii;n'lj.'u;linuo  tiinl  lV'r:iz:i  wore  tlio  main  proinotcra  of  iiulcpciuloiicc.  A 
(I'V^  W.13  (lesii^ucil  with  four  vcrliuid  strip^'.-i  uf  gi'ooii,  rod,  wliito,  luul  rcil,  tlio 
fiirimn-  Id'ariii;,'  live  tit.ar.s,  roprescntiiii,'  tlio  ili>|)artiiiriits  (if  the  now  state:  tlic 
red  stripi'.s  wore  narrower  tliaii  tlio  otliern.  Jtircra,  Gob.  ih:  Miix.,  ii.  L'tt. 

'■'Famed  iia  ii  writer,  and  whoso  wift;  aoliievcd  celebrity  by  eloping'  ti) 
share  his  hard.-ihips  diiriii,;  l!ie  war  of  iiidepi'inleiiee. 

"'■'To  w'.ii.'h  repri'.sentativos  would  go  fioiii  Yucatan.  This  was  signed  en 
Dec.  iJS,  isn.  )'(/(•.,  Mdiitl'.  doll.,  IS4I,  IS  et  Ruq.;  Baqwiro,  Ennai/o  )'(''., 
iii.  ap.  ;kSetsiM[. ;    Yitr.,  I-J.c/iux.  (/oh.,  18-11,  4-."). 

''"  Yet  orrcring  to  leave  uiidisturhed  its  ollieials  and  troops,  and  also  the  tarilF 
till  it  eould  1)0  revised  for  thu  whole  repuhlie.  .l/(i.f. ,  Mi  in.  It'll. ,  iSll.  IT'S 
J3;tr.'i.rii.itrn,  Hist.  /'rim.  ('einj.,  jils  ">'J  5,  103  ct  acq.  Thu  new  coiiimid^^ioan' 
arrived  with  these  [iroposals  iu  -May  I^-IJ. 


lulu- 
icv  a 

Iv  S- 

»•■    -^ 

11. 

Iks  t>' 

Li  oil 
1  )■,,.-.. 


TEVOLUTIOX  IN  YUCATAN. 


243 


^Mlfion,  riiaiiipcttoii  and  Lornia  were  occupied,  and 
si<>L;'e  was  laid  to  Canipecho.  This  proved  iut.il'ect,ual 
:i.;'ainst  the  ahle  resistance  oftered,  and  Santa  Anna, 
ill  January  184.'),  intrusted  the  management  of  the 
campaign  to  I'ena  y  JJarragau  -with  forces  now 
iuiiounting  to  4,500  men.  He  souglit  to  divert  tlui 
attention  of  Llergo,  liis  chief  opponent,  hy  carrying 
t!ie  war  into  the  region  of  Merida,  hut  displayed  such 
hick  of  energy  and  skiU  tliat  AnipU(Ha  was  sent  witli 
SOO  adchtional  men  to  assume  tlie  conti'ol.  He  arri\'eil 
elf  (.'am[)eche  in  April,  just  iu  time  to  hear  that  IVha 


I 


(I 


M'-^S'     M"li'l' !  T,n,?,i  Tiximii 
.:j;.-MthlDA'"Tix.-<»'"l.  oijjmal        oK»liiU        :Ja/A' 


\  M:ijiv.lilu  , 


-Sotitt.i 


;■  5"'  ,€■■  !"-»■,        V'^ 

U-fC--- ^vCi^ ';W:%C  f    ■ 


^■^cv''iv^''"-5i^'ii^'«iiL 


( 


Ylcatax. 

li:;<l  capituhited  with  tlie  llower  of  tlie  army,  and  was 
iJioiit  to  emhark  for  Vei'a  Cruz  and  Tam[»i<'o.  The 
3.hxi,-ans  liad  sulfered  greatly  from  the  climate  on 
t'ii.s  low  and  heated  coast,  and  Ampudia  recognized 
tiiat  he  could  achieve  nothing  with  the  reduced  Ioito 
at  his  connnand.  Xevei'theless  Ikj  made  so  elHcicnt 
a  (li'Uionstration  before  the  still  l)esi(.'god  Canipecho, 
a-  to  iin))ress  the  Yucatecs  with  the  dangL'r  and  cost 
< 'I  Injecting  peace  jtroposals  now  again  tendered.  An 
anni.-tice  was  agreed   U[)on,  and  couunissioners  [»ro- 


Vkm 


\%  %' 


244 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


coodud  to  ]\rrxi(3o  to  arraiigu  tlio  terms.  After  coii- 
sidorablo  trouble,  iuvolvin}^  teiii[)orary  suspoiiision  df 
iK'i^otiations,  a  treaty  was  Iraiuod  on  December  i  1, 
184.'),  wbereby  Yucatan  recognized  the  government, 
and  constitution  of  the  republic,  with  representa- 
tion in  congress,  but  was  allowed  to  administer  its 
own  all'airs,  retain  its  ollicials  and  actual  militarv 
force,  exempt  Irom  furnishiiiijc  any  contiiiLirent  of  men, 
save  for  the  tleet,'"  manage  its  linances,  and  dispi»se  of 
the  revenue,  forming  its  own  tariffs.'^-  And  so  tho 
costly  efforts  of  Mexico  were  in  vain;  for  Yucatan 
achieved  all  she  had  reall}^  aimed  at,  chieily  with  the 
aid  of  her  climate  and  jMexican  military  blunders. 
Santa  Anna  sought  in  thcf(jllowing  year  to  encroach 
on  the  tariff  clause  of  the  treaty,  and  remonstrances 
jiroving  vain,  the  province  again  resolved  to  ignore 
the  supreme  government;  but  tho  latter  becomiii;.;' 
involved  with  the  United  States,  it  had  to  yield  and 
confirm  tlie  treaty/'^ 

'''  Tlio  Mexiuiins  keeping  a  torce  oi.U  jit  the  naviil  iirseniil  of  C;'irmcn  aiul 
in  ease  of  forei:^!!  war.  T)ie  presileat  iias  the  pruriyative  iu  epideojial  patfin:- 
a^e,  aiul  in  selectiuy  tlje  .superior  tinaneial  oliieor  from  tliu  trio  iioniinated  liy 
Yueatan. 

^-  So  that  foreign  goods  sent  from  Yucatan  to  ^Mexico  hail  to  be  subjected 
to  the  tariil's  of  tlie  republic.  Ti'ade  Ijetwecii  tlio  two  was  subject  to  the  re- 
spective tarill's.  Fuvor.s  to  any  ileparlmciit  to  be  .sliareil  by  Yueatan,  luiless 
jjurely  local.  Thi?;  treaty  was  signed  at  ^lexico  by  'I'ornel,  niini.ster  of  war, 
and  eonnnissioner.s  I'inelo,  llejon,  and  Castillo.  Text  in  Vnc,  Tral^nlo,  l8t.'>, 
1-8;  Bu'/tuiro,  Eiiaai/o  Yiir.,  iii.  (j-t.  The  latter  provides,  indeed,  tho  iiiu.iC 
acceptable  account  of  the  campaign,  followed  in  tlic  main  by  Aneona,  1114. 
)''"'.,  iii.  .'{83  ot  t<e(].,  and  others.  Tho  version  ia  Burhachcno,  Mem.  Cu-iip., 
51)  07,  touches  mainly  Campeehe.  The  original  decrees,  reiiorts,  etc.,  there- 
on are  given  in  Yiic,  Exjii-i.,  1,  etc.;  Yac,  Muni/,  iluh.  Provin.,  1-70;  I'uHijij, 
(''■I.  J  fix-.  M(.v.,  JIS.,  ii.  pt4r)4;  lliiriiroMiv,  IliM.  Prim.  Conn.,  pts  lii.-v.  1.");!- 
'2.'>.-);  J/c.i;.,  Minn.  (Imrm,  1841,  4,  11  .'!0;  hi..  Mem.  /.',/.,  4tj -'J;  JJidrio  iiJ'., 
lilar.  1<»,  Nov.  !),  Dec.  'Jl,  184-2;  Jan.  1,  JIar.  l(i,  ;!1,  Apr.  20,  184,1,  et.'.; 
l>nindi\  Apr.  11,  184l{,  etc.;  Dnhhiu  and  I.ouino,  Lej.  Men.,  [v.  400,  oO.'i-^, 
07  ">-S.  Account  of  damage  caused  by  the  invasion  is  conmieuti'd  upon  in  Yio-., 
Ml  in.,  1840,  Apr.  20.  Carnien  Island  pie.sidio  is  described  in  Soc.  Mi  M.  d'O-j., 
liiilii..,  iii.  4.'iri-0i).  The  iMexican  version  of  the  war  is  given  in  Bn^cunan'.r, 
J)ii,no,  MS.,  xliii.  201  2;  xliv.  10!),  xlv.  110,  2i;i,  277;'xlvi.  ;!7,  211-i;i.  2:!1, 
2'!o;  /(.'.,  Aj/iinti'fi,  lli.-if.  Santa  Anna,  SO,  105-07,  2;{0-r),  etc.  lie  rebukes  Santa 
Anna  for  having  sacrificed  nearly  two  nullion  pesos  and  4,000  men.  Tlie  tuiio 
is  softer  in  llircva,  1114.  Jalripa,  iii.  4S7-000,  passim.  In  Al/cs'  Jicj.,  hiv. 
passim,  and  adjoining  volumes,  the  Texan  siiare  in  the  naval  combat  at 
Caaipecho  is  given  promineme.  Kiclithofen,  L'l p.  Miw.,  .'}20-.'i3,  eonKiunti 
on  the  complex  tariil's  whicii  arise.  See  also  Suanz,  Int'orme,  8-9,  IS,  108-'J; 
I'lip.   I'nr.,  xlix.  jit  17,  Ixxxvi.  pt  3,  cxciii.  pt  8. 

'"'  Yuc,  Kvjtos.  Gub.;  Pup.  Vai\,  xlix.  pt  10;  Yuc,  Man.,  ISio,  p.  iil.-iv., 


SENTMANAT'S  FATE. 


245 


While  negotiations  were  yet  going  on  in  1843  Ain- 
juidia  liad  boon  ordcircd  to  rutiiu  to  TaUasco,  on  sani- 
laiv  grounds  as  well  as  to  prevent  revoln.tionary  iidei-- 
iiiin  from  s|)reading  in  this  synipatliizing  department. 
The  measure  was  prudent,  lor  Sentmanat,  the  gov- 
(Miior,  olijected  to  the  intrusion,  and  marclied  I'ortli  tt) 
lesist  it;  but  in  a  hattle  on  July  11th,  near  the  t-ap- 
ital,  he  was  routed"*  and  iled  to  the  United  States, 
there  to  form  an  expedition  for  recovering  jiis  lost 
ground.  Ampudia  soon  reduced  the  ]irovince,  as- 
sisted by  the  fleet,  and  was  rewarded  with  the  com- 
Hiand."''  In  June  the  following  year  Sentmanat  ri'- 
appeared  with  about  fifty  adventurers  whom  he  had 
eiilistetl  at  Xew  Orleans.  The  govermnent  had  re- 
ceived ample  warning,  and  his  small  vessel  was  chased 
aground  by  cruisers,  while  Ampudia  followed  so  closo 
upon  the  heels  of  the  band  as  to  caj)tui'e  it  within  a 
irw  days,  ere  a  junction  with  native  i'orces  could  be 
ellected.  The  j)risoners  were  promptly  sliot,  including 
Sentmanat,  whose  head  remained  im[)aled  in  warning 
to  others."" 

These  (operations  proved  a  heavy  drain  on  the  treas- 
ury, and  the  taxes  continued  to  increase  in  every  dii-ec- 
tion,'"  amonij  them  those  on  house  drains  ami  coach 

ISIO,  p.  4;  JAt'.<-.,  Mem.  Gwrm,  18Ki,  10;  /-/.,  JA'W.  /A/.,  .IS-GO;  ISIT,  -I.-)- 
liil.  After  Santa  Aniia'a  fail  cou;,'ivss  also  ])i-upi)secl  to  ivianliuta  the  ticaly, 
li;it  tlic  (|iR'stiuii  witli  tiie  U.  S.  iiruvuiited  a  niplui-o.  )'/(■•.,  Mem.  l/i..<l.,  1',  I). 
5,  iS4(i. 

■■'  Ampudia  claims  tliat  Suiitmanat  licld  u  stniii:,'  jiositioii  with  SO')  nicii 
and  II  l;i.ih.s,  and  that  liu  caga^ctl  liiiii  with  uuly  i)00.  Sijio  XIX.,  July  -i, 
l>r,,  etc. 

^'■J)!,inoaoh.,  Feb.  10,  Aiu;.  4,  184:?.  .tc;  J/'c'.i;.,  M<m.  Onrn-'i,  1S44,  :',l; 
7^^-■^/m,(//^',  IXurlo,  .MS.,  xUi.  00:  It.,  Ill.t'.  Santa  A,iiia,  "JOil-lJ.  The 
siirlliii','  process  taught  by  the  Freiicli  at  L'hia  come  hero  into  good  use. 

'Alter  having  lioen  boiled  in  oil,  it  i.s  said.  'La  puwieron  cu  una  janla,' 
ii 'ConUug  to  iUve'ra,  1 1  Ul.  J  nil  pa.  iii.  (i_':{.  Sec  .l/(«r/'(V(,  .May  1.'},  ISI.'i;  l':i- 
I'l.  Xar.,  Oct.  ■"),  1S4I-;  Jh'fnix.  Jiilc;/.  Xar..  Aug.  10,  14,  l"7,  1S44;  A'l.Ja, 
O.'t.  ;')!,  IS44;  Movbiiicnto.  Nov.  10,  IS4t.  'L'iie  vessel  whicli  brouj.'ht  them, 
the  Will  A.  Turner,  left  New  Orlean.-i  May 'JTtli.  Of  the  captured  4;{,  :!Owir(; 
^!l'lt.  Mi.c.,  Jfrin.  Gai'rra,  lS4'i,  ">.  iiiciuding  several  Ficncli  and  Spanish 
uilveiiturers,  regarding  whom  their  niinisti'rs  raised  several  protests.  See 
cnrisprinileneo  in  Si'jlo  XIX.,  .Mar.  'Jl,  "Jti,  etc.,  kvl");  ('onrrii'i;  French  jour- 
11  1  ■  f  Mexico,  .Mar.  '2Ct,  .Apr.  10,  etc.,  1S4.");  .iri-tvo/*,  O/la  l'o(lr!<la.  02-7.">;  /!''<■ 
t'hiriiiii',  .Ml in.  /list.  Mix.,  ,MS.,  i.  rt'.iAt.  Certain  persons  sought  to  l)'H-go 
themselves  of  complicity.    Tnhiixco,  I''pi'e.^.  Gniii-ilacoifn",  1-S. 

•"  The  list  forming  a  thick  book  '<jue  se  veudia. .  .por  un  peso.' 


•l:M.i 


Il 


246 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


vliot'ls.  Sovcr.'il  incasnre.s  were  besides  taken  to  olt- 
taiu  iiuiiietliate  large  siiins,  sueh  as  eiieroaehini^  .stil! 
more  on  benevolent  and  trust  iLinds  °"  Icasinu:  the 
Zacatecas  mint  to  Ji^nglishnien,'"^  levying  forced  loans 
and  selling  property  to  collect  them,  and  iinally  bv 
permitting  a  large  importation  of  spun  thread,  so 
vigorously  assailed  on  former  occasions  as  ruinous, 
and  by  adding  twenty  per  cent  to  the  import  tlutv, 
thus  increasing  by  i'ar  the  burdens  which  had  been 
used  as  pretext  for  overthrowing  the  former  adminis- 
tration.""^ 

While  the  means  thus  collected  voro  chiedy  sunk 
in  the  fruitless  Yucatan  cani[)aign,  they  were  osten- 
sibly to  be  used  for  defensive  and  oifensive  oj)oralioMs 
against  Texas.  Over  six  3- ears  had  ela})sed  since  the 
last  serious  effort  to  recover  the  province,  a  peiiod 
broken  only  by  petty  inroads  on  either  side,  occa- 
sionally by  Mexico  to  sustain  her  claims,  and  oftencr 
by  Texas  to  retaliate  and  distract  her  plans.  Th(! 
most  notable  of  these  expeditions  was  the  disastrous 
march  against  Santa  Fe  in  1841,  the  defeat  of  which 
the  Mexicans  followed  up  by  a  descent  into  the  stal>; 
in  March  the  following  year."  Afner  this  the  utlcj- 
anco  and  preparations  in  the  lone-star  region  grow  so 
pminous  as  to  maintain  the  ^texicans  in  constant  ap- 
l)rehension  of  a  strong  reprisal.  A  prompt  countci'- 
mancjcuvre  was  deemed  necessary,  in  a  manner  to 
fully  impress  the  hostile  districts  with  the  ])ower  of 
the  republic,  and  the  danger  of  being  made  the  baith- 
ground.  General  Woll  was  intrusted  with  the  task, 
and  ])roceedcd  so  cautiously  that  his  appearance  bi'- 
fore  J3ejar,  in  the  middle  of  September  1S42,  provrd 


^^  From  the  sodality  .Icl  lloaario  $20,000  were  taken.  In  April  ISt,"?  the 
prcriierty  of  the  ilerey  order,  valued  at  .SSO.OOO,  was  seized,  and  the  eulegii,'  do 
Santos  was  elosed  to  the  same  end.   I'iri'ra,  Mix.  /'hi/.,  i.  l.")7-(!l. 

^'••Fur  14  yeans,  .'i>10(),000  being  paid  at  once,  TIio  ayuntamiento  of  Z:wn- 
tecas  was  dit^solved  for  venturinL;  to  i)rote,st.   Sl'jlo  X/X.,  Oct.  1."),  ISIJ,  ei/. 

'^  liaKl(t))iaiUi2,  Diariu,  MS.,  xlvi.  no.  '2'M. 

''' L'nder  (ieneral  V'asfjuez,  wlio  occupieil  the  evacuated  San  An  ton  ii  'Ii' 
Be  jar  for  two  day.s  only,  behaving  with  gieut  cousidoratiua.  ILiy.i  hiid  i>.- 
tired  with  hid  ranker  garrison. 


TEXAX  AFFAIRS. 


247 


wliollv  unexpected.  Al'icr  a  slii^ht  skiniilsli,  tliero- 
luie,  he  took  })o.ssossioii  of  the  town,  ami  two  days 
liter  eng.'i^'ed  in  an  undecisive  conllict  with  a  i'oht;t' 
|);ir(y,  whercn[)()n  lie  retired  unniolusted  ln-yoiid  the 
river,  his  main  object  liavinij  hot;n  attained.'''  The 
iiicur.sioa  had  led  to  a  lari^e  'gathering  of  defenders, 
j'lr  none  knew  Woll's  intentions,  and  it  was  duci(k'd 
to  make  some  use  of  the  movement  for  a  rcjtrisak 
S(.'veral  liundred  aceonlin^ly  crossed  the  llio  (jlr;uido 
ill  J)eceniber  and  occupied  Laredo  and  (luerrero. 
])iscurd  broke  up  the  })arty,  and  most  of  the  men 
turned  back.  About  (jne  third  resolved  to  continue 
the  campaii^ni  and  made  a  descent  on  jMier;  but  lu're 
the  jiortion  of  the  northern  army,  under  Ampudia 
and  Canales,  about  2,000  strong-,  came  u[)  and  turned 
the  tables,  obliginj^  them  to  ca[)itulate."'' 

It  was  evident  that  Texan  ex})editions  by  land  were 
not  to  be  feared,  save  by  exposed  settlements,  and  the 
little  republic  was  regarded  by  Mexico  rather  as  the 
work  of  the  United  States  and  an  index  to  their  atti- 
tinle.  Whatever  miufht  be  undertaken  a'jainst  Texas, 
this  formidable  power  behind  nuist  be  studied  and 
humored  to  a  great  extent,  lest  occasion  be  given  for 
the  (juarrel  which  a  great  party  within  her  bortlei's 
were  endeavoring  to  precipitate.  After  long  negoti- 
ations, commissioners  had  been  a[)pointed,  under  a 
convention  of  April  1839,  for  examining  the  gradually 
accumulated  elainis  of  American  citizens  against  the 
r^'puhlic,  amounting  to  more  than  eleven  millions  of 
dollars,  out  of  which,  two  thirds  being  investigated, 
two  millions  were  allowed."*  By  a  later  arrange- 
uient,'''  the  interest  so  far  due  on  the  sum  was  to  be 

'^-' A  numljcr  of  prominent  rosiilenta  were  c.apturt'<l.  WoU'a  reports  may 
lie  consulted  in  T(jas,  Kxped.y  l-()0.  WoU  was  a  Frcncli  oliiccr  wlio  li.nl 
umiie  over  with  ^Slin.a.  A  mutiny  occurring  soon  after  this,  Woll  resigUL-l 
tile  loiiiniand  uf  tlio  northern  army  and  Ampudia  toolc  cliarge. 

'''Fur  particulars,  including  the  attempted  escnpo  of  the  pi'isoncrs,  I  refer 
1 1  my  llUt.  North  Mex.  Slatcx,  ii.,  this  series,  wherein  original  and  published 
rep.jrts,  including  Gnen'x  Journal  o/"  the  Mkr  J-Jx/'id.,  receive  due  atteuvioii. 

'''t.)r§-J,()J0,l;i<).()8.  W.  S.  O'ort'Uur,,  Cong.  "JT,  Sea.  '_',  Sen.  .'J-JO,  V(,l.  iv. 
4.'l.  Vol.  v.;  II.  Kk.  Doc.  2'Jl.  Vol.  V.j  II.  Cum.  itept.,  1,'JDo,  Vol.  v. 

'•^  Of  Jan.  30,  1643. 


t    ill 


I, 


„L 


248 


BASES  OF  TACUDAYA. 


]);ii(l  ill  April  ISH],  and  Iho  principal  with  later  iu- 
trrost  in  the  coin-sc  <>f"  livi;  ycai's.'^''  The  iirst  |)ayiinii1s 
wer'i!  inade,  although  lort'cd  loans  had  to  bo  levied  tor 
tlic  ])iu'posc  under  the  most  <4'i'ievous  circunistaiici's.^' 
One  reason  ior  this  pi'onij)tn('ss  was  ap])rehensi()iis 
T'ouscd  hv  the  a<i::itation  at  diU'ert.'nt  i»laees  in  the 
northern  republie  in  I'avor  of  Texas,  with  actual  I'lirol- 
nient  of  men  for  aidinjjj  her.  When  the  ^lexicaii 
minister  remonstratotl,  the  government  at  VV^ashing- 
ton  professed  to  he  ignorant  of  any  such  movement, 
although  belied  at  the  very  moment  by  an  aggr-cs- 
sive  act  on  the  {)art  of  its  Pacitie  squadron,  whicli. 
in  October  1842,  took  possession  of  ^[ontei'ey  in 
Califoi-nia.  Ami)le  apology  was  tenderetl,  but  the 
fact  remained  [)atent  that  at  Washington  affairs  IkhI 
matured  to  the  very  point  of  war,  in  a]»i)arent  syiii- 
])at]iy  with  the  ])opular  feeling.  To  this,  moreover, 
was  diri'ctly  due  the  justifiably  strong  language  iVom 
]\[exico  which  was  claimed  to  have  roused  the  United 
States.  Then,  in  the  spring  of  1  S43,  came  another 
invasion  of  New  i\I(,>xico  fi'',.>m  Texas,  although  ])re- 
jiared  mainly  in  the  provinces  to  the  north.  The 
States  now  pleaded  inal)ility  to  restrain  such  attempts, 
but  it  was  evident  that  sultijient  efforts  had  not  bei'ii 
exerted  to  check  thorn.  It  cannot  bo  denied  that  the 
Texan  (piestion,  a  turning-point  for  strife,  was  an  out- 
growth of  ]\texico's  past  errors,  ami  that  the  sy»ni)at!iy 
of  the  Anglo-Americans  was  natural;  but  this  by  im 
means  justified  its  dilfercnt  manifestations,  which 
could  not  fail  to  provoke  the  somewhat  over-sensiti\  e 
national  honor  of  the  jSIexicans."''     Their  relation^ 

""'riiiswas  cfTt'ctod  hy  Minister  Tiioinpson,  who  takos  cri'dit  for  lia\  in.; 
arrangcil  a  sottloiiiciit  on  a  nietallio  liasi.-i,  in  \  icwof  llio  ilepivciatt'il  trt'asuiy 
notes,  which  wei-e  worth  only  'M  per  cent.  I'c'ol/.  JA.v. ,  '.V..'-*-!),  '2~'.),  vie;  I'. 
N.  dorf  Do:-.,  Cong.  'JS,  Ses.  'J,  Jl.  Kx.  ITiS;  Me.v.  Tn-ilh-x,  ii.  ])b  (i.  I'.y 
conv(Mitioii  of  Nov.  IS4;{,  the  ohiinis  not  yet  examined,  an.l  Mexican  claiiiH 
aj;ain.st  tlio  llniteil  States,  were  to  \m  adjnsted  liy  a  new  coniniissim.  Santa 
Anna  deferred  ratifying  this  arrangtMnent  in  order  to  gain  tiio  nuiuh  needi<l 
time  for  defeiTing  luqjh'asant  settlements. 

'^''  The  April  i)ayment  amounted  to  §:>70,000. 

""Tho  development  of  the  ipiestion  will  ho  comprehensively  conside'Til  in 
a  later  chapter,  and  the  dilFerent  acts  of  aggression  in  the  Hist.  North  >!/(•''• 
iSliitcs,  ii.,  and  Hint.  Arizona  and  Xciu  Mexico,  this  series. 


FRrXCII  AND  EXflLISir  RnLATIOXfl. 


2t!) 


with  FraiH'c  .'iiul  I'^ii^laiid  \V(>r('  not  on  ;i  imicli  better 
liiDtiiiL;";  lurl>i>th  luul  oU'eiided  tlu'iii  l>y  aekiiow  leil^iii;^- 
till!  iii(le[)cn(lciicu  of  IVxjis,  and  assisting-  lier  with 
means,  tho  latter  nial.inL,''  herse'lt'  h«jsidos  obnoxious  Ity 
iiiessinii'  tor  thi!  I'uHihnent  of  pt'ouniarv  ohli<'ations."^ 

'■'Fri'sli  claiiiin  fi)i-  injury  to  l''in,'lisli  rr.ii  Uiitsi  witc  «  •;  lumilatiiiL,'.  At  ;v 
jmlilio  liall  .111  luiglisli  llii:,',  taken  IVuiii  tiic 'l"i'\aiis,  li^iil  Imji'Ii  I'xliiliiti'd  an  ;i 
tiopliy,  iiDluiUi.-itaiiiliiii;  the  iirolrst  of  tlu-  niiiiifttcr,  ami  tin-  lattir  liail  alsu 
oil'  uifcil  l>y  tiaiiiiiitliiiL,'  u  K'ttcr  fiutii  Texas,  uii«  ittiiij,'ly  it  was  I'laiiur.l, 
(•lui.aiiiiiu;  an  oUir  <il'  liv(^  niillion.s  for  the  itcogiiition  of  timt  Hlatc,  with  ii 
liii!  e  tor  '  li>^'  minister  wiio  eoiild  nianagi!  to  |i;tBM  tiie  project.  Santa  Anna's 
xirluoUH  imliijnation  attlic  pioiio.sal  was  iMatiiiinted  in  ltiiiii>  <i<ih.,  xxii.  no. 
'.'J.i.'i;  IliiH/diii'iJi/'',  /lilt.  S'liitd  AiNKi,  'll-'J,  'JtO.  Thompson  justly  .seoufH 
tlio  sii|iiMisiil  inllnenee  of  MnHlaml  in  Mexico.  Iti'oll.  Mix.,  "JiKi-S.  'i'lio 
IJulizo  houndaiy  was  also  ;i  eaUM!  for  trouliK'.  The  eonnnission  ainiointed  in 
KS;!!'  for  determininj,'  the  lini^  had  lieen  uniilde  to  attend  to  tho  task,  owin.;  to 
tin;  Yucatan  war.  J/i.c..  Mun.  I'll.,  Is4l),  'J;  Sor.  .1/.  .r.  ^Vo./. ,  /^,^^,  iii,  •.';;;». 
'I'Ih!  iMciieh  hud  lieen  otlended  l>y  steps  taken  against  their  consul  at  N'era 
(ill/,  for  cori'i'sponiliiiy  witii  Yncatec  rcliels.  A  treaty  of  coiinncrco  with  tho 
liaiiscatio  towns  was  uH'cctud  on  Jimo  27,  184'2.  Dnhlan  and  Lozano,  Lcj. 
.!/,.<•..  iv.  'JJT. 

Till'  following  authorities  have  also  been  consulted  in  the  preiiaration  of 
the  three  I ireeedinj,' chapters:  J/e'.c.,  Col.  /.i  ifr-(  I'lnid.,  'Jl!)  'JT;  /'/.,  ('ol.  A"/. 
V  Dir.,  |s;;!»,  passim;  ISK),  '.ViO  (il,  iiTl!  -t:!l»,  -JSS  Tsd,  Sl'!);  ISH,  'Jl-l.  :<i, 
id,M  IKi,  Hit  til,  KSS  <l;  lS.J|~(i,  r.,VJ-4,.")77-!l-';  /'/.,  MoiK  Hc'ar.,  .MS..  Ksliit, 
1  l.i;  /./.,  .Uan.  Miiiist.  Int.,  l,s;!S, 'J  (1;  /-/.,  Mnn.  Il(tr!,',i,ln,  IS:(S,  I --J;  isi:., 
I  77;  1S70,  :il,  lo;;.")  7;  /</.,  M'm.  l.'itirni,  ls:i!),  27;  1S»0,  *.'S,  4(J  7;  ISH,  I- 
•IS,  annexes  nos  I  IS;  i}-<fiuh>  .U<ii/ir  dnil.  I'.j'  i\,  2  7.  'M  'Z'M'r,  Arrilhni',  He- 
(',//.,  IS.iS,  47.  !»•-',  !.•{  214-17,  27:!-!)2,  KK),  ■):!;(  51;  J.S.TJ,  .'{-II,  :{2-7,'70.  .s<l, 
ill  10.'),  I,".(i,  170  4,  IV,),  2t)t-r),  2:!:t,  2.')S,  207-0,  ;!07;  May  ISt'J-April  ls.,(i, 
1:1;  l!'''</iii)i(tiiff,  (l.th'imti'  Mr.r.,  i.  al-JKi,  ii.  r)-7,  :!!>-24S;  /-/.,  MS.,  i.  liM, 
•JIH.  22,"..  .'M'.»  r.l,  ;{S(i,  44t  it,  4',)4-(!,  5.".!,  ii.  2i;i,  .TC!  7,  XV'.,  ;{7S,  iii.  Hit  21, 
1!;:  ;•,  2i:!  ."i7,  iv.  I  Sd;  /,(.,  Uim-i.,  .Ucc,  .\IS..  xliii.  I  -:j4S.  xliv.  ;{,  xlv.  21.".- 
17,  xlvi.  ;!.■>,  !)();  A/.,  lift.  Sifi  J:iii(i,  l-IM;  /./.,  MS.,  i.  8<t-!t|,  ll.V-2,".;  A/., 
M'lr'ii-ol.,  ,S;  hi,  Cmil.  Hist.,  viii.  l(i;!-4,  171;  I<l.,  Voz  ih'  la  I'ntra,  .MS., 
xi\.  20;!  ,")|,  2'.t(i;  (I'niivtiiz,  IliM.  .i'liiKucil.,  j-12;   Dii'tltiit  and   Loznno,  /.■'/. 

J.' ,.-.,  iii.  4S2,  r)i2-;!4,  .".(;4-s2,  017  ;!i,  (;7.">,  (i'.t2-,">,  727  :{(>,  iv.  i>,  21,  2!»-:)i;, 

I'.';  7,  7li,  S!),  227-.'i;i,  ;)!»;!;  Iii/nniw  J-:slr(iii'ii.-Kiii/>l.  S.  a'ax,  l.".;  Cuiilri'i-K, 
Hirniit.  hifliivil.,  \-;W;  Kl  Tkinjm,  May  0,  ISKI,  1;  .Mn.-thi,  I'mSs,  !I7  lOi); 
7)'  I  ('.  Extraord.  ('iniladihi;  Arrai/i/oiz,  ^iij.,  ii.  210  ."..">;  Dttlmis,  Lr  .l/ij''/,7', 
ll"i-lS;  Filixdln,  J}r/)'iin(t,  1-2S;  l.cnii,  Coiili'd..  1-lOS;  ('(tiixfco,  ,1  ixfii  It' j>ri  ■ 
>'''•',  1  -:i2;  /■'mw.v,  '.U(X.,  I(i(;-7I,  2."'.;!,  2S4-.'),  r)07  20;  JIaro,  Mini.  ,luM/.,  W- 
\',:Ci:l'>itlrrii,  //id.  Aim.,  14-ir>;  l^hujiix  ilc  lax  Mex.,  18;  Millhr,  I'li^niiii 
.'/,  .1'.,  iii.  ;U'J-20;  Micliiltonint.  I'lsr/irxo;  Lrmi'r'iere'.t  Xo'i:<  in  .1/r.i'.,  42S; 
J  '('.  .Mi11i.1t.  Foin.,  ii.  4(i2-70;  /■J.'irnlrnt  ij  Lhinn,  Mix.  //i.d.-ilc>:n'i/it..  ."),">-li.S; 
Ki  ...inh/'.-i  Tix.,  ii  ;{07-10,  .■>,")2;  Xnur.  Ainia'i'X  Toj/..  Ixxxvi.  I  l!(,  Ixxxvii. 
l:!7  S,  ixxxix.  122,  cv.  l'J,S-!»:  Mn^uiru  .Mrx.,  i.  .Sl  .">,  iii.  Ii:i  l.">;  Ii  irhfc/inim, 
.'I'lii.  Cniii/).,  .")4-(J7;  XorriKtii^f  /'iniitilis  iti  l'i/<'.,  22l-;?,'>;  .\rista,  Oifrio,  l-4(i; 
/'.,  M'uii/.,  I-Ut;  y///,/r'.i  .Ui'irhd Ills'  .I/a./.,  xlv.  ti07;  Xotn  ib I  Miiiixt.  /ioui- 
llii  ..(iilirc  Pdtroiiiit),  MS.,  |-2i);  A'o/ic.  ili  I  K'Ufor  xnlin'  Kd  ihlrr,  Olivio  K.irri- 
b'liti.i,  pp.  i.-xxxiv. ;  O'lir,  .][r.rir  1.  427  S;  .Miiiilivitiril,  lir/irr-n'iit.  que  (tl  f'nji. 
.'/'•'•'i,  I  2(i:  Alriiir:,  Mum/.,  't-'l'.i,  .">7  107.  121  .'12,  l42-,'.!t;  IHario  Otir.,  Mny 
II,  1">,  1(>,  22,  1S7!);  /^i /'lit,  I'lTiiii'ii-ii'  idii  Sniiriivi.  1  1.;  Mix.,  Pro;/,  ili-  I!  - 
.I'lrnui,  1,S4,),  l-l(»7;  /'niniri-..  lUlo  /'iirlini/.,  IOr>-.".S;  /Jdnnln,  Ciir't't,  1  IIC; 
/''.,  .1/7.  /.'I'lkx.,  1  SO;  /./.,  I  III  j  III  lilt.,  I  -:!7;  (,'iilii'rrr-  /'.drail  1,  /.iHrnli',  IX]; 
iir'"i:i,  li'ijiirii'iit.  1(111'  /)iriii'\  2  11.;  {'(-/rr.o  I' ijiidn,  ,".  |();  .'utit  Miip'il,  Pan- 
dixUti  /li.tjmno-Mij.;  Amatlur,  La>i  Guraiit.  Ltdirid.,  o-IJO;  Didlojo  Ocurrido, 


'V4 


250 


BASES  OF  TACUBAYA. 


l\  * 


i'    it 


:  J,  i 


:i       ! 


]-4;  Aldtorre,  .Viiii'if.  (hi  Cloh''  Aijiinsral.,  l-Ki;  K-iCtilndii,  Mniii/.,  15-51 ;  Mon- 
loro,  ('uiiii:M.  id  Itiidrarhi,  W-'IA;  Aliiiso  (hi  Pd'Ur  Jnd'ir. ;  ZiiViiln,  /.V  c.  Mt.c, 
r\.  '201;  Yd  cH  'J'iiiii/io,  I--1;  Unrn,  I'roUMi,  1-11);  'I'rc.^  Diun  di'  Minisl,.,  Vcr- 
ddih'ra  Nolic,  \-\i'l;  Sierra  y  llosso,  JJiKcnrsn;  Id,,  J)isciir.M  Culociic,  l-Sj 
.SV(^-.,  JJiarlo  <>jh\.  Jail.  'JO,  187."),  Scj)!.  10,  11,  IS,  1S71»;  J'o.-<id(i  ij  (hinlin'io, 
PaMoral,  l-l,');  Jlurrio,  Aciisdcion;  I'lir/icro,  Oracioii  Civ.;  Ziciii/a,  Apilw., 
'JS,  ■]();  /'/.,  Vrac'toii  Cir.;  J'drcdcs  y  ArrdUiija,  Kaixislc,  1-"JS;  MrSlu  rry'.i 
Es.«ui!i  mill  Li'duri's,  ^O-U.'!;  Ciddrroii'H  Life  in  Mv.c,  i.  'J(i-7,  '27")-SI,  IJIfii-Nil, 
40;!, 'ii.  7,  r-M-:t;  L'l  CoiiKliliic. ,.]iui.  l!l,  KS44. 'J;  Siui/a  Amia,  Jliu;/.,  I!)--J1; 
7.7.,  Ajiinii'iin.,  l~'2l;  Al/bol's  Mix.  (iiid  U.  S.,  'SiS;  Chariniy,  Cilv^  li  /iniiiK, 
1!)7--!); /Vo.s/'.w  /'ill.  Ili.'it.  J/cf.,  170-8;  EL  Ami'io  dc  la  Uil'iij.;  I.anwmdh  re, 
Mex.  iKlnat.,  •Jf2-.r2;  Xiiivo  Viaj.  Ciiiii.,  iii.  hiS-l'J;  W'dhilDi'x  Ei'jht  U.  S. 
Inf.,  i.  17.')-l;  t'lKunn,  Esjm.i.  J)!/.  Eniucia,  lo  18,  40-1);  J'aroii,  Saii.y'ac,  1- 
]■-!;  /(/.,  Maiiijii^t.,  \  'lA;  Id.,  CoiilrsL  i/iie  dan  Ids  O'cii.,  1  -'JO;  Yoiiiiif.-!  lll^t. 
Jlfir.,  'JUi)-S4;  Chcralicr,  Dis  Mines;  J/e.v.,  E<eal(i/oii.  que  Coiiiiiri  iide,  42  11.; 
V--bonie\i  Oitiih'  to  11'.  Jiid.,  \\0-\'2;  Siiarez,  Jii/'ornie,  i^-[);  Jllaiiehard,  S.  Jiiu:i 
de  L'li'ta,  1 -'JO,  G4-8I,  ID."),  'JI7-407,  447-.">Jr;  I'arwla,  Snj.  Es/iosic,  l-LS; 
AjiuiUudor  Senianario,  no.  'Jl,  .'>JI)-4;  Ikinieneeh,  Hist,  da  jl/ix'.,  ii.  \'>[)-l.'r, 
Aim.  Caleiid.,  18:i!J,  1!)  Jt;  I.S40,  iii.  .•{-•J.'i;  Aim.  Amcr.,  1840,  'JSO;  A/m. 
C'iilend.  Lojxz,  184;},  If-'JS;  Aim.  Culriid.  O'idraii,  57-00;  JJis/)u,iic.  I'  irias,  v. 
30-:i;),  41 ;  J/oidl.  Couslit.  Ltd.,  AprilO,  1845, ;{;  J'eswl,),  Doc.  llilat.  Confernie. 
Jahiiiit.  1  ,50;  ]'«<•.,  E.e/iu-<ie.  ihlOoh.,  .'{-4:  h'i/ilei/'s  War  Me.r.,  i.  4J;  la  Mi- 
verva,  March  •J5,  May  15,  IS-15;  Demoeralir  J'er.,'v.  l)J-4,  vi.  'J87-:}07,  41o-Jl; 
S'tiita  Maria,  Es/iusic.  Protisl.,  no.  iv.  1-80,  no.  v.  1-10;  dome::,  I'indie.,  l-lo; 
Villa- Amor,  llioij.  Gen.  Sta  Anna,  17  18;  S.  L.  Potosi,  Giirant.  Individ.,  1- 
30;  MeUreiior\'i  J'roiinss  Anur.,  'o']2-4',\;  Id.,  Coin  mere.  St  alislies,  iii.  117'J; 
Alums,  .\le.v.  itnil  M-.r.  ZnsUinde,  70-1;  ]Vii<oiLs  Mi\c.,  IJO;  Crejory's  ITk'. 
Mix.,  A',;  Testam.  del  A  no  IS'Mi,  1-40;  Testnn.  d<  I  Pifnnlo,  \--2:\-'  Tentiou. 
d'l  Di/iinto,  1840,  1-10;  iJiseurso  ."ohre  el  Derechn,  1-Ot);  France  and  M~-X.,  .'i- 
'J4;  l.afonil,  Voy,  uiitoiir  du  Monde, \.  I)k  i.  351-0{'>-,  Orhi,  llej'iiae.,  1  -Jt; 
Andrude,  Maui/.,  pp.  i.-xii.;  /(/.,  Ii'evol.  S.  L.  Potosi,  10;  llan.fard^s  Purl. 
yv/).,  xiiv.  7J'J,  xlvi.  81)1 -1)40;  liauineonrt,  Mixi'ine,  il8-.'5S;  Voy.  to  Mix. 
and  J/nvana,  1-1,'!',);  Mayer's  .^lec.  ArJ.,  i.  ")Jl-5,  ii.  105-0;  /(/.,  Mex.  iis  It 
U'a^,  :M-0,  7;! -5,  Sl-'J,  ,'iJJ-.),  ;3tO,  .'WO-.^J;  llohinsoirs  .Wex.  and  III  r  Mil.  Chiej- 
taiiis,  175-8(),  "JJJ-.^O;  Tornel.  E.eped  ;  Id.,  Maui/.;  Id.,  Varios  E<paiiole-i,  1- 
'22;  Id.,  Protista;  Id.,  Carta  a  siis  Aini'ins,  1  -^ri;  Sfailbinis  JJist.  Tex.,  !;iJ-4S; 
(Ireij/s  Scenes  and  Incidents,  ii.  rjJ-5;  Diir.,  Iniciativa,  1-10;  Exjiosic.  id 
Coiiijr.  Supr.,  11  J;  La  Verdadera  li  la  Falsa  ()/iin.  Pi'dd.,  1-15;  Mix.,  Due. 
Oiie.  (jne  se  Pidilican,  1840,  1-1)0;  Id.,  In/orme  Comis.  Pesqiiis.,  1S74,  (i.'!,  8J; 
/(/.,  Ohsero.  sulire  Ih/ormas,  l-'JS;  Id.,  Doe.  y  Ohrus  solire  Jesnitas,  1-8;  /(/., 
Jfi'cr.  Comindanle;  [d..  Deer.  Premios;  Id.,  Ksped.,  1-00;  Id.,  CuiVnjo  lie- 
forma.  IJD-O;  Id.,  Esjinsic.  sobre  Condic,  'J(i;j-0;  A/.,  Plana  Mayor  EJir., 
1SI18,  1-8;  /(/.,  Cuaderno  de  Formid.,  1-81;  Id.,  iici/lain.  Ilanio  Conlabd.,  1-8, 
25  11.;  /'/.,  Deer.  Uiii/orni.;  hi.,  Apnntam.  /list.;  Id.,  Laws  and  Courts,  .MS., 
7;  /'/.,  Deer.  Mil.  Actir.;  Payiio,  Ciienlas  (Insfos,  l)j:i-4;  I  fay's  S'ra/is,  Cul. 
Notes,  iii.  lO-l;  I'inarl  Coll.,  Due.  nos  r>'2S,  5;i7,  557,  581,  51)0;  V;/  Voto  de  Sou., 
J)i.i'.  'JO,  l.SH,  'J;  ()eti~,  Esjios/e.,  I'J  lit;  Vdineia,  Mifii/.,  1)10;  Lanir.a,  I'lii- 
die.  i'fii.  I'ineon,  1-77;  liinrnn,  Manil'.,  pp.  i.-lxxviii.  1  140;  Arroinz,  Hist, 
■jl  Crdii.,  'JS;  /.'/  Consiilnc,  Mm.  ii  12,  'May  10,  1844;  MaltrJirnn.  I'rieis  Ciii'j. 
Univ.,  vi.  41)0-08;  (laqern,  Disenrso  J'a/riot,,  1  -l(i;  'I'liom peon's  jroll.  Mex., 
3,  0;J-4,  82,  84-0;  (lir'ird.  Excursion,  lO-l.'?;  Mat.i.  Discurso  Civ.  1-8;  /•'.  r  /•, 
J>i.-<ci(rs')  Pronune.  en  Mij.,  I  15;  Coah.,  (,'ae.  del  Cob.,  March  7,  I8;'.S,  2  1; 
Liiivrnslerii,  Le  Me.r.iqiie,  'J8-lr-5,  '288  1)0;  C  dlaja,  Di.ienr.yO,  I  1  >,  Fishrr  awA 
l.'.jlby's  .Am.  Sta'es  Ann.,  18.)4,  4158;  ('mvus  j,i^ru.:-  ,  1-7;  Eri-fi  ■,  Slaute'  roii 
J/i.c. , '21)  li! ;  .Antuii'Uio,  Fconoinia  Polit.  <ii.Mix.,  1-10;  ,\ferc,  do,  liisairsc, 
1-18;  ()/itlieulo  de  la  ]'<  rdad,  p]).  i.-iv.  1  5(;;  Farrinjnt,  Li/e  o/,  128  .'!(!;  h'<i  "- 
»'i;,  Teliiian.,  Menvirias,  1-,'i;  Payne's  /list.  Fnrnji.  ('olonie^,  ',\]l-]2;  11'  m- 
viont,  h'rsnmi,  I  40;  /'eiez,  /Jicc.'  Ceoiir  ,  i.  22;  (''-/.  /tin.  /!i]>.  Me.v.,  '.\  17; 
Ji..l:ins'  .Mix.  War,  '22;  Farnliam's  Mex.,  .51),  M:  El  \'<ito  \ac.,  Sept.  2\ 
18;16;  Mex.,  Es^wsic.  que  la  Sui>r,  Curie,  iy~'20;  /(/.,  Doc.  Imj^jrcnos  jjor  Aai- 


AUTHORITIES. 


2,11 


,nl<:,  0-40;  /'?.,  Diet.  Comh.  Skj).  PoJrr  Coiis^'rv.,  l-,")!;  EntrrnJa,  Mr.r.  y  d 
Ar.iu'ldiiiie,  1-"J0;  Mrx.,  Urdciriiizun  Miniiri/>.,  ISK);  ('//("(vix,  h'xposlr.  (hi  I'.j-. 
M'nii^iro,  .VO;  uMc.r.,  Sc<i.  I'tirlc  do  \nijii.  Al'jo,  \'l-\',\;  Id.,  J/lscursos  /'miiiiiic., 
I  '\'2;  Id.,  L'''po.-ilc.  que  los  MiiiintfOK;  Alcciiicc  id  yiim.  Tunh;  KcxOmi  ii  dc  la 
J.'s^itniir.  Dirhjida  yor  it  den.  Arl-ia,  'J),  ;U;  Iliis/dmnii/r  ( A. ),  luicinliai,  ',]- 
]:'i\  Id.,  j>n:  Coiiijr.  Gen.,  I— I;  Iil.  Maui/,  (jite  <■/,  ('in  /ndnno;  J'n/irlcH  l'((ri<i<, 
xvi.  ])t  I'J,  xi  :.  lit  4,  xxvi.  pt  4,  w  ;.  pta  l-'J('>,  xxxvii.  iris  1,  '2,H,  ]',],  14,  l.'i, 
xwviii.  1,  fi,  "  !),  xxxix.  ])t  i),  Mii.  pts  4,  i),  '.I';,  !).,',  xliii.  i^ts  III,  xliv.  ]<t 
.'ill,  liv.  pt.s  0,  S,  I"-',  UiL  Jits  ■">,  0,  7,  10,  IJ!,  Ixxvii.  pts  '2,  4,  r»,  IJ,  7,  Ixxix.  jit 
'2,  Ixxx.  |)tj  "),  17  b,  "JO,  fvi.  pts  '2,  ;{,  4,  S,  cxxii.  jit  "2,  cxxvi.  pts  :?,  4,  ">,  cl. 
pts  -J,  ;!  21,  '2:^,  -24,  ;!l,  clii.  i)ta  ri,  S,  10,  11,  14,  IS,  2,"),  c-liv.  jits  IS,  21.  2.'),  2(i, 
ilvi.  i)t.  10,  clxv.  pt  14,  clxxi,  pts  14,  i(i  clxxiv.  pt.s  7,  II,  clxxx-.  jits  7,  11, 
11,  (.Ixxxv.  jit  1,  clxxxvi.  i)t  2,  clxxxix.  pt.s  1,  10,  cxc.  jitn  1,  2,  (i,  cxii.  pts  I, 
;!,  i;i,  ixciii.  pts  1,  2,  txcvi.  pt  2,  (.('xii.  jit  r>,  eoxix.  )its  ,'$,  4,  5,  (!,  0,  '(),  ccxw. 
jt  1;  V(dl<;o,Col.  JJor.  JAu-.,  i.  nos  121-:?,  12li,  120,  i;!:'>-«,  l,")l,  !."»,  !;.7.  HU, 

iii:)-70,  170,  ii.  iu>,!  200,  :i;!0,  :{S2  .•isi,  40S:  id.,  ms.,  i.  iios  >;i,  sa,  ^;'  oo,  112, 

liKI,  |i;s.  17.'!,  17li,  1S2,  200,  2in>,  22ft,  2."):>,  2.")7,  2(;."),  ii.  is;r7,  2(>:!,  2s7,  2:i:i, 
irj(l-!»,  ilDO-."),  ."{(IS,  ;!,S0,  422,  4;),"),  4:>7,  4(i4,  It'iO,  4(;S;  .Ma until,  A/miilci  IUcj., 
,'!ii;  llnqniiro,  Eimaiio  Yin\,  i.  lO  .m,  iii.  ;ip.  12-10;  .S'oc.  .l/(.r.  Oioij.  IJut.,  i. 
];;(;-7,  iii.  .'5;i2,  vli.'  2',i:!,  .'i21;  '  Vrn»,  luisaijo,  ;{-;{0;  ///.,  Olinix,  MS.,  i.  1;)4, 
;)I2-17,  ii.  1-4,  7-12;  Uiiv.ra,  Hist,  .[(dd/id,  iii.  piissim,  iv.  171;  /</.,  (<'o/>.  di; 
Mr.,:,  ii.  2.'?S -40;  /■/.,  .l/./.i;.  I'i.if.,  i.  20-22;  N'lrrro,  Mr.rko  rn  /,s';.',  2.VS,  Sll- 
!»l,  2.">1-:};  Xdrx'  llufixtn;  liii.  ;!S(i-7,  liv.  IS,  12S-0,  147,  Hil-I,  177.  101,  220, 
2;i',»,  IJIJU,  'ibo,  oSj-7,  407-8,  Iv.-lix.  passim,  Ix.  Go-O,  yH,  Ix^iii.  111). 


k!-i 


rf 


CHAPTEE  XI. 

rXTEirxUES,  MISEULE,  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  AXN.V. 

1842-1845. 

A  Prospective  Liberal  Co^jstitution — Santa  Anna  Witiibraw.s  behinti 
THE  Auras — Intkigues  against  Con(.kess— The  Cuaajbkrs  FnKcuji.s 
Dissolved  —  Installation  of  the  Jhnta  de  Noiaiiles  —  Xi;w  O'a- 
Ganic  Bases — FrRTHEii  roLiriCAL  Jtcgling— A  Dcmmy  PuEsrDi:Nr  — 
Ei'.election  of  Santa  Anna — His  Ridiculous  Vanitv  and  Peccliah 
Mode  of  Life — Administrative  CoRitri'TioN  and  Auusk — Pakedi;^ 
A(;ain  I'liONoiTNCEs  at  Guadalajara— Santa  Anna  Projiptly  Taki.s 
THE  Field — The  Hall  of  CoNciUEss  Closed — The  Capital  Joins  iub 

Si'RKADING    MmVEMK.NT— HeKREKA    PliOCLAI.MED    PRESIDENT  —  BlI'STKR 

ANi>  \'agillation  of  Santa  Anna — His  FmaiT,  Capi'URe,  Impla*  u- 

HE  NT,  AND  ExiLE — EFFORTS  AT  REFORM  HAMPERED  BY  FACTIONS. 

jSIkxico's  internal  afflictions  kept  pac(3  with  those 
arising  IVoni  i'oreign  and  border  relations.  In  accoi'd- 
ance  with  tlio  bases  of  Tacubaya,  the  convocation  fur 
a  con<>i'ess  to  Irame  a  constitution  liad  hcon  issued  mi 
Decendjcr  10,  1841,  to  meet  at  ]\[exico.  The  election 
ot'deputies,  by  indirect  vote,  through  electoral  colleges, 
Avas  calculated  for  the  24  de})artnients  at  one  nieinb«r 
foi-  every  70,000  inhabitants,  the  population  being 
cstinuited  at  7,044,140.^     The  result  was  a  [)i'onouiH;'e\[ 

'  The  exclusion  of  Texas  reilueoil  tlio  departments  to  "2^.  The  fedcralnta 
souu'lit  to  exeliulc  tlic  clorj^'y  from  being  rei)resriit,itivt's,  and  to  a.ssigu  ( 'eliya 
or  (i>uen.''iiii'o  as  iiieetini;-iila,ee;  Imt  Santa  Anna  prevaileil.  Tin;  congress  h.nl 
to  o])cM  on  ,)uuv  10,  184-',  and  sit  not  over  one  year.  The  depiii'tmen*  i  liad  to 
]iayS_'."i()per  montli  to  tiieir<h>]ni  ties,  with  84  per  league  for  ti-a\eilingcxpensi',s, 
For  eon\'ueiitioii  and  rides,  see  Mi\i\,  Cul.  Liij.  y  hcc,  1841,  llil  80;  Ai'chim 
Mcr..,  i'ol.  L<>/.,  i.  ]47-<K>;  ^f''■|^.,  ^faiiif.  i/ ('on roc,  1-22.  Discnssjon  mi 
rules  in  .)/r.r. ,  J)ictdiiii  n  suhrc  Cuiiroc,  1 -•_'();  /'«/>.  Var.,  Ixxxii.  pts  S-!).  iJy 
deerci' of  |S3S  tlie  country  was  divided  into  two  seetions,  hy  a  line  drawn 
from  iioitli  of  (JueriHaro  to  sontii  of  Miclioaeaii.  the  northern  deiiai'tnicutH  ro- 
newing  their  deputies  for  the  first  biennial  term,  the  southern  for  the  nex:. 
P'tiKirt,  Coll.,  no.  o2o. 

( 'loi ) 


{  V 


FEDERALIST  VICTORY. 


2.".'? 


federalist  victory,  yrcatly  to  tlio  disai)i)oiiitiiioiit  of 
Santa  Anna,  who  liad  striven  hai'd  \>y  intimidation 
and  other  unfair  practices  to  modify  the  issue,"  and 
w  lio  from  the  very  day  the  congress  was  installed,  on 
June  10,  1842,  souglit  to  influence  the  discussions, 
aUlioUii'h  with  little  success.^  The  deinities  exerted 
tiieinselvcs  only  the  more  to  produce  a  constitution 
that  sliould  meet  tlie  evidently  liberal  feelings  of  the 
liiuntiy  and  cut  short  a  despotism  that  threatened 
evt.'ii  the  nation's  representatives.  Several  ])roJects 
had  been  presented  and  icjected,  including  an  (daborate 
plan  partaking  of  both  central  and  iederal  systems.^ 
Tliis  was  referred  back  to  the  connnittee.  which  in 
>,'<ivend)er  presented  a  revised  outline  that  received 
greater  la'' or  and  ])romised  to  pass,  for  tlu  dei)art- 
inents  were  left  to  administer  their  alfairs  with  ahno.st 
tli(3  same  freedom  as  under  the  Iederal  system,  elect- 
ing' their  own  lei>'islatures  and  jjovernors.^ 

¥  )resoeing  what  was  coming,  Santa  Anna  had 
ncoui::-  to  his  n<^w  well  understood  mancjcuvi'e  of  re- 
tiiing  to  his  estate  in  Vera  Cruz,  and  thence  watch- 
ing and  directing  operations,  leaving  the  brunt  of 
tlie  contest  to  be  borne  by  a  proxy,  v  ith  perhaps  Ihe 
Inuniliation  of  defeat,  while  in  case  of  success  iie 
could  step  forward  to  reap  the  fruit,     lie  withdrew 


,'•    1      ! 


'-'As  oven  IBustamanto  admits,  [fi-t.  Sinfd,  Aiuin,  49.  Soo  later  itillucnco 
txcrtcil  ill  Dhirio  Gob.,  Si;// >  XIX.,  (;ti.'.,  April  "),  ]Hi'2,  vt  si'i|, 

■''L'liuiiipsoii,  lircoH.  Mix.,  Iii7-S,  pays  a  tribute  to  tlio  iailupciuli'iit  atti- 
tu'li'  cit  Mexican  (.leputics  tnwaril  lU^spots  like  Santa  Anna. 

'  Tliis  was  rejoetud  liy  a  voto  nf  41  against  ;!tl.  Tlio  iiiiiiority  of  tlio  com- 
liiittri!  ur;;i'(l  a  rcvi-sod  i.ssuu  of  the  I'onstitiitioii  of  ISJt,  wincli  MiiiiHtt'r  Toriii.'l 
:iti,i>ki;d  with  groat  heat.  Text  in  IJa-iluuKtiii'-,  hinrln.  MS.,  .\lv.  lli.")-!!,  -JOT, 
'1\\.  I'nr  text  and  coinniciits  on  iirojui.'t.s,  see  M^  x.,  I'roiiccto  I'oiiMiliil.  .\fn- 
,','.-..  IM.',  1-1 H);  LL,  Mnior.,  l-4_';  .l/f'.c,  Coii.^r,/n<-;n,ir<,  i.  pts  1--2;  Pup. 
I'l'/'.,  elv.  pt  12;  'AuiYo,  llixt.  t'omj.,  i.  ."lO-.l,  (J"J.  Al.>o  /'dni  Pro>/cr/.  /nJirf. 
]i:.i,i:litrii.  1S4'2.  T'he  noi  iliern  army  had  liceii  con.spicuuu.s  in  <leniaiiding  a 
I'lau  pai'takim^  of  those  issued  in  IS.'t  and  IS;>(i. 

''I'lioy  still  remaintd  21  in  nunil)er,  including;  Texas,  Init  Anua-iealieiitea 
WHS  iiu'i'L'eil  into  Zacateeas,  and  tiie  di'partmeut  of  .Veapuleo  took  its  plaee. 
Kli'ution  was  indirect,  with  franchise  hased  on  projxjrty.  Two  simators  were 
alhrtvi'd  for  every  department.  'L'iic  jiresident  held  otliee  for  live  years, 
iHsisicil  hy  five  ministers.  Text  in  Coii.'<li/iirioiii:<,  i.  pt  iii.  1-44.  Tornel 
LMiiiarteiizod  the  project  as  anarcliical,  and  the  clergy  took  alarm  at  the  )iro.<. 
Jii'i't  of  tolerance  bcinj;  carried.  ('nUililr  ilc  (,'in  .'rtl.,  iJh:rrc.,  l-l',);  iJiurio 
Uiih.,  Xov.  U,  1S4'2,  etc.;  S'njh  XIX.,  Jan.  14,  1S4;5,  etc. 


*         i 

r  Jl 


m 


2r.4 


MISRULK  AXD  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  AXXA. 


,MiiiiiI-:t  till)  souu'wlint  (loubiful  e.'l.it  attciidiiiu^  ilio 
i'('l)tiri;i],  witli  inijiosiiiu;-  ])ul)lic  ccri'inonios,  of  llic  Ic^- 
]i(!  li;ul  lost  I'our  years  bclon'."  IJravo,  as  jn'cisidciit 
of  tlic  couiK'il,  oiioo  more  assuraod  nominal  change  <>[' 
the  administration  on  October  2(5,  1842,  with  sonic 
r(>[)n:L,nianco,  however,  for  while  a  stroni,^  centralist,  he 
Mas  not  in  accord  with  the  personal  and)i(ion  hert; 
seokini^  to  thwart  the  national  will.  Toi-nel,  (lie 
minister  ol'  wai','  was  tho  real  executive  for  tlu;  rul-  r 
at  Man^-a  do  Clavo,  who,  with  a  view  to  sti-en'.jthcu 
his  control,  had  alr(N-uly  taken  steps  to  (hshand  tli..; 
auxiliaryand  rur;d  ibrces  of  the  towns  and  haciendas, 
which  naturally  bt^lon^aMl  to  and  sympathized  willi 
the  [leople,  to  streii^'tlieu  the  j^'arrison  at  the  capil  il, 
and  to  ordain  that  army  ollicers  must  be  educated  at 
the  niiliiarv  colle<i"e,  under  o'overnment  control.'*  IF' 
liad  tlu;  control  and  intended  to  keep  it;  for  tin  li! 
Avei'e  soldiers  and  (centralists  enough  at  his  comma n  !. 
The  proposed  constitution,  aimed  ai^ainst  him  and  lils 
party,  could  not  therefore  be  alloweil  to  pass  iii'o 
law.  Pains  had  been  taken  to  ciirulato  several  of 
its  least  favorable  clauses,  toi^ether  with  the  startliii;^' 
discussion  on  tho  religious  featurt;,  which  could  nut 
fiil  to  pr(>judice  a  large  class.  Tolerance,  indeed,  was 
admitted;  tin;  army  was  to  be  placed  mider  gread'i' 
restraint,  and  during  tho  heat  of  argument  ultra- 
tlomo(.'ratic  sentiments  had  found  free  ex^jressioii.'' 

*  Ifo  li.id  till!  wrnknos.^  to  attoiul  tho  (mriiinoiiy  iiiiil  iiispi'ct  tliemagiiini'L'n*; 
toinl),  ■•iinl  was  covoi-cid  witli  no  littlo  riilii'iil((  by  curtain  juunials.  AiidUiin" 
tiioiiiiiiu'iit  was  fomiilcil  in  tin;  saino  inoiitli  of  Soptoinbur  in  commoinnratiun 
tit'  the  defeat  of  tiu!  S|iani.ird.H  uudtM-  J^arradas.  Saiila  Anna  Iiavin,::;  hIiuivI 
ill  this  also,  a,  medal  was  sLi'iiek  with  a  laudatory  inscriiitiou  of  the  dietal'ir. 
]liiil<imii,ufi\  llixt.  Saiifii  AnH'(,  St,  'J40.  A  prutonco  for  his  rctircmuiit  u.n 
found  in  tho  illness  of  his  wife. 

'  J)!ihlfiii  Mud  Ln~,nii),  L>'ij.  Mcx.,  iv.  2-23, '284.  Tiio  presidio  of  Tlatoluloa 
was  rcestaliH.shed  in  July. 

'MIeiKa-al  .Josi'  .Mnria  Tornel  was  the  son  of  a  Frenchman  by  the  name  of 
Tournelle,  a  form  eli.'iii'^od  l)y  tho  son  to  obi  iterate  the  conni'Ction  with  \'>v- 
iM'^iierM,  whom  ho  had  learned  to  detest.  Ho  lie!oii.red  to  tho  indep .ndtiit 
bands  and  joined  Saula  Anna  in  IS.'l),  remainin;^  ever  his  lirm  su|)]inrtur, 
rising'  from  a  ]>osit;i()n  in  lUe  war  ministry  to  private  seeretary  of  N'ietoiia, 
j,'ove;iior  of  Mexico  district,  <le))uty,  minister  to  \VaslunL,'toM,  and  c;iliim't 
minislei-.   Fosm'//,  Mix.,  ,");!.')-ll;  It'iri'm,  ll'iit.  .fuJa/yt,  iii.  (iiiJ-.'!. 

"Tornel  isaieil  a  special  circular,  whi^rcin  he  eondemued  tho  eoustituli^m 
as  auarcliical,  uiuiiu^'  at  tlio  dcslructiou  of  aacrod  iusLitutious, 


COXCRESS  DISSOLVKI). 


235 


On 

tli( 


1  Docombor  1  1  ill  a  j)r()nuiiclaniioiito  was  startcl 
ai  tiiu  ()l».s(Mirc'  tnwii  of  J  LMcjot/iii^-o  a^'aiuat  Ihu  con- 
ji'i-ess,  as  iinwoi'tliy  ol"  coiiridcru't'  and  (|iiii;iM(liii''  tliu 
iiist.illatioii  of  a  council  of  notal)lcs  to  roNiso  tho 
{•ons<ilutioii."'  This  inoviMncnt  was  duly  secoiivdcd 
t!irou,iL,diout  tlio  central  pi-ovincos  by  tlio  niaiii])u!a- 
tions  of  tlio  cabinet  and  the  cleri^y,  and  on  llie  1  Slh,  at 
jMexico,  l)y  the_n'arrison.  1'lu;  deputies,  who  had  nearly 
concluded  the  discussion  on  the  constitution,  i:ould  oh- 
t:!iii  no  assurances  of  protection  from  the  _L>"oveniine!il.'^ 
I'iiulinL;'  the  hall  of  con^'ress  closed  aixainst  them,  they 
reco^'iiized  the  futility  of  resistance,  aii<l  dis.-'..)l\ed  of 
llicir  own  accord  on  the  llJtli,  announcin;^  the  act  in  a 
liinniic'st  wherein  they  avowed  their  loyalty  to  the 
people  whom  they  represented  and  the  purity  of  their 
motives  in  framiii'^tho  proposed  oru,^anic  law,''^  \i  was 
lint  |o!i^-  ere  protests  api)eared  against  tlio  ar'>iti'ary 
jiroccdures  of  a  I'action  that  prevented  the  [>eo[il(!  from 
(iL'cidiii'^''  in  a  nintter  bt-iloiiLpnij  to  them  and  of  such 
vit.'il  interest.  Of  this  no  notice  v/as  taken,  however, 
and  as  the;  semi-voluntary  dissolutiou  left  IJravo  at 
Uicater  liberty,  lu;  joined  the  cabinet''  in  iiroclaimiii;,;," 
that  a^^  the  public  interest  demanded  the  ibrmation  of 
th(^  oi'L;anic  law,  the  j^'overnment  would  appoint  acoaii- 
cil  oi' jiatriotic  and  intelli^^ent  men  to  i'rame  it,  assisted 
liy  t\\v.  ministry.'* 


"  I'.]av()  iind  Comaiiilaiilo  (Iviicriil  Aiidruilf  ciloiic  nssuiiiig  Uum  lliat,  they 
>:!  1  nut  juinuil  ill  tliL'  prniiniKMMiiiirnti),  ainl  would  isMio  li<i  ol'di.'l'  to  di-iSoKo 
till.!  ri)n;.;ros.s. 

'-  It  \vii3  essentially  a  proti'st  and  a  <li  lonuc  'i;i;iiinst  the  alnisixc  C)nitni  ids 
tin  siiino  <if  the  !iitiLlc?)  jiassed  liy  tlium.  'I'cxt  in  Hiisinnuintv,  ]>lnui),  NiS., 
xlv,  IK).  '_'()!.     Coniniints  in  Mc.r.  Comi.,  JS.'^..',   1   (i;  /'c/i.    !'«/•.,  el x v.  ]it   lil. 

"  iiiic.'uu'ijra,  Vi'k'Z,  ami  Torml,  TrigiKTun  of  (lie  rmaiico  d(  [larimoHt.  hav- 
ing vt^imwi.!  1111  Ho,.    i'>fii 


ingV('sin;in..,l'on  Doe.  I'Jth. 

"The)  (■ouncil  to  v^ompk-tt-  ti»c  ta.sk  within  six  months,  i  oiun-.n  .utimiii: 
(luriu;.;  this  nisis  wai  t  •  3io  ovcrlyokcd.  All  ollici.ild  and  autliuriuus  wcro 
obli-i  d  to  nvlopt  tlio  ros»ciaii,iou. 


Political  allittlili! 


1^1 


f  ^U 


230 


ISIISIIULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  S.\XTA  ANNA. 


The  result  was  tlie  Installation  on  January  C,  184o, 
of  a  body  of  eighty  prominent  central ists/"'  who 
j)ro(;eeclcd  eneri^etically  to  work  and  produceil  bases 
for  the  })t)liLical  or^'anization  of  the  republic,  whicli 
\va8  fcjrnially  rtancticaied  by  the  government  on  June 
12th,  and  adopted  with  imposing  ceremonies — tlie 
sugar  coating  of  the  pill.  It  declared  for  a  |>o[)ular 
representative  systen),  yet  the  franchise,  limited  to 
an  income  of  not  less  than  §200,  excluded  a  great 
part  of  the  pojnilation;^'^  the  election  was  subjected 
to  a  ti'iph^  filtering  }>r()cess,  during  wliicli  the  govei'n- 
ment  could  iind  ample  opportunity  to  iniluence  it,  and 
the  de[)artments  continued  to  be  left  almost  wholly  at 
the  n)e)cy  of  a  central  government,  which  aj)pointe(l 
the  governors  and  indirectly  the  subordinate  ollicials, 
the  deiiartmental  assemblies  bein<j:  nierelv  councils 
\\ith  the  })(jwer  of  a  municipal  police.''  Deputies  for 
corigress  were  required  to  possess  an  income  of  $1,2UU 
and  senators  §2,000.  Of  the  senate,  one  third  wns 
chosen  by  the  three  supreme  powers  and  the  rest  liy 
the   de[)artmental  assemblies,  which  also  elected  the 

'"'Termed  the  jniita  nacional  leirisliitivo,  with  Vi'leiieia  for  prcsiilciit  and 
Qiiiiitaua  Roo  fur  viou-pre.siileiit.  Deeree  with  list  nt'  names  in  Jiubktj  aiul 
L';iuio,  Ldj.  Mcv.,  iv.  .'>r)'J-(i.  Rules  for  internal  government  iu  J/e'.., 
J!i;l'am.,  \^V),  I'JO;  Pii/k  ]'<(>•.,  \\\\\u.  \it  4.  The  j)roeeediiiL;s  of  the  ben]'- 
are  reported  in  iSii/lo  X/X.,  Diai io  Uoh.,  nnd  otlicv  journals.  The  preliiiii- 
iiary  meetings  bc;4aii  on  li.ii.  '2d. 

'''To;^ether  with  domestic  servuiitH,  ami,  after  1850,  tho.se  unable  to  real 
and  V,  rite. 

'■  Deputies  to  the  lower  house  v.'ero  eleeted  for  4  years  at  the  rate  of  one  fir 
70,00!)  inhaliitants;  tlie  senate  was  composed  of  (j';>  members,  one  third  frui.l 
the  indiuitiial  classes,  ineludiny  meichants,  the  ri'st  from  distinguished  nun. 
The  eonfj'ress  sessions  began  on  Jan.  1st  and  July  1st;  during  the  I'ece.ss  sa;  a 
deputation  of  4  senators  and  5  deputies.  Four  ministers  and  ii  perpi  tual 
council  of  17,  appointed  by  the  president,  assisted  the  govcnimcnt,  Lawi 
n^quircd  the  sanction  of  two  thirds  of  the  congressional  iiiiiiAfcr.i.  't  ii"  dv- 
partmcntal  assemblies  consisted  of  from  7  lo  11  numiher.'*,  al.-v  liuji'.  I  •■  y 
the  clauses  alleeting  deputies.  (Jovcrnors  were  appointed  by  the  pri  I  '  " 
from  at  least .")  nominees  presented  by  the  assemblies.  The  ."uprcnio  j 
were,  like  the  presiilent,  elected  by  the  asscmltlies.  For  fidl  te.xt,  .^iee  .'/ 
JJa-'C.i  Oriji'ni.,  I.Si;(,  1-4.5.  Signed  by  over  liO  members,  headed  by  Baniuui 
us  ])resident.  and  ■  uctioned  by  Santa  ..Anna  anil  the  four  ministers.  .Uso  in 
JIi'x.,  Col.  L( ;i'S  FiiiiiL,  '_''JS-(j;{;  CoiisfifiicioiKu,  i.  pt  4;  \'(i//<jo,  Col,  />■■. 
Mc.i:.,  ii.  no.  172.  Rreliminary  projects  in  Jfd.i;.,  Pmi/trio  Dasci,  l-fil;  /'  />. 
Var.,  clvi.  pts  1,  H.  Reports  and  comments  in  /(/.,  Ixx-civ.  pts  l-.'i;  J.'e'''., 
(jh<tfr.  .-ithrr  Prof/cdo,  l-Ki;  liainhr~,  Mitii.  Hist.  Tiliinai.,  LS-b";  Gnwl"'., 
(>/i.<t'rv.  Ild-ii'.f.  J,,ii)eity  of  the  piess  was  declared,  but  subject  to  enough  ro- 
slricllous  to  prevent  despotic  interference. 


A  NEW  CO.VSTITUTIO.Y. 

'"    'l'^' ".,„,,lc.x  text  of  tt  ;.,  '    /  •"'f"",''  '-"'I'-l-l- 
■-"iMt,,,,,  „,,s,  tLcrdi.re,  in  siw",-  ^''"  '"-'"■  '•<"'- 

I  10  inaM-i,rati„n  „f  tl„.  .,   ,  ^"''• 

"'■'I'"'--'>l  victory      IT,.  '"^^  '}:ti«vt  to  seciu-o  tl,. 

:;":"-"^Govo.„o;:Vi; :::  «,,";:r,:y-.ta,,,io„to 


;ic( 

""  '"t'i«r  trivial  gr„u„,|s    I    i        '■"■,'"" '■''««-''v"I  it 


"  l':';«?"«'-s,  a,Kl  a„t hori    1^.,  t  ,r     ^'  '"■*"■>  t.''Hlo 
•''■^iiit'i  III  tlie  iiortlion,  ,1      °,     "  '■'■stiratioii  of  tlio 

'"■'■^''"'on.wl.osofir,  "t  [,w  "'•■1  ^"''•'^"  "«!  otbor 

;::Y-.-.0«n,,„.,,.„...      "-''"--t..oUK.ntof,,i, 


,';  y.Hvh  nth.  Corcuf,  Doc    SO 


■^ '''"'"i'.'  H  ariuv^  ",n        ■  :.';."^'"!'  "'"'•  •■"  tl.o  nc/    ;  ,•'  ,■  "'"l  l^^""  «i;,'n:s  of 


If' 


"11    ( 


It   ; 


um 


•2:.8 


MISRULE  AXD  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  AXXA, 


csl;ito.  TIk.^  stronj^'cst  roas^on  for  tlio  witlulriiwal  w.is 
U!i(l()iil!tc<]l\'  tlic  n))j)r(iacliiii!4'  rininioii  ol'tlu'  new  (.•<»! i- 
u'lvss,-''  with  whic-li  was  connccied  tlio  election  of  a 
pro[)riL'tary  pivsidoiit.  lie  pivfcrretl  to  p!ay  liis  ^aiiic 
for  that  tenii)ting  prize  in  th(!  bacl<L^-rouii(l,  whoi-c  al.vi 
a  defeat  would  ho  less  felt,  Under  covin- f)f  an  ajtpar- 
enlly  vohuitaiy  suri'ender'  of  power.  For  a  lirst  nio\-c 
he  issued  a  ])lausil)k!  manit'esto,  ex[)lainin;^'  the  nianner 
in  wdiich  he  had  used  the  exti'aor(hnary  power  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1841,  takin;^-  pains  to  place  in  Hi' 
most  favorable  and  absorbins^  light  the  several  piM- 
o-ressive  measures  of  his  rule  and  coveriii'''  the  rest, 
with  [)leas  for  public  necessity,  national  Iionor,  llie 
sal'etv  of  reli'''ion,  and  so  Ibrtli."'  A  second  move 
Avas  to  include  among  the  stanch  Tneml)ers  selocte.l 
for  the  government  council  a  proportion  of  men  v^liose 
ap[)ointmeut  would  [)lease  the  ])eopli>  and  concihalo 
cli([ues.  A  third  was  to  appoint,  not  a  lukewarm  a!- 
liennit  like  Dravo,  nor  a  stroii!';  man  whose  ambition 
ini!!,ht  prove  dangerous,  1)ut  one  who  could  be  r(  lii  1 
upon  to  act  wliolly  and  faitlifully  as  a  machine  of  tli,' 
hidden  ruler,  '^i'he  choice  fell  on  C-analizo,  comaii- 
dante  general  of  Mexico,  fjrmei'l}'  the  loyal  support. •!■ 
of  J)Ustamante,  and  therefore  a  less  appai'ent  [)aitisa!i 
of  Santa  Anna,  although  now  w])olly  devoted  t  • 
him."'^''     In   addition  all  the  vast  political  maeliiiieiv 

-'^  Rules foi"  election  issucil  on  ,111110  lOtli,  in  Diililau  and  [.ozano,  Li'i.  Jf( .(., 
iv.  4'il-l,  4S(}. 

^'Wlicn  the  council  of  notnbles  dissolved  at  the  close  of  the  year,  its 
prtvidciit  replied  sneeriii'jly  to  tin-  t!i:iii!;s  of  the  gijveniment  foi'  its  aiil  'ly 
sayin  ,',  '.Vquelln  corporacicjii  no  liahiii  sido  la  luz  (piu  giiiara  cl  goMonio,  piu -i 
r.--t(!  luil)ia  lieelio  cuanto  h:  hahia  veuido  en  gaiia.'  JJitdamai/ti',  Hist.  ti((i!'-i 
Ainui,  'J47. 

-■''I'll  iiianiiiui  o  titero,'  puppet,  etc.,  is  the  term  a})i)litd  to  him.  /'/.. 
2-1.").  '  Tonto  i';  i^';iioraiite,'  adds  .Vi  raugoiz,  M<'j.,  ii.  '2.'>7.  Tlic  deerce  of 
Oct.  '2d  appointing  him  caution.'sly  divided  tlio  [owcr  heiwceii  him  aiul  the 
four  niiiii.si,er.s,  tho  latter  reuiovalilo  hy  Santa  Anna.  Dnh''tii  and  Ln-.it,i'), 
Lrij.  M(  .v.,  iv.  (KM)-IO.  A  ridiculous  position  fura  president,  observes  River;i, 
O'oli.  iff  Mr.v.,  ii.  ■J.'iO.  Valentin  Canalizo,  liora  at  Mnnteroy  r.bout  ITiT,  h''- 
cauu^  a  cadet  in  the  Celaya  regiment  in  ISII,  joined  the  independents  uml  r 
Iturbithi  in  lS-2,),  jind  after  this  served  wiih  credit  in  diU'ereiit  engageuiea.d 
on  the  eoiist'rvil.iv(!  or  eentralist  Kide.  For  his  .wliare  intliedeaili  ofiln.';'- 
I'croho  received  the  ranU  of  general  and  the  command  of  Oajaea.  In  ISil  lio 
^vas  [iroinoted  to  a  division,  and  silbse  piently  he  plaj'od  a  C)n.spicilou<  [r,;i; 
in  tlie  proiutiiciiiniicuto  agaiuot  congress.  Ilj.;  Pen-:,  Lrc.  Gvoj.  L'shuL,  iii. 

I7;jsa 


VICTORY  FOR  8AMA  ANXA. 


259 


('  iiiirollfd  by  tlio  dictator  was  put  in  in()ti()n  to  sup- 
port liiui  with  intii^'ue  and  pressure. 

'J'he  peojtle,  on  the  other  hnnd,  liad  liad  onou'^h  oT 
sucli  autocracy  as  Santa  Anna's,  and  looked  wilh  ex- 
pectant hope  to  the  now  uniting  congress  i'or  its  tei- 
];iinati()n.  So  well  was  this  feeling  understood  that 
ii  wide-spread  surprise  arose  wIkmi,  on  Januaty  '2, 
IS4  1,  the  national  re[)resentatives  in  their  opening 
session'-"  ainK)un('ed  tiie  |)residential  vote  of  the  de- 
jiiitniental  assemblies  to  be  nineteen  for  Santa  Aiuia, 
and  i>iie  each  for  Fi-ancisco  Elorringa  and  (uMU'ral 
]Mu/i[uiz.'"^  Congress  shared  in  the  disappointment, 
aiul  sought  to  make  the  situation  as  l)cai'ahle  <is 
jK)ssll;lo  by  restricting  the  [)residential  })ower,  and 
i'oi  bidding  the  further  exercise  of  the  le<>-islative  fac- 
ulty.  ]\rinister  Tornel  stood  up  in  warm  d(^fence  of 
his  assailed  patron,  and  the  latter  paid  little  heed  to 
tlio  injunction,  confident  in  the  sul)sei'vient  adhesion 
of  the  majority  among  the  senators,  ci'eatures  of  his, 
])artly  by  election,  partly  by  inliuencc.  A  test  of  this 
(Miitrol  was  furnished  by  the  fiilure  oi' a  motion  to 
remove  the  acting  president,  Canaliz(^  who  had  become 
extremely  nn[)o[)ular  as  tlie  blind  tool  of  the  <lictator, 
and  his  reelection  to  the  positioii  by  a  largo  nuijoi'ity.'-" 
Santa  Anna  naturally  objecte<l  to  a  substitute  who 
ini.;ht  prove  less  tractable,  and  this  re(|uisite  he  also 
here  in  n\ind  when  selecting  governors  i'or  the  depart- 

UU'ilts. 


b  'HI 
i  ti 
I'll 


1      ( 


*  Hi 


I'oi"  six  months  longer  Santa  Anna  chose  to  remain 
in  (lie  seclusion  of  his  country  estat(>,  under  the  plea 
that  tlic  winter  air  of  the  c;i[)ital  did  not  agree  ^vit1l 
his  broken  health.      Finally   the  warm  weather  pro- 

-' Tlio  junta  do  notables  closed  their.-!  on  Deo.  Slat,  issuing  ;i  farewell  ud- 
ilro.-is  to  llie  piihiic  to  e.';[ilaiii  t!ieir  attitude  and  work. 

-'  Tile  fornier  a  promiiii'iit  K"i;isl.it'n-  from  Durango,  the  latter  well  known 
iisiu'ting  [ireiident  in  iJi.'VJ.  Mii.cciiii.c  died  in  l^ee.  Ijll,  and  was  in  1313  ae- 
corded  the  title  hencnKJrito. 

'■'l-ly '21  votes  against  1.'$  for  Mii/.'^[ui'!,  and  2  for  Tornel  and  lUneoii  re.^peet- 
ivi'ly.  CoimUhirJoiial,  Jan.  :S0,  ISII:  d/c.c,  Cnl.  Lrj.  y  Dec,  18W— Hi,  G-3. 
The  election  took  place  in  the  senate  on  Jan.  '27th. 


1  v! 


:.% 


2(i0 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


ducod  a  cluiMijfo,  and  on  Jiuuj  od  lie  niadti  liis  foi-nial 
entry  with  tlio  pomp  .sui^Ljcstud  l)y  fawning  adlicn-iils 
jiiid  sul)(-)rdi nates,  wlio  Jiad  iL,^(>ne  so  far  as  to  ei'ect  a 
ji'ilt  bronze  siatue  to  liini  in  the  Plaza  del  Voladoi'/"' 
The  fears  roused  \iy  his  arrival  iimoiig  the  o[)press(M[ 
tax-[)ayer.s  were  only  too  sj)eedily  to  l)e  realized,  and 
this  time  he  came  with  eo^ent  reasons.  The  United 
States  were  fi'eely  entertaining  the  proposal  to  ainiex 
Texas,  their  troops  were  gathering  along  its  hordn-, 
and  a  srpiadron  of  their  lleet  had  just  a[)peai'<jd  ulf 
Vera  Cruz.  While  the  I'oreign  office  demanded  an 
e\[)lanation  of  these  threatening  movements,  Santa 
Anna  seized  the  opportunity  to  obtain  an  extraordi- 
nary I'orced  contribution  of  four  million  pesos  for  war 
pre[)arations.'"  His  eilbrts  to  have  the  amcjunt  in- 
creased, anil  obtain  special  power  to  raise  it,  were 
thwarted  in  a  manner  that  provoked  his  deep  indig- 
nation, lie  had  become  so  used  to  carry  his  points, 
or  at  least  to  a  ileferential  attitude,  that  snappisli 
resistance  proved  m(wt  irritating.  As  a  relief  to  his 
i'eelings,  he  directed  a  bitter  attack  on  the  deputies 
throui2:li  the  ffovermncnt  orujans,  includinix  the  official 
Diario,  with,  a  sugsjfestion  from  one  side  of  a  dictator- 
ship.  The  chambers  demanded  an  explanation  iu 
order  to  make  the  ministry  res[)onsiblc,  but  cc)uld  ob- 
tain no  satisfaction.  One  result,  however,  was  tliat 
the  foreign  portfolio  changed  from  the  hands  of  Iv)- 
canegrato  llejon,  a  talented  but  young  and  impulsive 


^*  It  rose  on  .a  lii;-,'h  cnluiuu  ami  prcsciitecl  liiiti  in  a  general's  iiuifurni,  stuml- 
ing  with  tlio  right  hand  extomlod  northward  to  indicate  his  resolution  tti  ru- 
cover  Texas.  The  unveiling  was  periornied  on  Juno  i.'Jtli  hy  Canalizo  ainl 
Oroiicza,  the  latter  having  paid  tor  tiie  erection  SS.OOi).  Unstamanlr,  III  I. 
Stinla  Aniiit,  'Jlio  (j.  Among  eulogies  is  one  by  the  governor  of  I'mMa. 
J)isrnrso,  Pap,  Vnr.,  xxxix.  pt  11.  In  nnvuiliiig,  tlio  eoi'd  hceanio  entau-ilrd 
round  the  neck,  and  not  long  after  a  cord  round  its  nook  brought  it  1  )\v,  ;is 
we  shall  see.  The  administration  took  earo  to  ord(!r  tlie  dilierc  nt  corporatiniis 
into  procession  to  give  eclat  to  tho  reception,  which  otherwise  might  have 
proved  chiding.     Eire-works  and  feasting  followed. 

^' After  long  discussion,  the  decree  wai  passed  by  ST  votes  against  .'!•",  ami 
i:.i.nied  on  August  "ilst,  levying  two  per  niille  on  connti'y  estates,  city  proi)ii'.y 
ei:;Iit  per  cent  of  renta  s,  and  so  on  for  industries,  rents,  etc.  Mdx.,  <.'o'.  L  //. 
y  /)'•(•.,  l.Sll-41),  TiO-OO.  See  conunents  in  /)(fciisa  Intcj.  ?Tac.,  Aug.  7,  -^i 
ISll,  devoted  above  all  to  uphold  the  integrity  of  the  national  territory. 


i./i 


l\ 


MARia.VCK  OF  A  I'ltKSIDKXT. 


201 


.lUUl- 

to  11'- 

1//; '. 

l\v,  "^ 
I luive 

/.  ;/• 

It,  -1. 


mull,  \\1iil(;   tlio  \\ar  (Icparfniciit  li;i'l,  CorhiiiJitcly  r>r 
tiic  iiiijiiilsivt3  Tonicl,  passed  slioi'tiv  ln'forti  to  («cii- 

Santa  Anna  Itc^an  to  find  tlio  situati(»n  sonicwiiat 
iniciiiuloital)!!',  and  to  lon^' ai^'ain  for-  thti  iVrcf  atnios- 
jilicrc  of  liis  estates.  The  deatli  of  liis  wifi; ''""  s^'avo 
iiini  tlu'  in'cosai y  exeusi'.  Sneli  it  evidently  appeared 
in  him,  tor  iiv(3  week's  later  he  outraged  pnl)ne  senti- 
ment hy  tjie  cei'enionions  espousal  of  a  youii^;  lady.'' 
Not  that  the  people  wci'e  surprised.  His  ehai'aeter 
\v;is  too  Well  known,  with  his  undi^iiided  indul;4<'iic(,' 
in  dissipations  of  all  kinds,  from  Jiothai'ian  inti'iL;ui's 
;iiid  iVee  association  with  low  and  douhtful  ])eisons  iu 
the  coinuion  (M)ek-[)it,  to  tlu;  most  iniposiuL;'  and  e\- 
1r;i\an'ant  ente-r'tainuients,  with  n'littei'in^'  14'uards  of 
lioiini-  sustained  hy  means  di'awn  iVom  soui'ces  not 
only  suspected  hut  known  to  he  dishonest,  t'roin  tlni 
I'nnds  extoi'ted  hy  I'ori'ed  eontrihutions  and  loans,  j'roni 
iiirrln<jvment  of  industi'iid  protection,  IVom  I'ii'ts  of 
fivor-seekei's,  from  hrilxvs  and  iVaudident  contracts. 
It  may  readily  Ix;  su[)[>osed  that  tin;  sid)ordinate 
oilicials  did  not:  fail  to  proiit  hy  the  example',  and  the 
result    was    the   most   wi(le-s[)read  coriu[)tion    in    all 

■'"  l.iitcly  coiuiiiaudiiiL;  in  tho  nortli-fast.  lie  \va.sa|>p:iiiiti'(l  on  .Jiuu.'  IOl!i. 
Toniols  .scpaialidii  wan  fdfccd  upon  liini  ^>y  Santa  .Anna,  wlio  liail  Ix'uoniu 
jcaloari  of  lii.s  assumption,  it  in  saiil.  (.'Diitli/itr'wiial,  Fcl).  '_',  !J,  ISH.  liouant'- 
gni  li.ul  lii'lil  ollioo  Hinco  Nov.  IHU,  witli  a  Ijiicf  interval,  during  wiiicli 
.Mon::stcrio  ligurcd.  Rojon  was  an  ahlo  an  1  cn('rg(.'ti(^  Yncatce,  witli  strou'.; 
Iiidi m  (raits.  The  interior  departnuMit  was  inanag(!d  hy  liaranda,  who  huo 
I'ocdcd  \'(k'/.  in  •lidy  1S4;{,  and  had  a  warm  di'l'cnder  in  JJc/i'iimi  Inldj.  \<ir., 
(Sept.  11,  JSil.  Tri^'Ud'os  (■oiitinncd,  sinoi;  Nov.  ISH,  as  finance  minister, 
Haw-  duiin;,'  the  ho'^inninLC  of  lS4;t,  when  <;orosti/a  relieved  him. 

•'-'Ini's  (larcfa  do  Santa  Anna,  on  .■^u,L^  'I'M,  at  I'ueliia,  after  a  mai'riau;e 
of  1!)  years.  She  was  liuiied  on  tlie  'idth  with  tlu;  pomp  of  a  sovereign,  the 
ni'ehliisliop  ollleiating  at  .Mexico,  and  in  other  cities  ami  towns  oilicials  and 
citizens  joined  in  demonstrating  their  respect,  liinra,  lli^t.  Jatn/xi,  iii.  (lliO - 
1.  .\aiiiM;,f  tho  stin'^'ing  insinuations  conceining  the  i-eal  motives  for  Santa 
Anna'.s  retirement  was  one  in  pam[)hlct  form,  V<i.  il,  J'rfniilciilc,  ,se  I'a /xird 
Viili-i  ,•  Ciii-iinailo,  a  title  which  indicates  its  purport. 

■"  Maria  Dolores  Tosta,  a  girl  of  !.">  ycirs,  married  in  tho  palace  at  Mexii'O 
on  Oct.  lid,  liy  proxy,  in  tlio  pciv-on  of  Licenciate  Cancdo,  who  is  said  also  to 
hare  acted  as  godtather  at  her  l)a})tisin.  t'anali/.o  ligure  I  as  one  of  tlie 
pailrinos  at  tho  marria  ;•.  \n  illumination  of  tlie  [iul>lie  edilices  and  olher 
(k'umnstrations  followed,  during  w  Inch  the  hi'ide  appeared  to  receive  an  ov;i- 
tioii.  Caiu;do  thereniion  conducted  her  to  dalapa,  t  i  Sant;i,  .Anna.  A(;connfc 
of  ceremoaiea  in  D'lurio  Hub.,  Pabd.  Xac,  etc.,  Oct.  T),  IS-U,  and  following 
(.lutes. 


'-il 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


liilllllM    IIIII2.5 


»"  liM    III  2.2 
If   1^    12.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

ik 

^ 6"     — 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


? 


i^ 


/>  Cx 


^ 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


branches.  Commanders  of  forces  and  districts  com- 
mitted tlie  most  outraj^eous  abuse  of  trust  and  power 
Avith  a  view  to  enrichment,  either  dividing  the  i^ains 
with  those  above  them  or  relvinor  on  their  knowJed'jci 
of  tlel'ects  elsewliere  to  escape  accusation.^*  Incited 
l>y  the  sj)oil,  those  in  authority,  irom  the  president 
down,  souglit  to  increase  tlieir  share  by  appoint- 
ing creatures  of  tlieir  own  to  positions  of  responsibil- 
ity, irrespective  of  merit,  and  frequently  under  the 
most  unjust  circumstances,  dismissing  or  retiring  he- 
iore  the  proper  time  able  and  experienced  adminis- 
trators, swelling  the  already  disproportionate  ranks  of 
officers  with  improvised  captains  anil  colonels,  and 
gianting  sinecures  and  allowances,  while  worthy  sei- 
vants  and  deserving  widows  cried  aloud  for  the  reduced 
or  withheld  j)ay  and  pensions  due  them.  Under  such 
mismanagement  the  country  could  not  possibly  ad- 
vance, weighed  as  it  already  was  with  taxes  in  every 
conceivable  form,  and  menaced  at  every  moment  with 
fresh  forced  loans.  Capital  sought  to  hide  itself; 
trade  languished;  industries  broke  down  under  tii<j 
additional  infringement  of  protection  by  special  de- 
crees or  patronized  siu  iig;  agriculture  suffered 
from  the  llight  of  labi  s  before  the  harsh  eidist- 
inent  and  impressing  regulations:  and  while  in  tlie 
north  wild  Indians  si)read  desolation  unhindereil,  the 
depressed  state  of  affairs  in  the  central  and  southern 
[>n)vinces  added  to  the  hordes  of  bandits  infesting'  the 


roads 


35 


CJanalizo  was  again  foiced  upon  the  senate  for  re- 
election as    acting  president,""  and    relieved    himself 


''The  commanders  in  the  north-east,  Arista,  Canalcs.  and  others,  openly 
(li'iilt  ill  contraband,  or  favored  others  for  a  eonsiileration,  as  revealed  al.-o  iu 
lhu  doeunienta  published  in  journals  like  Am'njn  ihl  I'ltcd/o,  'Suv.  '2.">,  IS!'), 
liy  Donienecli,  J  fist.  Mo.r.,  ii.  177  et  serj.,  and  Ktliers.  Instance  cases  as 
recorded  in  S'llinas  di I  Pviiim  IJtiiiiro;  Pdp.  Var.,  xxxix.  ))t  10.  The  liniUKj 
minister  opened  the  treasury  to  the  niereautile  lirni  with  which  he  was  emi- 
neeted 

■'•'  It  needs  but  a  ghince  at  the  journals  of  the  day,  Didfio  Gob.,  Con^lihi- 
v'loiial,  Dr/cim.  Ii)teij.  JNVic,  Paid,  Nac,  Abejii,  etc.,  to  realize  the  extent  >ii 
the  corruption  and  misery. 

""J/cx'.,  Col.  Lci/.,  1844-40,  01-2;  D<ifais.  lulcj.  Nac,  Sept.  11,  2o,  Oct. 


TROUBLES  WITH  TEXAS. 


263 


sonicwliat  by  a  coniinondablo  activity  in  organi/injj; 
tioops  for  tlio  impending  Teran  campaign,  for  which 
liL'  liad  boon  designated  as  coniniander-in-cliief.  Tlie 
most  striking  nieasuros  were  tlie  organization  of  the 
piesidial  companies  and  the  demand  from  the  depart- 
ments of  30,000  men  in  addition  to  the  contingent  of 
ir),000  required  at  the  close  of  1843,"'''  made  the  more 
urgent  since  General  WoU  had  received  instructions 
ill  .]  une  to  declare  at  an  end  the  armistice  with  Texas,^^ 
iigi'oed  upon  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  with  a  view 
til  bring  about  a  peaceful  settlement.  Me.vico  then 
(itRred  her  practical  self-govermnent,  if  she  would 
recognize  the  sovereignty  of  the  re[)ublic,  with  re[)re- 
scutation  in  congress;^'  but  this  was  not  entertained. 
Xo  hostile  movement  was  undertaken  by  Mexico, 
however,  for  want  of  money,  and  in  the  fi^llowing 
s])ring  the  chambers  permitted  the  government  to 
listen  to  proposals  from  the  other  side,  based  on  the 
recognition  of  Texan  independence,  with  the  stipula- 
tion that  the  state  should  not  annex  herself  to  any 
other  country.*"  Negotiations  never  took  j)lace  owing 
ti»  the  infringement  of  the  latter  bases,  leading  to  re- 
suits  the  most  memorable  in  modern  Mexican  historv, 
as  will  be  seen  in  due  time. 

The  funds  so  far  collected  by  acting  President 
Ccuuilizo  had  melted  away  as  if  by  magic,  during  the 

Ki.  1S44.  Canali/o  bcin.i^  fibHcnt  when  Santa  Anna  dopartoil,  IIiTrcra,  jiresi- 
(li  lit  of  the  council,  took  chiiryo  till  ho  nrrivcd,  from  Sept.  12th  till  '21.st. 
Alhinioim  to  the  chiiiiL^osi  in  Main  //  Rei/eK,  Onuioii,  1-S. 

^' On  J)co.  'JDth;  all  to  bo  tonilci'cil  in  succtMsivo  tlutachnionts.  Thosii 
from  (,'liiliiialiiia  and  Duiango  wcro  to  bo  retiiiuod  there.  The  a.ssonibly  h.id 
to  i~Mic  the  nece:isary  orili'CH  within  a  foi't'iii;ht.  Decree  of  July '2,  IS44. 
I iiililaa  ini'\  fjozdiio,  Li';/.  Mi.c.,  iv.  T-V.).  The  presidio  reor/iaui/Jition  \\a<<,  by 
((  rivc  of  Mai'.  'Jilth,  to  bo  j,M\en  '  todaprcfcreiii.MU.'  .l/(/.i-.,  <'iil.  J.fi/.,  1S4  t-4ti, 
111.  ('oiniueiits  on,  mCoiixli/iiciDiinl,  A\n\  it,  1!*,  etc.,  lSt4;  Unslanuuile,  M<  nt. 
Ii:^i.  J/J..;.,  MS.,  i.  10-4:t;    IV . ./«  Sun.,  All^^  22,  1S44. 

^'"  I'resident  Houston  ronioiistrated  at  rei-uiving  such  an  annouiiceinent 
fi'oiii  a  .sulxirdinato,  but  the  governiuent  at  Mexico  deemed  it  undignilied  tu 
tre.it  wiih  him. 

'"One  of  WoU's  prisoners,  I.  W.  Uobinson,  formerly  liontenant-jjovcraor 
of  Texas,  was  sent  with  the  proposal  iu  1S4.1,  and  commisHioncrs  met  at  Sa- 
linas.  TlirnWn  Hist.  Texas,  Xi~-S. 

'"  IJoundaries  and  other  (piestions  should  if  necessary  be  settled  by  aibi- 
tiaiioii.  Tho  Mexican  (,'overnnii'iit  a},'rce(l  on  May  I'Jlh  to  treat  outhiabadis. 
6aiii.a  Anna,  Apel,  at  buen  Crilcrio,  15,  ap.  '2-3. 


m 


Twrvm 

r/'S 

•r,i 

m 

P 

1 

m 

ii 

2G4 


MISRULE  AND  uVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


I 


process  of  passing  tliroiigh  so  many  hands,"  and 
in  Sej)tond>er  the  ministry  astonished  tho  chamhi  r.s 
by  pressing  anew  for  more  means,  this  time  in  tlio 
shai)e  of  a  loan  for  ten  millions,  pleading  as  addi- 
tional motives  tlie  invasion  of  California  by  adven- 
turers, and  the  intimation  that  England  and  Francis 
would  side  with  the  Texans  in  case  of  a  protracted 
stru'jf'de.  The  don)and  was  refused,  to  the  general 
delight  of  the  people,  who  had  been  striving  to 
avoid  the  last  contribution.  In  the  districts  of  tlic 
present  Guerrero  the  appearance  of  the  collectors  only 


■Mt  l\lr«|>U«tl»y 

m-'o  V 


o  SalamRoct 


S  4obtnig'  \    CkamarUiTU 
S.luandeU  VffKal  j  ^i> 

T^\      -     1 

.S.nt>o«o     yi-'^v-'lJ         A        *■  ** 

riria 


Ilnirhnpu 


^. 


Jr 


>  luii 


:»r..J»„ 


,  M3Ki>"^(^>o 


oWticuaro     .^  /-^  ^ 


'O 


■w-vv 


■twC 


4**V 


"^IVt 


^^ 


^iiiM 


-,**»- 


/acuI.oX^"':'""*'" 


V.llro  .-sV, ,  "^  ir^n«>\ 


T}fl(u.i^.it.-p^'j  yjLi,  ;■«„!,!  i!':;*»*'^?'T. 


MlCUOACAX. 

tended  to  give  fresh  impulse  to  tho  rising  started  nt 
Chilapa  two  years  before.  This  town  was  captured 
by  the  Indians  and  desolated  with  fire  antl  [)illage;  and 
although  troops  marched  against  them  and  obtaint  d 
several  advantages,  the  struggle  continued  with  its 
attendant  inllictions.^^     In  Michoacan  also  the  feeble 


"Tlio  ministerial  statement  ilisposeil  of  ?.S00,000  under  tho  vague  term  ipf 
secret  c  xpenses. 

*'/',il„l.  Xtic,  Oct.  29,  1S44;  Df/'iis.  Inlrtj.  Nor.,  Oct.  .W,  1S44;  Art  .1/'- 
vcrrn,  Juno  3,  IS4.").  Tlie  lack  of  energetic  intcrforciico  by  (JencTal  Alviirrz 
nmscd  iin  outcry  from  the  suH'crers,  who  began  to  petition  for  his  n'iiviv:il, 
ami  elicited  a  warm  defence  of  liis  conduct.  >'liil(ijia,  I'c/ircH.  Emi'jmdori,  I- 
IJ;  I'ap.  Vur.,  cxxii.  pts  l-'2j  J/^x.,  Man.  Guer.,  1845,  O-U. 


mOTEST  AGAINST  TAXATIOX. 


205 


ivnniant  of  foderalist  bands  found  cncourat^eniont  in 
till!  spreading  discotitont,  and  elscwlicro  ravages  uf 
storms  and  floods  assisted  to  foster  it." 

Several  departmental  assemblies  raised  their  voice 
ill  ])rotest  against  the  contribution,  notably  those  uf 
.lalisco  and  Querdtaro.  The  former  had,  moreover, 
Ixeii  roused  from  its  passive  attitude  by  a  demand  on 
the  part  of  the  executive  for  a  loan  of  .$150,000  toward 
ctrtain  contracts,  and  on  October  2Gth,  it  addressed  a 
ioi  nial  representation  to  the  congress  suppoited  by 
leading  citizens,  the  governor,  and  the  cctmandanto 
general,  wherein  the  demand  was  made  ibr  the  lepeal 
of  tlic  obnoxious  tax  decree,  the  exacting  of  an  ac- 
count from  the  government  for  its  administration  and 
its  disposal  of  funds,"  and  the  reform  of  the  constitu- 
tion so  as  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  the  tlcpart- 
iiients,"  Aware  how  little  a  mere  protest  would  bo 
considered  under  so  independent  ati  executive  as  Santa 
Anna,  the  authorities  took  advantage  of  the  strongly 
manifested  sympathies  of  the  j)eople  to  prociu'c  an 
aimed  indorsement  of  their  course.  Galindo,  the 
cnniandante  general,  accordingly  headed  the  gan-isoii 
in  support  of  the  resolutions,  and  then  appealed  to 
(lenoral  Paredes,  who  had  so  successfully  initiated 
the  former  revolution  to  assume  the  leadership.'""' 

It  may  be  readily  understood  that  Paredes  was  a 
leading,  if  not  the  chief,  promoter  of  the  movement, 
lie  had  several  motives  for  taking  the  step.  ILis 
I'oimer  uprising,  to  which  ho  naturally  ascribed  the 
ri  storation  of  Santa  Anna  to  power,  had  not  in  his 
e|iinion  been  recognized  as  I'ully  as  it  deserved;  liencu 

"Ahrja,  Oct.  9-10,  1844.  Tlic  floods  ut  Duf;iii,:,'o  in  the  cnvly  part  «-f  tlio 
\r;\r  wt'TO  most  disastrous,  as  will  bo  related  in  //(^^  Xorlh  Mtx\  S/nUs,  ii., 
tliiti  series. 

"As  re(iuired  also  under  tho  bases  of  Tacubaya  from  the  provisional  gov- 
I'liiiiK'nt. 

''This  was  followed  on  the  .10th  by  an  E.vpoHlrloii  si^mcd  liy  th(!  ass(Mnl>ly 
pnsideiit  IJarajas  settinj,'  forth  tlit^  {.'rounds  for  tJU'  ri'ptvsi'ntiitiims  in  iilniin- 
i-ti;itivo  aliuses  and  sad  condition  of  iiHairs.  ,/tt/.,  ln'i  i  'I'r  •,  I  -L).  (;o\\rn')r 
il^niliedo,  successor  of  Caficdo,  issued  an  address  conlirming  the  ho|)e.i  of  the 
pouple  for  relief. 

'"lirig.  lloincro  joined  his  to  tho  37  signatures  of  officers.  Id.,  II  et  scip 


b' 


200 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


his  iiKiiiifcst  (li.scontoiit.  In  order  to  keep  liiiii  uiulcr 
sui)urvi;sion,  as  well  us  to  appease  and  win  him  buck, 
8aiita  Anna  ij^ave  him  a  seut  in  the  council  of  no- 
tubles,  made  him  comandante  general  of  Mexico,  and 
subsequently  senator;  but  Paredes  evidently  expected 
at  least  the  position  of  acting  president,  for  which  the 
other  part}'  considered  him  unlit,  as  lacking  in  adniiu- 
istrutive  talent.*'  Propitiation  came  too  late.  Ho 
saw  in  the  increasing  popular  ferment  fully  as  good  an 
()[)[)()rtunity  as  before  for  directing  it  to  his  own  ends, 
for  midst  the  many  claims  on  its  attention,  the  govern- 
ment had  been  obliged  to  neglect  several  of  the  more 
remote  army  corps,  notably  that  of  Jalisco,*^  and  thu 
clergy,  ah'eudy  estranged  by  the  many  heavy  and 
arbitrary  inroads  on  its  property,  looked  with  alarm 
on  the  prospective  contributions  to  be  levied  for  the 
costl}'  war  now  looming  in  the  north. 

It  is  related  that  he  had  for  some  time  been  sound- 
ing <]ifferent  military  leaders  for  this  j)rojeet.  Sonio 
of  these  hastened  to  curry  favor  with  the  dictator  by 
tiausmitting  the  correspondence.  Santa  Anna  was 
hardly  surprised  at  so  common  a  feature  of  political 
intrigue,  but  it  served  to  remind  him  that  an  oppo- 
nent so  influential,  especially  with  the  army,  must  not 
be  disregarded,  lie  had  studied  the  life  of  Napoleon, 
and  recalled  among  other  incidents  his  magnanimous 
re[)ly  to  the  woman  who  pleaded  for  the  life  of  her 
conspiring  husband.  He  looked  upon  himself  as  the 
Nai)oleon  of  America,  and  resolved  to  act  in  imitation 
of  his  great  prototype,  always,  however,  with  a  pru- 
dent regard  for  what  seemed  most  expedient,  lie 
called  Paredes,  recited  the  French  story,  and  added: 
"I  also  have  letters,  proof  of  crime  on  your  part,  but 
I  shall  ignore  them.  Bcholdl"  saying  which  he  tore 
the  documents  into  frasfuients.*"     Be  this  as  it  mav, 

*'  Tliis,  imleed,  is  claimcil  to  have  been  the  main  reason  for  cousigniu;? 
liiin  Iku'Ic  to  tlio  coinanilancia  general  of  Jalisco.  Ho  refused  the  senatoisliii'i 
mainly  liocauso  Iiis  plans  iiad  already  taken  shape. 

*•''  Wliicli,  nmou^  its  grievances,  complained  loudly  of  the  discounts  cut- 
ting iulo  tlio  pay.   Ahcja,  Oct.  1!),  ISH;  Ainiiio  dA  I'urh/o,  Nov.  2!),  184.'). 

'"  Buatamuuto,  who  rulutus  tliis  iucidout,  udda  that  further  proof  appeared 


PAREDES  AND  SANTA  ANNA. 


207 


Paro(]os  was  not  to  1)0  moved  by  so  flimsy  a  display 
(.}'  i^oiiLTosity,  for  his  i)roiuinence  secured  his  life,  at 
least  under  actual  circumstances.  It  is  certain,  how- 
ever, that  he  was  placed  under  momentary  ai'rest  and 
I  xiled  to  Toluca  for  refusin<r  to  fall  in  with  the  views 
nl'  a  government  which  sought  to  remove  him  to  a 
safe  distance,  by  charging  him  with  the  expedition  U) 
Yueatan. 

l*aredes  wished  tp  bo  with  his  friends  and  near  the 
scene  of  action;  and  leave  of  absence  having  been 
Liianted,  he  found  himself  at  Cxuadalajara  to  mana3uvre 
the  pronunciamiento  now  bursting  upon  the  country. 
Aeco})ting  the  proffered  leadershi[),  he  on  November 
I'd  issued  a  nuuiifesto,  charijinLr  tiie  ijfovernment  in 
the  most  s«;athlng  terms  with  violation  t)f  pledges  and 
iihuse  of  trust,  especially  during  the  dictatorship,  and 
declaring  Santa  Anna  suspended  from  oflice  peu<ling 
an  examination  of  his  acts  by  the  congress.""  The 
Ui'veniment,  now  thoroughly  startled,  sought  to  con- 
ceal the  importance  of  the  movement,  and  came  for- 
v/ai'd  with  exaggerated  reports  of  some  petty  victories 
over  the  Indians  on  the  south  coast.  Finding  this 
useless,  it  openly  hastened  to  take  precautions,  includ- 
ing a  reiinfoi'cement  of  the  garrison  at  ]\Ie\ico,  which 
levealed  its  doubts  regarding  the  capital  itself.  In  a 
ilaming  proclamation  it  thereupon  stamped  the  pro- 
iiunciados  as  enemies  of  the  country,  and  Paredes  as 

fif  I'aredes'  perseverance  in  his  course.  '  Santa- Anna  obro  comoun  caballcro,' 
))ul  liu  was  treated  as  he  Iiad  treated  Uustanianto,  Hint.  Santa  Anna,  ."OO. 
A.i  juliiiiional  propitiation,  Paredes  was  olFcrcd  the  well-paid  and  almost  siii- 
ccnre  ollico  of  administrator  of  mails  at  Mexico. 

''"The  power  intrusted  under  tlie  bases  of  Tacubaya  was  probably  exces- 
sive, ))ut  only  provisiDual.  Santa  Anna's  protestations  had  born  acccptcil 
mill  proved  false.  Instead  of  carrying  out  the  great  reforms  to  which  ho  stood 
l>li'il;,Td,  he  had  abandoned  himself  to  a  course  tlio  moat  mean  and  scllish.  Tlio 
niaiiifosto  enumerates  the  proposed  reforms  in  army,  public  oliicus,  etc.,  and 
proct'cds  to  paint  tlio  work  ell'ected  in  the  most  abusive  terms.  Tho  ayuni.a- 
iiiiinto  of  the  city  on  thesanuiday  signed  approval  of  tlicj  act.  JuL,  /ni<-iali.-:i, 
10  1)4.  Tlio  abuse  herein  poured  upon  his  late  patron  by  I'arcdcs  wa  i  huidly 
consistent  with  tho  language  anrl  acts  used  not  long  before  in  his  s;ippo;t. 
LicKcd,  Santa  Anna  caused  to  bo  inserted  in  the  Diar'io  (loh.  of  Nov.  II, 
IS4  t,  a  miniber  of  letters  from  Paretics,  written  at  tho  very  tiiiie  tlie  ivvolu- 
ticiii  Was  planning,  wherein  lie  addresses  hira  iu  tho  most  aireotionatc  tcrius. 
bte  also  I'ubd.  Sac,  Nov.  IJ,  ia44. 


tiiicii 


,1  1-     , 


:tii!®: 


268 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


doubly  a  traitor,  wlu),  iiiHtoad  of  carrying  out  liis  in- 
Btructioii.s  lor  (lofciiding  tho  country  against  a  tlirr.it- 
oning  invasion,  liad  increased  tin?  peril  by  stiiiiii:^^ 
civil  war  for  and)itious  aims."  Such  a  charge  lioia 
an  unpopular  iind  intriguing  administration  obtaiin d 
no  weight.  The  people  remembered  Paredes'  fornn  r 
al)le  stand  in  favor  of  reform,  and  ascribed  its  mindircc- 
tion  entirely  to  the  holders  of  the  spoils,  against  wlutiii 
his  charges  appeared  only  too  true.  As  for  defeiul- 
ing  the  ctiuntry  against  invasion,  the  government  li.nl 
shown  its  inca})acity  by  squandering  the  vast  nRaiis 
destined  for  the  purpose,  and  could  not  be  trusted 
even  with  that  task,  however  imminent. 

Energetic  as  over,  Santa  Anna  resolve<l  to  pl.uo 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  army  and  crush  the  revolii- 
ti(Mi  in  its  cradle.  Ho  entered  jMexico  on  the  IStli, 
midst  the  customary  artificial  pomp  and  demonstr.i- 
tion,  ;ui<l  after  an  unsatisfactory  meeting  with  a  body 
of  de[)uties  and  senators,  he  caused  the  acting  pi-esi- 
dent  to  fornudly  invest  him  with  the  command  of  tlio 
arni}^  whereupon  he  set  out  for  Queretaro  to  enfuivu 
his  will  with  tho  sword. "'^  His  assumption  of  tlio 
military  control  was  at  once  challenged  by  the  chani- 
bci's  as  unautliorized  by  them  and  therefore  illegal. 
War  minister  Reyes  ex[)lained  that  Santa  Anna  had 
not  reassumed  the  presidential  office  and  could  theic- 
foro  be  regarded  only  as  a  general."^  His  further  oh- 
servations  proved  so  weak  and  defiant  that  he  was 
hooted  out  of  the  house  and  formally  accused,  llu 
himself  thought  it  best  to  resign,  probably  to  the  re- 
lief of  his  colleagues,  for  no  objection  was  made,  and 


"  Dhirio  Ooh.,  Nov.  0,  1S44;  Ahrja,  id. 

''^Jlid  iidilrnss  and  manifesto  issued  on  Nov.  21st  and  previously  inny 
be  consulted  in  PaM.  K<t<'.,  Nov.  12,  '2(i,  1844;  Defcnua  Iiiteij.  .Vac,  Xdv. 
2.'),  ISt4;  also  in  separate  form.  Maiiijiento,  1-11;  Pap.  Var.,  xxxix.  pt  1.'!. 
1'lie  strongest  point  in  it  is  ^,o  reuoniniend  a  peaeel'iil  and  dcIil>crato  refonn  'if 
tiie  constitution. 

"  [''urtiier,  tho  c  aiu.o  el  tho  constitution  forbade  the  president  from  (,'"in- 
nmnding  in  persoii  tho  army  and  navy  of  tho  republic,  but  Santa  Ann  i  liad 
lie;idt'd  only  a  di  .'ision.  This  argument  was  received  witii  jeers  l)()ih  Ky 
house  and  yallcrijs.  The  question  is  discussud  iu  C'outo,  X>(/e/ttia;  PaiJ.  Var., 
xiv.  pt  (J. 


WAIlLIIvK  rRi;rAHATIONS. 


209 


Ot'iicr.il  Basadro  took  liis  pla.-t'."  Tlio  cabinet  foti- 
limu'd  to  maintain  a  linn  attitudo,  nivin<jf  on  Santa 
Anna's  |)roni[)tnt'.s.s  and  strength  and  the  expressions 
of  loyalty  from  diflerent  quarteis,  although  inlluenccd 
ly  ,su!)servient  officials  and  dictated  niostly  by  j'eai/" 
( 'oii'jfress  receiviul  still  more  assurini;  notices,  thaidvs 
in  the  energy  of  Paredes.  Aware  of  the  necessity 
lur  obtaining  a  wide  indorsement  of  his  j)lan  beforii 
tlio  imposing  appeai'anco  of  a  strong  army  should 
spread  dismay  and  silen(;e  tlie  outbreak,  he  had  lost 
no  time  in  sending  circulars  to  the  departmental 
.'iiitliorities,  and  sciittering  inspiring  proclamations 
ihioiighout  the  country,  with  ctlective  allusions  to 
tht!  precarious  ])osition  of  the  government  and  the 
strength  of  his  own  just  cause.  Aguascalientes,  Za- 
cutecas,  and  Queretaro  at  once  signified  their  adhesion, 
T.'unanlipas  followed,  Michoacan,  San  LuisPotobi,  and 
other  j)rovinces  wei'c  j)reparing  to  overcome  the  still 
hesitating  garrisons,  and  (xuanajuato  was  certaiidy 
not  fi'iendly  to  the  central  authorities."" 

Santa  Anna  reached  Queretaro  on  November  'J.Oth, 
^\  ithout  meeting  any  resistance,  for  the  garrison  had 
stood  aloof  during  the  late  a<^itation,  but  so  chilling 

^'OiiXov.  23<1.  Trigiieroi,  the  finance  minister,  hail  on  Oct..  '2'Mi  been 
ri'!il:ici(l  \>y  llari)  y  T.iniariz,  an  intiinatu  friuml  (if  Santa  Ainia.  l.omliaivlo 
iiail  U'cn  sug'^c-iteil  for  the  pcwt.  Sco  /•"(//).  I'm:,  Ixxvi.  j)t  iii.  10;  JJulr/iii 
A'jli-.,  Nov.  IJ,  1844, etc.  DtputyLlacaof  (juurctaro and  Gomez  I'cdruzatiKik 
till'  Irailin;;  part  against  tlic  cabinet. 

■"'Instances  in  Dej'vima  Iiilcij.  Xar.,  Nov.  23,  1S44,  etc.;  I'lih//.  Xur., 
Nov.  IJ(h,  'Jlst,  .'JOth,  etc.;  even  from  .lalifco,  Ahtjn,  Nov.  lllli,  l.'itii. 

■'■'I'rii.iperous  Aguascalientes  hail  lonj;  aspired  to  become  tlie  capital  of  the 
country,  and  stood  generally  ready  to  conspire  ngainst  it.  ('olu■cl■nin^'  its 
cmiilition,  sec  (Jcnz'di-.,  Hint.  Aijnn-iCitl.,  I.'IJ  et  seip  lOsparza  was  governor 
of  /acutccas.  Tiio  garrison  of  Santa  Anna  do  Tamanlipas  .seconded  the  rcvo- 
bitiuii  already  on  Nov.  l.")tii,  the  other  districts  following  gradii;illy.  Ihista- 
vi'iiilr,  Mcia.  H'lnl.  Mi'x.,  MS.,  i.  22;)  (i,  ii.  |;{.  ('olinvi  lunl  i'>n'^  li^'cu  agitatint; 
to  become  a  territory,  t'olimn,  Itfjirvn.,  3-lS,  independent  of  Mu'lmai  an. 
Miih.,  Inform''^.  1S4.">,  28.  Opposin:^  arguments  in  i'oliiiin,  Itijhx.  id  In- 
/•'f/iX',  18;  Pap.  \'ar.,  clxxxv.  ]it  .'{,  cxciii.  pt  7;  Moult.  <'oiintit.,  Mar.  20, 
ISb'i,  etc.  For  (iuanajuato,  see  (,'..,s-,  Silno,  in  6V'.  Mix.  fi'co'j.,  JJulit.,  rp. 
2a,  iv.  740;  liddiii  Xo'ic,  Dec.  24,  18H.  In  San  Lui.^  I'otosi,  severed  tii- 
inidls  were  re(piircil  to  prevail  on  the  authorities.  TIaseala  joini'd  on  Nov. 
2kli.  Vera  Cruz  at  first  sided  stron;^ly  with  its  favorite  hero  and  resident, 
ill  a  petition  to  the  congress  against  tlio  Iniri  itlvii  fnun  Jalisco,  l»ut  causes 
Kuiiu  apoeareil  to  cliango  its  tone.  Itivera,  Jli<  Jdlnjia,  iii.  (ilS  et  »e(|. 
llrinonslr.ince  of  (Juadalajara  in  JaL,  AV/wi.,  .'1-12;  I'iii'irl,  Cutl.  Animig 
I'urcdca'  precautions  hud  beuu  to  sueuio  the  revcuuc  of  the  port  of  Sau  Ulas. 


mc 

1 

l>L?HK,i!' 

n 

k   ^h^ll 

.^14,  iyi 

J 


910 


MISRULr.  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SAXTA  AWA. 


"Nvna  tlio  reception  tlu'it  lio  sent  a  force  to  hrhv:*  out 
tlio  corporutions  for  a  reprimand.  ][c  insisted  tli.it 
the  assembly  should  retract  its  indorsement  of  Pare  - 
dc's'  plan  and  tender  obedience,  and  this  heinj^  refused, 
he  ordei  id  the  members  to  be  arrested  and  consi'ni'd 
to  tlie  fortress  of  Peroto.  At  the  same  time  he  r«  - 
jtlaccd  Governor  Dominj^'uez  by  General  J u vera  f  n- 
iiiivinjj^  undertaken  to  transmit  the  declaration  of  that 
body/'^     On  receiving  the  news  Deputy  Llaca  at  once 


H.     L  ('  I  N      P  O  T  O  H  I 


XIrhn, 


Twxrdll 


J. -I  I)  an 


TMIn.aiujo 


s.juMTbE.        '    „>KV     1 

-'"TSpallll.n 

,^  ^y  8IS.R0M 

KItaol 


;s>^"*<r5. 


^^o\S 


^  (iuravalUlofl    - 
■'S.MIiciirl  <l  (IrsiMlo 


"u«(oi 


; 


^!^^ 


*5  "'"•r^r^f"- 


f    K  Vr  1 
,/    .  v.'I''i"i*"'" 


«' 


r? 


8la.('hu 
Juan  (le  la  Vt 


,.ri 


^Sta.Rora 


CVIavaj 


liaiiiai-utro  ^C* 
10  "^ 


■  QUERETARO 
KatttDi'l* 


ijO' 


Taj" 


"Dotan 


'/SU.Kf  JiA"|l»niacuti^p 
TlozaaalcA 


^iirlliupulK 
PurHandlro  J'ijfi'a.** 


If  Sanlintro 

Salvallerm^jj,  „ 

^JfCoroiiM    Ameaico 

1*^-0  I  !ir»H 


danfK^IN/        V  "  I'^'Q"'""'''  ^'   jMolln.ia  de  Ouballiri 
X'VAWiiii/VAialnbaro       ^^V 

s.j.,airzn5ji..wi.„^'-«,.,,C'      (J  A  N' 


Santa  Anna's  AIovEMiiNxs. 

arose  in  behalf  of  his  constituents,  and  caused  tlio 
ministry  to  be  summoned  before  the  chambers  to  an- 
swer for  the  arbitrary  proceedings  of  their  self- 
appointed  commander-in-chief.  The  message  beinj^ 
disregarded,  they  were  arraigned,  like  their  fonncr 
colleague.     Among  the  charges  was  tampering  with 

*''  Qiier.,  Rrl.  U!sf.,  1-CO;  Minrel.,  iii.  pt  4,  giving  the  history  of  tlie  prn- 
CPediiiga  at  Qucretaro  from  Nov.  9.  Also  testiinuuy  in  'Santa  Anna,  Cuu<ti, 
ap.  133-80. 


ACTION  OF  COXOUKSS. 


271 


flic  m:ills  by  oponini:^  private  letters  in  quost  of  con- 
s|>iiat()i's.  .Miiiisti-r  Haraiula  iimv  hastened  t<>(^Mti'u- 
i.iro  to  confer  with  Santa  Ani.a,  and  thei'e  it,  was 
decided  to  repeat  tlio  art  which  had  proved  so  ( ll'ect- 
ive  at  tlio  close  of  1842  in  siistainiiiiL?  the  «h('tati»i'. 

The  chainl)ers  met  as  usual  on  ]Jeceinh(>r  1st,  i»ut 
diu'inLJ  ii  hrief  recess  the  doors  were  chtscMl  a^'aiiist 
the  returning  n)end)ers  h^' an  armed  loree.  They  had 
IP)  alternative!  but  to  submit,  yet  not  without  unit  in  .f 
to  issue  a  solemn  protest  aj^ainst  the  diflerent  aiM- 
Ir.iiv  Jiets  committetl  a'^ainst  tiiem  and  tin?  countrv.''^ 
The  ministry  soui^ht  to  counteract  it  by  a  ))roelaiiia- 
tioii,  wherein  they  cast  odium  on  the  representatives 
for  uiM)atriotic  oi)nosition  to  the  measures  of  thi;  ad- 


'1' 


)ppos 


ministration.  The  dissolution  was  ro(piiretl  foi-  the 
pioinpt  reestablishmtiut  of  order  and  tluj  recovery  (»f 
Texas,  and   would    be   maintained    till    these    ol)jeets 


we 


re  accomplished.     Under  the  direction  of  the  ( 


ou- 


st itutional  president,  Santa  Anna,  and  his  substitute, 
tlie  jjfovernment  [)roposed  to  exercise  all  functions  to 
this  end,  with  particular  attentior  to  the  tinaneial, 
militai-y,  and  foreiijjn  de[>artinents,  yet  without  inei'eas- 


I  !!'_'• 


the  contributions,  or  encroacbini^  upon  life  and 
pinpci-ty  or  upon  the  pi-oletariat.  S[H'eious  j)r(.'te\ts 
lii.e  tliese,  from  such  a  source,  deceived  no  on(!.  The 
IkiikI  of  the  despot  was  only  too  plainly  seen'^*  in  the 
\  ry  resemblance  to  form(;r  acts  and  ar!jjuinents.  J)ep- 
uiies  and  senators  exposed  them  in  th(>ii' piotests,  and 
the  people  manifeste<l  their  indi.i^nation  in  tumultuous 
uitherluGTs  and  loud  denunciation,  wherein  the  assem- 
Illy  and  ayuntamiento  of  ]\Iexico  jomed,  the  former 
Voluntarily  suspending  its  sessions  till  the   constitu- 

'"Tlmtof  the  deputies  was  signcdby  all  but  ten  members.  The  prcf<Mt 
Sill .j'ht  tn  (lisisolve  till!  scmitoiiiil  iiu'otiii'^  at  the  liouse  of  its  presicloiit,  \<ut 
Im'I  to  I'ctii'o.  Congress,  after  sitting  ihiring  the  lirst  three  mnnths  of  t'l" 
year,  lolioverl  the  permanent  ilepula'iioii  on  .June  1st  in  extra  si;ssi')ii.  'I  ii  • 
iKiuil  susMion  beginning  July  1st  was  prurogued  on  Sept.  "Jotii.  Ucfcrc;! -I's 
t  1  ••ind  reports  of  proceedings  in  CoiixlUitnonal,  Pahd.  iVffc. ;  hiano  Hi  I,  , 
/>.''■""'-  In'pi}.  Nn<\;  M'X.,  <'ol.  /<y.,  lS44-fi,  l!»-'J-2,  .'{.'Mm,  passim. 

'"  Ilevealed  besides  l)y  intercepted  letters  to  Canalize,  his  tool,  and  puh- 
lislied  in  Santa  Anna,  L'ama,  to  bo  referred  to  later. 


n 


r 


lUiS 


"Ai 


272  MISIIULE  AND  OVEIITIIIIOW  OF  SANTA  AXNA. 

tion  slioulil  a.^aiii  provail,  and  tlio  latti^r  (lishaiidin'^ 
ratlu.T  than  take  tbo  oatli  of  olu'dienco  now  cxaclcfl 
I)}'  tlio  govorninont  from  all  odicials  and  authorities.''' 
Every  one  of  those  acts  added  to  tlio  ferment  at 
the  capital.  Pasquinades  and  threatening  noticcst 
appeared  against  the  executive,  and  the  statue  of 
Santa  Anna  was  made  an  object  of  ridicule  by  means 
of  a  hangma!i's  cap  and  other  devices.  Now  caiiK? 
news  that  the  garrison  at  Puebla  had  pron(miU'((l 
against  Santa  Anna.  Tiie  govermuent  fully  undti- 
stood  the  effect  this  would  have  at  Mexico,  and 
sought  to  create  a  diversion  by  fomenting  a  pronuii- 
ciamiento  in  favor  of  the  federal  system,  to  be  subse- 
quently directed  to  its  own  advantage,  as  on  moio 
than  <mo  previous  occasion.  The  opponents  saw  the 
move,  and  recognizing  the  danger  of  a  split,  hastened 
to  anticipate  it."*  On  the  5tii  of  December  the  bat- 
talion of  recruits  under  Cespedes  caught  the  Puebl.i 
infection,  and  in  course  of  the  day  other  sections  <it' 
trv)o[is  at  the  capital  also  declared  for  the  plr.n  df 
Paredes,  including  the  Puoblan  corps  at  the  2)alace, 
and  called  on  General  Josd  Joaquin  Ilcrrera,  j)resi- 
dent  of  the  council,  to  assume  direction  of  ailairs 
in  accordance  with  the  constitution."*  Without  hesi- 
tation Ilcrrera  summoned  the  deputies  to  the  con- 
vent of  San  Frr  icisco,  and  thence  issued  on  the  Gtli 
an  appeal  to  Ca.  alizo  to  assist  in  upholding  the  con- 
stitutional government  and  prevent  bloodshed.  Find- 
ing by  this  time  that  ho  could  not  rely  even  on 
the  few  troops  still  around  him,  the  representative 

"By  ilecrco  of  Doc.  3(1.  Pinart,  Coll.,  no,  7.11.  The  proclamation  con- 
cerning tlie  suspension  had  been  prepared  already  on  Nov.  *J9tli,  J)ix/iw.  I'l- 
r/'W,  V.  4(5,  eignetl  like  otlicr  important  acts  by  Canalizo,  Jlcjon,  IJaraiid.i, 
llaro,  ami  Basadre.  It  was  evidently  Hiibmitted  to  Santa  Anna  for  revision. 
Alcalde  Caiiodo,  the  proxy  at  Santa  Anna's  marriage,  sought  to  intiniidiiio 
tlic  regidores,  and  when  ho  returned  with  a  posse  for  the  purpose  ho  fuuiid 
the  body  dissolved.  The  supreme  court  also  refused  to  take  the  oath.  Ijhs- 
taniante,  J/h/.  Sanfti  Aiiua,  3.17-01,  etc.,  considers  the  exacting  of  tlie  ouili 
tlie  cuhiiinatiug  motive  for  the  revolution  at  Mexico. 

"'  Tlie  federaliat  move  was  planned  for  Dec.  4tii,  but  could  not  bo  per- 
fected in  time  and  was  deferred  till  the  night  of  tho  5th.  Il>. 

'''Which  declared  that  the  head  of  tho  council  should  till  the  vacant 
presidency. 


TIIK  l»l(  TATOll.S  Li:*;. 


27:j 


if  Santa  Aim.a    ylcldt'cl  a  pMsslvo   acqiiirsci'iif't'.     A 
.(•lii'H  of  salvos  and   a   <^(!neral   liiin'm.;'  ol'  hells   ;ui- 


*'i 


iiitiincoil    tlio    triunii)li,    taken    \i[>    \>y    tin;    viva> 
(•rt»\v«'8  HUr|L;in<^   towjii'd  tho  convent.     The  dipiidi's 
marched    Imck    in    i)roces!;i<»n    to  their    hall    iit 


now 


I 


the  palace,  many  of  them  hornu  aloft  on  the  shonl- 
tleis  of  eiiMiusiastic  followers.  At  the  same  time 
,1  jiordon  >r  tho  rahblo  hroke  opi-n  the  tond)  con- 
t;iinin;^  Sant.  Anna's  le^%  and  dia^in'ed  this  mem- 
Inr  with  a  cord  through  the  streets  midst  iiiKidls. 
Anotliir  entered  tin;  theatre  recently  erected  in  his 
Imiioi",  and  smash(;d  his  larj^'e  gvi(;inu  elliuy  in  the 
M'slihnle.  The  hron/e  statue  iii  'he  j»la/.a  would 
liave  fared  a  similar  l'at(!,  hut  for  the  prompt  action 
of  tho  authorities  to  foiestall  th    nioh  and  hide  it. 


113 


That  same  evening;' tl»c  chan.bers  reo[iijuod  formally 
;ni<l  joine<l  in  perfecting  plans  foi'tho  ih.-w  j^overnnient, 
V.  hereof  tho  senate   conlirnied  IL  I'lcra  as  temporal 


ly 


president."*  Tho  min' 4ry  now  installed  was  coin- 
]M)sed  of  Luis  Cuovas,  Kiva  l^alacio,  i'edro  K<'hovir- 
1  i;i,  and  Ueneral  Pedro  Garofa  C\)nde,'"  a  selection  that 
iiiet  with  general  apjiroval.  JJefore  the  grand  jury 
fiinned  hy  the  two  houses  Santa  Anna  was  ai'raigned 
ill  coimnon  with  his  subservient  ministers,  and  orders 
were  issued  for  the  arrest  of  these  as  well  as  Cana- 
li/t).  Basadre  was  ca])tured  on  the  way  to  (^ueretaro, 
disguised  as  a  friar,""  but  llaro  suc('eeded  in  gaining 
that  place,  and  his  two  colleagues  remained  in  hiding. 
The  revolution  at  Mexico  came  most  opportunely. 

•■''Tlio  leg  was  also  secured  and  relmri('<l.  On  the  preceding  day  Santa 
Anna  IkkI  celebrated  the  sixth  annivirsary  of  tlie  action  wherein  he  histtlio 
1  ',  anil  ai'i|tiired  tho  reputation  of  a  Ihm-o.  Allusinns  to  the  statue  in  tiio 
ri|i.iit  (if  the  theatre  committee.    Tfafm  Siniln-Aun'i,  l)hsirt\,  1SH,  U  1."). 

'"  \'<y  decree  i.ssued  on  Dec.  7th.   Jliihlan  and    Itirjiiio,  Lvj.  MiX.,  iv.  71^1. 

''  l'<ir  relations,  justice,  finance,  and  war,  icspcctively. 

''■ '  (licrto  <iuo  luiria  un  fraile  do  bella  )ii;ura,'  observes  I'ustanianto  ironi- 
cally. Il\si..  Santa  Anmi,  .3."i();  />!.,  Man.  Ili^t.  Mry.,  MS.,  i.  -iO.!,  etc. 
1'  pnty  Llaca,  wlio  luwl  played  so  prominent  a  part  in  these  clian'jes  with  his 
I  I  pienco  and  stanch  attitude,  died  on  the  Kith  of  livei' compl.iint,  in  the 
iniistof  hi  triumphs.  ConM'itticionul,  Dee.  17,  IS44,  etc.;  Aa  Mino-ni,  Mar. 
1^"),  lS4."(,  etc  As  governors  of  Mer'  -o  deimrtmcnt  and  capital  districts  dnr- 
iii,'  the  year  ai'e  named  Juan  Olinos,  .liian  (Ja.s;dlore8,  General  liiucun,  and 
linuUy  General  Condellc.  J)i,'<iM.i.  Variiui,  \.  40, 
Ui»r.  Mes.,  Vol.  V.    18 


274 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


Santa  Anna,  with  a  select  arni}'^  of  nearly  14,000  men, 
was  already  at  Silao,  on  the  way  to  crush  Paredes 
and  reduce  to  obedience  the  adjoining  provinces. 
The  task  seemed  easy  enough,  for  their  forces  woro, 
scattered,  and  the  mere  appearance  of  so  imposing  an 
opponent  might  suffice  to  restore  order.  Paredes 
himself  felt  so  little  confidence  that  he  prepared  to 
intrench  himself  in  some  strong  position.  The  news 
from  Mexico  upset  the  whole  plan.  In  a  council  of 
officers  it  was  decided  that  Santa  Anna  should  rens- 
sume  the  role  of  president  in  order  to  give  legality  to 
his  acts,  and  march  at  once  against  the  capital,  as  tlio 
present  centre  of  the  revolt.  A  preliminary  measun; 
was  to  seize  all  the  funds  he  could  lay  hands  upon  at 
the  mint  and  public  offices  of  Guanajuato  and  other 
towns,"'  and  to  impress  additional  men  at  the  settle- 
ments en  route,  all  of  which  swelled  the  popular  out- 
cry. A  force  was  left  at  Guannjuato  to  check  tlie 
speeding  outbreak,  and  as  a  further  precaution  Gov- 
ernor Cortazar  was  inveigled  and  made  a  prisonei-, 
after  havlntr  rejected  tlie  diti'crent  offers  of  Santi 
Anna  for  obtaining  his  adhesion,''^  while  a  partial 
concession  was  made  at  Queretaro  by  reinstalling  tlio 
assembly  and  governor."'^ 

Fully  aware  that  the  wrath  of  the  suspended  presi- 
dent would  turn  against  them,  the  new  authorities  at 
Mexico  took  prompt  steps  for  defence,  authorizing  a 
loan  of  half  a  million  and  the  free  introduction  of  sup- 

«'  From  tlie  mint  8130,000  wore  taken.  800,000  of  whioh,  Ijelonging  to  tlio 
condc  (lu  I'eiez  (lulvez,  were  suhsciiueutly  restoreil.  The  duties  from  t!n; 
fair  iit  Lagos  yickled  $50,000,  ami  so  foith,  of  which  Minister  Haio  tuuk 
chai';,'c. 

^\Such  .19  the  war  portfolio  and  the  captaincy  general  of  Oiian.jiialo. 
Santa  AiuiawrDtii  that  he  wished  to  confer  with  hiiu  about  resigniui,'  the  pno- 
idency.  Cortazar  set  out,  l)ut  was  seized  at  Tula  on  Dec.  '2.')th.  linlcthi  S<iti<:. , 
Dec.  19,  1.S41.  Correspondcnco  between  him  and  Parcdes,  in  Pabel.  Xac, 
Nov.  2C),  i28,  1844. 

''"lie  had  no  sooner  passed  the  place,  liowpver,  than  they  reasserted  tluii- 
alherence  to  the  revolution.  Tlic  gamson  had  thought  it  best  to  deohno 
their  loyalty  to  Santa  Anna.  The  latter  had  turned  back  from  Silao  ov.  Ilcc. 
l.'i^h,  sending  on  the  w.ay  a,  warning  to  Herrcra.  This  and  other  documents 
may  be  found  in  the  ditrercnt  jonrnala  of  the  day,  including  such  reuioto 
issues  as  Mcteoro  de  Sin,,  Jan  17,  1845. 


ATTACK  ON  PUEBLA. 


"'  ""•'"'■a'-J  forces  to  be  nS  ■      ,  ""=  '"^'Partn.onts 

'•""fnuous  influx  of   1 '"^f  ^^^  "■"•«  ^•li«re<  !«■  -^ 
--"...try,  .showing.  tl,lt  C  Se^s'r  f"  '""■*»  "''    '. 
'■<-.».vo   attitude   of  theoS    ,   '/''""^■''''''''' .'..'I 

o    nmvo  who  aAleJ  g,'c    F'  t  t]    ™'",""  ''"'  "."t 

t.-e..gtl.  by  ,„archi„„  if,  „  Z'     *''?  ™«u..sftts,„  ,„„| 

'"',.;«  and  announcin"     „t  K       """'  "  «".«i<lo.vd,io 

'^';e  tl,e  e  ty  he  found  it  .tmn^r'"';'"'  ''""--'^l^- 

I  u.s,a.st,c  gam«on  of  full    s 'M '"•"'"■'"I.  "ith  an 

■H'l.roaclnns  at  the  head   /j  nno       '?'  "'"' I".»v.lc.. 

';■■'.■..  J'fforont  directions      hit  h  V''"'  f'"'  '«"l•■.■- 

;;launod  by  the  con.v,.e.s.  '.>,'';'  ';."»'«'"^  ■'tood  ,„„. 

,?•  ..^n,e„,  to  when,  a  |„r  ,  tl't"^  '^"""  '''««'-<l 
I"  iKs.ege  the  place  .see  e  ",  I  ""'"  ''«'<'  ">■(/■ 
f.l"i.stance.s;  and  so  aft^  n       ■'''''"■*  '""'"r  the  cii- 

J"!'  Horrera.  togell  c^,  it!™birf""«'-'  "^  'I-"-  ' . 

-'«■.'  e  the  question  in  a    it  -l?.  I    1n"'»  '■''.""en^o  ,„ 

'"""^'•■'We  point  to  'ehS-k  •  hf      ""'""■'''  "'"  ""'s  I-'- 
:"   eastward,  and   p  "b;^^^,?'?''' "'''''«  '•ovoh,. 
H.s  overtures  bein..  «r  dv  r^i    I     ","'   «'"   '•".■.vnt 

...Jan,  heopened  (ire  ™i  ?«,'•'"  C<.......au,laut 

If-  a,  and  i„  course  „f  ti?e  fiwt        ""i>'  ""  J"".'...y  2 
"■"'  ''»tb-i..g  positions  ''B;''"7,"f  '''^•-!  «"■.■.•"!  sev-' 

,..„  "'  ^"'''""  "«"'od  a  stout 

:''^  >"H  accented      Isi"    .  '  ^'"■"'"  "f  'i  "loro  /fllT   .      ''-  ""■  '^'■•'-     Ury. 
'"o  tI.o  gan-is?;  '•     ''''^"^'  ^'^'-r  recent,  dis plLy" ^l    "''t''  l""^  '"«  *«'''-''• 

i    y'-a  tiuifc  activity  iucryani.. 


'•!   1': 


276 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


resistance,  yielding  only  step  liy  step.  This  tenacity 
was  wholly  unex[)ectecl,  tor  lie  had  only  a  few  hundred 
men,  of  whom  less  than  200  were  regular  troo])s, 
while  the  besiegers  numbered  more  than  1 0,000. ■- 
Still  the  place  could  not  hold  out  much  longer.  Now 
came  news,  however,  that  Parcdes  and  Alvarez  had 
reached  Mexico  and  were  already  on  the  way  with 
relief,  under  the  direction  of  Bravo,  as  commander-in- 
chief,  further,  tliat  Arias  had  pronounced  for  the 
i-evolution  with  the  northern  armv,  arrestinof  General 
Woll,  one  of  the  stanchest  sup[)orters  of  tiic  lato 
government.  These  blows,  together  with  the  de- 
moralizinjjf  effect  of  the  retroLjrade  march  from  Silao 
and  the  retreat  before  ]\Iexico,  proved  decisive.  Santa 
Anna  liad  more  bluster  tlian  resolution.  Although 
the  allied  forces  were  little  or  not  at  all  superior  to  his 
own  in  number,'^ and  inferior  in  training,  he  no  longir 
held  out  the  challenge  for  a  battle,  but  raised  the 
siege,  aban<loned  the  several  advantageous  positions 
gaiueil,and  withdrew  to  an  adjoining  village,  allowing 
the  allies  to  enter  Puebla  on  the  r2th.'*  To  this  ste[) 
contributed  probably  a  doubt  of  his  soldiers'  loyalty. 
Ho  nevertheless  proposed  to  make  use  of  them,  if  not 
to  light,  to  back  by  their  imposing  number  the  nego- 
tiations which  he  now  opened  witli  Herrera  for  securing 
all  the  concessions  possible.  To  this  end  ho  sent  Minis- 
ter llaro,"  supported  by  the  now  liberal  Cortazar,  to 

"A  plot  was  fostered  to  betray  him  for  200  ounces  of  gold,  but  failnl. 
The  llower  of  his  snuill  garrison  had  ^oiio  to  Mexico.  JhiKtuiiiantc,  Ilitt.  Sa,:'a 
A.iiKi,  ',i',)o;  Id.,  Mviii.  aid.  JMcx.,  AIS.,  i.  '2.')7-'i3;  M4x.,  Mem.  Uiter.,  l>'i'>, 
12  14. 

'•■^  'I'ho  details  of  forces  under  Parcdes  and  his  eonijianions,  in  Boletiii  Xo- 
lie,  .fan.  I'i,  184."),  etc.,  show  1  l,(JS8,  of  whieli  ll.lfSO  wen;  cavalry. 

'*Tho  names  of  Inclan  and  Clovernor  Cabofranco  weic  by  decree  of  Scji!-. 
0,  184"),  ordered  inscribed  in  the  assembly  hall  in  eounncnioratiou  of  tlKif 
valiant  defeuco,  and  so  at  QuerLHaro  that  oi  (Jovernor  Domingucz,  and  at 
Guadalajara  those  of  I'arcdes  and  Governor  Escobedo.  All  who  joined  in  tlio 
revolt  received  certain  jirivileges,  such  as  e.xoniption  from  militia  service,  aul 
'  llevani  la  i'uebla  el  rtnombro  de  fiwirta.'  Mex.,  Dccnt.  Jliii.,  1845,  no.  ol. 
Tiie  sieyo  was  practiojiUy  over  on  tho  7th. 

'•'Although  provided  with  a  frf,  pass  by  Bravo,  he  narrowly  escaped  malc- 
treatmcut  from  tho  people  at  Mexico.  An  informant  of  Bustamanto  declares 
that  a  council  of  war  under  Santa  Anna  had  decided  a^^aiust  iirin^  on  ilio 
people  at  I'uebla,  and  even  to  sulxnit  to  tho  new  government.  IJitst.  Saiila, 
Anna,  40U-7.     liaro's  uonnnissiou  is  dated  Jan.  Oth. 


FLIGHT  AND  CAPTURE. 


277 


(Ifinand  tlio  .'iccc[)taiioc  of  liis  spontanooiis  resij^^natioii 
(»t"  tlio  pre.siduiicy,  pcrinis.sion  to  retire  to  a  ibiel^ii 
country  of  his  own  selection,  with  full  pay  and  it>s- 
toration  of  hi.s  statues  and  portraits,  and  the  retention 
of  his  officers  in  their  position.'"  But  under  the 
changed  aspect  of  affairs,  with  roenforcenients  in- 
cri^asing,  Herrera  refused  to  entertain  any  other  terms 
than  unconditional  suhniissiou  with  surrender  of  the 
iiiilitaiy  command  to  Cortazar,  and  Santa  Anna  now 
(lirtcted  his  attention  wholly  to  esca{)e,  even  before  a 
doiinite  answer  came.  A  large  proportion  of  his 
iiu'u''  urged  him  to  make  a  bold  stand,  i)romising  to 
sustain  him  to  the  last;  but  he  had  no  I'aith  in  the 
])rospect.  lie  counselled  thcui  to  submit,  and  then 
(l(j)arted  for  the  coast  with  a  small  force.'"*  On  ap- 
pi'oaching  Jalapa,  he  sent  to  ask  General  Rincon  ibr 
a  pass  under  wliich  to  embark  at  Vera  Cruz.  Instead 
of  consenting,  this  officer  took  steps  to  secure  his 
p(  i'S(jn;  and  bidding  i'arewell  to  the  escort,  the  alarmed 
Santa  Anna  hastened  awa}^  by  paths  little  known, 
attended  only  by  two  intimates.  He  was  discov- 
ered near  Jico,  lu)wever,'''  and  taken  to  Perote,  there 
to  await  the  sentence  of  compress.  This  solution  of 
tlie  trouble  was  celebrated  with  great  denn)nstrations 
at  Mexico  and  elsewhere.^" 

Santa  Anna  protested  loudly  against  his  imprison- 

'° Tlia  iloouinents  hearinqon  the  case  exist  in  sopiiratc  iormin  Santa  Aniin, 
Corrc-i/K  < litre  <7  Su/>.  <j'i>!>.,  Mexico,  184,"),  1-51;  also  in  I'iiiart  Coll.,  no. 
T't't;  li'ilctin  Xofic,  Jan.  7,  181.'),  et  scq. 

''  '  Todoa  1(3  aeouscjuroii  nucsi;^uiose  laeampafn.'say.s  Zaiuacoia,  f/iit.  Mij., 
NJi.  liTis  Init  this  is  wroiiLT,  tor  the  reti'eat  from  I'ue'ohi  had  increased  the  de- 
lui'nli/.'iiion  and  desertions. 

'■■^Of  -lUO  light  cavalry  luuli^r  Avalos,  and  .'iOO  dra^'oons,  and  some  hnss.'irs 
under  Toirejon,  wlio  left  with  hi;n  nu  the  lltli.  The  l' irnier  .•il),in  loind  hi;ii 
i;t  an  e.uly  stage.  Iiirlaii,  in  /'innrt  t'uU.,  no.  7I!'i.  When  Morales  suiiin- 
(urcd  the  army  on  the  llftli  there  vero  little  over  5,000  ni'.'n  leit  in  eamii. 
Md.v..,  Mem.  Oui'r.,  184."),  14. 

'"  Willi  4  servants,  on  tlie  l.")th.  The  two  intimates  oscapod.  They  nre 
snid  to  li;ive  been  Torrejoii  and  llailillo,  hut  tills  is  douhlfnl.  No  liril)es  p;e- 
vailed  wiih  the  Indian  captors.  According  to  N'illa-Amor,  llin'i.  Smil'i.  .iima, 
'J'-l,  they  woulil  have  niailc  a  tamale  of  him  and  l)iirned  him,  hut  fiir  tiiu 
eura'a  interposition.     Ollicial  despatches,  in  Uo/clin  \<jfii\,  Jan.  (J.  184.'),  et 

^' Already  on  the  l.'Uh,  when  the  puhlij  auuouiicnmcnt  was  umdu  of  his 
flight.  J/c.i\,  Col.  Ley.,  l!>4i-U,  7'J-80. 


! 


\ 


i  if 


4m 


278 


MISRULE  AXD  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  AXXA. 


I 


iiK^p.t,  and  against  tho  presumption,  as  lie  termed  it,  of 
blinking  to  trial  the  constitutional  president  of  the 
country,  guiltless  as  lie  was  at  least  of  treason.'^ 
Nevertheless,  ho  considered  it  best  to  present  a  de- 
fence of  his  late  attitude.  As  virtual  president,  it 
was  bis  duty  to  take  steps  to  suppress  the  revolution 
of  Jalisco,  which  threatened  the  peace  of  the  country 
and  stood  arrayed  against  the  constitution  itself.  If 
in  so  doing  he  had  among  other  acts  proceeded  arhi- 


FOHTUESU  OF   PeBOTE. 


trarlly  against  the  authorities  at  Queretaro,  it  was 
because  they  stood  as  the  avowed  accomplices  of 
rebels.^''     The  grand  jury   of  congress    nevertheless 

"'  'Contra  la  independeiicia,  iii  contra  la  forma  de  gobierno.'  Reply  to 
interrogations,  in  Saiifa-Aitnn,  Caum,  7U,  etc. 

*''llo  had  approved  the  suspension  of  congress,  but  this  approval  vns 
merely  an  opinion  expressed  of  an  act  already  accomplislied.  He  called 
attention  to  his  many  cflbrta  for  improving  difTerent  departments  of  ad- 
niiuiatration  and  fostering  public  institutions,  and  to  iiis  services  for  Ihe 
republican  cause,  which  lie  was  tlic  first  to  proclaim  by  rising  against  Itnr- 
bidc.  Ho  also  seeks  to  influcnco  his  judges  by  explaining  tiiat  his  wealtli  is 
but  tho  natural  result  of  long  and  prudent  mana'^enient,  assisted  by  tho  hi-li 
pay  from  his  otBces.     The  argument  is  swelled  by  repetitious  and  pointless 


IMrEACHMENT. 


279 


declared  for  Lis  iuipoaclunent,  on  tlio  ground  that 
liu  had  attacked  the  system  of  government  estab- 
lished by  the  constitution,  dissolving  the  depart- 
mental assembly  of  Queretaro,  and  so  forth;  that  he 
had  promoted  the  decree  suspending  congress,  and 
that  he  had  risen  with  armed  force  against  the  rees- 
tablished constitutional  government.'''^  Proceedings 
were  also  continued  against  Canalizo  and  the  mini.-<- 
tcrs,  and  a  large  number  of  the  leading  officers  who 
had  upheld  them  were  suspended  to  answer  for  their 
course.'*  The  late  |»arty  was  too  inlluential,  however, 
to  be  treated  with  great  severity,  and  b}'^  decree  of 
]\ray  24th  the  past  was  consigned  to  oblivion  in  a  gen- 
eral anmesty,  yet  this  did  not  restore  to  the  pardoned 
their  olHces,**'  and  it  included  Santa  Anna,  Canalizo, 
jiiid  the  four  ministers  only  on  conditi(»n  that  they 
^lujuld  leave  the  country,  the  first-named  forever,  the 
(others  for  ten  years,  giving  bonds  to  answer  pecuniary 
claims  against  them.'"'' 

verbiage,  which  add  to  its  weaknoas.  It  exists  in  separate  form  under  Santa 
Aiiii'i,  ^x'jioiiicloii,  184.1,  l-4.'i,  also  in  P(i/>.  Vur.,  xxvi.  pt  0,  Ixxxv.  pt  "2. 

'■•'Tiii.s  report  was  made  on  Feh.  '24,  1845.  As  regards  tlie  lirst  clmrirc,  ho 
v.:is  declared  liable  nndor  art.  00  of  the  organic  law.  His  share  in  siisjiending 
c.j;i;:,'res3  \v:is  manifested  in  several  oflicial  and  intercepted  private  letters, 
ai  re[)iodiRed  in  tha  Caitfu.     Sec  Santa  Anna,  JJktdmcii  dd  Gran  Jiirailo, 

I  'J I;  Pep.  Tor.,  xxvi.  pt  8.     The  dictdnien  was  approved  by  a  vote  of  90 

II  aiast  7.  The  case  thereupon  passed  to  the  su[irenio  court,  whore  it  continued 
tid  May.  The  jirocess  with  documents  att.achcd  exists  in  SaiUa-Aui/a,  Causa 
i'liiiiiiud,  Acwiiulo  del  Delito  de  Traicioii,  Mqk.,  1840,  l-"24."),  ap.  1-lSO.  Por- 
tions of  this  ajipear  in  separate  form  under  J/c'.c.,  (''(((-ct  S'ltda  Aiiiki,  1  -180; 
i'<'nda-Aiiiiii,  Exjirdinttp,  1-170;  Id.,  I'rorexn,  \~'hr,  Pap.  Vav.,  xxvi.  pta  7, 
10.  AVith  additional  points  and  comments  in  BnxtninanU',  Mem.  JJi.~t.  Mcx., 
]M8.,  i.  •20'2-S4,  ii.  '2-140,  p;i.ssiui;  JJiarlo,  P..ca(i.  .M(.c.,  MS.,  1-08;  Saitta 
.!,(»'',  Apil.  al  Crilirio,  8-14;  K^ndcra  y  Liana,  Mcx.  IliM.,  70,  etc.;  and 
i;i  tin;  journals  of  the  day,  as  Monil.  Constil.,  Mar.  4,  184."),  etc.,  ami  others 
already  (|U(ited.    Voz  del  Pueblo  and  Dvfcii.ior  Aryc.s defended  him  warndy. 

*''  Over  00  in  nuiubcr,  nearly  all  from  the  ai my  abandoned  by  Santa  Anna 
before  I'uebla. 

'■j  Although  even  these  were  conceded  to  most  of  them.  Distinctions  and 
life  positions  were  recognized.  Mii.c,  Col.  Lei/.,  1841-10,  11I-12.  'J'lio 
ii';i:icstj',  so  common  a  measure  in  Mexico,  had  been  mooted  since  robruary, 
Alijiiua-^  ()hneni.,  1845,  l-'20;  Amiiifilia,  ;!,  etc.;  Pap.  Var.,  Ixxxv.  pt  1, 
il  ;xiii.  pt  10,  and  considered  in  congress,  in  Mil.c.,  Dirfdmeii  nohre  AmniMin, 
1-8;  /(/.,  /)(  la,  Mayorla,  i  "20,  and  practicdly  conceded  by  May  12tli,  La 
.Viiwrra,  May  13,  1845.  Ex-president  liu.stainanto  took  advantage  of  it  to 
lotui'n. 

'"They  were  to  be  allowed  half  of  the  pay  granted  them  under  the  last  life 
I'osition  held  previous  to  Xov.  20,  1841,  on  condilion  of  re>iili;i','  wh  re  tho 
g  ivcrument  indicates.     They  had  to  ask  fur  a  slay  of  prococJmgj  against 


P 


''4  ' 


,^¥ 


'M 


280 


MISrULK  AND  OVKIITIIROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


Tliis  tcrniiiuitioii  wns  prob^ibly  tlio  best;  for  witli 
tho  growiiii?  aii^itatioti  in  their  jiartv,  tlic  iidliUMici- 
and  obstacles  brouj^lit  to  bear  on  the  ])r(K'<.'ss,  and 
th(;  diiHeultios  onvelopinj^  the  new  a<bninistration, 
a  fresh  revolution  niii^ht  come  at  any  time  to  n^lcasc 
the  culprits.  Some  of  them  accepted  the  offer  at 
once,  includinjj^  Santa  Anna,  who  embarked  with  his 
youii!^  wife  and  a  few  adherents  on  June  3d  for 
Jlabana.*^^  Before  leaviiiLj  he  issued  one  of  those; 
Avell  studied  appeals  wherewith  he  had  more  than 
once  touched  the  ready  sympathies  of  his  country- 
men. lEo  beixtred  them  to  fortjfive  the  unintentional 
errors  of  a  man  nmtilated  in  defence  of  his  country,  and 
who  now  in  his  old  age  was  seeking  a  refuge  among 
strangers.  He  would  ever,  to  his  last  breath,  oIKm' 
up  his  humble  prayers  to  the  eternal  one  for  tlum- 
prosperity  so  that  they  might  raidv  among  the  fore- 
most and  happiest  of  nations.*'**  He  knew  well  that  a 
ll(»urish  of  his  severed  limb  could  not  fail  t(^  impress 
compassionate  hero-worshippers,  while  an  array  of  his 
'innocent  children,'  with  a  glimpse  of  his  locks  turning 
gray  on  a  distant  shore,  must  stir  the  tender  heart  el' 
a  people  so  filial  and  patriotic. 

At  Habana  he  received  a  merited  rebuke  in  meet- 
ing his  illustrious  predecessor,  Bustamante,  exili'd  by 
him  and  now  on  the  way  home  frcMU  Europe.  Juicies 
de  Dios!^^*     The  new  administration  sought  also  to 

them,  US  a  preliminary  stop.  Rojoii,  ]>avaiiil!i,  and  Ilarowcrc  in  hiilin^'.  V'<r 
the  protracted  suit  ii,L,';iin«t  them,  see  Varicdnlci  Juriip.,  iii.  ll"2-l>"),  I'lT-t)!!; 
JJiisiamaiite,  Mem.  Jlisi.  Jfiw,,  i.  2i)2-J0,  passim,  ii.  (M),  lll-l.'(;  Uffitilrr,  a 
Kill*  Compnt.,  1-S,  Ills  defence;  Mitfrcf.,  iii.  pt  I;  also  Moiiit.  Ciiii.-ilil.,  Mar.  I', 
ISl.'i;  Ahi'.i/o  ihl  Piirliln,  .July  -J!),  181,");  llol'iia  Xofk:,  Mar.  8,  184.'),  and 
other  inimbers  and  joui'uals.  With  review  by  ministers,  in  J/u.t'.,  Mcni.  L'll., 
I8k'),  I'-'-lJO;  III.,  (i.ici:,  1845, .'{,  etc.  Tlie  predecessor  of  ISasadre,  lleyes.  was 
actually  sentenced,  aftei'  a  Ijriiliant  tlefence,  to  loss  of  honors,  ollice,  and  p.iy, 
villi  ten  years'  imprisonment,  for  authoi'iziiig  Santa  Anna  to  ta!;c  ci);'.iin:!:i  I 
of  tho  army;  but  lu:  vas  pardoned.  Iteion  lif.d  escaped  on  board  an  l]Mgli  '.i 
packet  in  April.  Canalixo,  altlioui;li  uinvilling  to  accept  the  amnesty,  \\;n 
Bent  out  of  t!ic  eoiintry.   liircni,  (luh.  <lc  Mix.,  ii.  'J74. 

^'  Not  witliont  a  certain  pomp,  although  a  ptroni;  guard  had  l)ecn  thought 
advisable  to  save  him  from  popular  insult.  J)iario  Uoh.,  .June  I,  IS4.'). 

'"In  Viizilfl  Pnvhlo,  and  other  journals  of  June  G,  1845,  beginning:  '^bji- 
caiios!  en  mi  ultim.a  edad  y  mutilado.' 

*"••  Exclaimed  the  later  arclibisliop  of  (xuatomala,  tlien  administering,'  tlic 
see  at  llabaiia,  when  he  related  this  meeting.  liuHtamantc,  Natvo  lirrntd 


THE  NEW  GOVERNMEXT. 


281 


coiiiitcraot  tlic  schoiiier  by  disiilaA'iii'jf  in  tlio  worst 
li'>lit  the  evils  he  luid  bron'«lit  iu><»ii  the  oountrv  hv 
]ns  despotic,  dislionest,  and  extravnirJiiit  measures. 
]>y  seir.ure  and  illej^al  sale  of  national  or  corporation 
])ro[)erty,  by  outrageous  contracts,  suspended  salai'les 
and  [)aynicnts,  by  enibezzlement  of  funds  and  other 
means,  the  nation  had  been  defrauded  during  his  last 
ruh'  of  fully  thirty  millions,  and  burdened  wi(h  an 
("iiorinous  taxation  that  oppressed  every  industry  and 
cliecked  development.  A  largo  part  of  these  extor- 
tions was  held  and  displayed  by  his  adhei'ents  in  t1io 
most  unlilushintj  manner,  partly  in  estates  talven  from 
tlu'  nation  or  from  institutes  and  occupied  as  gr-ants 
(11-  under  lease  or  trust,  Santa  Anna  himself  having 
increased  his  estates  in  Vera  Cruz  to  princely  [)ropor- 
tii>ns,  and  elsewhere  by  new  accessions.** 

The  efforts  of  the  new  goveriuntMit  were  directed 
fir  a  time  wholly  to  reform,  ouj  feature  of  whi(;h  con- 
si-ted  in  replacing  the  many  inotFicient  officials  intro- 
duced in  every  dei)artment  either  by  favor  or  with  a 
virw  to  serve  as  tools.  Partisanship  prevailed  ewn 
iii)\v  in  many  instances  over  merit,  yet  the  change, 
involving  a  reduction  of  the  excessive  stalls,"'  prov(>d 
iir>st  acceptable.  At  the  same  time  the  achninis- 
tiation  sought  to  secure  itself  by  redistribution    of 

}>ifr.,  20.  Santa  Anna's  hoaltli  liad  RiifTorod  somewhat  (lurin!»  tlio  lonv;  ini- 
lirisoinnciit  at  IVroto,  ami  hi-;  life  hail  even  liivu  consini-oil  a;^'aiiist  V>y  a  parly 
of  j  ii'ocho'',  na  the  coast  ranohero3  of  Vera  Cruz  wore  called.  /(/.,  Jlist.  Santa 
Aiiim,  41!)-'20. 

"'Notably  the  fine  pn  perty  of  Enccro,  where  he  lately  lived  in  reL,':il 
pomp.  '  Va"\  saliido  pur  todos  (pic  do  Vcia  Cniz  liasta  cerca  do  Jalapa  to  lo 
el  territoiii)  liahia  Uegaclo  ;'i  scr  pnijiieihul  suya.'  IHrcra,  O'cili.  (fi-  Me.c,  ii. 
2l)").  etc.  From  tliis  Vera  Cruz  estate  he  th'rived  a  lari^e  income  hy  usi.i,' 
liis  inlliiencc  to  monopolize,  at  times  exclusively,  the  niarlict  at  tlie  poit. 
Kor  ilid  he  scruple  at  smuLjfdin;^'  and  oilier  illcjjal  iiietliods.  See  aUo  tlio 
miui^lerial  reports.  .IMr..  JAw.  I?i/.,  18t.'),  00-2;  /'/.,  Mrm.  Ifn-.,  5  et  nv,\. 
OtliLi's  came  forth  in  asweeping  iuveclive  a;^ain-;t  t'lis  '  TToinhre  funcsto!  Hiin- 
hre  de  maldieion!'  who  has  consumed  the  wealtli  of  the  country,  eorrupfil 
it'!  institutions,  violated  all  laws,  lietrayed  all  parties.  '  Fathers  will  l.i  !i 
their  chih'iren  to  curse  thee,  and  defrauded  widowsaml  orphansaed  i:iijiii  :^.  ! 
and  lietrayed  soldiers  and  peasants  will  join  in  the  outcry,'  and  soforlii.  Au 
njiiistropho  is3ue<l  as  a  letter  in  Siijlo  XIX.,  Dec.  28,  lS4i. 

'"  Santa  Anna  ha,d  issued  over  12,000  army  commissious  between  1S41— tt. 
lih\i\t,  iiob.  lie  J/tx.,  ii.  2S2. 


282 


MISRULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


R  I 


cert.iiii  leatling  gubernatorial  and  other  positions, 
altliougli  not  always  witli  prutlcnco.  Parudcs,  lur 
instance,  was  disposed  of  witli  the  coniandancia  gen- 
eral of  ^lexico,  greatly  to  the  discontent  of  this  now 
popularized  revolutionist."'^  Finances  required  special 
and  delicate  investigation,  with  a  view  to  conform  to 
the  popular  clamor  for  reduction  of  taxes  and  reliefer 
industries,  yet  without  hampering  the  treasury  too 
nmch.  One  step  in  this  direction  was  to  check  the 
enormous  leakage  in  the  shape  of  smuggling  and  tlio 
evasion  of  just  tax  payments."'  Econoni}',  howcjvui', 
was  a  difficult  task  under  the  Involved  state  of  affaiis 
iidicrited  from  the  late  administration.  Echevei- 
ria  abandoned  the  portfolio  of  finance  in  January, 
Pahn'io  surrendered  it  in  despair  two  months  later, 
and  Luis  do  la  Rosa  held  it  only  till  August."*  A 
loan  was  indispensable  for  giving  a  semblance  of  im- 
pulse to  national  defences,  but  the  chambers  dared 
not  yield  readily  to  a  demand  which  had  so  lately 
l)roved  a  main  cause  for  revolution.  Yet  the  mere 
])i'ospect  of  fresh  imposts  was  enough  to  raise  a 
thoughtless  outcry,  in  which  joined  lustily  the  lionlo 
of  malecontents  roused  by  official  pruning  operations, 
and  the  government  was  assailed  for  its  very  lack  of 
power  or  means  to  ])ut  an  immediate  end  to  afflictin!^' 
t!vils,  such  as  the  continued  raid  of  Indians  into  the 
northern  provinces.  The}'-  even  used  against  it,  as  ;iii 
argument  with  the  ignorant,  such  occurrences  as  tho 
transit  of  Mercury,  and  an  earthquake  of  great  sever- 
ity which,  on  April  7th,  did  damage  in  different  parts 


"For  appointments,  see  Bolelin  Nottc,  Jan.  20,  23,  Feb.  17,  etc.,  18) '; 
Snn  Miqucl,  Rip.  Mex.,  71-2;  Dispos,  Varia-'*,  v.  47,  etc.;  JhiMcmanlr,  Mi m. 
JIht.  ^i(J• ,  MS.,  ii.  1:5,  iii.  74,  99;  Monit.  Coiixlit.,  Ap.  19,  184.5.  The  iwr- 
ganization  of  the  departments  was  considered  in  Mfx.,  Dktdmen  Punlox  Con- 
util.,  1845,  l-S;  Diihlnii  and  Lozauo,  Le'j.  Mex.,  v.  4;  Pap.  ]'ar.,  clxxii.  \'t 
7,  clxxiii.  pt  21,  one  point  being  tlie  nninn  of  Agnascalientes  with  Zucatccis. 

''To  wliich  enil  informers  were  lured  by  a  premium  of  two  per  cent  mi 
confiscations.  Max.,  Lnjisl,  Mej.,  April  IS"),'!,  .S8I-4.  Protest  against  f  11  0 
importation  of  cotton.  X.  Leon,  J)iddmen  sohre  Ahiodon,  1-8. 

9'  lie  Mas  appointed  on  Marcli  29th.  J/c'.f.,  Col.  Lry.,^  1S44-G,  98;  Pap. 
Var.,  Ixxxvi.  pt  iii.  14,  29-00.  Thompson  comments  on  Echovorria's  hatred 
of  foreigners.  llccolL  Mex,,  90;  Pai/no,  Mdx.  ij  Cuest.  Fiiiunc,  13. 


CENTRALISTS  AND  SANTANISTAS. 


983 


of  tilt;  republic,  especially  in  the  central  part  border- 
iiii^  on  the  southcirn  range  oC  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
Xochiniilco  .suflered  extremely,  and  in  the  capital  a 
iiuuiher  of  buildings  were  ruined,  involving  also  sev- 
ual  lives."^ 

All  these  circumstances  added  fuel  to  party  spirit, 
imsv  stirred  also  by  approaching  elections.  Feder- 
iilists  and  Santanistas  grew  vociferous,  and  even 
the  persecuted  monarchists  ventured  to  wag  their 
ti)ngucs,'"'  under  the  protecting  folds  of  clerical  gowns, 
aiul  j)artly  by  virtue  of  the  government's  invitation 
t;)  send  in  suggestions  for  constitutional  reforms,  a 
task  which  now  mainly  occupied  the  attention  of  the 
chambers,  as  required  by  the  late  revolution."^  The 
chief  projects  were  those  from  the  assemblies,  and  as 
those  existed  in  virtue  of  the  actual  centralist  consti- 
tution, it  may  be  seen  that  the  demand  for  a  f(.'deral 
(M'jj^anic  law  could  not  prove  overwhelming.  The  pro- 
]i'.)>al  to  change  the  system  was  therefore  rejected, 
jiarlly  also  on  the  ground  that  a  new  a[)peal  to  the 
nation  might  place  the  issue  at  the  mercy  of  army 
and  mob  leaders,  with  perhaps  another  dictator.  The 
Santanistas  had  been  watching  the  progress  of  the 


'■'Tlio  most  severe  shock  here  took  place  at  .W  to  50  minutes  past  3  r.  Ji., 
Mitli  :i  inarUoil  recurrence  on  April  10th.  The  dome  of  tlio  m.iL;niliccnt  Santa 
Tciisa  chapel  fell  in;  tiie  San  Lazaro  hospital  was  ruined;  the  aipuMliict  was 
h;'<il»('ii  in  several  places,  and  so  forth.  'En  Xi'tcliiniilco  no  ha  iiuimIhIu  una 
casa.'  Jjitnttnnanic,  Xiievo  Heruul  Diaz,  31;  /(/.,  Mem.  Jlixt.  Mi'.r  ,  MS.,  ii. 
4.1- J4.  The  virgin  image  do  los  Remedios  was  carried  round  to  calm  the  ter- 
riiiid  people,  and  the  authorities  took  several  precautions,  to,L;cther  with 
nicasiuca  lor  relief.  Consult  Monit.  Coitufit.,  April  8  to  May  4,  ISl,");  also  La 
Minerva,  Diarlo  Gob.,  and  other  journals;  Cortina,  Carta;  Pap.  Vur.,  cxciv. 
lit  0. 

"'Comments  on  growth  of  this  party  in  Amifjo  del  Puchlo,  July  5,  1845; 
P'l/i.   I'ar.,  cvi.  pt  viii.  Xi-'u 

'•'  The  invitation  was  issued  on  Dec.  10,  1844.  As  specimen  of  the  eon- 
llictin;,'  su;;,':,'cstion3  maybe  noted:  A'.  Leon,  Diddmen  sobrc  Conn/if.,  1-lS; 
Vuah.,  In'aiatica  He/orinns,  1-43;  Dnr.,  Id.,  1-14;  Oaj.,  Id.,  l-.'iS;  Mich., 
III.,  1-14;  Znc,  Id.,  1-34;  Pop.  Tac,  Ixxxv,  pts  4-").  Also  in  Monit. 
I'onslil.,  April  11,  13,  May  13,  1845,  IJoletiii  Xotic,  Diurio  Gob.,  La  Minerva, 
Ami'jo  dii  Pniblo,  and  other  journals.  Conuncnts  in  IJn.-</aniaiite,  Mim. 
Ilixt.  Mex.,  MS.,  iii.  158-9;  Gutierrez,  Contest.,  '24-32;  .Miranda,  L'<pns.,  18- 
fiS.  Rivera,  I/i.-it.  Jalapa,  iii.  CS7  J,  703,  takes  a  very  impartial  view, 
nllhoiigh  a  federalist.  Otero  advocates  strongly  federalism.  Ensmjo,  (i;>-4, 
llS-;iU.  While  Rosa  upholds  a  middle  course.  Pap.  Vur.,  xlii.  pt  viii.  45- 
G,  ch.  pt  5,  clxxi.  pt  17. 


'  i^i 


284 


MISRULE  AND  OVEKTIIIIOW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


aL^Mlnlion.  Tlieir  ol)j(«ct  was  reluni  to  power  at  any 
])rico.  Tlioy  wero  too  nrfeatly  in  the  luinority  at  tluj 
inomont  to  uftcct  anything  by  thcniselvea,  but  Iho 
Ictk-ralista  were  stroni^er,  and  so  they  pro[)osc(l  a 
fusion,  ofFering  to  sacririco  principles  if  their  captivu 
(•hani[)ion  were  adopted  as  joint  leader.  This  was 
leadily  agreinl  to,  as  it  had  been  substantially  duiin^^ 
the  Ilrrca-Farins  outbreak  under  Bustamante."''  A 
l)ositive  declaration  against  the  segregation  of  Texas 
was  added  to  gain  support  from  the  hot-headed  portion 
of  tlie  community,  and  emissaries  were  despatched  in 
(liirerent  directions  to  pjromote  cooperation.  In  PucMa 
syinpatl  utic  manifestations  became  apparent;  the  sIlU 
subsistinu:  hostilities  in  the  Mizteca  resjfion  obtaiucil  a 
fresh  impulse;  the  assemblies  of  Zacatecas  and  Yuca- 
can  spoke  firndy  for  a  restorati(Mi  of  the  constitutloa 
of  182-i;  the  governor  of  Chihuahua  was  deposed  by 
a  bloodless  uprising,  and  so  also  in  Tabasco,  althougli 
hei'o  the  comandante  militar  Martinez  prepared  U> 
assert  with  arms  the  supremacy  of  the  federalists."^ 

Santa  Anna,  who  had  lent  the  aid  of  his  purse  to 
tliese  manifestations,  was  daily  waiting  for  an  op})nr- 
1  unity  to  obtain  his  release  in  order  to  })laec  hiuisiU' 
at  the  head  of  forces,  but  the  alarmed  authorities 
luujtened  to  send  him  out  of  the  country.^""  This 
srived  greatly  to  disconcert  the  plans  laid;  neverthe- 
less, the  factions  at  ^Mexico  resolved  to  strike  a  blow, 
availinu'  themselves  of  the  well  known  federalist  sviu- 
pathy  there,  and  the  popularity  of  tlieir  chief  anioii'^^ 
f-ertaln  sections  of  the  rabble  and  of  the  army,  whiili 
had  become  discontented  under  the  economic  pressun; 
of  a  distressed  government.'"^     On  June  7tli,  accorl- 

'^  Tliis  president  also  enlisting  the  fcilcrolists  just  before  his  fall,  as  Saiit.i 
Ann;i  likewise  attcniptecl  to  do. 

"'•'This  llio  lnos^  jironounced  of  the  provincial  manifestations  took  plaii^  nii 
Jinn'  1  till.  For  details  concerning  tlieni  all,  see  Sitjlo  XIX.,  Muiut.  CoK-til., 
and  (ithrr  journals  during  Juno  and  July  1845. 

luu  I  Ci-evi'i  que  con  quince  dias  mas  do  existir  en  la  RepiUdiuji  rccoljr.iria 
su  iniperio.'  littufamaiife,  Niicvo  Di  nial  Diaz,  i.  22. 

'"'  Among  the  promoters  are  named  the  reconciled  Tornel,  Bores,  dij'iity 
for  Yucatan,  Lafragua,  Farias,  and  Olaguibel,  who  iasaid  to  have  wiitten  vm 
prunuuciamieuto. 


DEFEAT  OF  RANGEL. 

inu'ly,  General  Rangel  of  the  artillery '""  entered  tlio 
jialace  with  some  of  the  seduced  troo[)s,  and  wcizedtho 
jiii'sident  and  three  of  his  ministt'ra.  Fortuiuitily 
J  lerrera  had,  in  anticipation  of  an  outbreak,  taken  i)ri'- 
caulions;  and  warned  by  the  war  minister  who  had 
( huled  the  rebels,  Uraga,  the  colonel  in  command  at 
t!u'  palace,  hastened  to  the  rescue  with  astrouL,^  force 
A  brief  though  sharp  contest,  involving  a  loss  of 
Iwintv-threc  men,  suiHced  to  reduce  the  intruders; 
and  elsewhere  similar  prompt  measures  scivcd  to 
cDunteract  the  efibrt  of  conspirators,  who  with  bcll- 
iini;ing  and  shouts  of  Federation  and  Santa  Annal 
souglit  to  rally  the  populace.^""  liangel  was  ca[)tured 
iii  a  hiding-place,  yet  let  off  by  a  sympathetic  court- 
inaitial  with  ten  years'  confinement  to  Acapulco 
jortress/"*  while  the  rebellious  troops  wore  distrib- 
utiil  in  different  directions  to  brood  and  brew  fresh 
trouble.  The  Tabasco  movement  was  also  quelled, 
with  the  arrest  of  the  leader.^"® 


"'-' Seized  in  December  as  a  leading  Santauist  officer.  Dolelln  Nolle,  Dec. 
211,  1S4.. 

"^  Among  the  fallen  was  Captain  Othon,  the  captain  of  the  guard  which 
joined  liiingcl. 

''^' This  court,  one  of  Santa  Anna's  permanent  institutions,  was  now  dia- 
pdlvcd  by  the  congress.  The  defenco  and  judgment  were  based  on  technicali- 
ties, It'i'/iioia,  Di'j'ensa  del  Gen.  liaiKjcl,  1-10;  Jd.,  Se;jinnla  D'/ciisa,  IS,  of 
to  !*hall(jw  an  order  that  the  court  was  assailed  and  obliged  to  defend  itself. 
/V(/(;/f/,  E.-ipon.  por  la  Corle,  1-5.'}.  For  additional  details,  Joc  I'ap.  Vnr., 
\\\\  Jits  4-0,  Ixxxv.  pts  10-12,  Ixxxvi.  pt.  3,  cxcviii.  pts  l-'J;  Jiiirrn,  Mcx, 
J'iiif.,  i.  'Jo,  with  account  of  the  palace  movement;  al-o  Monif.  Coustil., 
Juno  1,8  to  20,  181.J,  passim,  and  other  journals.  JJiislamanli',  Mem.  l/i-t. 
ili'x.,  .MS.,  ii.  123-73,  211,  iii.  18-20,  UO-7.  Some  of  Itangcl's  fcllow-ollicci-a 
V  (.;•(:  degraded. 

''■'  Ta'i.,  Manif.  que  hace  el  Com.,  1-19;  Ami'jo  del  Pnef>h,  July  It),  1845. 

Tho  following  additional  authdritics  have  been  consulted  for  the  forcgoiuc; 
cli;ipUr:  Dndamaide,  Voz  de  hi  Palrht,  MS.,  vi.  1;  /(/.,  dahinrfc  Mex.,  US- 
MI,  155-7,  205-l'2,  ii.  55-7,  I(i4-'20G;  Id.,  Niievo  licninl  Diaz,  i.  IS  .'i2,  07- 
70,  iJO-2;  /(/.,  JIK  Iturbide,  214,  2!)l-3;  Id.,  Ao  ha;/  I'eor  Cana,  1-15;  IiL, 
Suiita  Anna,  passim,  MS.,  ii.  1-8,  17-'2(i,  40,  40,  54-00,  SI,  127-S,  MS.,  iii. 
2_'-(il;  II.,  Mem.  pnra  la  Hist.  Mex.,  MS.,  i.-iii.  i)assiui;  /(/.,  Diarlo  M<x., 
Ms.,  xliii.  291-2,  S.'JO,  xliv.-xlvi.  passim;  /(/.,  Ulario  Exact'  Mex.,  ^IS.,  nus 
3  and  5;  iJuhkin  and  Lozano,  Lnji.d.  Mej.,  iii.  535-0,  709-10,  722,  731-.'>,  753, 
iv.  passim,  v.  10-11,  17-18;  Codes  JJiar.  (.'oii'p-ew,  iv.  no.  91,  1751;  Coiiij. 
(Uohe,  1842-3,  02;  WUlle,  Nolicia^  //(iC"  Publ.',  30,  32,  53-7,  70-7.  ap.  14-'.'S; 
An-illwja,  liecop.,  1838,  204-0,  May  1849-April  1850,  12-20;  Xres  S.  Am. 
u„<l  McK  ,  i.  110-19;  Id.,  liegisler,  Hi.  97,  113,  Iviii.  351,  lix.  17,  Ixi.  Oii,  IDO, 
241,  .",22,  Ixii.  51,  04,  00,  14.5,  103-4,  192,  210-11,  'J.-.S,  305,  Ixiii.-Kv.  -i  ■m, 
Ixvi.  211,  '257,  292,  305-G,  321,  320,  337-8,  353,  Ixvii.  '2,  178,  193     .  J-7, 


2S0 


MISIIULK  AND  OVKRTIIROW  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


27;j,  .101,  n.M.  nin,  .ins,  ns.-,  Kviii.  icf),  ixix.  m,  oi,  no,  ixxiv.  nio-i?; 

JJomiiiir/i,  J/i.t.  (la  J/cj-.,  ii.  I.VS  "JOI;  Dcrirlio  fiilrni.  Mr.c,  .'Id  pt,  '_MS-;i.'; 
J/<.r.,  To/.  Li'ij.  y  O/v/.,  . lull. -May  IS.Vt,  vi.  1 4-JO;  .»/.>.,  Co/.  /.<//,.•<  /'•»-/,, 
'111  «.->;  .»/<?-•.,  Ar-y/../.  ,1/.;.,  1848,  40:j-4;  lS.->0,  r,:{-(J;  IS.");!,  April  Jiily,  •^^\  t, 
.0;{l-4:  .!/«>.,  Vol.  Lt;j,i  y  JJrrr.,  1840,  -VMS,  .")07,  (52i)-l,  771;  l!)4l,  l(il-s.-.; 
I;i44  0,  jiiissim;  1848^  lUjil  77,  4{}.'),  4;)2-.'!;  CiieraH,  L'yioM.  )){/'.  Fminia;  !}:<■ 
poulf,  i'dr'nn,  V.  fol.  40  47;  Airhlro  Mer.,  Col.  /jciii'k,  i.  147-(i.''i;  Hirrm,  II. hI. 
Jaldim,  iii.  puHiiim;  Id.,  (Job.  dc  Mi .c,  ii.  170,  '-!'_'7  !•>',  Id.,  Mc.v.  I'iiit.,  i.  "J^- 
{\,  14.1  .'),  I.")7-(''I;  L'nUuh  May.  Gnd.  l-'ji'r.,  4  H;  Xovarro,  li forme  nohrc j'n-, 
JirroK,  lOS;  /'nvio,  Ilixt,  CoH;//V'/to,  i.  50-r»,  O'J;  (ioiizalrz,  IllM,  AifiutxraK,  li'.'J- 
(J.ij  Sid'iii  y  A'o.'(»(:),  IliHCHrso  cii  Sin  i'auln,  1-8;  Jrnhlnit'  Hist,  Mtx.,  'JJ-.'),  4.'!, 
IJ.j;  f  Vm,  L'.tladiit"  Part,  Silno;  I'ayiio,  aMi'u:  y  Cur  f.  f'inain;.,  IH;  yariria '' 
Ihdrrii,  JJiiCiirMo,  1-1.");  J'lriz,  nicr"  Oroij)-'  ,  ii<\,  i.  H.'lo-T,  ii.  4i">-;i(),  iii.  i7.'{- 
63;  ."iimi-ez,  Iii/ormc,  8-0,  18-10,  108-0;  lluiit'x  Mcnhaitt.i'  Mmj.,  ix.  'JSl,  \i. 
571,  .xiii.  .'170,  xiv.  08-0;  N'.  Am.  Ihv.,  xoviii.  1-47;  i'drlcdndrn  Jun-]).,  iii, 
ll'j-.'lo,  l.')7-00;  Lzotn,  Man.  df  Alcaldex,  1-2.VJ;  Abii/iOi  dc  /'odcr  Jiidl.-.; 
Cubrc,  Ta'taci)  y  Prial.;  lliilcr,  lii'tmu  in  Mrx.,  r>;(-7,  Gl-'f,  SlepliniH'  Yiir.,  ii. 
24.'5-  7;  (itittrra  entrr  M&r.  y  E^t.  Un.,  22  -3;  Penii  y  Pc'ia,  Pniclirn  Fir.,  iv. 
l-;{;)0;  Ahiiaraz,  Memor.  Mcllalt.,  14;  Cironel,  JJoc.  IJisf.  Cut.,  no.  80;  Aa 
Cruz,  V.  Co.'J,  C;J7;  Annija,  Aloriir.  Tahnx.,  1-14;  /•'ox.tey,  Mcx.,  172-.'!,  2'i()~7, 
r)3.'>-(>;  Cortina,  Cadilla  Moral  Mil.,  l-.")0;  Id.,  Carta  d  Ion  Edit.;  Yo'iu'i't 
Jlint.  il/(.f.,  2o.'>-.'l2S;  Alvarez,  Vindircwion,  1  24;  /irnton'n  JJeliatvs  in  Con  jr., 
xiv.  4.")l-  .">;  'J'ratro  de  Sta  Anna,  (Jim  rr.  Com.,  l-l.";;  A'^.  /.ran,  J)irt.  fohn'  Hi  f. 
Const, t.,  1-18;  y.  Leon,  Di'-l.  mhro  Ati/iHlon,  1-8;  Aim.  Calmd.  Man.  y  C:iin, 
1812,  i')-'.\\;  South.  Quart,  AVi'. ,  xv.  0;>-l()l;  AVt//i/;v';,  Mem.  jiiraJJist.  'J',  lui'i,i., 
1,'{-1.'),  i  l-i;);  aaiiani'it  Trair.'i,  1,  r)U-78,  I(Ji)-;i7!;  liraroanA  Alrnnz,  M.in' i'., 
1-;)..;  A7  Volodi'So.!.,  184.'1,  118-10,  170-80,  211,  2;i.-),  240;  1814.  2.")1;  Con^'j-^, 
Acnsurion  lontrucl  Auditor,  1-21;  Ikmidr:',  IJl  (tr.il.  duns  ComitairintU'i,  1  s; 
'J'/iowii.-:i,n\i  J.'crutl.  Mi.v.,  .'J-ll,  '.\2-[)H,  Mr,.  124  .'51,  l.JO,  107-200,  2I4-.M, 
274-7;  ('iibillfro.  IJi.it.  Aim.,  \'r,  Anaku  Mini-it.  Fomento,  ii.  771-00;  Ft  mint. 
(Jvoj.  Cir.,  I7-.'{1;  Miiuiula,  E'lioiir.  Pultl.,  ly-wS;  Conlo,  DiJ'cnsa;  .Unn'.lur 
Coii.s;it.  I, id.,  UM."),  MaioIi-.Jiiiit',  passim;  Dirt.  Corti>  Supr.  Jnxlit.  not/n'  A':- 
teni'ids,  \--ll;  Jay''!  Mix.  War,  74-8;  Ahj^inin  Oli<trv.,  1-20;  Mix.,  JJiii.  mhre 
Conror..,  1-20;  .lA'.i\,  Man!/,  y  Coiiroc,  Dec.  1841,  1-22;  M^x.,  Cnnut  Cri..i. 
St'a  Anna,  I-ISO;  Miw.,  Dirrrto  s'll/rr  Alraha'a-i,  1-2.');  Mcx.,  Jnnfndr  Miniri'f, 
1-12;  Mcx.,  DrcretosMin.,  184."),  no.  .'t4;  Mfx.,  El Coni/resode IS.'/J,  1-0;  Mr.,-., 
Plana  Miu/jr,  1842,  II.  .'{4;  Miix..  I'i'iilani.  ,/nnta  A'w,;  Larro'tx,  Ann.  di 
Voy.,  4'Aiinic.  183-201;  Uusto,  E^a'd.  P,p.  .Mcx.,  iii.  Ist  pt,  21.";  El  Huzmi- 
udor,  Maruli  1,  1843,  4;  Santa  Anna,  Man!/.;  Id.,  Caiixa  Crim.,  l-2l"(,  a;i. 
133-80;  Id.,  E/fjioc.  a  la  Camitrn,  1-43;  Id.,  Corre-pond.  entre  cl  Sitpr.  Coh.  n, 
1-.">I;  //.,  JJiit.  Gran  Jnrndo,  1-21;  Id.,  Aju'l.  al  liueii  Criteria,  8-11;  It., 
Proccso,  1-."),";  Id.,  Fxpcd.  Formalo,  1-170;  Wcichardt,  Die.  Vercini'/t.  Sianli .i, 
1-117;  Taylor'.^  .s>ff. /Vrw,  202,  012'',  012*;  Pohinxon'.'^  Mcx.  and  Her  l/.'. 
ChiJ'lain",  10.V200,  24j-G3;  Manifentae.  Que  hace.  el  Comand.  en  Oe/e,  l-!!i; 
Matijre'njr\-*  Pro'j.  Anicr.,  i.  G;)f-7;  Colima,  licjlex.  d  Notax,  1-8;  El  I'ri^i- 
dcnte  I'r  rix.  a  Ian  Tropax;  Ma'/er's  lit':!.  Mcx.  War,  32-iJ;  Id.,  Mix.  A:'., 
32J-.",2;  Id.,  Mcx.  ax  It  Wax,  l.')7-8,  202-0,  .320-:)l;  />/.  Inte;/.  A'ac,  JS!(, 
Aiijj'.-Xov.,  passim;  Zamacoix,  Il'ixt.  MiJ.,  xii.  2(!.")-72,  30.'j-,33;  .SV(/r.,  /)i<iri> 
O/ic,  .Ian.  20,  187.'5,  (J;  Xoiiv.  Annrdes  Voi/.,  xcv.  2J0,  ci.  301-2,  cix.  2U;  A7 
Pa,,o  dc  y.  Mex.,  Aug.  2-0,  \ly\r,;  Max.^on,  OH'i  Polrida,  (il-118;  Ex'.ri. 
Santa  Anna  Expoxic,  1-43;  Mnnnicr,  Lex  Xouv.  Voy.,  ii.  O.VIOI;  ,'^emiii'.-<' 
Service  AJIoid,  23-32;  Mala  y  I'cyei,  Ornrion  Cir.,  1-8;  Poliirtxnn's  I'ix't  t> 
Me.r.,\.  147-8;  La  Minerva,  184">,  March-.Juno,  passim;  Miclioaeun,  Ini'orufi 
Dado.i,  1-28;  Mifr.,  Doc.  Hclativ.  Ultimatnm,  43-05,  112-2.');  Mex.,'  lin-  t 
Or'jcinieax,  1-45;  Lixta  Danon  Demolic.  Parian,  MS.,  1-7;  Oulicrrcz,  Cart't  >j 
Opin.,  1-00;  Id.,  Contestacion,  1-17;  Tornel,  Naeion  Mej.,  73-7;  S.  L.  PoUr'i, 
Plan  que  el  Gobcrnador,  3-10;  Miihlenpfordt,  Vcrxuch  einer  Getreiien,  i.  .'iV-i- 
400.  ii.  2U-0."),  .W:)-?;  Pinart  Coll.,  Print.,  nos  52.'),  729,  730,  731,  7;!.');  I.oirj'x 
Am.  and  We.'it  Ind.,  180-7;  llelaeion  liixt.  Axamblea  de.  Qiier.,  1-00;  y'ow/o..  •) 
Earlh'jiiab'.x,  73;  Pabel.  iVnc,  1844,  Oot.-Doc,  passim;  Culima,  Ikpre^en'., 


AUTIIORITIKS. 


287 


r.-lSj  I.drrnmiilh'-rc,  }[i  r.  itiul  dmit.,  1;  llm  iiranlro,  Itisf.  Pfimor  y  Snjtnul, 
I'oiiij.,  IVics  not  ri'J-.'i,  l.ill-'JVi;  /'<■'«' cvo/i'^  Mil.  Ihi-O':*,  ii.  '21;  Sr/itini  if  Villa- 
m lior,  J/r;M.  EnliuL,  'liu  Ml;  Aiiiljo  <li4  J'liih,  1S4.">,  •liiiic- Oce.,  piiMsiiii; 
Cdili'ruii'x  L'lj'f  ill  .Ui.i'.,  ii.  I'Jd,  'J,"),);  Mit  m'i  I'lrt.  /J/f  in  Mrx.,  ii.  171-7; 
Jli;nui(l<t,  Di'cr.  dr  iUruiUu,  1-1'J;  I'mliii,  lUicur^o;  lii'iurwi,  Ihfiiisit  i/iia 
hi:c<,  l-U);  Umion/'M  Hid.   Mix.,   'S-.'iS;  Ohi-o,  (>/;/•«■(.  M.S.,  iv.  I'.'f)  Dl);  A/., 

n/-fc.  vii\,  i-'Ji;  /(/.,  L^H-ii/oCiifnt.  /W(y.,fi:i-4,  loo-i.  ii.s-;!(;;  I'rc^iH  firt. 

lli^t.   Mix.,   170;   lininji'l,  L'^/iosir.   hrrha,   1 -r>:i;   /i/.,  Si<innil<i  Or/cii-it,   I-S; 
ii'llijo.  Col.  Dor.  M,:i:,  Print,  i.  no.  {):;,  ii.  nos  ;i.".2,  •17-*,  MS.,  ii.  -I   l,  471; 
M'x.,  .Mnuif.  !/ Coiirnr.,  I^'J'J;   Me'.L:,  Conliiiuac.  Doi\  Cimc'oii  Ai/niit.,  1-1(1; 
Mcx,,  JJiii.  Coin,  ilv  J'liiitoiiC'ouHlit.  huIjiv  Ainni.tll't,  1   S;  Mdx.,  J  let.  Mii;iorit, 
Ci  ni.  Kohri'  .liiiiii.tl/  I,  I   'JO;  Mi''x.,  Proi/iclo  Coiislil.;   Mcx.,  I'rni/frfo  CoiisHI, 
Miii/iii'i't,  ]-\\'.);  Me'x.,  Proi/rcto  ( 'onitlt,  Miuorla,  1-42;  Mi:r.,  /'rni/rr/o  Con- 
ulil.' C"iiiin.  L'xjKr.,  1-41;  L'l  JIuriiiiinil  i,  Nov.  10,  1844;  La  M>ij>i,  IMl,  Oct.  - 
K'lV.,  jius.-ini;  CnrhnJ  il,   I'iii'Hrai'.,  \-'i',];  Sin  Mi'iiir',  AV/ni').    .l/cr.  I>i''(c/., 
fi7  >S,  71    1711;   I'ir/it/to/i-ii,    lli'/i.   Mix.,   ',i2('>-'X\;  Cuadalajitrn,   Oli.-iri'.    ISnxn 
Oiy.;  III.,  L'xjionir.  hirlia,  I-IS;  Oli.irn:  Jiiillr.  Liijid.,  r)l!)-."i!;  On'ionit'.H  Ciuid': 
U'.  Jiiil.,  llH-._j  CuMillo,  JJin:  Hist.,  l.M;  On}.',  Init.  I'lh.  IS ;.',  mitre  Hrjur- 
1IIU-1,  l-.'iS;  Miir.,  Pii%n.t  JHMilif.,  7Ct-{\;  Mux.,  iiul.  Lei/.,  lti(i.1,  278  SO;  ^tc'x., 
Ihi-iilo  nohre  Anri/lo   Ti-Hk,   I-l(i;  Mi!j\,  iJlet.  Coiiiif.  /'iinlo*  Consl'i.  Catii. 
ShiikL,  1-8;   Maii'ij'.  Ooh.  I'rorii.  Ynr.,  1-7(1;  (Inrii'x  Jtnirii"/,  IXK  4:.0-S7; 
Cnlln'  (.'oini.  C'lil.  ami  N,  Mex.,  12-14;  JaL,  E<}io4r.  i/iie  Dirije,  ,'1  12;  lit., 
I'li/riOf.   Liidiit.,   1-;J4;  J)ii<eiir,:(>  Proininr.   jtor  el  Pir.-<iil,   I'rorii.;  Mnuui'. 
liisf.,  IS4(),  Jan.  1-2,  i-Vh.  5;  Uiinniiro,  Enmijo   Yiic,   i.   40  lOS,  ii.  .|4S-r)4, 
iii.  4u.")-7">,  np.  3(J-r){J,  04-70;  El  Coiwlif.,  1S44,  iliin. -April,  p.issiin:   )'«(■., 
I'ii-.a-i  ,/ii.ft'jir.  Coiiilurta  Polil.,  lO-.'id;  Mniiif.  Crul.  Jlnirz,  ;f2-4l,  .")7-CS, 
]U)-.kS;  )'(/(•.,  Inf.  Kohre  C'liimi  free.  Camhios  Pol  it.,  S   1 1,  TiO-d.";  Sii/il.  Dinr. 
VJ>.  Ml':/.,  March  31,  IS.'JS,  74-b.'t,  127-4:1,  197-210;  Horn,  Di^nirm  r:i  la  Ala- 
V'fd'i,  .']2-4(>;  Sa'iiutH  tld  Pviiuit  lUaiico;  Pnrrilea  ij  Arrill'rjn,  C  nitix'iii-.  qiu' 
a  la  Cirnilar,  3-22;  Miix.,  A't'iiif.  Ex/ion.   Phr.a  Vol.;  Eitlrtula,  Mer.  y  il 
Ai--liidiiijii<',  ;>3-5;   Tain.,  Itei/lam.   Gob.   Miiuirip,,  28-0;  (>lise,r.  xohre  j'ru- 
yia  lin^i:i   Onj.,    I-Ui;   Mcv.,    L'x/i:t'<ic.   al   Pre.sid"    Provi^.,   1-10;    MiiX., 
Jii'/lam.  ]>"  Gob.  Junta  Xuc.  Leiji4.,  1-20;  Mcx.,  Diet,  fobre  Vonroc;  Gnlierrv:, 
Coiite-'^l.  id  Lihelo,  17-24;  Pap.   !'<(/•..  xiv.  pta  4,  5,  0,  .xvi.  pt  12,  xx\  i.  pta  0, 
7,  8,  10,  xxxix.  pta  II,  13,  1(1,  20,  xli.  pt   10,  xlii.  pta  T).  8,  xlix.  p^s   1(1,  17, 
liii.  pt  (i,  Ivii.  pt  (i,  Ixxvii.  pt  2,  Ixxxii.  pta  7,  8,  0,  Ixxxiii.  pta  4,  II,  ixxxiv. 
pts  I,  2,  'A,  (!,  Ixxxv.  pis  1,  2,  1(\  II,  12,  cvi.  pt  8,  cxxi.  pt   1,  lxxH.  pt  2. 
cxxx.  pt  1,  cl.  pt  1,  2,  cliv.  pt  I-IO,  i;},  civ.  pta  .5,  12,  14,  dvi.  jita  1,  2,  :!,  21, 
'22,  ilxv.  pt  10,  clxxi.  pt  17,  clxxii.  pt  7,  clxxiii.  pts  10,  21,  clxxv.  pt  0, 
ilxxxv.  pt  .'{,  cxciii.  pta  7,   8,  cxciv.  pt  0;  E-^calfra   i/    Ll'iiia,   Mi'.c.   Hi4. 
JJiwript.,  00-80;   Mii.sio  Mcx.,  ii.  ;{9-40,   iii.  4:18-40,  iv.   4'M;  IJiirharhcun, 
Mini.  Cum/).,  59-07;  Ualetln  de.  Notic,  Dec.  1844,  Jan. -M:iicli  181,'),  i):i:;sim; 
Vvih.,  Iiic.  Peformai,  1-43;  Doc.  Iiilat.  Junta  Ai-'em/t'i*,  MS.,  1    17;  <.':>nr'> 
Xac,  Doc.  2,  1847,  Jan.  20,  1348;  ViUa-Amor,  n:o</.  Gen.  S/a  Anna,  17-21; 
Da,:,  luic.  llvj'oi-mai*,  14;  Pirero,  Mi'.r..  en  JS/fJ,  74-1:3(3,  240-1,  3J7;   Yuc, 
L'.i'i'Osic.  ill  I  Gob.;  Id.,  Trntndo  qin-  C'hhrii,  1-18;  Id.,  Mem.,  184(1,  4,  annex 
11),  20;  /(/.,  Mem.    Lcida,  181,"),  pp.   iii. -v.;  /'/.,  Maui/.  Gob.   Pror'm.,  1-70; 
^ I-.  Mex.  Geo;/.  lioL,  iii.  4iJj-G,(,  2'  vp.,  iv.  74:1;  Arrnfujoiz,  MiJ.,  ii.  2.)0-(J0; 
Aiirona,   Hist.  Yuc,  iii.  320-81;  Max.,  Mem.  Ilaeienda,  1870,  217,  2r)r)-(i, 
M:;7-41;  /,/.,  Mem.  Guerra,  1811,  40-1;  1841,  4,  il-:;0,  54-0,  00^  lS4r),  1-:., 
au'cxca  noa  1-14  and  B;  1810,  10;  Id.,  Mem.  Jiistieia,  1841,  :3-20,  01-0,  an- 
iKxca  nos  1-7;  1S4J,  l-:3:3,  0:i;  Id.,  Mem.  lie'a'-.,  1814,  l-SO,  annexes  nos  1.- 
iNivxii.  1-20;  1845,  1-128;  1S40,  annex  A,  pp.  48-0;i;  1.S17,  4V(!,  unncxcs.  pp. 
IS OO;  1850,  10-34,  annexes  nos  1-10;  /(/.,  Mitiist.  Uelac  ExUr.,  1  1.;  U.  S. 
liuvt,  coug.  27,  sea.  2,  IL  Ex.  Doc.  2(30,  vol.  v. 


"   • 


CHAPTER  XII. 

POLITICAL   COMMOTIONS. 

1845-1847. 

Josi:  JoAQUi.v  DE  Herrkua   as  Constitdtional  Pkeriiient — Opposhiom 

To   HIS    I'OLICV   ON   THE   TkXAN    Ql'KSTIOX— PliEl'AUATIONS    FOK    \Va11  - 

Auciiiii.'^HOP  I'osada's)  CoritsE— Plan  of  San  Lns  PoTo.si— IIeukkka 
Deposed — Pakedk.s    as    Provisional    President — Dissatisfaciion  - 

llr.VOH'TION    AT   GCADALAJARA — PaREDES    OVERTHROWN — SaNTA    AnnA 
IvKe'ALLKD — He    is  ELECTED   PllKSIDliNT— GOMEZ   FarIas  AS   VlfE-l'ia:s- 

iDENT  Assumes  the  Executive  Office — Santa  Anna  Supersedes  Hial 

The  jn'ovisional  prusident  and  his  cabinet  favoicl 
tliu  [)()licy  of  .settling  the  Texan  and  American  (|ue^- 
tions  hy  comproniise;^  but  tlicy  cncountci'ed  violiMit 
(»]>pt)sition  from  the  press,  tlio  people,  and  the  army, 
all  of  whom  clamored  for  war.  Amid  the  confusion, 
it  had  been  arranged  that  the  presidential  olHce  shou!  I 
be  iilled  by  a  president  constitutionally  chosen.  Con- 
gress, on  the  14th  of  September,  1845,  counted  tlio 
votes  cast  by  the  departments,  and  declared  Jose  Joa- 
quin de  Jlerrera  elected;"  and  on  the  IGth  he  was 
formally  installed.  In  his  inaugural  address  Presi- 
dent lierrera  j)romised  to  abstain  frt)m  partisaiislii[t 
and  to  look  after  the  army  and  finances.  Of  tho 
Texan  question  he  spoke  vaguely.^ 

'  'I'lu!  ri'hitioiia  of  tlie  U.  S.  with  Mexico  on  the  Texan  and  other  qiiostii'iia 
niv  fully  ttc'iited  olsovvlieiv. 

'  \  ini  C'viiz,  rnchlii,  Oiij.'ica,  Cunniijnato,  Jalisco,  San  Luis  I'dtn-^i, 
Zacati'cas,  Agnascalientes,  Tamaiilipas,  Niievo  Leon,  Durango,  (  liihimliua, 
Quri'ctiiro,  and  Yucatan  ^oll•d  for  hiuL  />i(hlfni  and  Lozaim,  l.f(j.  Mir.,  v, 
;<')-(!;  M(x.,  Col.  L(ij.  y  Ikf.,  1814-C,  28.");  HiiMamanlr,  Mem.  Ili4.  M'  r., 
MS.,  iii.  '20-2;  A/.,  A'""  /Imial  J>htz,  4S;  JUrcni,  Jli-^f.  ,/riJapn,  iii.  TO.'i. 
The  otlier  candidates  I:ad  hcen  Manuel  (lomez  Pedraza  and  Juan  N.  AInionto. 

"  Jlcrnra,  iJinciirso  ante  el  t'onj.,  1-21. 

(288) 


HERRERA'S  ADMIIXISTRATIOX. 


289 


Jose  Joaquin  do  Ilorrora  was  born  in  Jalajia  in 
17'.)-,  and  entered  the  Spanisli  army  as  a  cadet  of  the 
Corona  regiment  in  1809.*  Ho  was  among  the  iii-st 
to  second  Iturbide's  plan  do  Iguala,  entered  ^lexico 
with  the  trigaranto  army,  and  was  tlien  commissioned 
;i  l)ri<'"adier.  Ilerrera  aided  tlie  downi'all  of  the  em- 
[u'ldr,  and  in  ^larch  1824  becan.io  secretary  of  war 
under  President  Victoria,  proving  liimself  a  good 
ni>ul)lican,  and  an  honorable  man,  a  character  wliich 
lie  sustained  to  the  end  of  his  life.  It  was  his  uj)- 
rlghtn -'ss  that  gave  him  a  political  standing,  his 
talents  being  only  mediocre. 

Ilerrera  thought  that  now  was  the  best  Mmc  to 
bring  about  the  settlement  of  the  Texan  question,  and 


ive  his   count 


Irom   a  sanjiumai 


nid  ruinous  w 


ry 
ar.     But  tl 


10 


pr 


ess 


'■y 


conii)romisni<''. 


kei)t 


'1 


])t  ui 


)  1 


ts  cl 


imoi' 


;iii(l  the  o[)position  (jualified  as  perlidy  and  treason  all 
attL'iupts  to  maintain  ])eace  witli  the  American  usurp- 
(  r>,  war  being  deemed  the  onlv  recourse  to  save  the 


nalio 
sure 


es- 


nal  honor.  The  administration,  uuiler  that  [)r 
had  then,  thougli  regretfully,  to  adopt  the  war 
jii'liiv,  which  at  once  unified  the  opinion  that  had 
ii'.'iii  fo:  nied  in  July;  many  who  had  formerly  favored 


(•imi,)i'r,uuse  beiiiir  now   tor  war, 


H 


e;u.'e 


tl 


10  errone 


(»us  impression  of  the  friends  of  the  government  that 
thi;  division  on  the  Texan  (piestion  had  ended. 

The  lejxirtmental  assemblies  tendered  all  their  ro 
s'lUices,  and  private  citizens  vied  with  one  anotlu'r  in 
]"'i'uniary  contributions  and  offers  of  service.      Local 


uuhoritii's  orL!'ani/ed  the  militia,  and  lu'omnieiit  ofu 


(.'1. 


V 
IN  a-sked  to  l)e  employed  against  the  Americans. 

Soon  after  Ilerrera's  election,  and  before  his  iiiau- 

uui'ation,  the  members  of  the  cabinet,  namely,  Cuevas, 

Mlcwasiu  tli(^  Ijattli-'s  of  Ai'iili'O,  Ouiiiiiiiuato,  .ttuI   I'ucnto  do  CmMitdii, 


Imiii^  the  ivvdlutiiUKuy  war,  wliiili  won  liiiii  a  iiiLilal  nf 


lu'tivo  sL'i'vice,  lie  was,  in  Xuv.  1SI4,  in'oiiint 


to 


ptaiii. 


11,'iliV 


ctVutod  tho  iiisiii'fiMitu,  miller  Marisoal  Avila  at  Sail   I'cil 


After  I 
111   1S1(>  ho  si 


ill  tiicir  arliUeiy  una  other  war 


iptaiiii 


material,      lie  eoiiliuueil  »er\in''  the  ernuii 


till  Oct.  1S_*I>,  when  ad  a  lieiiteol  lie  apiiUcil  fn-  ami  ohtaineil  his  ictircuieiit. 
He  then  settled  in  Pei'Mtc-,  and  opened  all  ajiothucary's  shop. 
Hist.  Mux.,  Vol.  V,    lU 


•^  w  m 


1,1 .  .1 J 


200 


POLITICAL  COMMOTIONS. 


11 
M 


Kiva  Palacio,  Garcia  Coiule,  and  La  Rosa,  rcsigncil 
their  otttces,  as  it"  feaiful  of  the  situation  in  which  they 
had  placed  themselves.  The  ibllowini^  were  tlieu 
called  to  succeed  them:  Manuel  do  la  Peiia  y  Peiui, 
seci'etary  of  relations;  Bernardo  Couto,  of  justice; 
Pedro  Fernandez  del  Castillo,  of  the  treasury;  and 
Pedro  !Maria  Anaya,  of  war.''  These  ministers  hail 
to  face  the  old  evils,  and  also  to  nu;et  much  o[)positiun 
by  reason  of  supposed  lukewarmness  on  the  war  (pies- 
tion. 

Several  otHcers  of  the  first  division,  stationed  in 
Queretaro  antl  San  Luis  Potosi,  refused  to  obey  the 
orders  sent  them  to  advance  U[)on  the  frontier,  and 
mutinied."  General  Paredes  asked  leave  to  visit 
Mexico,  w^hcrc  he  could  verbally  arran<^c  the  ])lan  i'nc 
the  campaign  in  Texas;  but  it  was  not  granted,  as  lie 
was  suspected  of  an  intent  to  revolt  against  the  gov- 
ernment, as  Alvarez  had  done  in  Guerrero.'' 

The  army  w'as  discontented,  owing  to  reforms  the 
executive  had  desired  to  introduce,  though  he  had 
abandoned  his  project  in  order  to  induce  it  to  mardi 
with  alacrity  to  the  frontier.  Paredes  was  tinally 
summoned  to  Mexico,  and  ordered  to  surrender  his 
command  to  Filisola,  but  his  officers  opposed  tlie 
change  of  connnanders,''  and  Paredes  then  detaim. I 
the  force  that  under  Gaona  was  on  the  way  to  Saltilli). 

A  plan  was  now  favored  by  the  friends  of  the  g<i\- 
ernment  to  call  on  the  cleru'v  to  contribute  to  i\w 
snj)port  of  the  national  honor  with  a  loan  of  fiftweu 
million  dollars.  1^  was  seconded  by  b!)th  houses  of 
congress,  and  it  seemed  as  if  the  hour  of  trial  for  the 
church  had  come.     It  w^as  saved  this  time,  however, 


•'•  Coutn  was  succeeded  Oct.  20th  hy  Demctrio  Montcs  de  Oca.  Itiirr'i,  11'-'. 
Jal'ijHi,  iii.  7-lt. 

"^  AlloLjiiiL,'  tluit  tliey  !iii<l  not  roecivcd  the  iiecossiiry  sn]iplu'.s  for  a  c.im- 
[laiL;'!.   Hiis/fdiiini/'',  Man.  Hit.  Mix.,  MS,,  ij.  •2.\[\.  iii.  8   10. 

'  Ho  iirovciiti'd  tliu  ilopartiire  of  an  expcilitioii  for  I'alit'oniia,  and  lilicivi;  A 
Gen.  Itangel,  who  liail  licrn  ordi'iud  as  a  prisoner  to  Acaimlco. 

'"  ISustanianto  has  it  that  it  was  hy  Paivdt's'  own  sni_',t^cslion;  and  ovi'n  -t.:- 
niises  that  Toxaii  gold  iuUueuced  the  movement.  J/c»t.  Hist.  Mcx.,  MS,,  li. 
•220. 


THE  ARMY  PRONOUNCES. 


201 


l>y  its  friends.  Tlie  metropolitan  cif  Mexico  was  now 
1  )()ctor  Manuel  Posada  y  Garduno,  the  first  areli- 
bisliop  appointed  after  Mexico  became  a  nation.'' 

It  was  rumored  and  believed  that  Paredes  intended 
to  set  up  a  convention  and  a  triumvirate;  and  it  was 
also  known  that  Santa  Anna,  then  in  Cuba,  contem- 
])lated  a  return  to  Mexico.^''  Aft'airs  came  to  a  climax 
v.hen  the  army  of  the  reserve,  numberins^  about  5,000 
men,"  made  a  pronunciamiento  on  the  14th  of  Decem- 
hor  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  instead  of  marchin<jf  to  Texas 
as  ordered  by  the  government,  the  object  of  which 
movement  was  to  depose  the  administration  and  to 
set  up  another  better  .suited  to  their  views,^^  The 
assembly  of  San  Luis  Potosi  seconded  the  })lan;  and 

"  Dr  Posada  was  born  in  San  Felipe  el  Grande,  or  del  Ohraje,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mexico,  on  the  '27tli  of  Sept.  17S0.  lie  luul,  previous  to  liis  episco- 
jritc,  lield  liigli  i)!)sitious  iu  tiie  church,  university,  and  governuii'ut,  aiul 
toward  tlie  end  of  1S24  was  a  senator  in  the  national  congress.  In  1  .S;i;j,  hein .; 
the  I  hancelloi  of  Mexico,  lio  was  exiled  from  hi-i  country  and  went  to  le.sido 
ill  the  U.  S.,  returning  in  IS.'U.  Ilia  consecration  as  arclibishop  was  May  .'{J, 
ls-j',1.  Ho  made  himself  very  useful  with  iiis  talents  and  exjierience,  as  well 
;is  his  personal  and  pecuniary  services,  several  times  aiding  the  national 
treasury  witli  largo  sums  from  botii  tlie  ecclesiastical  I'evenues  and  his  own 
jiiivate  fortune.  Tlie  arcld)ishop  wasrcmarkahle  for  his  kindness  and  atfaliil- 
ily,  as  well  as  for  his  learning,  conversational  powers,  and  fondness  for  liter- 
iitiire  and  tiic  line  arts.  March  81,  IStCi,  he  liailasevere  attack  of  congestion, 
fiuMi  which  he  rallied;  but  on  the  'Jlst  of  April  it  came  on  again  with  greater 
fnive,  and  ho  succund)ed  on  the  last  day  of  the  month.  His  funeral  was  <in 
a  nip.gnilicen*  Rcale.  Arroiih,  Bio//.  M(.v.,  '2(i7,  '270-1;  So.t'i,  Kjii.^rop.  Ma-., 
'l:l')\<i;  ISuntaiiionte,  Gabineie  Mex.,  i.  190,  ii.  58-"J,  tto;  Thoiiiiisoii'g  licruil. 
J/r.-., !);)-!. 

'"It  was  likewise  reported  that  Yucatan  had  rp=!olvcd  to  oi'ganize  herself 
as  an  iudejiendent  republic  under  the  constitution  of  IS'Jl.  /!lr(ni.  Hist.  Ja- 
la/iit,  iii.  721.  Nov.  '29tli,  I'aredes  wrote  tlie  president  that  he  was  iu  daily 
ii'i'ei|it  of  levolutiouary  plans  froni  all  (juartcrs.  1'lie  jiCDple,  lie  said,  wanted 
1!  clianu'e  of  governnient  by  any  iiuaus.  As  for  iiiniself,  he  saw  that  'the  gov- 
<  I'.'.iiieiit  has  neither  plan  nor  principles,  and  is  wholly  controlled  by  the  w  liiiii 
iif  t':i(y,iu|is.'  J/cVt'.,  CoiltrftdC.  Iiiihhhtft,  (),  in  I'iiKirt  (.'nil. 

"  I'liniiing  the  first  and  second  brigades,  <'oiiiiiiaiided  respeciively  by  Fili- 
sula  and  (iaoiia.  They  arrived  at  San  I.uis  I'oto- i  on  the 'JStl  of  .rune.  LI 
Aiiii'i  I  (Id  J'ltihio,  l.S4.">,  July  Stli  and  Sept.  I'd, '27  and  121;  J^i-lciudii/c,  Mihi. 
Ji:.-<t.  Mcx.,  iv.  OS- 1  (),■). 

'-' .\iiiong  the  charges  jirefcrred  against  the  govcrninent,  w  is  this:  it  had 
ii'.'.'Wed  to  land  on  .Mexican  territury  aiul  to  reside  at  lli<'  (••■■^Fl(al  the  pleiii|)o- 
t'Utiaiy  iif  the  V,  S.,  '([ue,  de  aciicrdo  eon  el  actual  gi'Miiete  viciie  :i  eomprar 
iiiiiMiii  iiidcpcndeiicia  y  iiuestra  iiaciDiialidad.'  The  rcsolutiniis adopted  wero 
I'll.  The  iiiaiii  points  wei'c  to  discontinue  the  ai'iliori'.y  of  the  exist  ill;;  ad- 
i:.;'iistratiuii,  ami  to  convoke  an  extraordinary  C'ligrcss  with  ample  jiowera  to 
c'lisuuitc  the  nation.  Hi  the  mean  time  the  execuiivc!  authority  to  be  held 
h.\  I'aredes.  J/c'.i'.,  (W.  Li'}/.  Fiiml.,  2i'(,")-7;t;  lJu4aiiiitHl.i',  Mem.  Jlii^t,  Jlex., 
M>.,  iii.  102;  lilnm,  llUt'.  Jahtpa,  iii.  721-8. 


^ ''  w 


»1*T'   I       .tlBI 


fl 


292 


POLITICAL  COMMOTIONS. 


on  tlio  15tli  Paretics  proclaitiiccl  tliat  he  had  assumed 
the  task  of  reorganizing  the  re[)nbhc,  and  of  upiiold- 
insf  the  natio/ial  ritjhts  which  had  been  outraged  iiy 
the  United  States.  This  pronunciamicnto,  it  li;,s 
]>een  said,  was  promoted  with  tlie  view  of  establisliiiig 
a  monarchical  government.^^  Wlicther  it  w.as  so  or  not, 
it  met  with  the  support  or  indifferer  je  of  those  w!;,) 
wanted  Herrera's  administration  overthrown,  and  Wiis 
soon  seconded  or  tolerated  throughout  the  republic.'* 

Amidst  the  confusion  caused  bv  these  events,  con- 
gross  sat  on  the  28th  of  December,  1845,  after  a  rev- 
ohitionary  movement  initiated  at  the  capital  l)y  lluj 
Celaya  regiment  had  been  quelled. '"  The  govern- 
ment could  nolouGfer  offer  anv  resistance  to  the  hostili^ 
elements  concentrated  at  the  capital.  The  revolution 
was  proclaimed  in  tlie  Ciudadela  early  in  the  mf)rning 
of  tlie  .'30th  by  General  Valencia.  President  Herrcra 
surrendered  the  government  on  the  same  day,  and  re- 
tired to  his  house.^° 

The  revolutionary  chief  and  his  armj''  entered  tlio 
capital  on  the  2d  of  January,  1840,  and  on  the  sani,' 
day  called  a  meeting  of  general  ofKcers.  In  a  l)ri(t' 
address  ho  made  known  his  resolution  to  uphold  tln^ 
national  liberties  and  personal  rights,  and  then  laid 
1)efore  the  meeting  a  ])lan  that  in  his  opinion  woni  I 
put  an  end  to  the  evils  the  nation  was  undergoin;^, 

"  Pavcdcs  in  his  aiMi-cas  glowitifjlj'  depicted  tlio  happiness  enjoyed  liy 
Mexico  during  the  Spiuajh  vicereg^il  sway,  euMip:uing  tiiat  condition  ui;h 
the  present  niii-'ery,  which,  it  must  ho  confessed,  he  did  not  exagLjoratc. 

"  Cou;,M'ess  and  the  executive  opposed  tlie  projects  of  the  revolutionists  ia 
the  decrees  of  Dec.  '2',td.  The  powers  of  the  hilter  were  also  eiilartied  fur  tii  .• 
next  six  months;  but  all  availed  iiothiii;,'.  Diihlim  ami  Lozai/o,  Lrij.  Mci., 
V.  KlI-IO:!;  J/e'.f.,  Col.  Ley.  y  Die,  IS-W-O,  309-11,  :!17,  .'W.');  BakniHaiih , 
Mem.  Hist.  Met-.,  .MS.,iii.  '20(i-7,  --0-1,  iv.  1.  Several  departmental  iis-iiiu- 
lilies  at  first  refused  to  second  the  revolution,  hut  afterward  aeipiiescc  I. 
Others  gave  it  their  approval  at  once.  Ijii  PriK/curia,  olll  journ.  of  (luan., 
alcauce  al  no.  IkS,  Dec.  \lk  and  "Jo,  ISl,");  Mix.,  lioliiin  Oji'r.,  no.  3,  Dec.  'J7, 
ISlo;  Mi'in.  I/i.ifor.,  Jan.  '2-Hi,  1S40,  passim;  La  Cruz,  v,  lio7;  Jiivira,  Jli<i. 
Jidnjia,  in.  7-1  !). 

'■'  I'arcdes  had  then  his  head(|uarters  in  Iluehnotoca. 

"■' Full  )iartieulars  on  events  in  Mexico  from  Sept.  10th  to  Dec.  30tli  an) 
given  in  JinKtinnaud',  Mi  in.  Hint.  Mi'.v.,  M.S.,  iii.  l-'22.'i  passim;  LI.,  Xn'ri 
Itirniil  JJiaz,  i.  iSo-1-3;  DUi.oh,  Vur,,  v.  4S;  Dublan  and  Lozauu,  Lej.  Aii.c, 
V.  105-19. 


PAREDES  PRESIDENT. 


1298 


and  requested  that  it  should  be  discussed  with  fiee- 
dom.  The  plan,  set  (brth  in  ten  articles,  was  approved 
iihnost  unanimously,  the  only  dissentient  votes  bein^;' 
those  of  generals  Josii  Alcorta  and  Jose  ^lari'a  Minon.'^ 
The  junta  of  representatives  assembled  on  the  '.U\, 
fleeted  Mariano  Paredes  y  Arrillaga  ])resident  ad  in- 
interim,  and  ou  tho  next  day  placed  him  in  office." 


]\Iariano  Paredes  y  Arrilla<jra  was  born  in  the  city  of 
?iIexico  on  the  Gth  of  January,  17'J7.  He  entered  the 
S[)anisli  army  as  a  cadet  on  tho  (Jth  of  January,  1 8  l"J. 
Though  he  saw  much  active  service  in  that  eventful 
jicriod,  having  taken  ])art  in  twenty-two  actions,  he  be- 
came captain  only  in  j\Iarch  1821,  at  which  time  he 
j  >ined  Iturbide,  and  entered  the  capital  with  the  triga- 
lante  army.  With  the  marques  de  Vivanco  he  ])ro- 
(.•Iaimedlibert3'"at  Puebla  in  February  1823.  In  ISol 
\\K^  was  promoted  to  colonel,  and  the  next  year  to  briga- 
dicr-g(,^neral."'  After  a  cam[)aign  south  of  ^lorelia  he 
was  made  a  general  of  division.  He  aided  Santa  Anna 
t )  establish  the  Bases  de  Tacubaya,  destroying  the 

"Tlio  ten  propositions  wore  ns  follows:  1.  The  citizens  that  were  cxer- 
tisiiiL,'  the  legislative  and  executive  functions  liavc  ceased  to  act.  'J.  A  junta 
ut  rc'presentiitives  of  tlie  ilepartnicnts — two  for  each  dcpartMicnt— appointed 
liy  tlie  f,'eneral-in-cluef  of  the  army,  will  at  once  ciiooso  tlio  person  that 
is  to  wield  tlie  supremo  executive  authority,  until  the  e^u'.iordinary  couLtrcss 
Mliic.h  is  to  constitute  the  nation  sliall  assiuiMe,  p.usuant  to  art.  .'{  of  t!ie 
j'liin  adopted  at  San  Luis  I'olosi,  l>ec.  14,  IS-io.  ;!.  The  junta  aforesaid  to 
liissdlvc  innnediately  after  choosin,^  tlie  acting  presiilcut.  4.  'I'iio  ]■  )wers  of 
nuh  president  to  he  those  i)rescril)(d  l)y  law;  lie  will  nut  {.">  heyond  them, 
(\cept  to  provide  for  the  def(;nce  of  tin;  national  territorj';  liut  alw;>.ys  resiiect- 
i:i',' the  guaranties  prescrihcil  l)y  tlie  laws.  o.  Tiieacis  of  tlie  acting  preyi- 
il'iifs  ministers  to  be  aiucnahle  to  tho  first  coustitutinnul  ciingress.  (i.  Th<! 
p.csident,  eiglit  days  after  assuming  iiis  otlice.  shall  oouvok(>  thoeNtraoi-diriary 
tiingress,  to  meet  in  four  months  at  the  capital.  7,  f>,  and  9  continue  in  oliiec 
the  council,  ollicials,  and  judiciary.  10.  The  per.son  to  he  ])er.sicuted  for  po- 
liiioal  opinions  jircviously  expressed.  Mix.,  Col,  Lnj.  Fund.,  271  U;  Zdnia- 
coi.<,  //Isf.  Ml').,  xii.  40.")-G. 

'^The  junta  then  adjourned  sine  die.  Its  president  was  .Vrchbishop  I'c)- 
sada,  and  tlie  secretaries  .Jium  N.  Almonte  and  l)ernardo(  !uind)arda.  Among 
i'lS  other  prominent  member.!  were  Liicas  Alaman,  Carlos  M.  Jhistaniante, 
(.'raerals  Nicolas  Bravo,  .Iosi5  M.  Tornel,  an(l  I'edro  Ani]iudia,  and  Ijisliup 
I'.'.rdi'o  of  Yucatan.  Mr.v.,  Col.  Lc]/.  Fund.,  "271-0,310,07--^;  Zamiuoi-i,  IFtM. 
M'j.,  xii.  400;  Memov.  Ui.x/or.,  Jan.  o,  KS40. 

''■'His  fpuirrelsonio  disposition  had  lost  him  tho  favor  of  the  eliief  of  tho 
niniy,and  ho  wa.s  sent  to  serve  in  the  western  states.  I'aredes  began  to  take 
put  in  ])olitical  all'airs  in  KS;i."),  and  from  that  time  was  an  upholder  ol  ccutiai- 
L.a.  liiara,  Cob.  dc  JAx-.,  ii.  lUi,  IZSO-'JS. 


'■'  't^ 


1-:   1 


i    ^'' 


■  ■'I 


l.:| 


It;!:  ■«<,    ||!  ■ 


I  (if If 

■  -'! 


I.  ■  K, 


f^-'  ;..fii 


n 

I 


294 


POLITICAL  COMMOTIONS. 


constitution  of  the  Siete  Loycs,  and  setting  up  tlio 
strongest  dic^^itorship  that  was  ever  inflicted  on  j\[o\- 
iro.  The  government  did  not,  however,  reward  liini 
as  ho  had  expected,  lie  being  nierely  retained  as 
coniandante  general  of  Jalisco,  where  his  desj)()tisiii 
niado  him  hateful.  Paredcs  possessed  no  qualilica- 
tion  but  that  of  brute  courasj^e.  It  is  said  of  him, 
however,  that  he  refused  to  accept  the  presideiitifd 
udary  tluring  the  time  he  held  the  executive  office, 
contenting  himself  with  the  pay  of  a  general. 

After  promising  in  his  inaugural  address  to  devote 
liis  whole  attention  to  the  consolidation  <jf  ordcn*  in 
tlie  interior,  and  to  the  delence  of  the  countrv's  lionor 
and  rights  in  the  impending  trouble  with  the  Uniteil 
States,  President  Paredes  formed  his  cabinet  witli 
the  Ibllowinix-named  ministe.o:  Luis  Parres,  of  the 
treasury;  Joaquin  Castillo  y  Lanzas,  of  relations; 
Lucian(j  Pecerra,  bishop  of  Chiapas,  of  justice  and  ec- 
clesiastical affairs;  and  Juan  N.  Almonte,  of  war.'-' 

The  new  government  endeavored  to  bring  order  out 
of  the  chaos  existing  in  the  treasury,  and  issuetl  .strin- 
gent measures  to  clear  the  country  of  highwaymen 
and  gamblers.  Other  i'uportant  decrees  were  also 
])assed  with  the  view  of  decreasing  the  number  of  pub- 
lic offices,  and  of  bringing  about  an  arrangement  of 
business  in  the  several  departments.  The  [)ross  was 
allowed  a  certain  freedom  for  the  discussion  of  public 
atfairs,  with  a  warnino-  not  to  abuse  it."^ 

in  the  interval  preceding  the  (.'onvocation  of  a  con- 
stituent congress,  the  })ress  and  public   warmly  dis- 

'" Bii^tamaiiti',  Mem.  llisl.  Mix.,  MS.,  iv.  I-.'},  ]S-'22;  /(/.,  Xnero  Iknml 
ly.ir:^  i.  luT-lO;  111  Tkmpo,  Jiiii.  'J.'),  1S4G;  Ai'raitjoiz,  M'j.,  ii.  "JT'  1, 
'J7'')-<i.  Cliaii'<L'3  soon  occuri'oil  in  tliu  oahint't;  i'urros  being  succocikd  liV 
Miiuiicl  KiUianlo  (iorustiza,  ami  tlic  laitcr  in  .May  l)y  t!io  ItanUcr  Fiaiuisco 
I'.mljo.  Tlio  |)rc'Hi(k'iit  having  lo.st  failh  in  .\lnionto  snperscdod  him  witli 
Joso  -Maria  'L'oinc!,  Mliich  gi'caily  <lis|iK'asu(l  tlio  monarchists;  ami  to  ;^i,'t  vl\ 
of  Almonte  aiipointcil  hi'ii  niini.sti.'r  to  France;  hut  ho  rcmainoil  in  llabnua  at 
tho  siilo  of  Santa .\inia.     Jiisliop  JSeci'i'i-a  was  roplacoil  hy  .lose  Maria .Jiini'iuz. 

■'  'i'ho  />(f( /•('<)  (A /  (liih'ii  mo  of  .Jan.  S,  ls4i),  said  that  tho  govornnicnt  v.as 
resolvi'd  to  punish  ull  abuscu  ol  tlio  priviloye  j^rauted  citizens  to  publish  their 
opiuioua. 


SCHEMES  OF  SELFl'RESITtVATIOX. 


C9.-. 


rusf^od  tho  qiK'stlon  of  foi'in  of  fjovenuiKMit.  Some 
were  of  the  opinion  tluit  the  restoriilion  of  tlio  consti- 
tution of  1824:  was  the  only  possible  means  of  saving- 
t!io  eountr}^;  others  favored  the  central  regime;  and 
there  was  not  wanting  a  number  among  the  pn-perty 
owners  and  merchants  who  advocated  the  supposod 
advantau'cs  of  a  constitutional  monarchv  with  a  i'or- 
( igii  prince.^^  At  last  tho  expected  convocation  was 
(■(•creed  on  the  'iGth  of  January,  184G,  its  authorsliip 
being  attributed  to  Lucas  Alaman.  This  document 
conveyed  the  idea  that  tho  extraordinary  congi-ess 
v/ould  cai'ry  out  the  fifth  proposition  of  the  San  Jjuis 
]  1.111  of  December  14,  1845,  and  also  take  into  consid- 
(  ration  such  measures  as  the  executive  should  suu'<>:est 
to  save  the  rights  and  dignity  of  the  nation."^ 

The  law  met  with  a  strong  opposition  on  the  part  of 
ji-1  republicans,  who  suspected  in  the  goverjunent  the 
pi'oject  of  carrying  out  Iturbide's  j)lan  of  Iguala. 
With  ]>owerful  arguments  they  maintained  that  the 
ilea,  of  a  monarchy  in  ^Mexico  was  not  onlj'  contrary 
t  >  tlie  wishes  of  the  ^Iexi(*an  people,  but  also  one  that 
was  not  at  all  feasible,  there  beinu:  no  such  thiuLi-  as 
a  nobilitv  in  the  eounti'v. 

Meantime  the  ii'overnment  was  convinced  that  a 
v.ai-  with  the  United  States  M'as  inevitable,  and  made 
strenuous  eftbrts  to  create  resources  wherewith  to  sup- 
port an  army  in  the  lield.     The  o})position  press  thd 

■--'Tlio  idea  of  a  monarchical  government  fonnd  a  freer  cxiirossion  in  tin;  fact 
tii;it  umiiy,  and  jjerliaps  tho  ciiief,  ]ier.suus  appuintcd  to  draw  up  theeouvoca- 
1i  m  were  l)i;lieved  to  liaw  monarchic  proclivities.  Tlio  newspaper  Kl  Thiiiiin 
II  iw  appeared,  Ijoldly  upholding  those  ])rel'ereuces,  among  wliose  chief  e;)ii- 
t.ihuturs  were  Alaman,  ])iez  do  Jinnilla,  Taglc,  Elguoro,  and  other  alile 
writers.  Aliout  this  time  tliere  wero  rumors  of  a  Spanish  invasion  to  ])iaeo  a 
^jianish  prince  on  a  Mexican  throne.  Armninr:,  M'j.,  ii.  -71;  l-l  't'i<iii/">, 
A\).  4  and  17,  ISKi;  Zaurai'ijl-i,  llisl.  M j.,  xii.  Ud  17;  liiiKtatwniti',  Xiuro 
J>L'i-iial  li'iaz,  i.  r27-l>-;  Id.,  M<m.  Hid.  Mex.,  MS.,iv.  "JI-S,  •47-1S-,  passim: 
Mr.iwr.  IlUlur.,  Foh.  7  and  'j;},  KS4(i. 

'-'Congress  was  to  lie  composed  of  1(50  dopnties,  representing  the  following 
nine  classes,  luiniely:  real  estate  owners  and  agriculturists  .'iS;  merchants  "Jl I; 
laiucrs  U;  manufacturers  11;  literary  professions  11;  magistracy  10;  pul>lio 
f.Uitionai'ies  10;  clergy  and  army,  each  "JO.  The  deputies  «eii,  to  be  ciio>-eu 
hy  tlie  respective  clashes.  Tlio  (jualilications  ro()uired  of  tlicm  may  he  seen 
in  the  decree.  El  'J'ieiii/io,  Jan.  "28,  ISK):  Mcinoi:  IH<I.,  dau.  'JS,  ISlli;  Zainu- 
Cuts,  Hid,  JtLJ.,  xii.  IJl-j;  Alix.,  Col.  Ley.  y  Dec,  l'6li-ij,  yiO-iT. 


I 


I  ; 


I'll  ♦! 


tl 


290 


POLITICAL  COMMOTIONS. 


not  fail  to  rcniiiid  tlio  rulers  tluit  tho  frontier  was  in 
innniiieiit  thiui^iT  of  invasion,  demandiiiL^  that  tlu' 
troops  Parcdes  had  diverted  from  its  defence,  and 
brought  with  liini  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  should  he 
sent  hack  at  once,  and  not  kept  in  idleness  at  the 
capital.  These  sugs^estiona  were  soon  carried  out. 
alter  tlic  government  was  apprised  of  the  advance 
iiKJvements  made  by  General  Taylor.  The  utmost 
activity  was  then  exercised  to  place  a  respectable' 
iJiny  on  the  fi-ontier.^*  Troops,  artillery,  and  money 
Avei-e  also  sent  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  it  was  feared  the 
enemy  would  land  forces.  Son)e  provision  was  like- 
wise made  for  the  defenec  of  the  j)orts  on  the  Pacilic 
The  position  of  the  government  was  daily  becoming 
more  and  more  diilicult,  for  it  had  not  only  to  pro- 
vide means  to  meet  the  invaders  \vheres(jever  they 
might  appear,  but  also  to  withstand  the  deadly  at- 
tacks of  the  opposition  press,  which  now  o[)enly  ;ic- 
cused  it  of  an  intention  to  set  up  a  monarchy  in 
^Mexico.  Federalists,  centralists,  and  tho  personal 
supporters  of  Santa  Anna  were  now  working  in  uni- 
son and  threatening  to  upset  tlie  govcrnnient.  Tlii> 
decided  aggression  prompted  the  adoption  of  restrict- 
ive measures  against  the  press,"""  which  were  virtually 
an  attack  against  the  republicans  and  tended  to  widen 
the  breach.  Tho  president  then,  with  tho  view  ol' 
allaying  if  possible  the  hostility  of  parties  at  a  time 
when  he  needed  general  coo[)eration,  issued  on  the 
24th  of  April  a  manifesto,  promising  to  sustain  tlie 
lepublican  form  till  the  nation  should  resolve  upon  a 
change.  This  did  not  save  liim,  however,  from  being 
set  U[)  by  the  opposition  press  as  an  enemy  of  the 

institutions  of  the  coLUitrv.     lie  was  also  accused  of 

»/ 

'■"  A  loan  of  §1,800,000  was  raised  to  lit  out  the  troops  that  were  forwarcU'l 
to  Micr. 

■-'■''riic  ofEcial  journal  on  tlio  l'2th  of  March  said  that  tho  ficedoni  to  (lis- 
cuss  tho  (juestion  of  foi-ni  of  govcrnnii'iit  must  ceasu.  Kvon  that  ri.stricti.iu 
being  a  little  later  dccnit'd  iusulliciont,  auothor  circular  was  issued  to  hold  t!i'' 
authors,  imblishers,  and  printers  of  such  ai'ticles  amenable;  an<l  under  it  f 
provisions  several  arrests  wore  made  in  April.  Max.,  Cut.  Ley.  y  Dec,  ItiH-'i, 
Sjo-tj;  Dublaii  and  Loumo,  Laj,  Jj'.x.,  v.  121-2. 


flX.lXCUL  PEOfiEESS. 

neglocting  t„  pn.vi.lo  n-.ai„.t  T„  r  • ,  *" 

J  lie  situation  was  i„dc"    ,   ;'■  '\"";"""' '""'  ^""'»~^- 

J«rtiue„b,l  revenues  i„  ZT.  '''"'■'"•-  *'"•'  'I'- 

'■«■"  tl.c  o,,,,„siti„„  nrossf    ,';/""''  !"'"''''■""  "'^'t 

"-l:"»!i^.e'tJ:.!::;;"  :i>;,^|™^ter  It„,,e  „„   ,„ 

V'j's  to  suspend  l.ayn,i,     i       ',\,""  '.''«  ^'1  "f  -Ua^■, 
""  tlio  receipts  to  tlie  s,  n„„\    1 !  '"  ''"'"  »f  "I'l'lvi,',.. 

^-P  was  to  notiiy  the  ,"[."'"  'T'"^''    1''''  "-t 

-Y-^'U"  clergy  ,v4,.:';.^'^^'^'"n  c  ,,.pter  tl.at  tl,e 

"■  lie  force,!  loan  ilecr™  I,  „  "'"'''l".''"-' -^-'.-lOy.OoO 
-tallnents  of  §200,000,  ^^Au^uT""'  ',"  '""""''.V  '"- 
>'-is  §08,000.  Tl.c  n,,  1,  '•  '"^'1  ""»  "liajiter's  s La,,, 
"i'-to  a  ^nailer, ,  n;  .''I  r';/''"''^-  "•^■-J  to C  " 
^  'IV.  .Santunists  l.a.lL v  th      '     ^^''  '"'"■" 

t'"  ;;f  a  •■"volutionarVn'n.r'  "'"■'■■"■''  "'»  «'" 

«,st,ng  Sovernnu-nt'-'an  ,','    '"  ""^  ''""^'^  t/,e 

'-tl.oeountry  ,vasu;Ke.  fio^'t'i    7  "'  ""■'  '""i^'l- 

''yl'or  arms  at  tl,e  sea  '0^  -       ''i'^f  "'■^  ^"'''-""«' 

l'«  <i;'epest  pain  to  all  j«tW,  tie     ,l'   '"''  ''"^'  <•'"'-'' 

'"","'"  tool;  place  in  tlAt    .   ,     f  "■'•  "  l"'"'H"icia- 

<""-'■  the  l4lersl,i  ,  o  •  r"-*  '"1  "'"   -Ofl'   of  Mav 

-."  ,'-t'--  ."ilitary  ,  ,.e  -s^n  ;i"' ."'"■^'  '"f"'''"  ^■-'- 
'"  t .'«  -0th  of  January -'  'a  ?  '"-  "-"""»'  *!'«  l^.vv- 
''■'7"'''»  system  and  thj  ,„■;,  ,'"  "l'l"««l  tli.,  ,v- 
'  ■'■''"■«l  t"  be  traito  .s.  "  .'"'i^'^.','  '''«  P'-"  n'.-vo 
■>!'"«  "-as  proclaimed  the  leili'  "'■'"•''•'  ^'-'t."- 
I"'-"    '■T'-'.-vernn.enlL      ;;..:' J,fr'-t'- 


""■'i,  tiiat  souio  viJo  Mcx. 


I  ' 


238 


rOLITICAL  COMMOTIONS. 


■vvDuM  ho  seconded  clscwliero,  sjx'clally  in  flic  capilnl. 
i('d()iil)It'd  its  vi<nluii(;u  to  avert  it.  S(»oii  after,  nn 
tilt.'  Otli  of  June,  the  extraordinary  eonj^n'ess,  sinn- 
monod  under  the  deeroo  of  Jaiuiai y  2f;tli,  asseniMfJ, 
and  on  the  same  day  l)e^an  its  lal)ors.  J?aredes  ap- 
])eared  l)eforu  that  body  and  made  a  solenm  dei-lai'a- 
ti<»n  in  favor  of  the  repubhean  system.  On  th»;  I2tli 
<»f  the  same  montli  cot)!.,''ress  met  and  cliose  I'aredcs 
jirosidont  ad  interim,  and  Xieohis  ]Jravo  vice-presi- 
dent."'' On  the  20th  the  former  was  authorized  to 
assume  personal  command  of  the  land  forces. ^^  Tim 
j^overnmeut  was  also  empowered  duriii;^  six  months 
t<)  procure  means  to  carry  on  the  war  and  for  othi  r 
])iu'|)()ses,  though  without  seizing  or  liypothecatin^^ 
the  property  of  persons  or  corporations.  Paredes 
sent  lai'go  sums,''^  and  constantly  increased  the  forces 
in  the  n<n'tli.  lie  adopted  evei-y  possible  precaution 
to  prevent  the  spi'ead  of  revolution.^'  ]3ut  his  eilbits 
were  of  little  avail,  and  he  then  resolved  to  surrender 
the  executive  authority  to  Vice-president  Bravo,  who 
reluctantly,  and  only  as  a  matter  of  duty,  acce[)ted 

icaiia  liail  nttemptcil  tlio  establislinicnt  of  a  throne  occnpioil  by  a  f(iri;i'.'n 
piiiice;  tliat  tlio  law  of  Jan.  'Jlitli  to  convoke  au  oxtvaonliiiaiy  coiigross  was 
a  mass  uf  abaiu'ditics:  ami  it  was  iK'cessaiy  to  prcvout  tlu;  a.ssombliii.;  of  sac'i 
II  t'uau'ross  to  avert  foreign  interveiitioii  with  the  conse([Ueiit  tlestnictioii  "f 
the  Me\iean  army,  and  the  ilisniis.sal  of  ^lex.  eiti/i.'ns  from  imblic  oliiei>; 
therufoi'e,  the  national  constitution  .should  be  founded  on  tho  will  of  tic 
jiiajority  of  tho  people.  The  plan  cmbraeed  ten  articles,  seven  of  whi..li 
only  Were  of  national  import,  involving  tho  oljjects  mentioned  in  tho  text. 
Of  Santa  Anna,  it  ia  .said  that  ho  had  been  tho  founder  of  tho  reimblic,  ani. 
bis  crrora  notwithstandin',',  'her  stron.Ljest  .su])port,  in  spite  of  Ivtropern 
jnliey,  and  of  the  instigations  of  some  wicked  Mexicans.'  It  was  also  suit'/ 1 
tiuit  .Santa  Anna  had  ever  oppo.sed  usui'pations  on  the  part  of  the  norihivu 
republic.  Mcj:.,  Col.  T^rij.  Fund.,  'J70-S0;  li'irmi,  lIUl.  Jii/ajKt,  Hi.  7.')i'  0  i; 
Jj:i<i(iiii'iidf,  Mem.  lllxl.  Mcc,  MS.,  iv.  2t7-S;  El  llcdaunidor,  June  "Jll, 
lo4();   Villi iiij'ii  11  inf.  M<'.v.,  .'JT ")-(>. 

=^Seo  d.'crces  of  Juno  lUth  nud  lith.  .Vrx.,  Col.  Lfi/.  y  Dpc,  IS II  H, 
.^70  4;  JJiib.'aii  and  Lo-.aim,  Lci/.  Mcx.,  v.  i;!J-3.  The  republican  form  ut 
l;  i\ermne:it  having  been  adopted,  the  monarchical  oi'gau,  £1  T'u  nijjo,  retiiid 
friim  the  Held,  after  having  scattered  among  a  considerable  part  of  tho  cum- 
muiaty  its  iicrnicious  ideas. 

"'  i/r.f..  Col.  Lcii.  n  IM:,  1844-0,  r>7'>. 

^-ll.iving  secured  the  loan  of  one  millitm  dollars  from  the  church.  .1/'  , 
Apinitfi  Hist.  Ouerra,  GS-D,  70;  liii-ilamauk',  Mem.  Hist.  Me.c.,  IMS.,  iv.  -i-', 
2J.'>, 

•'^IIc  quartered  troops  in  the  capital,  detached  suspected  olDcer.s,  aul 
arrcitcd  a  luiniber. 


>U    <'i 

t,;t. 
anl, 

111  tj  I; 

Ill  i'n 
I'ln  "! 
|>tircil 
1  oi.nu- 


IM'' 


BRAVO  AS  ACTINC  rUESIDKXT. 


209 


I,  --^ 


{]\o  {llfTKnilt  position  on  tlio  28th  of  July.  TIio  caUi- 
iK't  loriucd  by  Jiravo  (^onsisti-il  of  tlu-  rol!o\viii«^  min- 
isters, namely:  Jose  .Joa(|uin  Pesado,  of  rehiLions; 
,Joso  yi.  Jimenez,  of  justice;  Antonio  (Jaray,  of  tin.' 
li'easury;  and  Ignaeio  Mora  _y  \'illamil,  of  wai'.  This 
cihinet  thought  it  was  not  the  proper  time  now  to 
frame  a  new  constitution,  and  attem|)te(l  to  induce 
the  congress  to  declare  that  the  bases  orgiinicas  of 
]S4awerotlio  political  constitutii^n  of  the  republic; 
wilh  the  view  that  after  their  acceptance,  and  the 
ii. [option  of  sonio  regulations,  that  body  should  go 
into  I'ccess.  j^ut  no  project  could  now  be  develo[)ed, 
the  re])ublie  having  become  the  jdaything  of  the  mili- 
tary element.  Anarchy  rc'igned  su[)reme.  On  the 
;iil  of  August  the  garrisons  of  Vera  Cvw/.  and  San 
.1  iian  de  Uliia  revolted,  proclaiming  the  plan  of  ( luatla- 
laiara;  and  earlv  in  the  mornin'>;  (jf  the  4th  Cleneral 
Salas,  with  upwards  of  1,000  men  that  I'aredes  had 
litted  out  to  go  with  him  to  the  front,  did  the  same 
i.i  the  citadel  of  jNIexico.  Pai-edes  succeeded  in  es- 
ciping  that  same  night,  and  expected  to  join  a  force 
he  had  despatched  some  days  betbru  to  the  field  of 
()|»erations,  but  was  ca^jtured  with  some  other  oflicers, 
by  (General  Avalos,  and  brought  back  as  a  prisoner 
t)  the  citadel.^'  At  a  conference,  afterward  held  by 
the  belligerents  on  the  Gth,  it  was  resolved  that 
]]ravo's  power  should  cease,  and  the  government 
tioops  acce[)t  the  plan  adopted  at  the  citadel,''"'  pursu- 

^' After  an  imprisonment  in  a  convent,  Piirotht'i  was  exiloil  from  tlin  coiin- 
t.  V  Oil  tlio  "ill  of  Oct.  lS4(i,  j\ist  10  months  alter  lio  l)ec;imo  tlio  execntivi-  by 
11(  ircra'.s  overthrow.  In  the  varions  hi'Aha  ailopteil  l)y  the  several  towns  as 
they  accepted  the  revolution,  he  wan  ealleil  a  tiaitor.  It  lia>i  been  wiiil 
ii;uni.st  him  that  (luring  his  I'esiilem'e  in  Fi-anee  lie  iiitri^ueil  to  hrin;,'  about 
K  uiipean  intervention  in  Mexican  allUirs.  When  the  Anu.iicans  iiail  oecn- 
pieil  Mexico  he  was  resiiliuL,'  in  TulancinLCO,  iiaving  cliiileil  the  Ameiiean 
blockade.  Tlionce  he  was  called  by  the  government  at  li>nei'etaro,  but  did 
iiiit  g  ),  alleging  ill  health.  He  rendered  no  service  during  the  war.  llo 
altciward  showed  himself  again  in  tiie  revolutionary  arena,  opfiost'd  the 
t;":ities  of  peace  with  tiie  U.  S.,  but  was  defeated  by  llustaniante.  J[u  was 
laehided  in  the  general  amnesty  of  April  ISH).  I'lrirn.,  f.'oh.  di'  Mi'x.,  ii. 
'i.lii.  I'aredes  died  in  September  of  that  year,  leaving  his  family  in  poverty. 
1.  is  recordcil  to  his  credit  that  ho  was  an  honest  man  in  money  matters. 
His  management  (jf  public  funds  was  without  jn'culalion.  BuMainan'.i',  Mem. 
Jli<t.  .]/,'.!•.,  MS.,  iv.  ;?;!;  ArniiKj,;-.,  M,  /.,  ii.  •_'!(,"■). 

'•■  The  plau  consisted  of  a  preamble  in  weven  articles,  and  resolutions  ia 


Ii 
m 


300 


POLITICAL  COM  MOTIONS. 


'  '■ ! 


nnt  to  >vliicli  Salan,  as  <,rciioiul-iii-cliicf,  in  clmi'go  of 
tliu  8U|)i'c'iiiu  c'XccLitivo  uuthuiity  by  a  tluctvu  of 
AuLjust  'I'ld,  sui»|)fc'.ssL'(l  tlio  council  of  ^overiiMU'iii 
1111(1  (lc[iartinc'iitul  assuuiblios,  and  aiitliorizud  the  rcs- 
torutii>n  of  tlio  wtates,  re.servin<jf  to  hiniseif  tbo  power 
])i-ovisioiially  of  appointing  tlio  governors.  Anotlar 
decree  of  tlie  same  date  declared  that  the  congress 
that  was  to  meet  pnr.suaiit  to  tlu;  convocation  of  the; 
4th  .should  come  (hdy  enii)o\vered  to  enact  laws  on  all 
branches  of  the  public  administration.^" 

Jos6  Mariano  de  Salas  was  at  this  time  a  ffotioral 
of  brigade,  lie  was  born  in  the  city  of  Mexico  In 
1797,  and  entered  the  ro3'al  service  as  a  cadut  in 
1811};  he  fought  against  the  insurgents,  obtaining  liis 
first  promotions,  till  1821,  when  he  accepted  Iturbidr's 
j)lan,  and  for  services  rendered  was  made  a  captain. 
Afterward  he  cooperated  witii  Santa  Anna,  in  estab- 
lishing the  republic.^'  In  1844  he  was  second  chief  of 
stall",  and  comandante  general  of  ]\le\ico,  which  oiHcc.s 
he  lost  for  his  faithfulness  to  Santa  Anna  in  Decem- 
ber 1844.  Herrera  em[)loyed  him,  however,  in  tlm 
su[)renie  court-martial,  and  Paredes  restored  liini  the 
comandancia  general  of  Mexico. 

The  government  remained  for  a  time  in  charge 
of  Salas,^"*  all  the  states  recounizinijf   his  authority. 

fcix  more,  embracing  a  project  of  regeneration  under  the  federal  system,  ti 
cstabji^'i  which  a  .special  congress  was  to  asscmhlo  four  mouths  after  tlie  li'i- 
cratiny  to,  cos  suould  bo  in  possession  of  the  capital.  Exiles  for  poliliiiil 
c.'AUoca  wijti:  recalled,  and  the  absent  Santa  Anna  was  made  tlic  goncral-iii- 
chiof  of  tho  forces  to  combat  for  the  nation's  rif;lits  and  liberties,  including 
tho  ]-:;iv:tege  of  &elf-goverunieut.  M<':.c.,  CuL  Lvi.  Fund.,  280-5;  Uiimlrr:, 
'I\liiiu,i.  Mam.  Hint.,  3--4;  BiiflamaiUe,  Nmvo  Bernal  Diaz,  ii.  07-7(5;  /(/., 
Mem.  /lift.  Mex.,  MS.,  v.  G0-S4,  !)5. 

"•iBoth  dcci'ees  in  Mcx.,  Col.  Ley.  FttmJ.,  2S,>-G;  Id.,  Mix.  Col.  Lfij.  >/ 
Dec,  1841-0,  3!)o-40S,  41;}-I(i;  Diihlan  and  Lor.atio,  Leg.  Me.c,  ii.  14.S-5(i. 

"'  From  that  time  lie  was  in  almost  constant  service,  sometimes  sustainin.; 
the  existing  government,  and  at  otliers  helping  to  upset  it.  He  also  cam- 
paigned  in  Texas  toward  the  end  of  1830. 

"''llis  cabinet  was  most  of  tlie  time  composed  of  tho  chief  clerks  of  d'- 
partineuts.  The  jjortfolio  of  relations  was  held  a  while  by  Miinuul  ('.  Jioj  i  i, 
to  Oct.  '20th,  and  by  Jooe  M.  Lafragua  to  Dec.  2od.  Alex.,  Mc/ii,  llackiuht, 
1870,  1042-3. 


Tf..   p 


iisiiinj' 

S;.Ias  I 
tr;iiisit 
Xo 
wlio  w; 
iti'  pa.st 
"ccniTe 
Ii''  bcin; 

AilgM.st 

l>as;i(h'c 

.'ipproacl 
visitod  f 

iiiandor  . 

David  C 

.'i'piadror 
sri'iict  S; 
ahout  tJii 

Tiiieed  i 
^fexico,  I 
iiiid  mosi 
t'lat  repu 
ahle  to  Si 

'"  Vu,<?.  2.")t 
''"'■  L"ii.  !/  I), 
'"■'wet'u  tiicg( 
-ith.  (foverii 
^^^^  tax;  i-osto 
P'lit  of  tho  SI 
-N 'V.  14tli.  I 
■''''■.'•.,  V.   171-i 

<>■•  M,  211-1: 

'■""'/'«,  1S70,  2 

■■'Ifo  found 

f.">t  from  the  el 

'■•'.V-i.  Zainacou 

"  His  depari 

)  I'ia  Cruz  by  f 

linrn  cn/rrlo,  17 

/-"U.  S.  Na 

t'n<l;Mvora   to   e 


'^?  y  yours,  (jf 


"'■11 '-al,  added, 


RULE  OF  SALAS. 


301 


TTo  puMisliod  many  important  dooroca  for  ostaU- 
lishiiig  ofoiiomical  reforms,  and  for  otlirr  purposes, 
l.iir,  few  of  which  were  carrittd  out.''''  It  is  said  that 
Siilas  had  at  his  command,  from  tlio  l)e''inninir  of  hi;* 
ti'iinsition  rule,  large  pecuniary  resources.^' 

Xo  time  had  beejj  lost  in  notifying  Santa  Anna, 
\vlio  was  tlien  in  Hahana  much  devoted  to  his  favor- 
it'  jiastime  of  cock-fighting,  of  tlui  changirs  that  had 
occurred  in  Mexico,  and  of  his  pi-esence  in  the  repul)- 
lic  hein'jf  urLTently  neinled.  ]fo  accordinijlv  saihnl  for 
\'t  la  Cruz  upon  a  iJi'itisli  steamer,  on  the  I'Jth  of 
August,*'  accon\pani(Hl  by  his  friends  Almonte  and 
Hasadre,  together  with  Rcjon,  Haro,  and  l>()ves.  On 
jipjiroaching  the  port  of  destination,  the  steamer  was 
\  isjted  friMu  one  of  the  blockading  ships,  whose  com- 
mander allowed  her  freely  to  proceed,  as  Commodore 
David  Conner,  commanding  the  United  States  homo 
.si|na<Iron,  had  orders  from  his  government  not  to  ob- 
struct Santa  Anna's  landing."  ^NTuch  has  been  said 
ahout  this  apparently  strange  course  on  the  pai't  of  tlio 
rnitcd  States  authorities  in  allowinLr  free  entrv  into 
^[exico,  under  the  present  circumstances,  to  the  ablest 
iuid  most  inilueutial  political  and  military  chieftain 
that  republic  then  had;  and  conuuents  very  unfa\'or- 
ahlo  to  Santa  x\.nna  were  accordingly  made,  the  priv- 

"Aii':;.  G.'th.  Bepartmontal  aascmlilies  to  .lot  .IS  state  legislatures,  ^frx., 
<'o'.  /,<■)/.  1/  Dec.,  lSt4-(},  411).  Sept.  ITtli.  J/i\v  t:>  distrilmtu  ilic  revciiui's 
lii'^wffu  the  j,'L'ner;il  government  aii'.l  the  . states.  O'l'iii.,  M'  in.,  \S'>2,  !).  S'pt. 
•J  ith.  (iovcrument  council  ostaiilished.  Oct.  10th.  S\ii)[)ru.ssii)ii  of  the  ox- 
lii^tax;  rcHtorcd,  liowever,  in  Xov.  /vfr/V)*',  Oyi/Jsr-.,  !).  (),;t.  lOtli.  (.'ontin- 
L'l'iit  of  the  states  abolished,  and  compensated  for.  J)U]irt<ic.  Vnr,,  v.  .")(». 
X  )V.  14th.  Freedom  of  the  press  regulated.  IhiJifaii  and  Lk'iho,  Ln;. 
.'.''. I-.,  V,  171--,  lSt)-!W.  Ndv.  !!H!).  Tux  inqiosed  on  (■■clo-iiasLical  ])r()|K'i-- 
ty.  /'/.,  211-17,  '2;r)-0;  liiwrn,  Hixt.  Ja/n/m,  iii.  SUO-li.';  Mr.i-.,  M,  ,n.  Jl<i- 
li'ii'/'i,  1S70,  '272;  IJnslainan/c,    Mini.  llhl.    .l/cc,  .MS.,  v.  i;>l!-7,  i4!». 

^'Ilo  founil  in  the  treasury  .STOO.OOi),  out  of  the  one  ni'llion  I'ai'cdes  had 
f.'ot  from  the  clergy  for  the  Texas  war.  The  money  disappeared  in  alwiic  I.j 
liiiy.-i.  /amacois,  JJist.  Mij.,  xii.  5'i)l-,  51.">. 

"  His  departure  was  in  the  niglii.,  and  he  expected  to  run  the  blockade  at 
^'|■l•a  Cruz  by  favor  of  the  night,  in  which  he  failed.  Santa  Anna,  Apiil.  cd 
lull' II  crUcrio,  17. 

■*- '  U.  S.  Navy  Department,  May  13,  184(5,  Commodore:  If  Santa  .\nna 
cii.l  avors  to  enter  the  Mexican  ports,  you  will  allow  him  to  pass  freely. 
l!r<j)V  yours.  (Jeorge  Bancroft.'  The  eommotlore,  .•<nnoiinci:it;  SantaA'jna'a 
uiiival,  added,  'I  have  allowed  liini  to  cuour  without  molestation.' 


■J.d 


'  a 


mi 


:f 


i    ^1       ' 


m 


302 


POLITICAL  COMMOTIONg. 


II  i 


ilo'jfe  thus  cfranted  liiiu  boiiiij  attributed  to  a  secret 
•stiivjlatioii  iVoiu  v;lueh  ho  Avas  to  deiive  largo  pocu- 
niarv  and  other  advaiitai>os,  on  condition  of  his  con- 
chiding  peace  witli  the  United  States.'*'  The  fact  is, 
there  was  no  such  stipidation,  and  President  Polk  e\- 
Ijlicitlv  stated  it  in  his  niessane  to  congress  of  Januaiv 
12,  1848.**  It  was  issued  simultaneously  with  tl;  • 
order  to  blockade  the  ^lexican  ports,  solely  upon  tho 
views  of  policy  which  he  conununicated  to  congress 
in  his  annual  niessaije,*^  that  is  to  say,  that  he  believed 
him  an  element  of  discord.  Santa  Anna's  recall  to 
]\[exico  had  been  looked  for  long  before  it  took  place. 
The  United  States  consul  in  llabana,  Robert  B.  Camp- 
bell, probably  by  his  government's  instructions,  called 
with  an  interpreter  on  Santa  xVnna  and  tried  to  obtniu 
from  him  an  explicit  declaration  that  he  would,  if  re- 
stored to  power  in  ]Moxico,  favor  peace  with  the 
United  States.  Unwillimj;  to  return  strai'j^htforward 
answers  to  the  questions  propounded  to  him,  he  asked 
permission  to  bring  General  Almonte  into  tho  conlei- 
ence,  after  which  the  conversation  was  mostly  carrie  1 
on  through  liim.  Santa  .\nna  repeatedly  said,  an  I 
in  this  he  was  not  ingenuous,  that  he  personally  \vas 
in  favor  of  peace,  but  would  act  according  to  tlio 
wishes  of  his  countrymen;  if  tliey  were  for  war,  lie 
woidd  wage  it  with  all  tho  res(HU'ces  at  his  command.'' 
Santa  Anna  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  on  the  Kiih 
of  August,  amidst  demonstrations  of  respect;  lli ' 
chiet'  of  the  cal)inet,  Valentin  Gomez  Farias,  star! id 
(ju  the  lUth  for  Puebla  to  receive  him.     A  proi-Li- 


n 

l! 

r  t 

I 

\\ 
(• 

CI 

S, 
pa 


*^ ^^nntroh,  TIU'.  .VrJ.,  xii.  .lO'-fi;  Srtnfn  Anna,  Aprl.  nl  hucn  cri(f,'ii', 
bcin,;^  his  n'[ily  to  cliarai'i  liy  Iviunou  »laiul)o:i,  14-15.  .lay,  AV  r.  Mo.v.  Wtr, 
1,11),  .s;igj,'ost.-(  tli.'it  I'lvsiijriit  I'olk  jirohaMy  oxpcetoil  tliat  Santa  Anna,  lia\iii,' 
^vi■l>ll^'.l  to  loscnt,  ami  hcin^  iiulditi'il  to  liiiii  fur  an  oppui  tiiuity  ti)  \vn';i:c 
voa:;oaiiL'o,  'would  t'omuiit  an  iiisanvclion,  kimllo  \\\o.  Ilaincs  of  civil  war,  lo- 
covi'i'  his  fotincr  iniwer,  and  (.'xi'itiso  it  in  cDaclinlini,'  a  peaco  with  tho  U.  ">. 
jjy  tho  I'ossiii!!  of  California.'     I'oll;  lU'L'i'ivt'il  himself. 

^'Tlioso  aro  his  wonls;  '  \\  itliout  any  unilci'stamlinLC  on  thcanlijcL't,  ilin  t 
or  indirect,  with  Santa  Anna  or  any  uthor  jK'ison.'  Am.  (J'ltirf.  lici/. 


<''()f  Dei".  8,   ISlli.    ir.  S.  CoH  Dor.,  (Jonj 


I!),  .Sos.  •_»,  [[.  Kx.  'JO. 


■"'J lis  own  .statcni.-nt  of  tliat  inti>i-viu\v  diJord  but  littlo  from  the  al 
Saata  Anna,  Apd.  albuin  cri'vi-io,  IS-l'i). 


^ 


RETURN  OF  SAXTA  ANNA. 


303 


ination  was  published  on  the  24th  that  the  fedeva- 
tiou  and  the  most  anij)!<)  liberty  were  now  restored, 
'i'he  eelebration  ot*  Santa  Anna's  return  and  of  the 
restoration  of  the  federal  system  took  plaee  at  tho 
(ajiital  on  the  14th  of  September  with  mneh  ma^nifi- 
eeiicc.  Both  aulhorities  and  people  were  full  of  hope. 
Santa  Ainia  had  come  back  under  favorable  auspices; 
parties,  .setting  aside  old  biekeriii'^s,  grou[)ed  th(  ni- 
seh  e.s  under  the  national  standard  that  Santa  Anna 
\.as  to  raise  and  carry  in  a  succession  of  victories 
throU'^hout  the  campaign  ao-ainst  tho  foreign  invader, 
lie  seemed  to  understand  h's  position,*'  and  in  tho 
rttiivnient  of  Tacubava  aliected  unwillingness  to 
meddle  with  government  ati'airs,  and  devoted  his  at- 
i  iition  to  orLjaniziniX  the  ex])etUtion  he  intended  to 
Lad  to  the  north.  He  urged  the  government  to  for- 
V,  ird  troops  to  tho  frontier  without  delay,  and  a  iorce 
of  ;),000  men  was  accordingly  starti'd  I'rom  the  capital 
(11  the  28t]i  of  Se])toudjer,  with  Santa  Anna  at  its 
head,  for  San  Luis  Potosi.*^ 

''  III!  tlioujiht  tli.'it  the  ^^fivornmcnt  was  in  tho  Iiaii:!';  of  men  he  couKl  easily 
in-iiiii;,'c,  uiil  cun'dnuud  tiio  .seiulilaiicu  nt'  (lisiiitevi'steihiL'ss  anil  i)acrii>ti>'ni  ex- 
hi  liteil  )>y  him  at  Xvva  Cruz,  in  inilfr  that  tho  [leniilo  might  forget  hi.s  pa.it 
triiirs  and  evil  piaetices.  Mdr.,  Apniifcii  ///'.</.  (liii'rrii,  (17. 

''  Tiic  force  consisted  of  the  'Jd,  'Ith,  and  Titli  iiussars,  and  the  liu'ht  siinad- 
irm  of  I'uehhi;  l.-st  and  1  Itli  light  infantry,  and  the  'Jd  aetivo  tie  .Nli'jieo;  bo- 
si. lei  foot  and  ligiit  artillery.  'J'iiese  were  the  renniunts  of  tho  troops  that 
liad  lieen  stationed  at  tiie  capital.  It  may  lie  said  that  tho  organization  of 
the -NJ.'xiean  army  dili'ered  hut  \ery  little  from  the  i-luroi>ean,  naunly,  light 
a'.i.l  heavy  infant!".',  light  cavalry  and  di'agoons,  ongineer?!,  and  lield  and 
sio.'e  artillery,  vitli  the  corn  ponding  staff,  iueluding  tho  medical,  pay,  com- 
iiii.-;sary,  and  other  neeensary  (!i'i)artment.s.  ]);'sidrs  tho  regular  army,  t'.ia 
rcpiiMio  haii  aetive  ai  d  reserve  militia,  and  a  numln'r  of  companies  intendr  I 
hi.ccially  forgi:'\rilir.g  a.'ains*:  Indian  raid.s.  ,\t  the  [ime  the  ililfereneeH  v,i:h 
t!ie  r.  S.  assumed  a  warlike  as[icct,  Mexico  had  in  service  the  f-irees  in  tlio 
iiei'tii  uml'jr  J'aiedes  and  Arista,  and  those  umler  Imdan  stationed  in  .l.i'.aoa 
ir.id  \'cra  L'ruz.  Several  bo  lies  were  also  in  Texas.  According  ti>  an  otlii  i;il 
letter,  dated  I)oe.  'J,  l.il."),  fioni  Minister  of  war  .\naya,  tho  exi->ting  f  ino 
e  iisisted  of  14,770  foot,  7,"''"  I'avalry,  including  .■!.">  piosidial  companies  a:id 
1-  active  eomi)anies  of  militia  of  tiio  Kame  class,  and  1,7;>1  arlilleiyiuen.  Ho 
demanded  ii  lai'go  increase  to  jilace  tho  ai"my  on  a  war  footing,  and  also  called 
tor  the  orgaaizaaon  of  the  national  guard  toserv."  as  an  au.xiliary  force  for  de- 
feuding  eoast.s  and  preserving  order  iu  tho  interior.  'I'he  total  foreo  reijuired 
fur  active  war  acenriluig  to  that  rei)ort  would  )jo  ()."i,<KS7  men.  'i'he  cost  was 
Computed  at  .'5l,l7-.o;)!>  monthly,  besides  pension!?,  c.xtr.T,  allnwanees,  rations, 
oud  other  miavoidaldo  (expenses.  I'l  I'la  ij  J'lit'i.  ('o.')r';:iai'-ioii,  .')i)-4().  Tho 
.Mosiean  ollicers  and  men  thought  themselvcj  invineible;  that  opinion  bci.i' 
Hut  merely  tiio  result  of  Udtioiiul  pride,  but  also  of  llie  .■siipp j.^itiou  that  tli  .■> 


;■•    ' 


jl 


II 


Mij 

ill! 


■Mi; 


304 


POLITICAL  COMMOTIOXS. 


Salas'  enemies  tried  to  overthrow  liini,  and  Santa 
Anna  then  ]>ub]ished  a  manifesto  statim^  that  the  re- 
lations between  him  and  tlie  g(»vernnu.'nt  were  most 
cordial.  Tlic  administration  was  makim^  the  mo-<t 
strenuous  efforts  to  procure  resources,  and  finally 
issLied  a  decree,  affecting  tlie  proj)erty  of  tlie  clergy, 
to  I'nise  two  million  dollars,  which  created  a  great  com- 
motion, and  made  still  worse  the  horrible  situation  dI' 
the  country. 

The  installation  of  congress,  which  had  a  majority 
of  more  or  less  radical  liberals,  took  place  on  the  Gt!i 
of  December;  and  on  the  2.3d  Santa  Anna  was  chosen 
president  ad  interim,  and  Gomez  Farias  vice-prosi- 
dent.'*''*  The  latter  took  the  oath  of  office  at  -iico  u.  l 
assiuncd  the  executive  authority  in  Santa  Ani-  is  a'  - 
sence.'"'*'     This  statesman's  accession  to  power  iiiipucd 

had  iiiuch  inilitary  expcvienco  and  toughness  acrjuircil  in  their  imny  year  f  of 
revohitionaiy  strife.  The  cavahy,  mostly  lan/ei's,  had  a  faetirious  reputa- 
tion lioth  at  lioiiio  and  ahrouil.  Many  bodies  wci-o  tairly  disei|dineil,  and  i  \- 
pert  iu  iiorseniauship  and  the  managenicnt  of  the  lance.  'I'heir  carbine.)  were 
mostly  useless  for  accurate  aim.  Tlio  artillery  liad  .several  foreign  otlieei's 
and  most  of  tlic  juniors  had  been  educated  in  tlie  militaiy  college  at  Chajir.i- 
tepee.  Tlicy  were  quite  ])rolicient  in  the  theory  of  their  profession,  and  lia  I 
l)esides  some  practical  experience.  The  guns  wcw.  line,  but  clumsily  mouuti  d. 
(.if  light  artillery,  such  as  modern  troops  used,  there  was  Init  little.  Tile  in- 
fantry had  .some  tolerably  di'illed  regiments.  The  muskets  were  geneiviHy 
inferior,  and  by  no  means  accurately  made.  The  .stall'  of  the  army  was  iijt 
what  it  sliould  have  been.  In  the  engineers  the  country  hail  some  talent;'  1 
and  ski'ful  olhcers,  who  were  quite  perfect  in  tlio  bi'anch  of  held  fortihr  i- 
tiou.  (.)f  general  ollicers  there  was  a  great  dispro[)ortiou.  It  was  ottt'ii  sisi  1 
they  hiid  lirigades  of  g(.ncrals  rather  than  generals  of  briga'les.  There  wer 
])Ut  few  of  them,  if  .any,  possessing  the  v.'irious  (pialihcatious  of  a  geuei;il. 
Ili/j/i'if.i  W(tr  Mc.v.,  87-KO.  As  for  a  naval  I'oroe,  Mexico  had  two  ste:.m«;  s 
one  sciiooner  of  six  guns,  seven  small  vessels  moiiutiu;,'  one  gun  each,  ami  t  \'<> 
Ijrigs  with  10  carronades  ei'Ji.  Alost  of  the  ve-;s"ls  were  nnservi.'eab!' 
J'ir<rn,  IliM.  .JuI<i]hi,  iii.  7-'*,  7--,  7-11-").  The  fortilications  of  Vera  Cr.i/ 
.ind  Sau  .Juan  de  L'liia,  though  repaired  since  t!ie  Fii'iirli  bonibardmeut,  w 


lo  detences  worth  mentioning 


yet  weak.    Matamoros  and  Tanqiic.)  had 

U.  S.  had  on  the  gulf  coasts  a  sipunlron  with  about  .'!;>;)  guns 


t: 


ami 


101)  nun, 


Ion  the  I'acific  sevend  frigates  and  corvetti's  with  •_'r)0  guns  and  ah- 


'Jj'J.")')  men.     'I'ho  American 


<l  had 


iiriny 


o"  the  liio  Grande  was  of  about  4, CIO)  I'lr 


rei'iiforcemiMits  at  easy  distance. 


M<.c.,  Vol.  L<'>/.  y  j>ri\^  l.sl-l  (i,  ,-)!). 


h'an  ami  Loviiio,  Liij.  M( 


M- 


Cof.  Lcif.  Fin>il.,'2?.(\;  /■• 


'2'M-U;  li 


ns/niiinn 


l<;  Jllst.  Jl, 


M.- 


III.,  Xnrro  Ihriial  ll'taz,  ii.  1  l.'!-7.     Tliose  elections  greatly  alarmed  both  ti 
clergy  and  I'ilitary.   Jiinra,  ll'isf.  ./•tlajin,  iii.  cShl-17. 


'.\t  New  Orlean.'i  (iome/  !•' 


uiMS  nea 


)f  Santa  Anna's  overthrow  in  ISI  I; 


iiately  leturned  to  Mexico,  w. 


lie  immci 

opinions,  n'aile  him  a  senator. 


JL 


tl 


il" 


])roiuo 


ted  Santa  Ann: 


lougii  of  (juito  oppo 


of  I'i'stoiing  the  federal  system,  sei'>ed  foi  a  tinr 
uiicuuipromisingly  fur  war  a-ainst  the  L'.  S. 


S.iL 


IS  rec.-ii 


IS  cabuict,  and  v 


as  a  iiKa' 
I 


NEW  CO:\I PLICATIONS. 


305 


the  rccistaMi.sliniont  of  the  principles  liu  liad  sustained 
tliroii^'liout  liis  life.  ]jut  lie  encountered  so  much 
dilficultv  that  he  never  could  form  a  stal)le  cabinet.  ' 
The  new  govcrrmient  endeavored  to  [»rocure  means  for 
earrvini^  on  the  war,  and  meetiu'''  with  '•reat  obstruc- 
tions,  threatened  the  wealthy  classes  with  the  seizure 
of  their  {)r<^[)erty  if  they  would  not  voluntai'ily  con- 
Irihute  to  relieve  the  prcssint^  needs  of  the  nation. 
(Jongross  authorized  it  to  take  filtecu  million  dol- 
lars from  the  clergy,'^-'  which,  as  it  may  well  be  (.'on- 
nived,  caused  the  greatest  excitement  and  opposi- 
ti.iii.^''  Several  state  governments  protcstc^l  against 
the  measure,  and  ere  long  revolutionary  movements 
broke  out  in  various  places.  At  the  ca[)ital  on  the 
IJtIi  of  January  occurred  a  serious  one,  proclaim- 
ing 'religion  y  fueros.'  In  Queretaro  the  effect  of 
the  publication  of  that  law,  which  had  l)ecn  made 
tile  17th  of  January,  was  still  more  dangerous.  The 
govcrnmnnt  was  kept  in  constant  alai'm  by  the  hostile 
}!opuhu*  demonstrations,  but  j)ersisted  in  the  pur[)oso 
of  enforcing  the  law.  Affairs  continued  in  an  unset- 
tled state  till  the  2Gth  of  Februarv,  when  demonstra- 
tii'Ds  were  made  in  Mexico  to  set  aside  Farias  and  the 
congress,  and  even  Santa  Anna,  leaving  the  latter  only 
with  the  command  of  the  northern  army.  The  scan- 
'  d  of  a  f  )rnial  pronunciamient(j  took  place  in  the 
'iniing  of  the  27th.      liecnforcements  were  sent  by 


III 


'''  nuriiir,'  his  oocuiianny  of  tlic  executive  chair  the  portfolios  woro  ijcncrally 
in  cUiir^'e  vf  the  tOiief  clerl;s  of  tiio  several  depurtiiieiits.  Mii\,  Af(  in.  J/nricii- 
■' ',  \>j'i\)y  lOHi— 4.  Amid  the  ti  ilmhitioiii  of  ..lexion  at  thi.i  jieriod  tiu^  .state  of 
V'ueatail,  wliich  iia<l  i'.eeedi'd  fruui  the  rest  of  the  republii;,  and  a'j;aiii  united 
Iter  fate  witli  it  in  LV'e.  1S4I),  He|)arated  a  aecnnd  time,  and  in  May  1S47 
aJopted  a  .special  lla.i^  to  ))u  used  under  the  .Mexican  eohir.s,  to  di.stin;4ui-;h  Vuea- 
t;m  ves.scl.s,  and  insure  protectinn  from  eaplure  l)y  United  Slale.s  er'lisi  rs, 
li'j^lnni'uili',  Afcm.  lllxf.  Mi.c,  MS.,  iv.  .'ii)  (i,  So,  v.  !.'),"),  i'l-J.  vi.  -JT;  /'/., 
Xiii  fi  Ihriiiil  l)hi-.,  i.  I'Jo-T;  Sicirz,  /uhirnf,  ID,  57 -Ih  /,'/  'J'ii'iii/>i,  I'el).  1."), 
and  June.'},  ISKJ;  AVcs' AV./.,  li.\.  Id, 'j;;!,  ;!:)l,  l\xi.  lUll,  :{!I7;  Ywri,./^  Hhi. 
M'X.,  ;U0- 1 ;  Itkvra,  Jlixf.  JitlujKi,  iii.  oJS,  H'.iO,  Si."i;  T/f  Citlijonii'iii,  ^S.  /'. , 
Doe.  1,  is  17. 

"-Santa  .\una  in  a  letter  of  Jan.  2,  IS  17,  to  M.innel  llejon.  favorivl  the 
Icvyia;^  uf  a  forced  loan  fi-om  tlie  eh'r,i,'y  of  twenty  millions.  Tiie  letter  i.s 
t;iveu  iu  full  in  Zdiiinc  i!.i,  Il'i<t.  Mi  J.,  xii,  ."i.")l-'_*. 

"''rhosi'  iiuaucial  decrees  may  be  seen  in  JI'X,,  Vol.  Li y.  y  Dae,  .Jan.  -  to 
Dee.  _>.!,  IS  17,  .-)-•_' 1. 

Uwr.  Mi-x.,  Vol..  v.    20 


■\\-A- 
n^\ 


m 


I  ^j 


.•300 


rOLITICAL  rOMMOTIOXS. 


''!!'" 

:!!' 


the  jnrovornors  of  t]\r  states  of  ]\rt>xic()  and  PuoMa  to 
su-;taiii  tlu;  tifovernincut.'"^ 

'I'lic  I'cvolutioiiists  I'c'f'oi'nu'd  tlK'ir  plan,  aofcptiii'jf 
Santa  Anna  as  j.avsidunt,  and  sayinLj  ni)tliin<4  alxnit 
the  c(>n;4'ross.  The  latter  becamo  dis[)leased  with 
(Joniez  l'\ii'ias  becanse  he  had  arrested  a  nnniher  i>t' 
its  members,  and  then  atl()i)ted  the  plan  of  calling- 
Santa  Anna  to  come  and  occupy  the  presidency. 

Gomez  Farias  had  to  experience,  the  J^ang  ef 
the  ^fexican  army's  defeat  at  Anufostura  or  Jiuena- 
vista,  thourjfh  Santa  Anna,  on  his  retreat,  tried  to 
j>i',l-.>  it  ap]ieara  '•'ictory.  Santa  Anna  had  heard  on 
Otli  of  ]\rarc]i,  at  San  Ijuis  Potosi,  that  the  bel- 
liyi  jnts  at  ^Mexico  roco^^nized  him  as  the  )»resident, 
and  centred  their  hopes  in  him.'"  lie  tlien  camL' 
I'apidly  toward  ^Mexico,  wliero  ho  arrived  on  the  21st 
of  ]\Iarcli,  and  the  revolution  ended.  IJavinj^"  a<- 
bumed  the  presidential  olliee,  Gomez  Farias  I'elired.'"' 

•"''On  tho  last  (lay  of  Febriuuy  cfToits  were  made  to  bringiilioutiui  iin'iiiiLjo- 
nicnt,  liuo  it  failed.  IVua,  tlie  coiiniiainlcr  of  the  revolted,  said  that  the  Iroii- 
l)le  lesul.i'il  from  the  olhstiiiaey  of  a  man  wlio  would  retain  power  agaiut 
pulilic  oiiinion. 

■'•'  He  tlien  wrote  to  Fan'as  and  to  Tena,  ro([nesitin^  them  to  suspend  lio- 
tilities  tiil  his  ai'rival.  JIowe\er,  : :,  i  i  said  that  he  was  more  than  dispusr  1 
to  .'ui.-ilain  Farias'  aiitiiority.  I!ut  .'i  einimitlee  eoarposed  of  (!en.  Sal. is  a. id 
others  met  him  at  (^Juerelaro,  and  turned  his  mind  in  favor  of  tiie  revolution- 
ists. 

•'''The  earccr  of  Farias  did  not  end  here,  lie  was  afterward  a  niemher  <f 
conp'ess,  auil  as  sueh  <>[ipiwed  at  (^Viierctaro  the  eoneludin;^'  (jf  jieai'e  with  Ih; 
U.  iS.  In  iJi.")!}  he  wa.s  a  eaudidato  for  president  of  tho  repubiie,  thou.,di  n  it 
elected.  ][o  lived  to  frame  the  liberal  eonstitution  of  IS,")?.  The  Kub^e:[U(  nt 
successes  of  the  reactionists  imhiuereil  tho  la  ^t  <layd  of  his  life,  liowexir. 
Ili.i  death  oecurrcil  at  Mixcoae,  .)u!y  ."),  IS.iS;  and  his  remains  were  accoin- 
)ianied  t;)  Ihe  yravc  by  men  of  all  politic, il  o])inions,  and  many  foreign  resi- 
dents, who  tlun  ])aid  homage  to  hid  honesty  of  puri)ose  and  unswerving  .sup- 
port of  the  prineijih  s  he  had  entertained  from  his  youth.  liicura,  Uub  i!e 
JIc.c,  ii.  32U;  T,  ibitto  a  Li  Wrdwl,  I'o, 


CIL\_PTER  XIII. 

CAUSES  OF  WAR  AVITH  TIIK  UNITED  STATER 

1S3G-1S4G. 

CoF-RCi  "K  Diplomacy— rLAi:Ms  aoainst  Mixiro — Tiir.iu  Reaiaukable  In- 
cut  \.>.  -Dk.manus  roil  Adjisimknt— Amkuk  AN  Hostii.itv  ani>  Mexi- 
can FoIlliKAKAXCi: — DU'LOMATIC  J  1  ELATIONS  Si  SI'KNDKD  AM)  ItllN  EWKD — 

Akditrai'ion  anu  its  ItEsn.rs — More  American  Claims  and  .Mexicax 
C'orNTEii-cLAiMS— Uneaikne-s  oe  THE  Uniteh  States  Goveunment  - 
Kecocnitiox  of  Texan  iNhErExiiExcE —  KoKEUiN  Intukjees— Annex- 
ation oi'  Texas — Means  of  AccoMrLisiiMENT— A  Casts  Uelli — Rii-- 
Ti-RE  OF  Relations— I'uEssfiMUPN  Mexico — Waulike  Demonstrations 
—Seidell's  U-nsuccessfii,  Mission. 

It  was  a  proineditated  and  pi\3clcterininc(l  affair, 
tlic  war  of  the  ITiiitcfl  Slates  on  ^Icxico;  it  was 
the  result  of  a  dehherately  eah'ulated  sclieine  of  roh- 
hi'iy  on  the  part  of  the  sii[)erii)r  [xiwer.  There  wen; 
;it  Washington  enough  un[)rineipled  men  high  i;i 
ntiieo,  senators,  congivssnien,  to  say  nothing  ahout 
t'le  president  and  liis  eahinet,  and  the  vast  array  "f 
di'ma'-'oufues  and  i)ohti('ians,  who  were  only  too  Liljid 
to  he  ahle  in  anv  wav  to  i.ander  to  the  tastes  of  their 

«•'  %j  L 

suoporters — there  were  enough  (A'  this  elass,  slave- 
holders, smugglers,  Indian-killers,  and  I'oul-mouthed 
t  iha('co-s[)Ui'ting  swearers  u.[)on  saered  l'\)urth-of-.July 
|:viiiciples  to  carry  spread-eagh;  suj)reniaey  from  (ho 
Atlantic  to  the  l*acitie,  who  wert>  willing  to  lay  asid(j 
iill  notions  of  ri'>'ht  and  wi'on'j;  in  the  niidter,  and  un- 
hlushingly  to  take  \vha1e\rr  could  he  secured  solely 
upon  the  principle  of  mig'it.  Mexico,  pooi-,  weak, 
struL2-<>rm<)'  to  secure  for  hei'sc'lf  a  ]>lace  among  tlu;  iia- 
tions,  is  now  to  bo    liumiliated,   kicked,  culfed,  and 


" '  ''!  Ill 
■mM 


1%  ' '; 


1  :)■■ 


308 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


beaten  by  tbe  bully  on  her  northern  bor(Uu',  whoso 
greatest  pride  is  christian  liberty  with  puritan  aiile- 
eedents,  whose  greatest  principle  at  this  time  finds 
exercise  in  liuntiiig  about  for  plausible  ])retexts  in 
steal  i'unn  a  W'eaker  neighbor  a  fine  slice  of  lands  suit- 
able for  ^iave  lalx^r.  Let  us  incjuiro  a  little  into  the 
(jUality  of  these  pretexts,  and  determine  what  were 
the  ]-eal  causes  of  the  war. 


In  a  previous  chapter,  treating  of  the  Texan  revolt 
and  secession,  I  explained  the  cause,  which  was  th(j 
desire  of  its  acquisition  on  the  part  of  the  southern 
states  (jf  the  American  union,  whoso  government 
yielded  to  the  pressure  of  slave-holding  interests. 
After  exhaustinix  all  legitimate  means,  it  resorted  to 
somewhat  sinister  devices,  clearly  indicating,  by  its 
j)olicy  in  I80G  and  subsequently,  an  intent  to  coerce 
Mexico  into  a  cession  of  the  coveted  territory.^  ]t 
is  true  that  the  United  States  had  declined  a  pio- 
tectorate  over  Texas,  which  measure  would  have  vio- 
lated a  treaty.  ]\[exico  must  bo  made  to  appear  as 
the  culpable  party  and  aggressor.  So  a  long  list  of 
<']aims  was  presented,  for  which  the  re})ublic  was 
].Ad  responsiI.)le,  though  a  number  of  them  hardly 
afTected  American  interests  at  all.  An  unseemly 
diplomatic  pressure  was  then  employed. 

The  American  envoy,  Powhatan  Ellis,  was  in- 
structed to  demand  such  reparation  "as  these  accunui- 
lated  wrongs  may  be  found  to  require."  If  no  satis- 
factory answer  should  be  returned  in  three  weeks,  ho 
must  inform  the  ]\Iexican  government  that  unless  re- 
dress was  afforded  -without  delay,  his  further  resi- 
dence in  Mexico  would  terminate.  If  this  threat 
l)roved  unavailing,  he  was  to  notify  the  ]Mexican 
<'abinet  that  unless  a  satisfactory  answer  came  to  hini 
in  two  weeks,  ho  should  ask  for  his  passports  and  re- 

'  .T.  Q.  Ad.-iins  SJiiil  it  was  not  only  Texas  the  U.  S.  ■wanted,  hut  tlio 
v.liolo  courso  iif  tlio liio  Jul  .N'ortc,  and  live  degreus of  latitude  ucross  tliu  cuu- 
tiuunt  to  the  raeilic. 


CLAIMS  AGAINST  MEXICO. 


300 


tum  home.  Secretary  Forr^ytli  was  a  fit  an'ont  and 
J'illis  was  a  lit  iiistniiiiciit  for  the  occasion.  The  hit- 
ter was  a  ]\[issi;>si[)])iaii  and  a  slave-holder."  iln 
wanted  war  and  lu;  wanted  Texas;  and  he  fuliilled  his 
instrnctions  to  the  letter.^ 

Some  of  the  acts  c()ni[)laine(l  of  had  been  committed, 
lii'fore  Mexico  became  an  independent  nation,  l)y  the 
S[)anish  authorities.  I'ayment  was  demanded,  on  the 
iiiei'e  assi'rtions  of  claimants,  for  su})j)lies  said  to  have 
been  furnished  in  furtheran(?e  of  Mexican  indej)en- 
(liuce,  and  for  goods  confiscated  in  violation  of  the  Mex- 
iciiii  revenue  laws.  Events  that  never  occurred  were 
asserted  to  have  taken  })lace,  for  the  purpose  of 
t;"Uin[)ing  up  claims.  There  a[)|)ean'd  in  the  list  com- 
jilnints  against  acts  of  the  national  navy,  and  even 
against  jiroccedings  of  the  courts  of  justice,  many  of 
Ihi'in  unaccompanietl  with  evidence  to  substantiate 
them.*  The  numl)er  of  such  claims  acc()m[)anyiMg 
tlio  secretary's  instructions  was  fifteen;  and  as  im- 
]!(>rtant  issues  grew  out  of  them,  I  give  the  merits 
of  each  in  a  note.° 

■Jtiy's  /iVi'.  ^fex.   ]\'(tr,  .37. 

•'A  full  ciipy  of  Si^ci'otary  Forsyth 's  (U'><p!itc'li,  diitiMl  July  20,  iSIili.  to 
^Miuister  Ellis,  iii>))oars  in  Xi'/cs'  A*';/.,  xi.  4(>",»-l(). 

'  I'liisylli,  in  tlio  (losp:it(:h  aliovu  luciitioiK'il.  uses  tlieso  wonls:  'I'lio  <lo- 
iKii'tuiii'.it  is  nut  in  proof  of  all  llu!  I'ircuui-^taiiccs  uf  tin;  ui-oiiLf  iI.hk'  in  tliu 
iiliovt'  cases,  as  re|)i'esenti'il  by  the  agLjriovuil  parties.'  Tile  ,i,'o\L'i  iinii'Ut 
(Iceuu'il  it  e.\])e<licnt  to  prefer  tiio  euiiiphiiiits  then,  and  to  set.k  afteruaril  ior 
proijf.  The  Mexican  minister  of  foreign  a  Hairs  said  that  the  nuiiihcr,  eliai'- 
fi'.'tcr,  and  dates  of  the  claims  show  that  the  U.  S.  govt  wan  actuated  ty 
liuSwilo  .sentiments,  and  assuri!il  congress  that  few  of  tlieni  were  just.  M6.(\, 
Man.  Mill.  It' hnniicx,  ls:!.S,  10,  II,  \X. 

•'\.  Doctor  15,ildwiii,  an  American,  hail  in  18^2  some  unjust  judgments 
passed  against  him  in  the  Mexican  courts,  and  on  one  (jccasion.  hecause  of  an 
altercation  lictween  him  and  a  magistrates  f)f  Miiiatitlan,  he  was  put  in  the 
Btiicks.  ]>ald\>  in  resisted  and  attempted  to  <'seape,  fell,  and  injurcil  his  leg. 
IIo  v.as  seized,  returned  to  the  stocks,  and  a:'terward  im[)risonecl.  liuhL- 
vii)'.^  Chum,  in  Mi'.v.  Painph.,  v.  It  docs  not  appear  that  llalilwin  was  ever 
denied  the  right,  which  ho  probahly  used,  of  recourse  to  a  superior  court. 
2.  The  American  vcss(d  Tnjinz  was  cliarterud  hy  the  Mexican  governnieut 
ill  l.s;?2  to  convey  troops.  The  master  and  mate  were  nmrdcred  by  the  sol- 
diers, the  crew  imi)risoned,  and  Die  vesc^cl  sci/cd  ami  used  in  the  Mexican 
service.  Tlio  Mexican  version  of  this  alia ir  was  that  tlic  crew  atti^miiLed  to 
Pte.d  some  money  which  was  on  hoard,  to  which  etlect  tiiey  iiad  ]ilannrd  i  > 
kill  the  Mexican  force  and  tiien  ahanvlon  the  vessel.  After  throwing  (^\ipt  lin 
Kyder  overboard,  and  having  the  soldiers  below  under  the  hatches,  they  ti  ied 
to  MMU'der  the  two  Mexican  otllcirs.  Their  plan  failed;  their  leader,  the  mate, 
VMS  M(nuided,  and  they  themselves  were  secured.   T!rj  crcw  c!idea\t)red  topalui 


'  '    n 


mvTT- 


m 


V-  i 


•'    V;|! 


E': 


310 


CAUSES  OF  WAli  Urni    rilK  UXlfKI)  STATHS. 


Xo  law  or  act  of  tho  su|)reiii(^  jjfovrniiiioiit  Is  coiii- 
])l;iim'(l  of;  not  one  of  tht;  coiiiplaints  in  (|U('stioii  at' 
i'itrck'd  a  IfL^itiniatc  causo  f(»r  war.  The  coiicliisioii  to 
1)0  naturally  drawn  fr(»in  tliD  instructions  ^ivcn  I'^llis 
is  that  Iio  was  to  cstal)lish  tiio  j)rinci})lo  that,  luidcr 
the  treaty  of  amity  with  Mexico,  when  tho  decisions 
of  Mexican  courts  did  not  ha[)j)en  to  meet  the  views 

od"  their  crimes  on  the  ^lexii'iius.  Two  Amerioaii  sliipinasters  wliouftrrwiui 
^  i.sited  tliiit  const,  iiiul  iiivesti^iitcil  the  vusc,  (lui'i(l(,'(l  it  iigiiiii.st  the  rvcw.  ;i. 
Ill  ISIli  llio  Mexican  ollicers  in  'i':il).isco  sei/.eil  tiic  stcaiulioat  llhliilijo  .•ml 
fciiooiicr  ' 'i;/(.v/(7/(^/(i»,  liotli  tiiu  proiicrly  of  tlic  Aiiiciicaii  lAygctt.  /'.  >'.  (/ /(/ 
J>iif.,  t'oiii^'.  lilt,  Scs.  I,  II.  V.y..  ,s;i.  It  ii|H)c;ir.s,  iicconliiij,'  to  tin-  Mexican 
account,  that  Lcii^'ctt  iiail  ,si)ecial  priviici^cs  t'roni  tiu;  j^ovcrnmciit  of  'r;il)ascii, 
liiinlciicd  with  the  coinlilioii,  wil!iic_;ly  assiinicil  \iy  iiiiiiseif,  to  convey  free  ><i 
charge  Mexican  troops  when  siicii  service  sliouM  lie  needed,  lie  was,  liou  ■ 
ever,  jiaiil  for  one  transpoiUition  .':<1,4I}I).  Tlio  stcuinhoat  afterward  fonn- 
(hrd  when  iKit  ill  tlie  govornnieiit's  servici!,  owing  to  the  had  state  of  ii(  r 
liiiU  and  excessive  lading,  'i'liis  was  decidedly  ii  case  for  a  e(jiirt  to  Jidjudi- 
ca'.e,  and  not  for  di[)lo:iiatic  iutorfereiice.  4.  Tlic  Brii.orin  was  sci/eii  hy 
.I'lhn  Austin,  military  coinniandant  at  JJrazoria  in  Texas,  and  used  for  an  e.\ 
ji'MJition  against  .Vnaliuac.  Siic  was  damaged  and  herowner  received  no  enm- 
jii'usiiion.  'I'lie  facts  of  the  ease  were  that  Austin  was  a,  Tex.in  rebel.  The 
(r.viK.'r  ahaudoiicd  his  Vessel  under  pnjtest;  afterward  tii<^  juilici.il  authoiily 
declared  her  iiiiseaworthy,  and  sh(!  w;is  sold  at  auction.  Tile  govcriiinent  lou^ 
liefore  had  ordered  the  jirocei'ds  to  he  paid  to  the  owner,  hut  he  never  apiiliei 
tor  tliein.  o.  Captain  .Maclveige  wa.s  iiii[)risoned  and  heavily  lined  in  IS.'M. 
Tiie  governinent  disapproved  the  proceedings,  and  ordered  the  i-cvenuc  oiliciiil 
and  judge  arri'sted  for  trial  to  coiupid  them  to  paj'  MacKcige  the  damages  li  ■ 
s.istaiued  at  their  hands.  0,  7,  i^,  and  'J  are  cases  of  vessels  engaged  in  ea:  ly- 
ing contraband  of  war,  or  accused  of  violating  the  revenue  laws.  10.  Tuo 
Americans  were  in  ISiiO  temporarily  detained  in  Matamoros,  on  suspicion  that 
t!iej'  were  on  their  way  to  join  the  Texan  rebels;  ii  mare  and  two  mules  wci  ■ 
taken  t)ut  of  tli(!  yard  of  the  house  where  they  were  arrested,  which  happeiK  1 
t'l  l)J  tho  American  eonsiirs.  As  .soon  as  they  produced  their  jiassports  tiny 
Averu  released,  and  the  animals  wel■l^  ri^turiicd  to  tiiein.  An  apcjlogy  wa-i  ma  ic 
t  I  the  consul  for  the  ignorance  of  the  soldicr.s  in  entering  his  house  to  inaUc  lie 
arrest.  II,  I-,  l;!,  and  11  were  eom[)laiiits  for  acts  of  subordinates,  \inaiitii.'- 
li/ed  by  the  supreiue  government,  and  which  caused  no  injury,  pecuniary  "' 
(Klierwis(\  to  any  one.  I.'i.  The  American  vessel  Sorl/i'.mi/iloii  w.is  wre.ki  I 
in  lS|{:i,  iie.ir  Tabasco,  and  being  taken  possession  of  by  oiistomdiouse  oilier  i> 
and  soldiers,  more  than  half  her  cargo  was  pillagi^l  or  lost  by  them.  T  i 
arteiiipt  by  Mexican  local  authorities  to  .save  the  vessel  and  e^rgo  was  cci- 
t.iiiily  in  order.  If  the  wreckers  eoinmitteil  crimes  on  board,  the  injiii.d 
jnrties  lunl  free  action  to  lay  their  complaints  before  the  courts.  JJnittliii  n,'  . 
(1  ih'iii'lo  J/«.i'.,  ii.  -r,    'M;  Jriii'.-<  /'<r.  M,:r.   \V,ii;  ."i.i  !l,  4;)-,'i. 

Wi/li'tiii  .liiij.  A  Itcrtcin  (if  lite  Caii"!:-!  ait'l  <''iii.ii''iit'iices  uf  the  Mc.ch'i  < 
?!''(/•.  The  author  aimed —regardless  of  considerations  prompted  byso-c.l.'  I 
j):itriotisin,aiid  national  glory  and  prosjierity  -to  furnish  all  the  faclsconncc!.-  I 
with  the  acquisition,  by  the  United  Slates,  of  Texas  and  otlier  Mexican  tcr,  i- 
tiny,  lie  also  einLwvored  to  sliou'  till!  dishonest  ilcvices  that  were  resort;  1 
to  for  the  accom[ilisliment  of  the  preconeeit'd  [ilaii;  and  to  excite  aliiioneu  i' 
for  that  kind  of  staiesmanshii)  wliieli,  upholding  the  maxim  that  'all  is  I  lir 
in  ])oli tics,' .seeks  to  aggrandixe  a  country  in  deliancc  (jf  the  laws  of  jusii  • 
Mid  eipiity.  \Vhatcver  ilitt'erences  of  opinion  there  may  be  us  to  tho  iiuiiii'i  j 
cuiiolusious,  liis  facts  are  iucontro\ertiblo 


DEMANDS  OF  I'OWIIATAX  KLLIS. 


SIl 


(K 


of  riti/A'iis  or  (Iciiizciis  of  tin.'  Ihiit.iul  States,  tlu;  lattfi* 
must  l»L'  pi'iviK'ni'il  to  take  actii»ii  in  i\w  piciiiisc's,  <K'- 
niaiuliii'^'  tliat  tli(»so  courts  l>o  ii'-iiorrd  and  tlu'ir  dtci- 
sioiis  set  aside,  iiiuletliiu^  the  Mexican  i'oviU'iiineiit  in 
sums  to  satisty  the  claimants.  It  so  ]ia|)peiied  that 
hi'l'ore  Forsyth's  despatch  reai'hed  the  lei;ation  at, 
Alexico,  two  of  the  iilteen  chiiius,  namely,  the  eK'\ - 
(iith  and  fourteenth,  liad  huen  settled  l>y  the  Mexica.u 
novermnent  to  tlie  American  minister's  satisfaction. 

On  the  l2(!th  of  Septemher  the  I'emainin^"  thiiteen 
H'l'ievanc  .'S  were  laid  in  writinj.,^  ])y  I'illis  hcfori'  the 
government,  toi4'ether  with  live  others  that  his  zeal 
had  discoveretl.'^  J  [e  was  assured  that  the  general 
L;-overmnent  would  have  them  investiL;ated.  J>ut  in 
Itss  thau  four  weeks  frcMu  the  date  of  his  first  note 
J^llis  announced  to  the  fori'ign  (jtHce  that  if  the  wrongs 
com[)lained  of  were  not  redressed  without  unnecessary 

'  ly,  "his  further  residence  iu  M(;xico  would  be  use- 
."  To  this  a  rei)lv  wasreturneil  the  next  dav  that 
delay  iu  auswm'iu'''  a  note  callii)'';  for  an  investi'-ation 
was  not  a  suflicien*'  cause  for  breaking-  oif  friendly  re- 

•"'  I.  'I'lm  AiiH'iio.-iii  coiij^iil  at  'I\niii)ic')  liail  hccn,  on  tin-  "Jlltli  of  .M.jy,  iS.'Ki, 
tiiimmoiu'd  liy  t  hcaiithoi-itirs  toautliciUicatc  furt.iiii  papiis,  ami  on  lii.i  icl'ii  -il 
liail  l)e;;ii  tlinati'iu'il  with  iiiniri.sDiiiuciit.  To  wliicli  tli(!  g.ivi'i'iiiiu'iit  liail  an- 
siviTt'd  it  was  i.,'iii)raiit  of  tin;  wholo  matter  ami  would  iiivijsti'^.ito  it.  "2. 
'i  hi;  Aiiu'riuaii  \  rssul  /'r/er  I'.  Vrii'iiii  liLiiii;  wivfUcd  on  tlio  coast  in  dnno 
liiio,  tin:  American  consul  had  tlio  car:,'o  hr.iught  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  the 
c  'ii-ignees  abandoned  it  to  the  underwritui'.s.  There  liein^  no  aj^ent  of  the 
litter  in  llio  iilaco,  the  court  apijointed  one,  who  suld  tlii!  car,L,'o,  and  the  de- 
mand of  the  cun.snl  to  have  tiio  j)roceeds  tuine  1  over  to  him  was  i'(!lu.s''d. 
Tlie  Mexican  government  .said  tothisthat  the  court  had  acted  ri,L;lit,  and  th;ifc 
the  .\nierican  consul  had  no  authority  in  1  hi!  premises.  ,'{.  (,'eilaiu  ji'dieial 
[iroceedings  coiieornini;  the  American  bri.;  ^liir  ii''C  had  been  deniecl  tlie  eon- 
sal.  'I'lu!  government  answered  that  the  consul  could  have  had  an  authenti- 
e.ited  copy  of  all  the  pajn'r.*,  but  he  h;id  refused  to  pay  the  leg.d  fee.s  ehiUged 
fiii  making  it,  4.  The  ^Vmeriean  ves.-Jil  />> '/t'( /a  «i  was  sei/.eil  by  a  Mexican 
aiaied  vct.scI  on  the  '_M  of  .September,  ls;{(i.  the  crew  detained  12:)  ilays,  JiMd 
t'un  landed,  the  ves.sel  being  conliscated,  and  the  master  refused  a  c.);iy  nf 
tliC  pi'oi'ei'dings.  The  government  in  .Mexico  had  not  lieai'd  of  the  allair,  an  1 
promised  to  iuve.stig.ate.  .">.  'i'iie  American  ve.ssid  Funiih  o'"  ./'»/// had  been 
tiikeii  charge  of  by  Mexican  soldiers.  'J'he  facts  of  this  ease,  i  the  .Mexii;ins 
r.'jiresented  them,  were  that  the  vessel  was  l)uilt  for  the  .Mexican  goveinnient. 
Tiie  a;;eiit  had  contracted  before  a  notary  piililic  foi-  the  sale,  but  !i  [larly  of 
s  il.liers  had  been  sent  on  board  previous  to  the  delivery  of  tlu;  bill  of  sale. 
The  owner  had  been  paid  fiU'  his  vessel  and  niiulu  no  coui])laint.  Forsyth  on 
healing  (»f  tliis  case  directed  I'^llis,  Dec.  !t,  |s;!(i,  not  to  insist,  of  euuivse,  on 
till'  restoration  of  the  vessel,  but  'only  to  Ueuiand  sutisfuctiou  fur  the  insult 
ull'urcd  to  the  Ameriouii  Hag.' 


m 


31!; 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


■''I 


liitions;  that  in  oi-der  to  arrive  at  a  dor-ision  on  tlie 
claiinH  prcfoiTcd,  docutueiit.s  luid  to  b  •  yathoivd  iVom 
vai'iuus  jiarts  of  the  country,  and  that  the  rufjuisilo 
instruotions  had  been  a]ri>ady  issued  to  procuro  such 
documents,  upon  the  receipt  of  which  the  govern- 
iiicnt's  decision  on  the  seveial  points  w<nil(l  be  niado 
known  to  the  American  leu^ation. 

This  was  exactly  what  neitlier  tlie  minister  noi*  tli,' 
state  department  at  Wasliinjj^ton  wanted.  Having 
assumed  an  arbiti-ary  and  insultin;^  attitude  in  the 
mattei',  these  olficials  were  determined  that  the  is- 
sue sliould  be  so  forced  upon  Mexico  that  there 
sh(juld  be  no  escape.  The  United  States  was  the 
stronger  power,  and  thei-e  were  many  amouL;'  her  lire- 
eaters  in  those  days  who  deliglited  in  playing  the  C(tw- 
ardly  ])art  of  bully.  On  the  4th  of  November  Ellis 
gavel'ormal  notice  that  unless  his  oomplaintsweresatis- 
liU'torily  answered  in  two  weeks  he  would  go.  jNIexico 
I'elt  her  feebleness  and  the  humiliation.  Within  the 
})rescribed  time  her  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  ^lo- 
nasterio,  replied  that  under  the  existing  treaty  the 
citixens  of  either  country  coukl  bring  their  grievances 
before  the  courts  of  the  other,  and  lienee  there  was 
no  need  of  government  interference  to  procure  that 
justice  which  the  courts  were  ready  to  afford." 

"Y()U  say  that  jNEexican  armed  vessels  have  fired 
upon  and  insulted  the  American  flag,"  continues  ^lo- 
nasterio  in  his  note  of  the  2Gth  of  Se[)tcmber,  "tliat 
American  consuls  have  been  maltreated,  private  citi- 
zens arrested  and  scourged  like  malel'actors,  some  have 
been  assassinated,  and  tlieir  j)roperty  confiscated.  ])ut 
these  charu'es   are   ii^eneral,  and   the   f^overnment  de- 

'  Moiiastc'i'io's  .wonls  wore  fully  borne  out  by  the  lltli  iirticlc  of  t!io 
tretity.  iMjrsytli  liiiiiHclf  liiid  iiiado  jivuil  of  tliat  iirtiulo,  in  his  i'C|)Iy  of  •Tan. 
'JD,  1S;!(>,  to  a  (K'niaml  of  tin;  Mexican  govt  for  tliu  ]iunislniient  of  tliu  com. 
otlieer  of  an  Anieiican  war  t>l:ip  for  an  outraj^e  fonniiittcd  by  Iiini  on  a  Mexican 
vessel.  J  lis  words  were:  '  The  eonrts  of  tli(!  U.  S.  .arc  freely  oiten  to  all  pei-- 
sons  in  their  jurisdiction,  ■whonia^-  consider  tlieinsclvcs  to  have  been  aijiirieved 
in  contravention  of  (mr  laws  and  trcatiis.'  (l.  <b'.  li'orf  Doc,  Cong.  'Jt,  Scs.  '_', 
II.  IW.  ]','>[),  Vdl.  iii.  ]]ut  it  was  (luito  a  din'crent.afTair,  my  bull  and  your  ox 
or  your  btdl  and  my  ox.  Ellis  on  tlie  lutli  of  Nov.  coolly  declared  Mouasterio 's 
opini(Ui  'wholly  indefensible.' 


TiiK  MixisTi'.ns  n::TinK. 


313 


>.ii'os  that  thoy  may  bo  s[»ocili(.'(l  before  taking  tliciii 
into  foiisiclcration." 

It  was  Wfll  untlorstood  at  Wasliino-toii  tliat  tlicso 
(•Ilar^■ols  woro  puro  truinpoiy,  and  by  none;  better  llian 
tlioso  who  made  them.  Said  President  Jackson — by 
111)  moans  avors-j  to  war  and  an  onlari^enient .of  i\iH 
national  donuiin — to  Governor  Cannon  of  Tennessee, 
two  weciks  after  the  coercive  instructions  had  been 
tiansniitted  to  ElHs,  'Otexico  has  given  the  United 
States  no  cause  for  war."** 

On  the  7th  of  ])oceinbor  Ellis  demanded  his  pass- 
]).irts.''  The  government  requested  the  niinistoj'  to  say 
(111  wliat  grounds  ho  was  taking  a  step  so  calculattMl 
tn  alfect  the  relations  between  the  two  powers.  Ellis 
deigned  no  reply. 

The  diplomatic  intercourse  between  the  two  gov- 
ei'nments  was  now  at  an  end,  the  ^Mexican  re[)re- 
.'x  ntative,  Gorostiza,  having  left  Washington  in  Octo- 
her.  He  had,  before  demanding  his  passports, 
]i;il»hshed  a  pamphlet  containing  portions  of  his  ollleiid 
(•uiivs[)ondenco  with  the  American  government  and 
]iis  own,  with  an  introduction  defamatory  of  the  [)e()- 
jile  and  govermnent  of  the  United  States.  This  being 
deemed  by  the  latter  a  manil'est  impropriety,  a  dis- 
avowal of  it  was  demanded;'''  but  the  Mexican  forelgu 
ellice  sustained  his  course.  The  satisfaction  was  given, 
liDWever,  at  a  later  day." 

The  opportunity  so  much  desired  was  now  at  hand, 
liiit  the  American  executive  hesitated  to  reconunend 
ti)  congress  an  open  declaration  of  war.     In  his  mes- 

"  Ami  again:  'Should  Mexico  insult  our  national  llaL;,  iiivado  our  territiny, 
r>i-  iutci  rupt  our  citizens  in  tlic  lau  I'ul  pursuits  whicl!  .  juarauteed  to  tlieia 
liy  treaty,  tliuu  the  govcrniuent  will  pmniptly  rcv'  '  t  ,;  insult,  and  talio 
spirily  reparation,  for  tlio  injury.  IJut  it  docs  not  sctm  liiat  olllnuca  of  this 
cl.ar.irtcr  have  been  committed  by  Mexico.'  U.  S.  (1  vt  Doc.,  Cong.  "24,  Ses. 
'2,  11.  Kx.  2,  vol.  i.;  Bnxtnmniitc,  dahincle  Mox.,  ii.  •ll. 

^Mir/n-\f  llht.  Mcv.   War,  i.  i;)-:)!);  Xi/r.i'  /,;•,/..  Ii.  •-'•J.'.,  Hi.  4. 

'"'I'lie  matter  wa.s  referred  by  tin;  Anicricau  president  to  congress  on  tlio 
Tith  (ii  Dec.  18;!7,  together  with  the  list  of  claims  against  ^Icxicn.  [J.  S.  (,'.,i't 
Jhr.,  Cong.  '2:>,  Ses.  '2,  II.  Ex.  3,  ]ip.  (J-S,  :!1-1G4,  vol.  i.;  XUci'  Unj.,  Ii.  410- 

"  In  ISnO  by  Gorostiza  himself,  when  he  was  scretary  nf  foreign  relations. 
ninni,  llht,  Jalapa,  iii.  'JDO,  ol7. 


' 


S14 


CAUSES  OF  WAU  WITH  TIIK  UNITKD  STATKS. 


Ha<^e'"  lie  siiL^^^cstt'd  tliat  tin;  sisl'  opuMic  sliould  Ins 
alluwcd  "one  iiioic  <)|)[K)i'tiiiiity  to  atoiio  for  tlie  past. 
ItLl'oi-i!  wo  take  rodrcs.s  into  our  liaiids,  Jiiit  to  asdi  I 
any  iiiiseoij('i.'j>tion  on  the  pai't  of  ^ri-xlco,  as  woll  as  to 
jtrotcM't  tlio  American  national  cliaractiir  froui  re- 
proach, this  opportunity  should  bo  ;^iven  with  the 
avowed  dcsin'ii  and  full  ]ti'(^paration  to  take  inuucihato 
satisfaction."  I'ho  {jrcsidcntaccordiiij^ly  asked  for  (hi' 
jnissjigo  of  an  act  authorizing  rej)risals  and  the  use  nf 
the  navy  against  ^[exieo,  to  enforce  them  in  tli(i  evei.t 
of  that  government  refusing  to  come  to  terms." 
Tliough  congress  was  not  ready  actually  to  decl.ni' 
Mar,  the  proposal  to  make  another  demanil  on  ^[exiro 
M-as  acec^pted,  both  houses  making  exaggerated  and 
liostlle  reports.^* 

[  have  already  alluded  to  the  treaty  stipulation 
forljidding  acts  of  I'eprisal  and  declarations  of  war  idi 
complaints  i'or  grievances  or  damages,  till  they  should 
Jiave  been  presented  and  vei'ilied,  a  clause  wholly  i_;- 
iioriMl  by  the  |)residL'nt  of  t'  United  States  in  liis 
message,  which  was  accomi  d  by  forty-six  iiiw 
giievanees.  Of  the  original  eigliteen,  only  one,  dated 
as  far  back  as  18;!  I,  and  in  the  new  set  no  li'ss  than 
thii'ty-two,  were  ibunded  on  acts  saiil  to  have  bei  u 
committed  prior  to  18.']'J,  and  which,  had  they  e\(  r 
been  valid,  were  already  consigned  to  the  grave  Iiv 
the  ti-eaty  of  April  5,  1831.^= 

'■'Of  Fell.  r>,  1S:]7.  Comt.  Jh'hnle.s  18:?fl-7,  xiii.  7'23-4;  U.  S.  Govt,  Cn,'. 
24,  Scs.  -J,  II.  .Joiini.,  :J."»1-,').  Son.  Doo.,  liiO,  pp.  1-170. 

'*"  Ui)uii  anotlicr  (lemaiid  tlicivof,  iiiaile  on  board  ono  of  our  vessels  of  wwv 
on  tlio  coast  of  Mexico.'  U.  !S.  Govt,  Cony.  24,  Ses.  2,  II.  K.k.  Doc.  10.')  ai.l 
];i'J;  A'/A,s'  /,V;/.,  li.  ;}78. 

"Tlu!  counnittce  of  foreign  ..iruirs  in  the  house  declared  that  the  l'.  >. 
voii'.d  he  juHiilied  in  taking  redress;  that  of  the  senate  was  eiiually  lio'.iii. 
U.  .v.  (,'0(7,  Cong.  L'4,  Scs.  '2,  II.  Ex.  Doc.  '281,  pp.  1-4,  JI.  Cunnii.  \l\-~. 
'JSl,  vol.  ii.,  Sen.  Di)c.  ISO,  V(d.  ii.;  ('<-»'/.  Jjrhntcs,  lS:iU-7,  i.  723-4,  8,".!  7, 
IKS2.  !)S(;,  ii.   1!)12-1S;  Coiuj.  Globe,  18:W-7,  (i,  12,  t)4;  18;}7,  1-8. 

''Mexican  Company,  IJaltiniorc,  1810;  amount  not  given.  This  assniii- 
lion  furnished  Cicn.  Mina  with  means  to  iiivado  New  Spain,  wliich  tliy 
n.sserted  had  m^ver  heen  paid.  Mrs  Young,  1817;  sum  not  stated.  Slic  \\.is 
the  widow  of  Col  tluilfonl  Young,  on;.'  of  -Mina's  companions  killed  in  ani  ii 
in  Mexico  that  year.  The  claim  was  probably  for  arrears  of  pay.  'I  li'  -<^ 
two  demands  were  for  revolutionary  services  against  Spain,  with  whom  ■.'.n' 
I'.  S.  and  their  citixcns  weie  at  tlic  time  at  peace,  several  years  briorc  i  er 
donuuatiou   over  Mexico   had  ceased.     John   B.   Marie,   1824;   aniouul  nut 


CLAIMS  roll  DAMACIX 


315 


iltlnll 

ar  ":i 
houl.l 
ly  i- 
ill  lii- 

llfW 

at.'.l 

llwiti 

ever 

i,  Con;:. 


^  (if  u;iV 
105  ami 

10  U. 

S. 

S.'il 

1 1 

iissiirl.l- 
■h   tlu'V 

qic 

Uil-t 

1  ac 

I'll 

■ri 

use 

(1111 

t!io 

ore 
ail 

loi- 
ll(jt 

Oil  tlio  last  (lay  of  the  si'ssioii  cKunrc'ss  a])|)ro|)i'Iatt'(l 
iiioiH'V  lor  the  salary  nt"  a  minister  to  Mexico,  to  l)o 
jippoiiiti'il  "whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  president, 
(  irciinistanceH  will  permit  a  rcMunval  of  «hj)loniatie 
iiitt  i-course  honoral)ly  witli  that  powei-."  The  presi- 
dent, thoni^^h  nothino-  had  occurred  since  ]Jecenil)er 
t'l  in\ite  a  renewal  of  ri'lations,  a|»j»(»iiited  a  minister, 
j'owliatan  ICliis,  himseli",  heinuj  the  individual  chosen."^ 
It  was  pretended  that  they  wished  to  conciliate  Mexico, 
and  so  they  sent  thither  her  most  unprincipleil  enemy. 
I  le  was  not,  however,  despatched  at  once  to  his  desti- 
nation. A  messenu'er  or  courii'r  of  tiie  «le[)artment 
(if  state  went  in  his  stead  with  a  biuli^et  of  )L»i'i(.'vances, 
(•!d  and  iu;w,  now  swelled  to  fifty-seven,  which  he  was 
to  place  ill  the  hands  of  the  Mexican  minister  of  for- 
ei'^n  atfairs,  allowiiiL?  him  one  week''  in  which  to  study 
lh(  ir  merits  and  return  an  answer.'^ 

The  jNIexican  coiigress,  however,  had  anticij)ated 
s:;ch  a  step.  KnowiuLj  onlv  of  the  ei^htoen  claims 
jifest'iited  hy  Minister  J'^llis,  it  had  passed  an  act  au- 
tiioiizin^"  the  executive  to  suhmit  those  claims  to  the 
award  of  a  friendly  power.  The  forei^-n  olHce,  on  the 
•_';)th  of  July,  18137,  rt>[)lied,  .n'iviii!^  assurances  of  the 
<!(  >ire  of  the  JNIexican  government  to  settle  the 
tlainis   upon   the   princi[)les   of  justice   and   e(|uity.'" 

given :  fur  goods  seized  on  being  imported  coutrarv  to  .a  .Mexican  law  of 
V,  !ii(.li  lliu  Llaimaiit  protended  ii,'iioiaiK'(-  J.  I'l  l>ii(lk'_v  .uid  .1.  ('.  Wilnm, 
fc.r  p'.'oiierly  rolilu'd  from  tlioiii  hy  CoiiianclK'.i  on  their  return  from  a  tradini^ 
c  pi  (liiiuii  to  Mexico;  sum  not  stated.  U.  S.  O'ur/,  Cong.  l.'t,  Se.s.  ■_',  JI.  Ex. 
l'(»c.  il'ilt,  in  i)/(  .(•.  TretiltiK,  ii.  no.  1. 

"  .J,  (^.  Adams  said:  '.\nd  wlio  wa';  this  minister  of  jioace  to  he  sent  with 
llielast  drooping  twig  of  oli\e  to  lie  replanU'il  and  ii'viviiled  in  the  genial  soil 
of  .Mexico?  It  wa.s  no  other  tlian  Powhatan  Kilis  of  Mis.sisii|)|.i,  lami.iiiing 
fir  Texas,  and  ju.st  returned  in  anger  an  I  resentment  from  an  alioitive  ainl 
ahniplly  terminated  mission  to  tiie  same  government.  His  very  name  inu.-it 
have  t.isteil  like  wormwood  to  the  Mexican  palate.' 

'■  The  messenger  was  instructed  to  remain  in  Me.xieo  one  week,  licit,  of 
Ci'iiii..  C.ing.  'J'.).  Ses.  1,  iv. 

'" 'J'iie  courier  readied  Mexico  .Inly '20,  iS.iy.  As  a  specimen  of  the  new 
chiiins,  I  give  the  foll(.)wing;  In  1S'J;»,  as  tlie  reader  knows,  a  Siiani-.h  army 
iiiuh'r  Ijiigadier  liarradas  invaded  the  i\'pul)lie  of  Mexico  at  Tampio.  it 
de:;troy(  (1  a  printing-iire-s  said  to  ho  tiie  property  of  an  .\mericin  ci  J/.eu. 
]ai;lit  years  after  Mexico  wa.;  for  the  lirst  time  told  that  siie  was  held  le- 
spniisihlc  for  what  her  enemies  had  doiie'in  time  of  war. 

'■'Tiie  an.xiety  of  tlie  Mexican  government  was  'not  to  delay  the  moimut 
t-if  that  Imal  and  ecpiitabic  adjustment  wliich  is  to  teruiinatc  tlie  existing  dilli- 


mi 


m 

i  '1  "■ 

1 1'* 

3        !: 

h ' '  JS 

M 

:             J 

"  1  rt 

!i    •k^i 

ftvij* 

■  -Hi 


I 


316 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


IMexico,  anxious  to  pi-cs^rve  the  peace,  not  only  jn^o- 
[xj.sed  to  refer  the  claims  to  arl)iti"ition,  i»ut  once 
more  aecreclitcd  a  minister  at  Washini^don,-'*  who  ar- 
rived there  in  October  1837,  but  did  not  announce 
the  [noposal  for  arbitration  till  tlic  2"2d  of  Decem- 
ber.'"^ This  was  a  sore  disappointment  to  the  enemies 
of  ^[exico;  for  it  would  postpone  the  object  so  deai- 
to  their  hearts,  namely,  the  annexation  of  Texas  and 
other  portions  of  Mexican  territory.  Secretary  For- 
syth dryly  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  the  proi)osi- 
tion,  and  several  times  afterward  j)ressed  upon  tlic 
Mexican  minister,  Franciseo  Pizarro  ^Martinez,  new 
demands  without  signifying  his  acceptance  of  it.'' 
]Ie  did  so  at  last  on  the  21st  of  A})ril,  18:18,  say- 
ing that  the  president  was  "anxious  to  avoid  })iii- 
ceeding  to  extremities."  The  negotiations  following 
resulted  in  a  convention  concluded  on  the  lOtli  of  Sep- 
tember, 1838,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that  all  claims 
against  Alexico  should  be  referred  to  a  mixed  com- 
mission composed  of  two  members  appointed  by  eadi 
government,  and  for  cases  in  which  they  could  not, 
agree  the  king  of  Prussia  was  rerpiested  to  name  .'ui 
uu.[)ire.-''     Owing  to  delay  in  obtaining  the  consent  of 


cultios  between  the  two  governments;'  .ind  that  notliing  'should  ho  loft  nmLiiio 
V  hiili  may  cnntriliiite  to  the  tiptuiliest  ami  nio>t  (Mjiiitahle  termination  nf  tho 
siilijcets  wliieii  have  so  sefionsly  eiig.iyeil  the  attention  of  tlio  United  States;' 
tli.it  tlie.  '  Mexii;:',!!  g"v/.riiment  would  ad  ipt,  as  tho  only  guides  for  il,s  eon- 
duet,  the  plainest  piineiple.s  of  pidjlio  I'igi"*^,  tho  sacrod  ohligations  imposed 
iiy  iuteiiiutiouid  law,  ami  llio  religious  faith  of  treaties;'  and  that  'whatever 
leasoii  and  justieo  may  dictate  respecting  each  ease  will  ho  done.'  The 
Ameiieaii  government  was  further  assuri'd  that  tho  decision  in  each  ease 
vould  lie  communicated  to  it  hy  the  Mexican  le','atioii  at  Washington.  >'.  S. 
(t'tvt,  C<ing.  '2.'.  Ses.  '2,  vol  viii.  passim:  ■'/",'/'''■'••'•  Il'i'<t.  Witr  Mt:x.,  i.  '_'!)  ;!i>. 
The  president  in  his  message  of  l>ec.  8,  ISM!,  referring  to  the  ste[)S  talirii  in 
Jnlv  !;i."!7,  sail!  that  Mesico  gave  solcnni  assurances,  and  yet  ag.'dn  del.iyi' 1, 
iHid  tho  moderation  of  the  United  States  only  eomplicatcd  tho  dilliculties.  (.'. 
S.  Gorl  JJoi:,  Con;.  1'!),  Ses.  'J,  H.  Ex.  Doc   4,  pp.  3-8. 

-"It  was  authorized  liy  the  act  of  t!)'.'  .Mexican  congress  of  May  '20,  1>.'17. 
The  nunister  was  appointed  May  '2M.  Dnlilan  and  Lcznuo,  Le<j.  Mn..  i,i. 
;WJ;  Arntl>(;r(,  J{r,;,/,.,  1S;]7,  ."Wii;  A'Vcs'  Ifr,/.,  lii.  ;iO'.t,  ;}.-)4. 

-'  O'.iiig,  it  seems,  to  a  misajipreheiisioii  cm  his  part  that  the  proposal  li.  1 
born  at  an  earlier  date  mailc  to  tho  U.  S.  cabinet. 

■-'Four  months  wen^  allowed  to  elapse.  \Vlien  the  public  he.'ird  nf  t'  ■ 
Jloxicaa  oiler,  petiiions  came  from  all  cjuarters  to  congress  to  ace  'pt. 

-^Tlic  ho.u'd  wa.<  t<i  mei't  at  \\'ashiiigtou  tliree  montiis  after  the  ex>!i:ii;  .  ■ 
of  ratiiic:>tlons,  and  to  sit  not  over  18  iiiontiis.     It  was  left  to  the  o[)tiiiii  ••! 


THE  CLAIMS  C'OMMISSIOX. 


317 


]''n'ilc'rick  William  III.  to  act  as  umpire,  the  con- 
vriiti(»n  had  to  be  renewed,  when  it  suffered  slij^ht 
iiiodifieations,  the  most  im[)ortant  of  which  was  that 
lilt'  awards  were  to  be  paid  vMte  h;ilt'  in  cash,  and  the 
other  half  in  treasury  notes  bearinij  eii>ht  i)er  cent  in- 
terest  per  annum,  and  receivable  for  customs  duties. 
The  date  of  the  sii;'ning  of  the  new  convention  was 
the  nth  of  April,  is;39> 

it  must  not  be  inferred  th.at  amoiifjf  the  claims  tht.'re 
A\as  n(;t  a  considerable  nund)er  ioun(K'd  on  justice:  and 
(•([uitv;  but  not  all  of  these  were  pn^jier  to[)ics  i'nv  na- 
tional controversy.  Still,  some  of  them  came  within 
t  hut  category."^  Had  the  United  States  jr()V(>rninent 
eoiilined  itself  to  these,  and  preferred  its  ilemands  in 
a  tem[)erate  luanner,  its  course  would  have  been  in 
Older,  and  Mexico  could  uot  rightly  have  refused 
their  j)roper  adjustment. 

The  Uiixed  commission  went  into  operation  at 
Washington  on  the  17th  of  August,  IMtO,-*'  and  in 
aliout  nine  months,  say  to  the  2Gth  of  May,  1S41, 
]i;i(l  passed  judgment  u})on  ever}'  claim  laid  befoiM 
it  accompanied  by  the  re{|uisitc  vouchers.  In  Feli- 
luary  iS-i2  it  ceased  to  act  by  yirtuo  of  the  IS 
iiionths'  limitation  clause.  The  result  was,  that  <if 
the  claims  presented  less  than  one  fifth  wei'C  allowed; 
three  fourths  were  thrown  out  as  spurious;  others  of 
thes;une  fraudulent  and  speculative  character,  auiount- 

tlic  .Mixioan  goveniiiii,'iit  to  tflect  ]inyiiii'nt3  in  goveninu'iit  stork  li;iviii^  in 
Loii'loii  ;i  valiio  L'liual  to  tlw  ;uv;ii(l. 

-'llitilicd  by  .Nk'Nico,  .laa.  II,  \SW;  l,y  tlio  U.  S.,  Ai;:il  (Uli.  Tim  rx- 
i.'li.!ii;,'c  of  riitilicatioiis  was  jinhli -lii'd.  in  .Moxico,  .liiiu!  '2d.  The  Spaiiisli  jiinl 
ihi.'lisli  texts  may  l)u  scon  in  J/'.c,  Jh'nc/io  liilrcii.,  hit  pt,  |sn  <);  /)ii/i!'iit 
1111(1  J.oznio,  L':/.  .V,:r.,  iii.  ':i2-U\;  .Vil.c,  Cof.  /.<;/.  !//>>>:,  jstn,  Ifi-J-oOo; 
Miiiirr'^  /list.  U'nr  JAr.r.,  i.  ;il--2;  i'.  S.  Guvt,  Cong".  'iO,  Scs.  I,  Acts  ana  \\v- 
sr.!.,  111-IS,  l-JJ-.%  IE.  ].]x.  Doc,  vol.  iv.  passim. 

-'For  instance:  American  vessels  taken  with  cf  ntraland  ot  war  on 
lioanl,  anil  eonilemiidl  ry  tlic  Mexican  ailmiialiy  courts,  'i'iie  contralianil  of 
w.ir  was  liable  to  rorfeitU"e;  but  tlio  vessels  themselves,  anil  siicli  iiortions  of 
tlieir  cargoes  as  were  not  oi  a  coiitrabanil  nature,  were  by  treaty  excmiit  from 
funilriimation.   Art,  xvi.  of  treaty  of  April  .'i,  Is.'U. 

-''  I'lie  American  commissioners  were  William  L.  Mareyaml  .lohii  Rowan, 
villi  .liihii  I)ciiiitri  as  secretary;  on  the  part  of  Mixico,  I'eiiro  Fi'rnainle/  ilt 
C'a^lillo  ami  .foaijuin  Velazijuez  ile  l^eon,  with  Lucas  I'alacio  y  Mar;rarola  aa 
siiielary.  The  umpire  wan  the  baron  ile  Iloennu,  Prussian  minister  at 
Wasliih-toii.  J/'  i;.,  Mtm.  Jliii.  Jitlwiviici,  18U. 


!M/t 


j; 


li 


318 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


inn;-  U)  nearly  tlirco  and  a  half  millions,  were  not  prc- 
soiitod  in  tinu!  to  bo  examined,  even  after  the  most 
unwearied  eli'orts  of  the  United  States  _iL''overnment  to 
swell  the  demanil  au'ainst  Mexico,'^'  Uut  addinu'  fur 
these  one  million,  the  outside  estimate  that  thej  will 
bear  with  any  degree  of  e(|uity,  ]\[exico  was  indebted 
to  United  States  citizens  about  three  millions,  in- 
stead of  nearly  twelve  millions  as  claimed.  I  give 
in  a  note  a  few  samples  of  the  claims.-^ 

'-"Total  ninount  of  claiiiH  presented Sll,Sr)3,ri7S 

Aiuoiiut  ol  claims  pre^ieiitcd  too  lato  loradjudicauiun ;i,:!.'il!,^;i7 

8iS,.")i:!,7il 
lafiii'cd  to  umpire  and  undecided  for  want  of  time '.IIS.IL'T 

Amount  of  claims  adjudicated ^7,">'J"',  1  It 

llrji'cted  liy  oowimissiouer.s  and  umpire r),,")(iS,il7'> 


Alk, 


■A  1) 


commissioners  and  u 


JiU'ira,  Ill-it.  J(il((jii 


unpire 

41S;   i'.  S.  (lorl,  Cou'.'. 


312,021),  i:!i) 


so.^ 


Sun.   I). 


iv.  p-.issini,  II.  Coiniii.  JU'pt,  lOiMJ,  vol.  v.;  Jd.,  Coi)_'.  27,  Ses.   ;{,  11.  .loura 


];:;  ]',roil:\-<   llUt.,  \\\ 


Ma>ir 


I  list,  ir, 


Me.i 


:{|--_'.    Tiio  1 


i!U  Au,t4'.  !),  ISn,  '^aid  to  roiii^ross,  -with  refcrenee  to  certain  ivlleclioi 


iri'.sidoiit 
is  east  oa 


tlio  rru.ssi.in  iim.iirc,  that  t! 


'livernineii 


t  had 


im. 


ir.  s.  (lorf  n.jr.,  (, 


oiiu'.  ■-(,  Ses.  2,  .Sen. 


laint  to  mal 
)I. 


,ce  auainst 


"Oi'uzio  do  .Vtellis  Sa;itan.;elo,  a  school-master,  writer,  and  printer,  or 


v.-iiose  unju:sh;ial)le  expulsion  Iroin  Mexico 


I 


itter  that  act  seUlcd  in  N'ew  (Orleans,  and  in  due  lime  liecaino  a  iiatii- 


1  oarlv  chajiter  oi  tl 
1,1 


in 


rali 


citizen  o 


f  the  U.  S.     Afler  -.i  "Idle  ii 


rcsciite<l  tliT'ou''li  the  U.  S, 


fc;ovt  a  demand  au'aiiist  Mexico  for  $;!'.)S,(i'jy  for  dania;,'e.s.     Tiie  M^'xican  ci 


i;ii  isiouers  <lenicd  that  anytl 


lull''  wa.s  (ine 


th 


S.  com.  allo\V('( 


d  Ss:i.  11'); 


the  iimiiire  cut  the  huiii  down  to  !?")(),00(>.  On  wiiat  j,'rouiids  the  V  ..cd 
State!  government  deiiianded  an  awanl  for  a  person  who  was  not  an  .Vineii- 
ean  ci',i;;cii  at  the  time  the  claim  ori'^iiiatcil  was  not  unido  to  appear.  Sail- 
laii.;elo  afterward  pul)li.4ied  several  papers  a^'ainst  the  U.  S.  •J,)\t,  in  oiu 
of  wliicli  he  employs  his  terrilde  satire  against  I'resi.leiit  I'olU  for  having  '.'.c- 
frauded  tlio  U.  S.  claimants  on  Mi'xieo  out  of  their  money.'     Ho  ais  >  ])i.'- 


lerre 


d    belV 


th: 


it  of  the    U.   S.  accusations  against  the.  Mex 


K'.ni 


111 


L'liil) 


.ft! 


10  conimissiou. 


eau  I  ingress  in  IM'i. 


Mi' 


T 


/■rii//fs,  11.  no. 


lore  wa.s  also  a  mennnal 


i: 


MeUr 


IS  to  tin 

el 


rae  (•laini''il  >'p. 


■1 


ti'.)l  for  a  [icnsion  fin-  her  son  killed  in  the  Mexican  service.     It  w; 

by  the  .\iiierieaii  commissioners,  disallowed  liy  the  Mexican,  and  rejected  liy 

till,  umpire.     Sophi 


.M.  U 


niison  claimed  lor  services 


rendered  1 


)V  lier  lit;s- 


band  in  .Mexico,  when  a  de])endcncy  of  Spain  in  1M17.  Sld.UOJ,  and  as  la  I'l 
more  for  interest.  Kejccted  bodily  by  the  umpire,  dohn  lialdwin  claiiu:! 
for  a  trunk  of  wearing  appa.rel  sek;ed  by  the  Mexii'an  custom-house  ollicials, 
piiiicipal  and  interest,  .SI, ISl,  allowed  by  the  American  c 
dceidi'd  by  the  nmi)ire.  There  was  one  cla 
('ligiiial  cost  and  six  years'  interest,  SS,2()0: 


onmi'.snoners; 


for 


bot 


ties  ot   p  !!■; 


.•en  Mr  IVndleton,  meiii'iei''t 


eougivss  Irom  \  irgiiiia,  called  such  ck'uns  u 


itterl 


V  ridiculous. 


A  T 


exau  111 


eomiiany  wanted  .s_M,")t,(i()4;  a  certain  mail  demanded  S(i!)v>,OiK)  for  erroa> 
(leeisiona  against  him  in  Mexican  courts,  etc.  Jay^s  lite,  Mex.   War,  72-1!; 


a.  Uoi-i  Doc,  C 


out 


27,  Se8.  2,  II.  E.x.  Doc.  2 1 


.,EW  PRETEXTS. 


319 


Tlie  treaty  of  .ar1)itration  was  a  thorn  in  the  fle'sh  of 
many  wlio  had  castaii  evil  eye  on  ]\Ie.\ico,as  it  did  away 
with  all  pretexts  for  complaint  against  the  hitter  repuh- 
lic,  and  post})onod  indeiinitely  the  acnjuisition  of  Texas, 
Still  tlu'y  did  not  des[)air.  Where  strength  on  the  one 
.--ide  and  weakness  on  the  other  we)e  so  pal'paiile; 
whei'e  success  was  certain  if  the  issue  could  only  he 
hi'onght  on;  wliere  all  that  stood  in  the  way  of  niag- 
niliceut  ])lunder  was  some  excuse  for  the  dwd — -surely 
the  Anglo-American  mind  should  be  fertile  enough 
1  •  pioduee  such  an  excuse.  The  dissolution  of  t\\c 
hiixed  commission  hy  liniitation  left,  as  we  have  seen,  a 
];ii'g(;  numher  of  claims  undecided.  The  United  States 
i^oNerinnent,  therelore,  had  yet  a  pretext  for  continu- 
i:! ;;■  the  diplomatic  pressure  upon  jMexico.  l*resident 
Tyli'i',  in  riTarch  1842,  accredited  to  the  latter  govern- 
iiK'ut  as  minister  Waddy  Thom]is()n,  a  slavedioUler 
fiom  South  Carolina,  who  was  anxious  to  see  Texasan- 
iii'xed  to  his  country."'  The  new  representative  lound 
Mexican  credit  very  low,  the  treasury  notes  being 
wii'lh  only  thirty  cents  on  the  dollar.  He  succeeded 
hv  some  means  in  negotiating,  on  the  30th  of  Januaiy, 
1  ;4.5,  a  n(>w  convention,  undei'  which  Mexic<)  agi'ei.'d 
l)  pay  on  the  oOth  of  Api'il  (»f  that  year  all  the  in- 
lui'est  then  due,  and  the  award  itself  in  live  years  in 
(■(|;ial  (piarterly  instalments.""  This  aiTangement  ha-^ 
li.'  'ii  r(;[)i'esented  as  a  boon  to  ]\[exico.'"^  The  fact  i-, 
t!iat  even  by  Thompson's  showing  the  owners  of  t!ie 


""'f''  li.id  ns  ,a  nicinber  of  concjrcss  niii.ile  a  iiioticni  in  favor  of  anin"\atiou 
lis  s;)on  as  it  .slioiiM  Ix;  rnnsisteiit  with  tiio  tr'caty  stipulitions  of  tiic  j^oviTii- 
iiijiit.  'J'liii  iKiturally  niuliTril  liiiii  oUVtisivi!  to  tin-  .M"xicau^,  niiil  U>r  tli.it 
ro,i-oa  lie  wai  not  a  litinTHOii  for  tiic  apiioiutiiicnt.  IJastaiiiaiitc  luul  no  ^o.i  I 
oji'uiioii  of  lii-i  I'haracttTor  (.-oiirst':  aii'l  v.itli  liis  usual  \ciioin  aocuses  liiiii  oi  ]»■■ 
••'o ''  '^P.y  i"it!i''i'  than  a  nuuistcr,  and  a  llattcrjr  of  .Sa,nta  Anna's.  J/i^f.  '/.  /. 
Sn..tit  AiiKd,  MS.,  ii.  ffS. 

•".l/c.-'.,  Dci-irh.  Iii/rrii.,  1st  pt,  IS',)-!);^;  77(o?«/«o»'.>i /?<vo//.  .^^'•r./2•2•^.  app. 
27!i  :i01.  'J'lio  interest  duo  was  alioutSJTO,  000.  Tii:.'  (pi.-atorly  instalment*  w.ro 
1  l.,<.;iii  tiie  same  day.  To  scoui'o  tho  payments  tlie  direet  taxe.s  wi're  liy- 
ji 'lliceated.  J/t'.u.,  Jfciii.  Miii.  J'll.,  lS4i,  xevii.-e.  M;  Rin  ra.  IIIaI.  ./iiI'i,i'i, 
v.\.  ."idT-O;  Ai-,(iiiiioi:,  Mi'j..,  ii.  'Jo7-S;  U.  S.  dovt,  Coug.  "JS,  Sos.  "2,  JI.  Kk. 
J'.ji'.  1")S,  ill  Mix.  Tirnthx,  ii.  no.  (i. 

'"  Kept  of  C.  J.  lugersol,  chairman  of  coiuni.  of  Foniyii  All.,  .June  -Jt, 
ISlij. 


320 


CAUSKS  OV  WAIi  WFTII  TlIK  LMTi:i)  STATI'X 


duiiMs  \vi'i"<^  iiiixioiis  \()  ])\nkr  SDmeotlier  Jii'i'iiii'^ciuciil 
tli.'il.  would  s;iA(!  (liciii  li(';i\y  loss  in  IIh;  ;V('r('j)t;ii)(;(!  ol' 
ii-c.'isiiry  notes,  ;i,s  (licy  wt-ro   Itoiiiwl   to   do   under  t.lii- 
Inst,  prcccdin'^  conNi'ntion. 

TIk!  Mcxic.'ui  u^o\('iiinicnt  ]).'ii(l  tlu;  inton^st  Mccciicd, 
;ind  dici'cfd  n  (ofci.d  loan  collect  ililc  jit  periods  cor 
lespondino"  to  tl)os(>  stipulated  in  the  a'jreeinent  with 
the  United  Stales.  'l\\()  instalments  lor  .Inly  ami 
( )ctoher'  i(Sl.'{  and  .laiuuiry  JHll  wert!  al^o  paid; 
l»ut  wlietlier  lor   want,  ol"  means  or  hecausi;  tli<;  news 

came    that,    Ti'Xas    had     heeii    annexed     t,o    tll(!     iMliteil 

Stales,  those  foe  A|tiil  and  .luly  Isll  were  not,  cov- 
ered. llowe\ei',  when  it  hecanu^  kn<»wn  that,  the 
senat<!  ol' tile  United  Stati'S  had  rejected  the  annex - 
ation  treaty,  President,  Sant,a  Anna,  ordered  IIk;  pay- 
ment, oj'tlie  Ith  and  olli  instalments,  in  cash,  to  \"oss, 
the  American  iji'overnment.'s  a'^feiit,  and  his  pi-inciji,i| 
was  <inly  apjirised  of  it,.  It,  has  Ixu-n  said,  i'ellect,in;_;- 
on  \^)ss'  o-o(;d  sens(!  and  intc'^n'ity,  that,  the  trovern- 
nient,  never  received  the  cash  ;  lor  instead  of  it,,  he  had 
t.d'vcn  drafts,  which  wer(!  not,  honortid,  and  Jio  liad 
<4i\'<'n  receipts  lor  so  much  money.''"  After  th.-it.,  the 
(ihject.iona.itlc  arivuie'eineid,  havin-jj  hecomi;  an  accom- 
jilished  fact.,  Mexico  paid  no  nior(;  instalmeids."''' 

The  last,  understanding^  with  tlu!  American  |»lenipn- 
lentiary  ca'l(  d  for  still  ino-'e;  il,  sli])ulate<l  tli(!iie;^n- 
liation  of  anolhv'i'  arliitralion  tt'eaty,  o:ie  more;  coiii- 
pri'hiiisive  than  the  last,;  that,  is  to  sav,  .i  ciinvention 
pro\idine'  for  tho  settlement,  of  claims  (»f  t,h(!  L;'o\ern- 
meni  ;ind  cil,i/cns  of  Mexico  aj^'ainsl  t,he  United  Stales, 
as  well  as  tho, I'  of  tlu;  iiitt(;r  ^'ovcrnnient  and  its  cili- 


Zens  a'_fau!s| 


.\l 


exico. 


The  claims  of  Mexican  citizens  do  n(»t  Mppear;  l>ul 


)f    \   D.'sm'    Il 


lic'iMi  i1''llicil  liy  Miiii-ilrr  'r!liiiii|)si)ii,  who  sjic'iKfi  ill  lii'^li   (ciuk 

il  Hilly  .'i  '^iiimH   |iiiiliiiii  ..|' 


:Mlil 


V  Jiiiil  Mill' , '111 v;  Ik'  s^i\' 


the  two  I. Hi.  iiisl.'iliiiciilM  \\;\t  Mot,  |i;iji|  until  |ii'riiaii(  ii,  moiitli  al'lcrit 

1111,1   llii^   liioiicy  \v;iM   iiimi('(li;ilcly  Ki'ill.   to  \'ciM.  (  Vii/,  mikI    .slii[)[Hil    lliiiicc  .H 

BOOM  (IM  it  I'Ollli  ))(•  COUIlll'cl.     Ii'irnl.    Ml  .>■,,  •^2'>. 

■'•'On  llic  .'tlllii  of  .1,11111. iry,  l.SH!,  <i;;iil  inst.iliiifiit.s  .'iinl   (« o  yciir.s' iiili'n  -t 
Mfi-c  (iiii-.    )■«»,/'/ ".v  //('.■./.  MiX.,  ;tj;;;  Sanlmijilo,  Miinuiiul,  in  Mcx.  Truuv.i, 


no. 


.Mi;XIi'A.\  CLAIMS. 


321 


Inipn- 

II "  ''I  )- 
(•oiil- 
iitiiiii 

IVfl'll- 
air:., 

cHl- 

l)Ut 

Icl'lii' 

llioli    I'f 

n  llui', 

lIltlTr   t 
IVcilil'  S 


ilicir  govcnnnciii  li;ul  stnci'iil  iinixd'f  aiit  ones.  Aiiicr- 
iciiii  vessels,  captni'ed  liy  Arcxicaii  war  ships  I'oi'  heiiij^ 
( ii'4aLC('(.l  ill  <;()iitriil)<'in(l  Irailc,  hud  hccii  foicnhly  mn- 
(111(1  \>y  lJiiil(;(l  States  ('i'iii.s(  rs;  ami  even  ;i  Mexican 
iialioiial  vi'ss(.'I,  <liil\'  (•<)miiiissioiie(l,  liad  lieiMi  taken 
and  sent  into  a  Jtoi  t  ol"  tlie  United  States.'" 

The  ti'eaty  sti[)ulated  lor  hy  i\\(i  convc^id  ion  oC 
,lainiai-y  I  84;*  was  (•oiicjndcd  in  Me-xico  on  iju!  -JOtli 
(if  Xovenil^er;  and  under  it  a  eoininission  was  to  sit 
ill  Mexico — tliu  ^[exieaii   j^'ove-i'mnent  as  a   [)oint   of 

■"Oil  tlio  1st  of  S(4)t.  IHIi.">,  tln'  Corri'O,  a  rcvoniu!  ciit.tiir  cuiiiiimiiilcil  \>y 
I, it  111,  'ili'iiiKiH  'J'Ihpiii|isiiii,  u;ih  I','  Ml  Ill-Ill  liy  iili  Aim  ric.'in  iuiikiI  vi' ;.siJ  iiiiliil 
liy  ,'i  Texan  Kt'iiiiilioat,  for  infcrl'iiiiii^  with  miiii,l,"_;1ci-i,  anil  .sent  for  .•nljmliai- 
ti  111  to  Now  Orleans.  Tlic;  cajitors  weit;  acxiiseil  of  rol)liin;^  the  eiitter'n  ])!i- 
]iii  ami  her  olliiers' |iio|)erly.  'I'lie  oiliecr.i  ami  niiMi  weiu  kept  in  jail  fur 
hnine  tiiiK!  in  \ew  Oileans,  ami  there  triiMl  on  the  char;;e  of  piraey  |piifeire<l 
hy  the  eii])torH;  hut  the  vensel,  ollii.i  is,  amlerow  were  releaseil.  Xo  Hatislae- 
tmn  or  imlrmnily  was  ;,'iven  them,  liuwever,  on  1  he  jjronnil  that  tin;  otlieei  s  h:.il 
nut  cstalilisliiil  t  heir  status.  This  ileeision  was  ;_'ivtMi  in  th<!  faee  of  their  ihe- 
laiations  thai  their  jiajiers  hail  hieii  taken  from  thein,  ami  of  the  .Mixii'aa 
rnnsiil's  a:-siiram'e  that  the  ('lui'ti)  w.is  a  revenue  vessel,  ami  her  oliii'ers  ami 
null  servants  of  his  !.;overnment.  /'f/Kirt.  o/'  'J'/:i)iii/i.-<'iii'-<  '/'li'i/,  '.'i—ii.  In  Nov. 
I.'i.l.'i,  tin  e\|>;:ililii)n  was  o|ien!y  lllleil  out  in  New  Orleans  to  eoniniit  liostiii- 
tiis  .-i;.-  inst  (he  .Mexiraii  ;;overniiien' ,  ami  laiiihil  in  the  Tanipii-D  1,'iver.  A'^'Aw' 
Jt'y.,  xlix.  ;>;!!(  40.  Another  eaiise  of  eonnilaint,  ami  a  very  serious  one,  waa 
t!ie  invasion  of  .Mexican  terrilury  liy  U.  S.  furees  in  IS.'ili.  A','.iin,  the  Me.xi- 
can  .'i|uai!roii  eaplnreil  two  .Xmeriean  sehooners  eni^.-iu'eil  in  eonveyim^  cmtra- 

liaiiil  ;4 Is  to  tilt!  Texaiis,  then   at  war  with  MiMeo,  ami  taken  into  .Mata- 

niui'is.  Thi.;aet\\as  in  perfeet  aeeoril  with  aiiieles  iMli  ami  'JOtli  I'f  IIms 
tiiaty  "f  Ifiltl.  The  .Nmeriean  eoivetle  ,\'i(/r/ir-:  then  airiveil  at  the  liar  anil 
(Iriiiaiiileil,  on  the  liitli  of  A|pril,  ls:!7,  their  sirremler,  u  hirli  lieiiiL;  re'fnsi  il  liy 
t!ie  i'!iiniianiler  on  tin;  frontier,  she  retook  one  of  the  selioniiers,  am.  iiiaih;  ;i 
jiiize  (it  the  Mexiean  w.ir  hri.,'  (li'iirml  Urri-'i.  The  latter  was  afti.Mwaril 
(iiilereil  to  he  ri'Ieaseil  at  IV  nsaeola.  1,1.,  lii.  Ki.'J,  \<X\,  -JOI  .-..  -JO!),  •_>!;»,  lV)',». 
That  jii;t  of  the  eorvctte  was  a,  delilierate  infraetion  of  the  ;!il  clause  in  tho 
lilth  artii^le  of  the  treaty  of  ISIil.  The  Mexican  governinent  with  gooil  ro.i- 
siii  w;is  iiiili;^nant  at  such  jiroceei line's,  Iiut  (!Xerci.un^' a  wise  iiioilcration  in 
its  (n'lirls  to  avert  il  conlliel,  onlereil  the  release  of  the  schooners,  ami  of  Iho 
hirl;  Aiiiir  I'Ji-.ii  that  hail  heeii  iletaineil  at  Vera  Cm/,  hi.,  lii.  •_•!)!»,  -JJS.  :;()_'. 
/  .  S.  Iriii,  ( 'oii:^  'J."),  Ses.  'J,  II.  Ivx.  Hoe.  7o,  vol.  ii.;  /!ifs/aiii'i:ili\  (liiliiwle 
.'/...■.,  i.  lO-lJ;'  ,!/u.c.,  M,ni.  Mm.  I,',  hfhiin  s,  ls:is,  Hit;  'IWurl,  Trjiuii 
l^-l.  Uiii'/os,  7'.)--H().  Later,  on  the  "J  1th  of  .liim-,  ;in  American  Knuailron  o( 
i.iK!  frii^atu  ami  four  sloo)is  of  war,  nmhr  < '.iniinoihire  D.illas,  calleil  at  Sacri- 
licin.i,  iinil  the  eoniinoilore  ilcinamliil  nf  ('astro,  the  comamlaiite  ;^eneral,  an 
lis.sai'ance,  such  as  hail  lieeii  j'iven  him  liy  (Jen.  l''ilisol,i  at  .Matanioros,  tliat 
there  .huiilil  he  iio  mole  at leiiipis  a'^aiiist  iVnieriean  inerch.-inlnien;  oLlii  r«  iso 
lie  v.oiilil  ailiipt  ellicacioiis  inea  iiret  to  ileprive  the  .Mexic;iii  HnuMlron  of  tin) 
means  of  iinnoyiiiL;  American  eonnneree.  (leii.  Cas'iro,  wilhoiit  niiinifestin'{ 
a  liinliie  spirit,  re[>licil  that  neillicr  he  imr  ( Jen.  l-'ilc^ola  couhl  ;.;ivc  such  as- 
Kiiraiices,  as  llu'y  were  of  the  excUi:  ive  iii'ovinc(!  nf  the,  supreme  ;.'o\  eriiineiit. 
A'./ii'  /,'i'j.,  lii.  t'ili'J  I!.  l)alla'i  then  wrote  liael;  on  the  'JStii,  s  lyin;  that  ho 
Woiilil  le  ivt!  nil  the  Mexic;in  coast  a,  .sitllieieiit  naval  force  to  protect  Aimi  lean 
(•ii:aiiicrcial  iiitercisls  fioni  fuiiir.'  Mexican  uggi'oasioiis.  Uii-^laina.il'',  (!:ihiiivUi 
J/i  ■■,,  i.  'Ji)  (i, 

UlHT.   Ml-K.,   Vol..    V.      Jl 


i!l  I 


I 


II 


! 


i::'     I 


322 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  Till':  UNITED  STATES. 


Tiation.'il  pii(l<>,  borauso  tlie  fornior  ono  liad  met  at 
Wasliiii^'toii,  made  this  a  sine  (juk  rion — and  ilio  l^iii;^' 
of  the  lii.'l^iaiis,  the  choice  oft  he  United  States  minis- 
ter, was  to  ho  the  umpire.  The  United  States  senate, 
in  utter  disreu^ard  of  the  convention,  only  ratiiietl  tlic 
treaty  with  amendments,  iirst  stril<in^'  out  of  it  the 
ri^ht  of  each  government  to  ]>refer  Ix^foi-e  the  com- 
mission any  chvims  or  com})hunts  ai^^ainst  the  otiier 
■ — this  pf^int  being  considered  'strictly  diph^matic' — 
and  secondly,  changing  the  ])lace  of  meeting  to  Wa-^li- 
ington,  thus  ign(M-ing  the  ]\iexican  stipulation.  Th  ; 
mutilated  treaty,  conditionally  ratilied,  came  l)ack  t^ 
^le\ico,  the  government  taking  no  iurther  notice  df 
it.^^  ]  [ence  the  outcry  of  the  friends  of  Texas  that 
^Texico  would  not  settle  the  claims  against  her,  an  1 
President  Polk's  assertion  that  ^Mexico  had  tliu.s 
violated  a  second  time  the  faith  of  treaties  by  failing 
or  refusing  to  carry  into  ell'ect  the  sixth  article  of 
the  convention  of  Jaimary  184;].^''  TIu;  subject  was 
again  before  the  United  States  congress  in  danuaiy 
1(S44,  when  the  president  laid  bt'forci  tin;  house  iid'ur- 
mation  on  the  indenmity  to  be  paid  b}'  ^NLexico.^'' 

jMc^xico's  (efforts  to  maintain  peace  with  the  United 
States,  by  acceding  to  the  setth.'ment  of  claims  on  a 
just  basis,  only  postponed  the  inevitable  and  j)r('.lr- 
termined  war.  The  reader  is  informed  of  the  unsii/- 
eessful  attempts  of  the  United  States  government  1  > 
acquire  by  purchase  the  old  ])roviuee  of  Texas,  whi>!L 
had  be(Mi  surrendered  to  S[)ain  in  18  I  i).  The  last  ex- 
pressed wish  to  this  effect,  as  appears  in  a  desj)at  li 
to  Joel  11.  Poinsi'tt,  its  envoy  to  ]\[exico,  was  to  <>!>• 
tain  the  cession  of  a  nnu'h  larv^er  area,  that  is  to  s;i\', 
the  terriloi'y  extending  from  the  moutli  of  the  IJ:  > 
(jlrandt3  along  its  eastern  bank  to  the  37th  parallel  nf 

•'■'  As  oi'igiiiMlly  m;iili\  it  liad  Ix'cii  riitificil  hy  Mcxii'o  on  tlie  'Jlili  of  X^v'. 
ISi;!.   .l/.'.i-.';  I hr'i'-hn  /utrrii.,  -M  pi.  l.'U-dl);   'r/ioiiij)^un'.i  Ilail.  Mix.,  •_'-">  7. 

'"' IVilk's  iiu'ss.'i;^o  to  coii'j;rus'J,  l);!i'.  S,  |sK>,  p.  (i 

^'  r.  S.  (;-,rt  Doc,  Cmvj^.  'JS,  Sus.  1,  II.  Joiini  107,  IDS;  LI.,  Coiii:.  liS 
Scs.  •_',  Sen.  Jouni.,  1;>1,  'JtS. 


Tin:  TEXAS  QUKSTION". 


313 


latiiu(l(\  niul  all  north  of  that  line  to  the  Pacitlc 
( )ix  an.'''  lN)'msutt,  liowevci",  awart)  that  a  pro|):i>l- 
li;iii  lo  tliat  riU'ct  Would  1h!  iiu't  with  scorn,  l.yrhoro 
('\t'ii  to  iaak(5  an  overture  lor  the  purchase  ol*  "^Pexas. 
The  opposition  of  tlie  ^Fexican.-;  to  all  arian!;'e!iiiM!s 
](a;liM!4'  to  tlie  loss  of  national  territory  hecanie  more 
intensiiied  I'roni  year  to  year.  There  were  not  want- 
i:iH',  nevertheless,  representative  men  in  Mexico  will- 
iiiL;'  to  accede  to  the  annexation  of  T\'xas  to  tlu; 
Viiited  States  rather  than  to  see  her  an  inlependiMt 
couidry,  or  under  the  control  of  I'^n^land;  for  if  a 
nation,  other  states  of  ^Texico  would  unite  witli  it; 
wlirmyly  or  by  conquest;  and  if  anywise  connected 
with  England,  goods  from  the  latter  counti'y  would 
he  smu'-ii'led  throuLi'h  Texas  into  ^Texico,  to  the  I'uiu 
of  -Mexican  manufactures  and  revenue.  ]]ut  the  fe.l- 
iiig  linally  culminated  into  a  (piestion  not  only  'f 
national  pride,  hut  of  actual  fear  of  the  conse(pience-i 
that  the  alienation  of  Texas  would  entail.''* 

The  Texan  colonists  had,  however,  fiom  the  eai!"e.  t 
times  desired  to  unite  with  the  northern  rt'puhh<\  a 
freling  which  l)ecame  intensified  after  the'ir  declai'e  I 
iiidepeiideuee  from  Mexico.  The  slavedudders  of  tli  \ 
American  southern  states  wanted  no  in<lej» 'irleiib 
state  there  foi'ining  a  harrier  to  the  ad\ance  of  th.ir 
favorite  institution.  The  Texans,  on  llieir  sivie,  i.i 
order  to  stimulate  the  desire  of  the  slave-Iiolders  fi^i' 
annexation,  ii  few  ilays  after  declaring  tlieii"  in(h'[»i!i- 
ileiice,  inserted  in  their  constitution  a  clause  gi\  ing 
the  rights  of  citi/.enship  to  all  white  emigi-ants  after  a 
r''>idence  of  only  six  months,  and  authori/ang  them  to 
hiiiig  in  their  slaves,  at  the  same  time  that  the  im- 
p^irtation  of  slaves,  except  from  the  United  States, 
Vvas  strictly  forhiihlen.'*''     Free;  negroes  and  mulattocs 

•''"  liicUidiug  Texas  aii'l  tli^  l.ir^fi'.-,t  iiml  licst  |i(ifti'iii  cif  (.'aliforuia.  ti)L'i-'l  rr 
wit'i  tlio  pint  of  San  l'"i'aiiri;t"i.  Ollieial  t'(irivs|iiiiiil.  in  ('.  S.  d'nr/  !>■■■., 
C'iii;,'.  •-'.'.,  Sl'3.  1,  11.  Kx-.  Do'.  I-'. 

•*'■' rrcsiiK'Ut  Santa  Ailiia  said  it  wonlil  lio  lilu;  sij,'niii;^  tlio  deatii-wa' rant 
of  Mcxici);  for  tin'  U.  S.  wou'd  ;.;radn;dly  t  lUc  one  al.cr  aMolIici'  uf  I  !u'  M  -xi- 
cau  donartiiiL'ni.s  ti!'  llu'V  liad  ['.\r\n  all.    T/nuii/i-iii's  /.'.  -o/.  M  .c,  '2''i  !•. 

'"'iliid  olluiv'    '     liic  slavo-ljivudui'.i  of  tlu;  U.  S.  ii  niono^ioly  wliioli  lin^y 


11'  1 


,    1 


pi  f 

(ft 


|: 


I 


i 


in 


(i.  1    J!' 


"■    Mi' 


it 


ill 


324 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Avoro  r(H]uiro(l   to  l(';iv(>  tlio  rnniitiy  within    a  .sliort 
tiiiic,  uiuK'i-  lu'iialtv  <>t"  bciiiL;"  rcduci'd  to  bondai^c. 

Tlio  slave-holders,  whose  re[)re.soiitativo  man  at 
that  time  was  Thomas  ]I.  Benton,  smuitor  from  Mis- 
souri, thought  of  forming  nine  slave  states  out  of 
Texas  alone.  ]3ut  the  Texans  wanted  to  allure  them 
with  the  ])rospect  of  a  larger  accession;  and  with  that 
end  in  view,  on  the  19th  of  December,  183G,  voted 
themselves  the  territory  lying  between  the  Unitt'd 
States  and  the  liio  Grande,  i'rom  its  source  to  its 
mouth.'*^  The  option  of  an  inde[)endent  nationality, 
or  the  consecration  of  that  large  domain  to  slavery 
thrtmgh  annexation  to  the  United  States,  was  suh- 
nntted  to  the  popular  vote,  and  was  decided  in  fa\dr 
of  the  latter  by  o,279  votes  against  01.  The  slave- 
holders in  the  IJnited  States  ke[it  themselves  well  in- 
formed on  these  movements,  and  showed  their  alacrity 
to  meet  such  manifestations  half-way. 

President  Jackson  despatched  an  agent  to  Texas  to 

faiU'cl  not  to  tako  :iilvaiitii;,'c  of.  The  ilcsiro  of  the  slave  interest  in  t!ie  V.  S, 
lieeaiiie  an  anxiety  when  the  youn;,'  reiiablie  entered  later  into  a  treaty  wiih 
!];i;:liinil  for  thi:  .suiipres.sion  of  tlie  AlVioan  slax'o-trade.  The  slave-liolihis 
\',  ere  s,n-eatly  alarmed  at  the  idea  tliat  a  time  might  eome  when  Te.ad.  if  iel't 
to  her.silf,  wouM  deeree  tlie  aholition  of  slavery.  Tiiat  fear  was  shared  in  liy 
sonic  of  the  Texan  leaders;  for  even  at  tlie  latest  day,  preeeding  the  annexa- 
tion, tlioii','h  tlie  anti-slavery  party  was  in  the  minorit\  ,  the  fiet  conld  not  liu 
di.;re^arded  that  the  majority  of  the  people  of  'I'exas  were  not  .slave-owners, 
and  that  ere  long  the  miinher  of  o|>ponents  to  slavery  wnuld  he  inereased  liy 
immigration  from  ]'-uro]ic.  The  idea  of  emaneipation  was  an  alarming  on"; 
whereas,  on  t'.ie  other  side,  annexation  was  deemed  of  the  highest  iinportanee 
to  give  stability  ami  safety  to  slavery,  and  '  thereliy  save  tiiein  forever  frmii 
the  iin|iaralleled  calamities  of  abolition.'  Jlirabidii  Lamar's  L)(ler,  in  Jiii/i 
Uci:  Mij\  \Vni\  fs7-S. 

^'  Taking  in  parts  of  Coalinila  and  T.imaulipas  and  New  Mexico.  Aeeor  1- 
ing  to  the  report  of  Henry  ^I  Morlit,  special  agent  of  the  U.  S.,  the  boiiiida- 
ries  clainied  iiy  Texas  extended  from  the  moutii  of  the  Itio  (Jrande,  on  tli  • 
east  side,  u[)  to  its  head  waters,  tlieneo  on  a  line  due  north  until  it  intersected 
tliat  of  the  U.  S.;  thence  to  the  Sabine,  and  along  that  river  to  its  niouih, 
and  from  that  point  westwardly  witii  the  gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Kio  (iraiidi'. 
'I'iie  political  limits  of  Texas  proper,  ])revions  to  her  revolution,  were  liie 
Nueces  on  the  west,  aliiiig  the  lied  Kiver  on  tlie  north,  the  Sabine  on  tlii' 
er.st.  ami  the  gulf  of  Mi.xico  on  the  south.  It  had  been  the  intention  I'f 
the  Texan  goveinmeut,  immediately  after  the  victory  of  San  Jacinto,  to  li:i\i' 
c  aimed  from  the  mouth  of  the  Jlio  Clrande  along  its  course  to  lat.  ."10",  anl 
thence  west  to  the  racilic.  It  was,  however,  discovered  that  this  would  ii  't 
strike  a  convenient  point  on  the  California  co:;st,  that  it  would  be  diliicult  io 
control  a  wandering  population  so  distant,  and  that  the  territory  now  detci- 
iiiined  upon  wouKl  be  suliicient  for  a  young  republic,  U.  S.  Govt  JJoc,  Coiij, 
'2i,  Ses.  '2,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  So,  vol.  ii. 


IXDErFADKNCE  AND  BOUNDARIES. 


325 


send  reports  ujion  tlie  advaiitngcs  of  the  couiitrv,  in 
order  U)  excite  Aiiu'riciUis  to  l«'o  there  and  take  pos- 
scssion.  Mis  aecount  of  its  ])olitical,  militarv,  and 
(•i\il  (.'ondition  was  laid  before  the  American  congress 
on  the  2'2d  of  Deccndier,  183(5,  and  was  accompanied 
witli  I'emarks  showing  the  j)ohcv'  ])Ui'sued  from  thi,' 
lirst  hy  tlie  American  gov^ernment  towai-d  1\'xas.  It 
is  said  that  tlie  title  of  Texas  to  the  territory  she 
claimed  was  identified  with  her  indi'|)endence;  (hat  she 
n-^ked  the  United  States  i^overnnu-nt  to  aeknowled;^(^ 
tliat  title  by  reeogni/ing  hei*  independence,  and  then 
Texas,  with  a  part  of  Coahuila,  Tamanli|)as,  and  Xew 
?dexieo,  miu^ht  soon  become  intej^-ral  j)ortions  of  the 
United  States.  As  ]\[exico  wonld  neither  sell  Texas 
noi-  allow  herself  to  be  provoked  into  a  wai",  tliere 
was  no  recourse  but  to  recognize  the  independence  of 
Texas. 

l)ut  the  northern  states  wore  opposed  to  the  acqui- 
sition of  more  slave  teri'itory,  and  it  was  necessary  for 
t!ie  southern  schemers  to  allay  all  suspicion  that  they 
v/ei'e  acting  from  inteivsted  motives.  The  ])resident 
laid  stress  on  the  benefits  to  acci'ue  from  the  i  Ss>'-'"ni- 
tion,  but  said  that  it  nuist  be  ipostjtoned  indelinitejy.', 
i'mdcnice  dictated  this  attitude;  till  ]\rexico  or  some 
oiher  power  recognized  the  independence  of  the  new 
iintion,  or  at  l(>ast  "till  the  la])se  (f  time  or  the  course 
of  events  shall  have  jiroved  hey  >i),i  all  cavil  oi-  dis- 
]i;ite  the  ability  of  the  people  i)i'  that  conntry  to 
maintain  their  se[>arate  sovereignty,  and  to  uphohl 
tlie  government  estahlished  hy  them."'  Mai'k  the 
(juoted  words.  ICight  Vvceks  alter,  namely,  on  th<^  bst 
of  March,  18:17,  a  majority  in  congress  l)eing  secui'ed, 
t!ie  lapse  of  time  and  course  of  events  which  the 
jiresident  contem]")lated  in  his  message  Ik-uI  come,  the 
senate  acknowledged  the  independence  of  T'exas,  and 
soon  after  the  house  passed  a  resolution  to  tlu'  sanu; 
etl'ect.  Thus  was  Texas  i-ecognized  as  an  independent 
republic.     To  Mexico's  just  protest,  the  United  States 

vermnent  answered  in  effect  that  Texas  as  a  so\er- 


^1 


"I'l 
o 


! 


320 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UXITED  STA lES. 


cM'jfU  stnt*^  liad  tlio  ri_L;lit  to  iiialvf  licfsclC  iii(lej)cii(l<'iit 
it'  it  suited  Iii-r  interests/'-  I'his  was  (juite  a  (lili'd- 
eiit  doctrine  I'roiu  tluit  ('nforced  at  llie  mouth  of  IIk; 
eaiuioii  hy  the'  uortheni  United  States  a,L,n\inst  the 
.southern  twenty-live  years  after.  Of  course  it  is 
)-i^ht  Ibi-  a  ^Mexican  state  to  secotUi  if  the  Unite(l 
States  wants  it,  hut  it  is  very  wi'oni^"  for  any  of  tln' 
•states  of  tlio  northern  confedeiation  to  secede  on  any 
]<i'et(>xt  \vliatso(n^(>r.  It  will  he  well  to  state  heie 
that  Forsvth  liad  on  the  -JDth  of  ^Mav,  18;.]G,  assured 
(^)rostiza  that  his  _<>'ovei'nnient  wouKl  a(loj)t  no  res(»- 
lution  or  decision  on  that  (juestion  which  was  n<>t 
founded  on  the  same  rules  and  princi])les  that  had 
j.;uided  its  action  in  the  dissi.'usions  between  Sj)ai,i 
and  her  American  colonies.  The  dej)aitment  of  statu' 
was  now  reminded  of  that  deehiration  h}'  Monasterio, 
the  ]\rexican  minister  of  foreign  alfaii's,  and  asl;ed  it" 
tlie  Texans  were  in  the  same  position  that  the  ]\Ii'xi~ 
cans  held  toward  S])ain  when  the  United  States  ac- 
Icnowledi^'ed  Mexico's  indejtendence.  Did  the  Anici'- 
ican  n-overnment  s(!e  the  slij.>']itest  ])oiut  of  similarity 
hv'tween  a  nation  of  ■uj)ward  of  six  million  peopl", 
who  by  their  unaided  etibrts  had  thrown  olf  the  yoke 
of  S])ain  aft(>i'  a  bloody  struufgle  of  eleven  years,  and 
a  i'e\'ohing'  "few  thousand  adventurers  without  coun- 
iry,  without  religion,  without  virtues,  and  without 
laws,  menaced  by  a  numerous  army,"  etc.?  The  min- 
ister also  alluded  to  Jackson's  uiessage  of  December 
2-,  ISoG^  and  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  the  execu- 
tive makes  known  the  solenm  protest  of  ]\Iexico  be- 
fore all  civilized  nations  against  the  recognition  of  the 
"pretended  republic  of  Texas,"  made  by  the  United 
States.^^  General  Torncl,  minister  of  war  of  ^lexico, 
in  a  speech  before  the  congress  of  ^Mexico,  accused 

*'^  Soc  Arrnv'joh,  Mrj.,  ii.  '2(i'2. 

*^J(ist''  .M;in'ii  Oitiz  ^I(lIl.•lstol■ic)^s  note  I)cars  date  of  Mnrcli  21,  1SP.7.  Hi-* 
]iroto--t  involves  tlio  followiiiL;  ])uiiits:  that  tin'  iicknowlodu'iucnt  complaiiii'l 
of  CDiilil  ill  no  iiiauiicr  v/liatever  wtaliiMi.  (liiuiiiisli,  or  comiiiniiiit  the  rights 
of  Mi'xico  to  the  tonitory  of  'iVxa.s,  \wv  her  ri;j;liC  to  I'liij'Kiy  evi'fy  iiu'aii.s  in 
licr  jinvcr  to  recover  that  tcnitory.  A  trausluliou  of  the  note  i.s  yivea  in 
Ndis  n,j.,  lii.  l2iS-9. 


THXAX   DIl'LoMATl;:  KIOLATIOXS. 


827 


till'  AnR'ri<'aiis  of  puiiic  i'aitli,  icitiTaliiiL;'  I:!-;  ;n'<»v<'ni- 
iiK'iit's  icsolvu  to  i![)lu)I(l  its  I'inlits  at  all  liazards,  and 
I  iidcd  with  the  words,  "tho  ^luxifaiis  will  ct)ii(|iifi'  or 
(•tasu  ti)  exist." 

Soon  al'tL-r  tho  rc'con-iiitioii  of  'J\'\as  tlic  I'nilcd 
Slates  acM^rcditcd  a  dipluiwatic  a^cid,  named  Alceo 
.Liihi'aiiflic,  to  that  j^oNi'miiU'iit,  and  icfcivt'd  ;iii  I'li- 
\i>\  extraordinary  and  minister  ])lenij)otentiary  called 
Hunt,  an  Ammii-an  eiti/en  until  veiT  I'eeent'y,  who 
ill  .\uL;ust  18.j7  projjoseil  the  annexation  ol'  'i'exas 
I.)  l!ie  American  Union.  Jle  foiuid  many  obstai  les  in 
ll:e  way,  tho  chief  ones  heiiiL?  that  a  treaty  I'oi-  its 
acroinjilishmont  would  in\dl\i'  a  war  v.itli  Mexico, 
and  that  the  re(|uisito  t\\H)-thirds  \ote  in  tiie  senate 
I'll-  its  ratilication  could  not  then  he  ohtaiiied.  I'res- 
iiKiit  A'an  Buren"  was  too  slirewd  a  polilidan  to 
risk  its  rejection  and  tt)  jeopardi/:o  tho  popidarily  of 
his  adnnnistration  in  the  northern  states.  To  dei'line 
iIk'  proposal  Ibr  the  time  hein^'  would  not  ail'ect  him 
in  the  southern  states,  lie  trusted  that  hy  a  dexterous 
uianaL;'emont  of  tho  American  claims  a;j;ainst  ^ih'xico, 
tlie  main  obstacle  to  the  annexation  would  soon  I>e 
removed.  In  this  ho  was  disappointed,  as  we  have 
.--een  that  ]\lexico's  oiler  to  submit  the  matters  in 
cnntroversy  to  arbitration  postponed  for  several  years 
the  maturity  of  that  plan. 


( 


Tho  indejjondonco  of  Tt^xas  was  n^'o^'uized  by 
beat  Britain  and  France,  which  |)owers  immediately 
afterward  sent  their  di})lomatie  re[)resentatives,  tho 
f  liiner  Ca})tain  Elliot  of  Canton  war  fanu',  and  tiio 
latter  tho  comto  ]Jubois  (K;  Sah^'ny,  who  in  after 
veurs  became  so  notoi'ious  ibr  his  (hplomatic  trickei'V 

Alexico.*'^    These  two  nations  wi-ll  luiew  that  Texan 


HI 


^'Yclt'ped  tho  '(jlil  fox,'  iiiul  more  spccinlly  tliu  'nortliLTH  iiinn  Mitli 
tiiiitiici-ii  I  rinci[il('s.' 

''Tiie  iMoxic.ui  minister  of  forfci^ju  nlTair-i  refers  on  tho  .'{Ist  of  .Jan.  ISli), 
to  tho  iivovisioual  (h-'ch'.ralioiis  ol'  tho  French  govoriiiiieiit  rilativc  t.)  i^-^roeoj- 
iiitioa  of  ?iIc.\ico'j  iiuKpenilciice  from  Spain,  a  Idiny  that  no  .sueli  dil;iLorine.-j.-j 
was  oiwcrvcd  in  aeknuw  leil^'in,,'  Texan  iLnlepi  ndeueo  IVoni  .Mo;vieo.  J^xistin^j 
ties  (jf  frieuilsliip  wer.' as  nauglit;  an^l  ia  tho  same  manner  was  tho  fiet  ip;- 
iiorcd  that  Te.xuu  population  taul  resources  aa  compared  m  iLh  those  or  Mexico 


ti  .;   '.'-'ip; 


^ 


i 


■  -i: !  .  r 


328 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  V/ITH  TIIF,  rMTMI)  STATKS. 


iu(l«'|>('ii(l(Mic('  WMs  luit  ;i  piiliiniiijit y  sti-])  (ownrd  .-m- 
iit'Xiilioii  to  till'  I'uiti'd  States.  lliit  it  st-cius  that 
('(•rtiiiii  of  tlicii"  staicsiiicii  allowed  llifiiisclvcs  to  l)i' 
<'arii»'(l  away  witli  tlif  idea,  ]»ai'ily  iiispii'i-d  Ky  tli" 
leading"  iiicii  of  Texas  with  (iciici'al  lloiiston  at  thcii' 
licad.  that  th<!  small  party  existiiiL;-  in  tho  new  rc|nil'- 
lic  who  siiK'c'icIy  wanted  u  se|)arate  nationality,  aiid 
looked  to  a  not  distant  day  when  tliey  could  eany 
liui"  houndai'ios  to  thi'  Sierra  ^ladre,  would  succi'cd 
in  wardinj^'  olKtlie  annexation.  IClliot  supported  tlmt 
party,  anionic  wdiose  niend)ors  the  annexationists  had 
ajjfonts;  he  even  wc.Mit  to  Mexico  and  tried  to  pi-e\;;'il 
on  tlu'  tj^ovei-nnieiit  to  L>rant  'I'exas  li  t  in(!e[)endencr. 
'I\'xas  as  one  oi'  the  laiuily  of  nations  now  enjoyeil 
facilit  ies  I'oi'  ti'ade  of  which  l)oth  her  citizens  and  tho>r 
of  the  United  States  availed  themselves  to  the  i'ullest 
(>xtent;  and  it  may  well  be  su[)posed  that  war  mate- 
rial i^'reatly  (entered  into  it,  to  tlu;  furthei'  displeasure 
of  the  Mexican  government.  Hence  its  ])rotest  on  the 
r2th  of  i^Tay,  I  S4"2,  whereiM  the  minister  ]>ocane^ia 
accused  the  American  _L>'ovei'mnent  of  ilag'rant  ^■ie- 
latious  (,f  the  troaty  of  friendship  '  .  f  .een  the  two 
nations  in  allowint^  its  citizens  to  atford  pt'rsonal  and 
other  aid  to  Texas,  and  (>ven  at  pid)lic  meeting's  and  in 
f)ther  ways,  to  ])romote  her  annexation  to  tlu;  I 'niied 
States.^"  The  Mexican  ministi-r  aslved  if  the  United 
States  could  act  in  a  more  hostile  manner  toward  hi-; 
g<n-ernment  sliort  of  actual  war.  This  protest  was 
ri'iterated  oji  the  8 1st  of  jMay,  l>ocaneLi;ra  ex[)ressin^' 
"i'e!i,'rets  that,  to  judj^'e  iVom  facts  patent  to  all  the 
world,  the  United  States  cabinet  and  authorities  ol)- 
serve  a  conduct  openly  opposed  to  the  most  sacre  I 
riLjhts  of  men  and  to  the  solenm  pact  of  friendshi[)  ex- 
istinijf  l)et\veen  two  nations."  liepeatiuLj  the  char'>vs 
of  his  pi'evious  note,  he  adds  that  the  "  couutenanciiij," 
of  this  toleration  will  be  re<^,-irded  as  positively  hostil  i 

•were  insufficient.  Witliout  jrivhig  Mexico  .'iiiy  prior  notice,  Franco  rccc  .'• 
nizcd  Tcxiis  and  made  a  treaty  of  aniily  .•iiid  (■oiiuiicrco  witli  lier.  JIc.c.,  JIciii. 
Jiclnc'i'iics,  in  D'di-io  ill  Ooh.,  May  -Ja,"  IS  10. 

■'''  Corroborative  documents  accompanied  t!io  protest. 


COMPLAINTS  or  MKXICO. 


329 


111  tlio 
's  ol)- 

II*  '-*^' 

fill;-;' 

I,  J/(.i. 


\n  (lie  I'cplllilic."  The  lllilttcl-  Wiis  Jllso  lonil.llly  lil'tHI'^ht 
1()  llic  atti'iilioii  dl"  tlic  other  incinid'i's  dl"  tlir  diplo- 
ui.ilic  corps  rrsidinu^  in  ^h'xico.  J  ciiitoiiii/t'  in  ;i 
iii)t<' this  cirrular,  Jiiid  the  coi'i-csiioiKlciH-e  with  Miii- 
i^tiT  Thoiii])sou  ai'isiiiL(  t'r(»m  it/'  ] 'ocaiu'^'ia's  lii-st 
<'omi)laiiit  was  aiiswiTi'd  hv  tliu  Ainci'ican  envoy  on 
thf  .")th  of  S('j)tLMnlH'i-,  undor  instructions  of  ,)uly  sth 
;iiid  l-'Uh  (Voni  Sccri'tary  Wc'bstor.  J  To  sustained 
llie  rii4iit  of  the  Unit*'*!  Stati's  to  promote  trade  with 
independent  'l\'xas/~*  thoUL;'!!  rccoe-nizinn'  the  ri^'ht  of 
?dexico,  as  a  l)ellieerent,  to  interce[)t  all  articles  ein- 
l)i;i('ed  within  the  term  'contral)and  of  war.'  Jle  I'e- 
iiiinded  the  ^lexican  jj^overnment  that  under  llu; 
treaty  of  18;5I  obstructions  to  leij;itimat(>  trade  wei'e 
j."jarded  a^L^ainst.     As  to  neutrality  toward  tin,:  heilii;- 

*■  The  luito  to  till!  lc,L;;itioiis  of  (iroat  ]>ritiiiii,  r'niin'c,  Sjiiiiii,  ami  I'liissiii 
('xpl.iiiK'd  .Mcxioci's  ;,'i)imI  l':iitli  towafil  tlif  V.  S.,  ami  ciJiiiiilaiucMl  of  llic;  aiil  al- 
fovili'il,  ai^aiiist  liLT  liylits,  in  men,  arms,  and  mdncy,  ti)  the  Tt'xan  r.licls.  'IIk; 
Aiiirri'.'an  envoy,  WiuMy  'i'liomiison,  llien,  on  tliu  (itii  ot  .Iuik",  also  aililicsscil 
liis  eoll<'a;4uis  u  note  clcuNini,'  tlic  alle^atujns  of  the  Mexican  j^overniarn;. 
]|e  ariTMc  il,  (luotini,' N'atiel  and  the  tionty  "itli  Mexieo,  that,  Amei  itan  eitizen>i 
liail  a  rii,'lit  to  send  war  material  to  either  l)elli;^eren(.  though  sueli  mateiial 
\v,is  lialile  to  seiznri!  Iiy  the  other.  I[(!  eoneluded  sayin;,'  that  thon;,'h  the  l'. 
S.  i.ioUed  on  war  without  cause  as  tiio  greatest  of  eriiae.s,  they  wuuld  not 
shiiiik  IVom  it  if  ni'eessary  to  ujihold  their  iii;hts  and  j.,'!vat  iirineiiile-!.  Hoca- 
lie;  ra,  Oil  the  (iili  <if  duly,  olijeeted  to  Thompson's  eiri'ular,  claimin;:  that  the 
Auiei'iean  legatiiiu  shouhliiavo  waited  till  the  answer  from  the  secretary  of 
s  all'  had  come,  lleferring  to  the  oft-i^ejieated  eiiarges,  he  saiil  that  his  ^'ov- 
e:iiuieiit  exjiccted  that  contraband  trade  would  occur,  hut  hail  a  right  to  oh- 
j'll  to  its  liuing  counliinanced  l>y  th.:  U.  S.  government,  as  such  a  course,  on 
t.i"  jiart  of  the  latter,  rendered  it  as  |;uiU3'  as  the  ollVndcrs  tlicmselves.  J).>- 
e:iiiei;ra  insisLed  oil  the  fact  that  the  Texan  rebels  for  a  hnu;  time  jiast  liad 
ope'.dy  kept  an  agency  in  New  Orleans;  tiiat  Texan  war  vessels  weie  liuil!; 
and  repaired  in  the  I'.  S.;  that  the  proclamation  of  the  'I'l'xan  president  call- 
i;i,'  for  the  aid  of  Americans  hail  hecu  published;  that  acommissiou  had  l)eeu 
rcci'uiting  men  and  procuring  supplies  openly  in  New  (Jrleans;  t'uit  the  legis- 
l;ilures  of  Louisiana  and  Kentucky,  and  members  of  the  iiat  ional  cijugrcss,  liml 
lu'ged  war  against  Mexico.  The  two  wai'  vessels  claiiucil  to  hu\e  been  al- 
ii iwcd  to  leav(i  the  U.  S.  for  Mexico  to  light  against  'J'exas  were.'  desjiatclicd 
iis  American  vessels  with  regular  papers,  and  after  full  guaranties  had  biin 
f  r,  iiislieil;  and  yet  ili'-y  had  been  detained  at  the  moment  of  sailing,  and  only 
iinw  illingly  permitted  to  sail.  I  hit  Texan  vessels  publicly  i-ccruitedaiid  re!  it  ted 
at  \'e\v  Orleans  to  cruise  against  Mexican  truleaml  to  wage  war  against  M'xi- 
c.ui  ports.  Me.i:.,  Men),  lii Idrinius,  ISI-t,  xli.-lxii. ;  Jlii.-'liniiaiifv,  hhnio  Mi  c, 
M  V.  xl\-.  r)3;  U.  S.  Govt.,  Cong.  27,  Ses.  S,  Si^n.  Doc.  I,  pji.  I  l(i-."i7,  vol.  i., 
II.  Mx.  Doc.  1,  ])p.  M4-.-)."),  vol.  i.;   T/ioiiipsim'n  liirull.  Mi.r.,  -JSl-IW;!;  A  ('' <' 

;,V:/.,  ixii.  ;w.-.,  :{is-i«),  ;}ji,  'M{\-%  a.w. 

'"Secretary  \Vebster  received  Bocanegra's  first  note  on  the  '20th  of  June, 
and  hi !  second  on  the  Dtli  of  July.  Thompson's  despatchis,  and  a  co[)y  of 
his  aiisvv-er  to  Ijocaiiegra's  circular  to  the  diplomatic  corps,  reached  the  .staio 
tUparUneut  at  Wusliiugton  about  the  Lid  of  July. 


;it  ' 


j.jt 


3:)0 


CAUsKs  01'  ^vAll  wi'ni  -j'iie  l'mtkd  ,stat]:s. 


crcnts,  the  I'liitt'd  States  government  lind  jn'oNidcd 
for  its  ijinvt  observance,  and  had  lieard  ol"  no  cin-ol- 
nient  ol'  troo|)s  or  e<|uij)inent  of  .sliips.  (;!i\inLj;'  ny 
lending  ni()ney  l)y  Americans,  he  contended,  v/as  per- 
fectly legal,  and  as  to  the  expression  of  o])inion  ;it 
])ul)lic  meetings  on  Texas  aflairs,  American  citizens 
enjoyed  tluit  privilege  under  the  general  lav/s  oC  ilio 
I  nited  States.  'J'he  American  government  also  i\v- 
cliired  that  the  emigration  to  Texas  consisted  ol'  mm 
V,  lio  in  the  exercise  of  their  rights  and  free  Vtill  changed 
llieir  domicile  and  naticniality;  if  such  men  went  h.n  k 
to  the  United  States  and  claimed  American  cilizeii- 
ship  al'ter  ser\ing  a  i'oreign  country,  then  the  govern- 
ment could  talie  action  respecting  them,  but  not  br 
fore.*'  The  declaration  that  ^Ic\\ico  would  I'egaid 
aggressions  by  American  c/itizens  as  a  violation  oi'  llu; 
treaty  of  i'rlendsliip  between  the  two  rei)ublies,  he 
added,  luid  gi'cally  sur])rised  his  government,  and  iis 
only  iinswer  thereto  riuist  be  that  Mexico  was  de- 
manding what  coidd  not  be  Cijnceded,  and  if  she  should 
b'reak  the  peace  she  must  abide  the  consequences. 
To  ] Jocane^ra's  second  note  Thomj)Son  repliivl  tii;:t 
the  ])resident  of  tlie  United  States  consich^red  his  lan- 
!;ua<>'o  and  tone  as  hiu'hlv  otfensive,  imnlvinn"  as  it  did 
want  of  faith  on  the  ])art  of  the  American  goveni- 
meut.  The  latter  would  not,  however,  alter  its  cour.-e, 
which  Mas  out;  of  imp;irti;d  neutrality. 

.Bocanegra  was  evich.'utly  anxious  to  keep  thcpoa'-e, 
I'or  on  the  lOth  of  Septeniiier  he  accepted  thet-h;clar;i.- 
tion  of  the  Ignite;!  States  of  their  intention  to  oh- 
sei'Vt;  a  sli'ict  neutrality. 

An  iiiciilent  occurred  the  same  ycnr  thr.t  tended  t.i 
v.idi'U  the  l)i'e;ic]i  and  increase  the  .'ihu'ni  of  ]\ie\ic.). 


^''^foxico  was  rcininilcil  tliiit  wlnu  slio  was  fiy;litin!,  ft2'''inst  Sjiaiu  slic  i' • 
cc'ivcil  Jill  who  emit'  Id  liijr  stamhuil  from  tiro  I'liitcil  StaU'S  or  luiropo,  :nrl 
that  in  licr  v,,'i'<':  re  aL;aiii.st  Texas,  lii;l'on>  looO,  an  Aint'iieaii  liuld  lii;;Ii  i-i'ia- 
iiiainl  ill  the  MoNii'aii  army  .stationed  in  that  (•ouutiy.  Tlii;  ciinoiiliiuon  an  I 
la.\:t  alloucM  no  intordiciion  ul'  li';.'al  tradu  or  emigration  to  Texas,  sluml  i 
till'  emi^'iant,  lioweviT,  enlist  there  lie  would  be  ni;  longer  entitled  to  Auh  i- 
iean  pidlei.iion,  as  the  gcjveviimeut  of  the  U.  !5.  luaot  look  on  Texas  as  a  f  i- 
v'i^n  iudependeiic  n.itioii. 


IRKNCir  AND  i:X(;LISi[  INTKllKSTS. 


3ni 


Tills  was  tlx^  (';!|)tui'<'  and  siirrciidci-  of  ^ronlci-cy  in 
l']«|)ci'    Caliloi'iiia,   \>v   Coiuiiiodoi'o    Thomas    A[i    C. 


d"hl 


ar-i- 


I  (.. 

|(M, 

ic  r- 

,   ■Mv\ 

com- 

11  nil  1 

llMUll 

Viiur- 

a  iVi-- 

'I'lic  Texas  qncstioii  was  one  pregnant  wiHi  dis- 
a;ivial)l(;  coniijlications  lor  ^[fxiro.  .Pi'ojccls  licin'j; 
rniiti'inj)]at('d  to  Introdnco  FriMicli  and  lOnglidi  c<>]:i- 
,,l-t>  into  'I'cxas,  under  concessions  of  the  'I'vNaii  l;'o\-- 
(•ii,.M(iit,  t he  scci'claiT  of  I'orcign  I'clat ions,  on  (he  llitli 
I'l'  Apill,  is  l:;,  nolilicd  tlic  diiirmiatic  cot] is  that  siich 
iai'iiinrants  would  not  lie  rccogni/rd  Ity  his  govern- 
iiieiit  as  hon;i  llde  settlei's.  To  translate  his  own 
"Tlie\'   will    he    trea<e<|  as   I'eal   invaders   and 


Wei- 


ll '111 


lies     of     ^^exie(). 


and 


w  1 1 


r  M-eive    c 


ondi; 


m 


[  ;iiii>hiMen<  ;"  that  ?»le\ienn  <  roops  in  Texas  would  ae- 
(•..:d  (o  jx'i'sons  calling  t lu'niseK-es  consids  oidy  the 
lights  of  foreign  neutrals.  The  re]»resentaliv(.'s  ol' 
]H)Wers  that,  had  I'ecognized  Texas  as  a  nation  insisted 
(•a  till'  I'ight  of  their  governments  to  aeei'e<!it  cojisuls 
ill  Texas,  and  of  theii'  <'i;i/,ens  or  sul-jects  to  settle  in 
the  countrv,  holding  ^Texii'o  anieiiahle  for  aiiv  di>re- 
sjicct  to  theii-  agents,  or  tor  injuri<'s  to  tin;  persons  oi' 
]ireprrty  of  tlieii'  innoc(>nt  suhji^cts.''''' 

'  I'.  iL';in<.';;r;v".s  two  notes,  liavin;^  ln'Oii  imblishtvl  in  a  Mcxi'jau  i  )ur!Kil,  fell 
nt  CmU'.o  int.)  t!iri'onuiii)iliiv'~i  liainN,  to'^jctlicr  with  a  11  istnn  ui-w.-^iiapcr,  copy- 
ia ;  Ironi  anoliicr  of  Mew  OiKaa.s  ii  talst;  niiiior  ot  Jiriti.-ili  inlL-ifciHuicc,  to  tlio 
I  lic.:'t.  that  .Ml'NIi.'o  iiad  (.'odod  CaMrornia  to  (Jrcat  Jhitaiii  lor  .s'vm  million 
(lillur.-i.  Tho  (.'oniiiiotloi'c,  from  tlio  tunor  of  those  notis,  jiimpuil  at  tiic  con- 
clu-ii"n  that  .Mi  xicu  liad  d(;L'l.:rcd  war  against  tli<;  Uiiii,c,l  Si.ites;  and  tlicTu 
1>  i;i  ;■  at  tlie  liim;  in  the  I'acilic  thl'C(!  liiitish  war-ships,  of  svho  .e  l)a.->;ne.s<  lie 
li;iii  ohtainc'il  uo  l;nowlcd;;c,  he  thoni,'ht  they  were  g ''".^  to  taku  pos.scssiou 
u;  tin;  s.ipposed  recent  pureha-e.  Jnuei  I'e.solvtd  to  In:  l)eIoro  them,  ;ind  sailed 
fir  the  eoa::tof  .Me>;ie).  Ri'achiii'^'  Mc;nterey,  tlie  e.ipital  of  (Aiiiforiiia,  cm  tlio 
lUt'a  of  Oet.,  and  (indin;.,'  the  territory  still  under  the  Mexieaii  il.ig,  withont 
more  ad  )  ho  toolc  formal  possession  of  the  jilaee  on  the  next  day,  only  to  dis- 
e'lVi  r  lii.s  ei'i'or  one  day  later,  and  to  !i:id  himself  oMi'4ed  to  restore  the  Mexi- 
e.iii  llii;.j,  with  an  apolov'y  for  his  proeeo  liii:,'.  '1  ho  Amerieaii  (^■oveniM.eiit  of 
t'lurse  disavowed  the  ouniiiiodore':i  ac:t;  hut  .Vtexijcj's  deiiian  1  for  his  puiii-h- 
liieiit  wati  disre'iarded.  She  was  told  thit:  he  had  'inti.'iided  no  iii'li;,'nity.' 
l>'i>''iinniiti'j  l)'rtrlo  MvX.,  MS.,  xlvi.  0!).  ]''iill  details  ;,'i\en  in  ///,-■/.  Cdl., 
tlii.s  ."-erics. 

'''  Doyle,  TJi'itish  chavri'',  siid  on  the  '2Dth  thnt  his  L'ovcrnnient  haviii','  jie- 
knnw:ed;;eiL're;;an  nati  uiality,  Ih'itish  consuls  and  .siiiij.'ets  mu  :t  he  r",-,peeted 
hy  M  xieo.  'J'lie  I'rcaeli  legation  t  lolc  the  .same  view.  Sp;  inand  rni-isiaiiot 
liaviii'.,' veco'Tnixed  Texas,  their  representatives  referred  the  suhjeet  t  >  their 
rc.-]ieciive  supori'irs.  'I'he  .Vmericnn  i:iinis;er  said  that  the  ('.  S.  c'liiiiK,  I  nn 
ri^'iit;)  over  thoio  who  had  joined  Ihu  Toxau  army  ur  become  ciuz-eiw  u£ 


i^i 


m 


!l!lli 


ii 


.1 
(!■  ■ 


1 

\ 

i; 
ii 

! 

.■1 
11 
■I 

332 


CAUSES  OF  WAll  WITH  TITK,  UXTT1-:D  STATES. 


A]>]irc1u'iisi(»iis  of  ;i  ]M)ssil)l(\  (ollisioti  with  Crroat 
liritaiu  on  tlio  iiortli-c^astLifii  boundary  ([uo.stioii  no 
]i)ni;\'r  I'xistiii;^-,  the  lliiited  Staics  ^'ovci'iiiuMil.  ic- 
solvcd  tliat  tlio  aiiiu'xatioii  of  T(;xas  sJioiild  not,  lie 
delayed,  notwitlistaiidint^  tlio  o[)positioii  of  a  lar;^L' 
cleii)(;iit  in  tlie  northern  statcs.'^-^ 

As  (!ai]y  as  the  2:3(1  of  Au<rust,  1843,  tlio  TJexicni 
j^'oN'ei'uinent,  on  liearing  tliat  a  pr(»j)ositioii  would  soon 
be  suhniitted  to  the  di^liherations  of  the;  congress  ■  ' 
Die  United  States  to  in('or})orato  Texas  with  tli<  in, 
notified  the  .Vnierican  envoy,  for  the  information  of 
liis  government,  that  an  act  of  amuixation  passed  hy 
that  congress  would  bo  looked  on  by  Mexico  as  u 
cdsit.^  Jx'lli.  This  hron^ht  out  an  undi]>lomati<!  riply 
the  very  next  day  from  Minister  Thoini»son,  wai'iii;i'( 
the  Aloxiean  o-overmnont  a<jfainst  a  repetition  of  siicii 
threats,  whicli  he  consideriid  incomptitiblo  with  lh' 
i'es[)eet  dut;  alike  to  his  govei'ument  and  to  that  oi" 
]\rexico.  Tf  iiitcnded  for  intimidation,  ho  said,  t!i 'V 
would  \\AXo.  no  ell'eet;  and  if  as  a  wai'nini;",  they  wrvr. 


i.ir- 


unnecessnry.      I'hi"  American   repubru;  had  its  cl 

Trvas;  liiit  I'diilit  iKit  Mccipt  til'!  (l(!cl;ii'iiti:)ii  !»;<  f.ir  us  it  ivlati'd  to  Aui"!  i  . 
cciii.uils  \\lio  luiil  to  rcsiil.'  in  tin!  cDimti'y  to  protect  .■\iii"i'ii';iii  citi/.i'iis  a.:  1 
IimJo.  i'.oi.';uu';;i;i,  on  till!  'JTtll  of  .M:iy,  wroli;  tin;  llrilisli  cliMr.m'i  lli;it  c  :ly 
j)ci'soiis  in  ^M^\\\^  or  pluttiii;^  ;i.;:iiiist  Mi  ■\ic;''  woilM  lio  trcalcil  ;i.-i  I'licinics;  l.ut 
Alfxii'o  could  not  iiolil  liciNclf  iM'sponsililc  for  inj.iry  to  otlici'S  Ui;it  hrl 
I'titcrcd  Texas  t'nry  iiwaro  of  the,  cllci'tsof  tluMinavoiilaMe  sti'iiu'^'le.  Com-jhIs, 
if  not  lonml  aiiliii;,'  tlic  ivlieis,  wouM  lie  Ircateil  as  iieiitraN;  for  to  reco-nj.:.' 

tlieia  as  foi'ei.L;n  olUciils  woiilil    involve  tlio   re ;j;iiition  of  Tcxa:^.     'i'o  ihi' 

I'i'eneh  niinisior  he  .'■aicl  that  laml  grants  liy  tho  'IVxaii  g  )veinnient  woiiM  \<' 
looked  iijjon  as  invalid.  |)oyli!  n'lilied  on  the;  Tlli  of  .Inne,  hoping  that  M  .i 
ran  troops  wo'.f.d  ivjpeet  thi!  properly  ami  ]ierson(  of  peaeealilo  residca!  ■,  ■•: 
liis  govoinnient  would  elai'u  indemnity  for  inuo^'ent  paities  injured.  I  .1 
l''reneh  minister  said  the  same,  with  this  aildilion,  namely,  that  ho  iial  i'l- 
slrnelions  to  roprc^sent  to  Mexieo  the  'lad  otI"ects  of  her  tlisrcgnrd  of  popid.i' 
rights  in  Texas,  and  to  seeU  their  recognition.  l!oe;ini\gr;i  tlien,  on  the  ll:!i 
iif  .July,  1S}:>,  informed  the  P'reneh  envoy  that  tiic  Mexieui  troops  woul  I  1  ■ 
speet  t'u!  property  of  fori'igners,  luit  not  any  grants  ulitainc^il  fi'om  the  'i'e\;ui 
ir.ilhorities,  iuasmneli  as  they  were;  usurpations  from  ^lexieo,  lie  dec!,i:".l 
tliat  Mi'xico  was  forliciriug  in  w;ir,  though  falsi;  reports  represented  li.i:'i 
ci'Ui'l.    .l/t/.c,  Mem.  /ii',ir!oiii>i,  ISU,  Ixxi.-lxxxvi. 

''■-The  sontheni  slave-holders  \\ere  now  so  determined  that  at  the  elo~e  of 
fill'  "■■asi;!n  ..f  congi'ess  in  M.ii'eh  ISIIJ  a  nnmlicr  of  its  niend)(>rs,  headed  by  •!.  <i. 
Adams,  issued  an  address  of  M-arning  lothe  .\merican  peopli'against  (he  pLias 
of  annexation  for  exteniling  tie;  area  of  slavery,  wideh  niigiit  even  hriu','  "H  a 
d'ssohitioii  of  the  Union;  at  (lie  s.'inie  time  pointing  out  the  gr'.iss  infi'ingcuuiit 
of  Irea'y  obligations  toward  Mexico,  iuvulvod  liy  thosu  plans.  Jai/'^  Ve  r, 
J/..r.   Il'i(/',  S8. 


MUTUAL  TIIIIEATS. 


3,",;j 


a<'tL'r  ill  its  own  kecpiii;^,  and  ueodocl  no  admonition 
to  save  it  from  stain  or  dishonor.  lioc'aneLji'a  dis- 
( !;iiined  any  intention  to  threaten,  and  still  less  in 
jiidvokc  and  txcite;  bnt  resolved  to  use  the  ri^ht 
that  no  one  eoidd  deny  his  country,  that  of  re^ard- 
iiiH'  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States  as 
a  hostile  act,  involving  a  violation  of  inte'i'nation.d 
l,i\\,  and  particularly  of  tJie  treaty  of  A[)ril  5,  lcS;!|, 
l)(l\\eentlie  twogovei'iunents.  In  |>rotestinL,'  aoainst 
{\\r  \  iolation  of  her  rii,dits  she  fullilled  an  ohlij^.i'Lion 
jKciihar  to  her  sovereionty  and  inde[)endence. 

Oil  the  l;]th  of  September,  184.j,  Mr  Upshur,  wlio 
li;i:l  become  President  "^I'yler's  secn'etary  of  state,  in- 
ji.i  iiicd  the  Aniericau  minister  in  Mexico  of  his  ,l;ov- 
ciiinicnt's  intention  to  demand  fi'om  Mexico  that  sIk; 
^hoiiM  eitlujr  make  ])eace  with  Texas  or  shov/  hei' 
iihihiy  with  I'cspectable  forces  to  prosecute  the  w;ir.'^ 

It  is  not  clear  why  the  yovernnuint  of  the  United 
►'-itatrs  should  take  und)ra<>:e  at  jMexico's  failure  to 
A\aL;e  an  active  warfaj'c;  on  its  friends  in  Texas.  Its 
inmnus  in  the  elfort  tt)  bully  ]\Iexico''*  into  makino- 
\ir:u-r  \\  ith  "^Fexas  a[)pears  revealed  in  Secretary  !"[>- 
chill's  note  of  Se[)tember  8th  to  Murphy,  American  dip- 
1  iiiiatic  ao'ent  in  Texas,  wherein  he  speaks  of  a  I'unior 
al)out  ascheme  in  I']n<;'land  to  furnish  (In;  Texan  l;'ov- 
oiiinent  with  pi'cuniaiy  means  to  abolish  slavi-ry,  in- 
(Iciiiiiii'yinL^  the  masters,  and  the  lenders  to  recei\'e  Ibr 
thiif  money  lars^'e  tracts  of  land  in  Te\as.     Such  an 

'  '  I'lislmi'.s  iircilri'cssor  liuil  ciiclcavDi'cil  to  luiii;;  iil).>at  ii  scttlcijifiit  nf  t!;o 
War.  Ill  .lull.  |sr>  ln!  (iiruL-lrd  tin.'  Amrrii;aii  eiivny  (d  usi;  lii:s  ^^ninl  otlici  s 
Miili  tli(!  .Mcxii'au  scLTctai'V  Id  initii.'at(!  the  luiimnsit  y  of  liis  g;>vcniiiu'iil:.  If.) 
ill. I  iiiil,  (l(Hil)t  Mexico's  ri^'lit  Id  suiiiiiu'iite  Texas  if  slii;  could  do  >o  liytln! 
iMiiiinnu  and  lawful  means  of  war;  Imt  ntiior  staten — specially  flic  Uiiitifl 
N;  I'.rs  -were  interested,  'not  only  in  tlin  restoration  of  iieaci;  Ik!  ween 
t!:riii,  Imt  in  the  manner  in  wliicli  tin;  war  shall  lie  eondncteil.  if  it  n!iall 
cniiiiniu'.'  The  envoy  was  directed  to  use  these  su,'4\;es!i(iiis  ;.l,  the  time,  and 
Was  likewirie  informed  tiiat  'it  is  in  the  eontemjilation  of  this  ;,'overiinieiil  t  > 
iiiiun^liatii  in  !i  more  formal  manner  witii  Mexico,  at  a.  jieiio:!  not  far  dis- 
tant, uiilcHs  siio  shall  consent  to  make  peace  with  Texas,  or  shall  ihow  th,; 
ili-liiisi!ioii  and  aliility  to  jirosecnte  t!io  war  with  rrsjiectahle  forces.'  I'.  S. 
(''■■'■'  /)()(•.,  t'onj,'.  -JS.'Ses.  1,  H.  K.x.  I»oc.  "JTl,  [>.  (i'.»,  l',  pp.  2(i-l".;  Miiif/.i 
Hi  I.    Wen-  Mi.r.,  )    oVd, 

'  'The  purity  of  the  motives  of  our  govornmenl  liecamcdpeu  to. suspicion.' 
(J'll'ii'iii's  I'eart  wil/i  Mi.v.,  'J. 


sm 


S 


334 


CAUSES  OF  WAIl  WITH  Tllf:  UNITED  STATES. 


attempt,  TTpslmr  said,  would  l>o  viewed  with  deep  con- 
cern l)y  tlie  United  States,  and  must  be  ju'evented."' 
Sluveiy  in  Texas  was  made  a  subject  of  discussion  in 
tlie  liousc  of  lords  by  Lrou^^liam  in  August  1S4;1, 
when  Aberdeen,  secretary  of  Ibrcign  affairs,  leferiin^- 
to  the  arujistice  then  in  f(jrce  between  the  belli^fi'- 
ents,  ho[)ed  it  would  lead  to  the  acknowledgment 
of  Texan  independence,  adding  that  the  ]>riiis]i  gov- 
ernment would  use  its  best  endeavors  to  this  end. 
JJrougliam  made  some  remarks  in  answer  to  that 
speecli,  which  were  considered  ominous  by  the  sla\o 
interest  in  the  United  States.^"  British  policy  <>:\ 
the  slaveiy  (piestion  was  well  known  in  the  Unitcil 
States.  GrL'at  Britain  was  i)led'.i'ed  to  encoura'>\>  t!i;' 
abolition  of  the  slave-trade,  and  of  slavery  as  far  as 
her  iniluence  extended,  and  in  every  proper  way. 
Tlie  American  minister  in  London  was  assured,  hnv,  . 
ever,  by  Ijord  Al)erdeen,  in  November  184.3,  in  refer- 
em-e  to  Texas,  that  "the  sug'>-estion  of  England  havin"' 
inadc;  or  intending  to  malcc  the  abolition  of  slaverx^  the 
condition  of  any  treaty  arrangement  with  her  was 
wholly  witliout  ioundation." 

Oil  tlie  17th  of  October,  .Ai^,  Upshur  proj^osod 
to  Texas  a  treat}'  of  annexati(.)n,  and  (leiun'al  Al- 
monte, the  i^Iexican  minister,"'  on  the  .^d  of  NovemlxT 
uotiiiiMl  the  state  department  that  if  the  Uniti'l 
States  should  commit  the  'inaudito  atentado'  of  aji- 
pr()[»riating  to  themselves  an  integrant  portion  of  tlio 


■''''  'Tt  canii'^t  1)0  ponnittoi'l  to  ancccnil  witlinnt  mo:>t  strenuous  cffji'ts  on  i  '.r 
part  to  nvo.vt  :i  c'llnniiiy  f.o  serious  to  every  pui't  of  our  eountry.  Vcw  ea!;;iii- 
itioj  couM  hefuU  tlli^^  country  inoro  to  be  deplored  tliiin  t!ie  e,stiil)lii--Iinien',  "i 
11  predominant  ]5i'iiiali  iniluence,  and  tlic  alioliLion  of  domestic  s'avery  in 
Texas.'  Murpliy  replied,  assumini;  tlic  lilievty  to  uive  liis  superior  what  ho 
Considered  a  little  wliolesomo  advice;  nothing  slioald  bo  said'whieli  e,.:i 
OiTcnd  even  our  fanatic;!  bretlirenot'  t!ie  north;  let  the  United  Stat 'S  esp  <\t:' 
nt  once  the  cause  of  civil,  political,  and  religious  libei'ty  in  this  liemispii'  ;v; 
tliia  v.i',1  1)0  found  to  be  the  safest  issue  to  go  liefol'o  the  world  willi.'  /'.  >'. 
G'l-!  J).,w.  Cong.  '2S,  Ses.  1,  II.  Ex.  Doc.  -JTI;  Xikx'  /.V;,,.  Ixvi.  hid. 

•^'"'Nothing  eould  satisfy  him  more,  while  the  ministcr'.-i  statement  'w^u!.! 
1)0  luiilod  V.  itli  joy  by  all  who  wei'o  favorable  to  the  object  of  anti-slavciy 
8ocie:ie:i.'  London  Morii.  C/iroii'rIi;  .\ug.  1'.),  ISHi. 

"' Accrcdiled  aft'.'f  Wadly  Tluiinpsou  was  received  in  ^Mexico  as  Ami  li  .1:1 
plenipotentiary.  Mc.v.,  JJcni.  Ji'<  licvioin's,  loM,  (!,  7. 


i  Ml 


ANXEXATIOX  AT  FIRST  DEFEATED. 


335 


Moxican  territory  lio  "would  dcinaiul  hU  passports, 
and  liis  country  would  declaro  war.  U[)shur  in  his 
ri'[)lics  doii^nod  no  explanation,  and  treated  the  ]\[exi- 
can  declaration  with  scorn. ''^  Thinu^.s  were  now  work- 
in,Lif  well  lor  the  United  States  war  clicpie. 

The  Texans  at  Hrst  did  not  show  much  eac^oruess 
to  he  aunexed,  which  worried  I^pshui',  who  then  bc- 
oan  to  use  nienacin;:;  lanij^uajxe.'^  lie  endeavors  to 
allay  any  apprtdiension  the  Texan  government  may 
have  of  a  possible  rejection  by  the  United  States 
sonato  of  the  treaty,  lie  assures  it  that  a  clear 
majority  of  two  thirds  of  that  body  is  in  favor  of  it — - 
a  most  extraordinary  assertion,  indeed,  whi  'h  the  re- 
sult failed  to  sustain.  A  treaty  of  annexation  was 
iinally  concluded,''^  and  laid  before  the  senate  of  the 
Ignited  States  on  the  22d  of  April,  1844,  when  ib 
was  rejected  by  a  vote  of  thirty-live  to  sixtt'en. 
Steps  had  been  also  adopted  to  induce  ^[exico  to 
assent  to  the  arrani]fement.'^^  While  the  treat  v  was 
uiahn'  consideration  in  the  senate,  a  I'orce  of  al)i»ut 
l.loO  men  under  General  Zaeharv  Tavlor  was  sta- 
iioned  at  Fort  Jesup,  near  Natchitoches,  and  a  stron;.^ 
iia\al  force  ordered  to  the  gulf  of  ^lexico,  to  ^niaivl 
Amei'ican  interests  in  Texas  and  to  check  .Mexican 
atten)p(s  at  reconquest.  Taylor  was  directed,  if  any 
dan'i'ei"  threatened  Texas,  to  march  with  his  force  to 
the  Sabine,  but  not  to  go  beyond  the  frontier  with- 


''~Two  notes  passed  from  eacli  side  hctwccn  Nov,  3il  and  Dec.  1st,  lioth  iu- 
elusive.  Xi'i.i'  Jtcij.,  Ixv.  '2tj(J-S. 

■'lie  wioti-  Murphy,  tlio  .\merioan  a,i:;eiit,  .T:ni.  II,  I.S41,  if  tlio  ]ir()p)sal 
f  II' aiuioxation  sliould  bn  roi(>et('il,  'ii'^tc^i  1  of  luiii;,',  as  wo  ou\'lit  t.i  lio,  tlio 
(-■lusi'st  friends,  it  is  incviialtK.'  wo  shall  lijuouio  the  IjiLterest  foi's.'  Wit'iout 
iitiiicxation,  ''J"oxa3  cannot  ni;iiiitaiu  that  iiisLiluliou  [^lnvci'y]  te:i  years — • 
proh;:li!y  not  li;df  that  time,' 

"'April  I'J,  18U,  i:i  nine  articles,  si','ned  liy  .loliu  ('.  Calhoun.  l'|)-hui'.i 
S'ic"c;sor,  for  tlie  United  States,  l;aae  \'an  Zandt  and. I.  PincUuey  Uendeisuu 
f'M'Tc'xas. 

'^'  <  iiihert  L.  Thompson,  a  spei-ial  ."C'cnt  of  llie  Ignited  States,  had  ii  eoiifer- 
cnce  with  (Jen.  Santa  Anna  at  I'uenle  Naeion;d  on  tlu'  ITtliof  May,  toohtaiu 
Mexico's  ac:piiesci'nco,  uHcriii;.;  a  sum  nf  ni  luey  for  (liiiercucesof  limits.  Ili3 
Jii^ipo-sali  were  r<\jeetod,  and  Mexico's  I'esilvo  t)  recnupier  Texas  aisu,'ed 
jiiui.  Santa  Anna's  repin-t  of  the  same  date  in  El  Siylo,  J niw  12,  ['iH,  ami 
its  traujlatiou  iu  A^'/m'  rl'j.,  l.xvi.  ;i,"(l. 


m 

1  ''■ 

1 

!■■      j 

330 


CA  •  '.SES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UXITED  STATES. 


f     ■  ' 


out  furtliLT  orders.     Ho  was  to  keep  everything  in 
reauiiiess,  liowever,  for  a  possible  oauipaign. 

Tlie  failure  to  secure  the  senate's  ratification  of  tlie 
treaty  opened  the  eyes  of  the  president  and  his  caM- 
iiet  to  tlie  necessity  of  removing  obstacles.  Thecliirf 
argument  relied  on  was  that  war  had  virtually  ceasi;;! 
hetwoen  Mexico  and  Texas.  But  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment was  now  roused  to  activity,  and  issued  some 
threatening  proclamations  indicative  of  u  pur[)OSi.  to 
subdue  Texas.  Though  JMexican  efforts  to  that  end 
must  prove  abortive,  yet  the  existence  of  active  war 
A\()uld  be  an  argument  against  annexation,  and  if  an- 
nexation was  carried  out,  the  United  States  nmst 
needs  be  a  party  to  the  war.  Hence,  the  American 
government  resolved  at  once  to  remonstrate  against  a 
fiutlier  prosecution  of  the  war  and  against  the  san- 
guinary manner  in  which  it  was  waged.  Shannon, 
the  present  envoy,  was  instructed  an  the  14th  of 
October  to  that  elfect,  and  lost  no  time  in  carrying 
out  his  instructions  in  a  manner  that  left  no  d(jn!)t 
the  United  States  were  det(jrmined  to  utterly  disre- 
gard ]\rexican  rights  to  and  over  Texas.  ^Mexico,  in 
her  exhausted  condition,  could  resent  the  insult  wiili 
wor.ls  only,  but  they  were  digniiied  and  trutldul 
words,  and  grounded  on  honesty  and  common  sense;, 
TIk)  particulars  of  the  correspondence  betwc^en  this 
iiiinisl(>r  and  ^lanuel  C.  Ilejon,  the  ]\Iexican  secretary, 
wliich  brouglit  on  a  suspension  of  diplomatic  inter- 
course, are  given  in  a  note  attached.''^ 

''•^  Sh;imion  accused  Mexico  of  barbarous  practices  in  tho  manner  of  wagiii,' 
\var,  CdufcssiiiL;  that  his  govei-nincnt  for  twenty  years  past  li:iil  fostered  t'.ic 
])')licy  iif<letaehing  Texas  from  ^lexico  with  the  ulterior  view  of  her  aniiexatiim 
to  its  territory  for  the  safety  and  welfare  of  the  latter;  and  now  it  would  iint 
permit  .Mexico  to  renew  the  war  for  the  purpose  of  defeatin/^  t!ic  annexati  i.i. 
Jle  clearly  iutimatcil  that  in  view  of  tlie  iraportauco  of  Texas  to  the  Uuili  1 
Slates,  tlic  American  ,!,'ovei-nment  would  espouse  her  cause.  Itcjon  rejic!!  ■  1 
fuu'li  i)retcnsions,  declaring,'  that  the  American  president  was  j^reatly  mi-- 
taken  in  supposing  that  Mexico  would  yield  to  the  menace  which  h%  'r\- 
e;eding  tlie  powers  j^iven  him  by  the  fundamental  law  of  his  nation,'  had  di- 
rected against  her.  Ifis  ai'gumcnts  are  powerful,  l)ut  the  great  length  of  his 
note.  |irecliides  its  insertion  here.  Afier  some  eomini'nts  on  the  conduct  "f 
the  IJ.  S,,  to  show  th'.it  the  lattrr  wei'e  practising  a  'd(>sc.irad.i  usu;'paci'i:i,' 
lie  seathiugly  says:  '  If  one  party  labors  to  obtain  more  ground  to  blot  it  witli 


A  Ni:\V  SCIIEMI']. 


337 


111 
ntli 
uful 

lis  '. 

tills 

ai'V, 

iitcr- 


0(1  I'.i'J 
;\i\tii)U 

lid  not 

jpclk"l 
[y  mis- 
'ox- 
IlKul  tli- 
of  lli^ 

kici  i:i.' 


Prcsiiloiit  Tyler  ke(;!ily  fMt  the  rubuko  iiiilictod  on 
liiiii  1)V  tlie  Mo\i;-aii  I'oroi'jjM  oHico,  and  whik^  vet 
\\ritliing  iiiuler  it,  in  his  mossago  ot"  J^ocomhor  IDtli, 
tt  coiij^Tcss,  confined  iiinisolf  to  coniinents  on  "the 
extraordinary  and  lii'dilv  offensive  lanur.a'jfo  wliich 
tlie  Mexican  uj'overnmeiit  Jiad  thoii^^ht  prctper  to  ein- 
I'loy."  lie  believed  Mexico's  (M)ndiict  merited  pun- 
ishment; but  abstained,  as  he  said,  tln'ou^'h  a  sincere 
(ksire  to  jireserve  [)eaco,  i'rom  recomnieiidin'^'  any 
lUMsures  of  redress,  and  siinpl}'' ur<jf(Ml  "  pronijit  and 
iiiiiiiediatci  action  on  the  8ubje(;t  of  annexation." 

lyler'.s  term  of  olKce  was  near  its  close.  Jdis  suc- 
essor,  Polk,  had  been  nominated  as  the  candidate  of 


c 

till'  (Icmocratic  Jiarty,  on  the  pledge.'  to  carry  out  the 
iiiiiuediate  annexation  of  Texas.  The  democrats  of 
till'  north  had  bet'ii  forced  at  the  party's  convention 
li  accc[)t  his  candidacn',  and  t(;  submit  to  the  demands 
di'  th<3  slave-holders  of  the  south.  .Polk  was  elected, 
ii'.id  stood  as  the  chamiiion  of  Texas  annexation,  ropro- 
st'iitin!^  the  national  will  on  that  point. 

Th<i  former  ])lan  of  annexinj^  Texas  by  treaty,  in- 
vni\iii^^  its  ratiiication  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the 
s'iiate  under  constitutional  jirovision,  was  now  aban- 
<|i>ii(.-d,  Tyler  Iia\'iii^'  discovered,  as  he  and  tlu;  sup- 
p.)i'tei's  of  aniKJxation  (claimed,  that  the  object  in  \-i(;u' 
c  )uld  be  accom[)lished  by  means  of  joint  resolutions 


t'lc  cuslavonKMit  of  a  liaple  .s  braiicli  of  tliu  luunaii  fainilj',  the  otlier  is  tryia;^ 
t  >  'liuiiaiili,  liy  ])i'Oi(v.'viii;;  its  own,  the  iiicealivo  tliat  tiiL-  foniior  hcj'.cs  i.iv  i  > 
il  cjotalilL'  a  trallic.  Lot  tlio  world  n;)\v  decide  wliit;!!  (jf  tho  two  liai  ja-iUoo 
!iu  1  reason  0!i  it.s  [lart.'  T'l-  Xci"  Or!<an-i  liii'  do.'larcd  tho  auswoi'  cf>aclio  I  i:i 
( nil  loous  ami  ro  ipectfiil  terms;  Ijut  it  liad  mado  Shannon  wrathfal,  and 
pv.iuipted  his  nn!io;,'d:il  demand  lor  an  imiU'ediato  rotraction  on  penalty  of  dis- 
f  i.it  iiiaaiiL'c  of  all  furtlior  diplomatic  inl.orc;i  ir.-io  till  he  reeoived  inia'aeaon.i 
!■  i;n  iii.s  govoniment.  Itoj  'i  tlien  rot:)i'tod  tlu.t  tiio  American  mini.stcr'.s  re- 
lueUini'o  to  discnss  tlio  conduct  of  his  ;,'  )ViM'nment  was  not  .siii'|>risin  j;.  'And 
indeed,  to  what  else  can  1)0  attrihiited  this  cxclu.^ivo  dosiro  to  claim  for  iiim- 
s;''f,  his  naUon,  and  iiis  government  tlio  rcsi)ect  denied  liy  iiim  to  the  M(,'xi- 
iMM  ropuMie  and  its  j,' jvornmrat,  to  wliieli  In'  has  so  oflen  applied  tho  term 
"l)a!'l)arous"  in  his  note  of  Ojt.  I  Itli?  Is  tlieg ovei-nineiit  of  tlio  United  States 
superior  in  di^;nity?  or  lias  its  le^'islature  any  ri';;ht  to  he  thas  disrci[iee;fal  to 
a  i;  i\erninent  to  wlDin  it  has  i-efiisa  1  that  c  mrtcsy  whieli  is  dno  even  to  mere 
iiiilividuals?  In-it(>ad  of  wilhdrawin,,'  his  lecter,  ho  is  ordered  to  n'iterate  his 
f>)!'iaer  statements.'  .\/''.c.,  Mrui.  I'lldcioihn,  Dor-i  Jit-i/i/'.,  1S17,  -ll-tiO;  Xi[':i' 
J!rj.,  l;;vii.  -JJi,  Jin-o. 

Uisr.  JlEX.,  Vol.  V.    22 


II'" 

Vr 

ill' 

''llr 

i 

ii 


■  I 


338 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  TIIK  UNITED  STATES. 


of  tlio  two  liousos  of  ('Diio-i-c'ss.'""''  Ill  short,  tlio  joint 
resolutions  liad  Uccn  passed  on  the  1st  of  ^March, 
18  4:0,  the  senate  leaving',  however,  to  the  president; 
tlio  option  of  eiK'ctin;^''  the  annexation  by  resohi- 
tion  or  hy  treaty/''  which  that  functionary  proiii[)tly 
availed  liiinself  of  A  inessoiiL;er  was  at  once  df- 
sj)atclied  with  a  letter  I'roiii  Secretary  Calhoun  to  tlu? 
American  representative  in  'I'exas  to  pro[)ose  tlu- 
I'esolutions  of  aniujxation  to  the  acceptance  of  tlu 
T(-'xau  govermneiit."''  On  the  4th  of  July  Texas 
ai^reed  to  he  annexed,'"'  and  on  the  22d  of  Deceinho', 
1845,  she  formally  l)ecaiiie  a  mcmher  of  the  .Vnuri- 
can  Union.  The  l']iiro[>ean  governiiKMits  whie-ii  had 
recoi>'ni/A!d  Texas  as  a  nation,  albeit  they  liad  endeav- 
ored to  jirevail  on  her  to  retain  her  independent  status, 
made  no  objection  to  the  change  eifected."' 

It  is  almost  needless  to  state  that  (General  Almonti^ 
the  Alexican  minister,  upon  the  oilicial  publication  oi' 
the  joint  resolutions,  on  the  7tli  of  March,  demanded 
his  [)assports  alter  addressing  a  [)rotest  to  the  diplo- 
matic corps  at  Washington  against  the  spoliation  thus 
decreed  of   his    country's  territory.*^^     This  v»'as    fol- 

•■■■'  Soo  liis  iiK's.sa-c  of  Doc.  1S41.  /-/.,  2±2. 

'''  III  tlio  lioiiso  it  was  tuloptcil  by  ii  majority  of  22  votes;  in  the  senate, 
finally,  liy  a  in:i  jority  of  two.    /(/.,  3li!),  ;57S-S;{,  401. 

"'Sonic  of  tiie  most  prominent  Anierieau  statesmen  and  jurists  not  only 
pronounced  this  device  imoonstitutional,  but  tlic  whole  plan  of  iinncxation 
iuul  the  cunso(pient  war,  violent,  unjust,  pernicious,  and  unprincipled.  Amoii.; 
these  were  Chancellor  Kent,  Judge  William  Jay,  Ciiarlcs  Sumner,  TliiM^ildi;: 
I'arUer,  (liddiut;s,  anil  many  others.  Sjo  Kent's  and  Jay's  letters  in  /(/., 
Ixviii.  S!)-1)J;  Jai/'.i  Jiro.  \Var  Mr.c,  104;  Sumiicr'ti  Oratwnx,  ii.  i:il-(i2,  b'W- 
!).">;  /'•irl.r-r'n  ■'^I'l-iinii  on  .]f(.v.  War,  Am.  livu.,  ii.  '221-9,  iii.  r)!j')-Si),  iv.  1-1(1, 
V.  '217-:!;),  vi.  :VM:  diddhvi.^''  SpwrhcA  in  Coiij.,  '2rtO-[V.i;  J/«,)s/A  A/'.s  ^/r.l•.  n''i,\ 
ill!);  /yirrrjiiiirc'.f  War  u-ilh  Mi.r.,  0-40.  On  the  other  hand,  the  auLhois  ami 
niiholdi'rs  of  the  annexation  ])lot  were  numerous^ and  able,  though  interest;'d 
in  the  scheme  of  enlarging  the  area  of  slave  territory,  and  to  a  great  extent 
unprincipled.  Among  the  most  prominent  was  Thos  IT.  IJenton,  a  man  aUvays 
too  ready  to  saeriliee  right  to  interest.  Sec  Jjcnton'-i  JJcbatat  in.  (Joiiij.,  xv.  "JH, 
487,  <">22,  O'jl;  Boi/oii's  Thirl n  I'frtr.s'  Viiw,  ii.  ()3!)-4!),  079-711. 

'•'^Tlie  convention  held  at  Austin  voted  oo  ay^s  .against  one  nay,  Rielurl 
Bache's  being  the  only  nogaUvc  vote.  That  action  was  almost  unanimous!) 
ratilied  by  the  i)cop]e  (.)(;t.'  10th.    Thrall'^  llif'.  Tr.vax,  'MS-M. 

•'■  Their  commercial  treaties  with  Texas  accordingly  ceased  to  have  any 
cfTect. 

''■' The  corr(!spondence  may  be  fonndin  ^^o)lil()r  Cmi-^filnr.  Iml.,  \H\Ti,  March 
•22d,  '2;)th,  a;id.\Iay:!d;yj',<Vr;((,  dp  No'i'-.,  1SI.">,  March  ;Ust:  fJ.  S.  Corf,  e'ou,'. 
!:•>.  Se<i.  -2,  S\i  Journ.,  142;  Xi'x'H'  11,].,  Ixviii.  17,  34,  117;  Majcrs  Hid, 
War  Mc.c,  i.  7(J. 


thu-; 
lol- 


)t  only 
■x;itio!i 
Aiuoii,.,' 

u   /«/., 

,-.    1-111, 

11'",-. 

loi'rt  ail' I 
teri-'Sl  'il 
extent 
1  ;iUvav-( 
XV. -^4 1, 

llichar-1 
imou-!} 

ive  any 

MarU 

,  »  'llUi. 


PRHrAnATIOXS  FOR  "WAR. 


830 


lnweil  l)y  a  cori'i'spoiidoiUM!  in  ^Fi^xict)  hctweon  Si'crc- 
tuiT  Cucviis  ,'uhI  tin.'  Aiiicricaii  leL,nition,  in  wliicli  tlio 
loiiiier  siij^nilic'd  the  lesohition  of  his  oovonnnoiit  to 
close  all  relations  with  the  United  States,  and  there- 
with enclosed  him  his  passpoi'ts.  The  'Het  was  also 
iMinially  niado  known  to  the  other  foreign  repi-eseii(- 
jilives.*^'^  The  next  step  of  the  ]\[exiean  L,^overninriit 
was  to  a?HU)nnco  the  condition  of  affairs  to  the  nation, 
sininnonini^  the  people  to  take  nj)  arms  in  defence  of 
their  country's  rights  and  honor.'^ 

Measures  were  decreed  to  raise  a  largo  loan,  in 
(lidcr  to  meet  the  ex[ienses  of  the  impending  war.'^ 
(Jiiierals  Arista,  Paredes,  and  Gaona  with  their  di\i- 
sIdiis,  numbei'ing  togethcsr  about  1,000  men,  wei'e 
citlered  to  the  iront.  It  was  still  hoped,  notwith- 
siaiiding  these  preparations,  that  war  might  he  averted 
throu<>'h  foreign  mediation  or  otherwise. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  American  government 
ihuught  proper  to  concentrate  on  the  iVontier  of 
]\Iexico'"  all  the  dis[)osabIe  ])ortion  of  the  United 
States  army.  Arms,  ammunition,  and  supplies  of  all 
hinds  in  considerable  rpiantlties  were  shi[)[)ed  for  the 
same  destination.  j\.  strong  ileot  was  also  despatched 
to  ihe  coast  of  Mexico.  In  one;  woi'd,  the  military 
aiid  naval  departments   used  all  necessary   means   to 

•^^'I'lic  notu  passed  inay  ho  seen  in  Ni'i'--'  />'/..  Ixviii.  Kit  -."). 

■"Miiivli  "J;),  ISI,"),  the  Lr^iveriKiieiii:  iiryed  i>ii  the  (l(iiaitni"iital  aulhoriiies 
till;  utmost /.-al  to 'lei'eiul  tin' n;iliim:il  Imnoi-,  and  the  re^iieL't  due  tin.' MUprenK! 
]:i\vc|-:i.  Fr<ini  tli;it  tiiiu!  u  iinndief  of  war  measures  \\ei-e  adopted.  Ainon;^ 
tlieni  were  the  fi)llo\vin,ir:  tni  the  l.'itli  of  May,  whefesoever  Anieriean  ves.-.ilti 
liii^'it  make  theii- a[ipe;iraiK(!  tin;  f.i:i.-;uLi  .'■Jiould  eease  exerei.sin;^'  oiiici.'d  tiine- 
ti;rs,  ;iiid  Anieriean  citizens  shonld  lje  nnnle  to  reside  in  tiie  interior,  at  le.ist 
(!.l  miles  from  the  eoast;  on  the  'M'Ai  ol  May,  that  the  Anieriean  eonsuls  in 
}^ie\ieo,  iind  Me:;ieaii  eotisnls  in  the  United  Slates,  slionld  ceiisc  .aetinic  ;is 
i".ich.  .l/(.v. ,  Afon.  J'<l(irioiip.<,  KS17,  .S-10;  JUiMtiinuiili',  Jfcm.  Ilixt.  Mi.,-., 
.MS.,  ii.  -J^l  :!;  Amhjo  di  I  I'ltMo.  184,"),  .July  I'Jtli,  Sept.  4tli;  A',/,  s'  A'../., 
Iwiii.  ;i!),");  DiihUia  and  Lnzuim,  Ln/.  Mcx:,  v.  1!)-'J'_';  M(:.c.,  C'vl.  Li //.  ij 
Ji'-..  lS4i-(),  117-'-'0;  Mvy.,J)vrr('loi  Mhi.,  IS4."),  no.  1!>. 

''  /iii.-linnniitc,  Xmn}  Jlrnm!  I)!<r.,  i.  4:!-."):>,  71--';  /'/.,  Af' )n.  J/i-f.  M<  ■•., 
^IS.,  ii.  1 !-!([)  pas.sini,  •-' 1 0, '_>•_' 1 ,  iii.  14-1."),  77-S,  113-14,  140;  AiVrs'  7,.;/., 
Ixviii.  ;!8S;  J)i,>i/mi  and  LauiiKi,  Laj.  J/c.r.,  v.  .'{tl. 

'- The  United  .states  rc^irarded  'I'exas  as  extending  to  tlic  Rio  IIiiimp  or 
C'liiide  on  two  ^n'ounds:  l.st,  on  tlie  deelaration  of  the  'I'exan  ecin'_'re--s  in 
I'rii  ini)er,  IS.'il!:  ;ind  "Jd,  that  .said  river  had  been  the  natural  limit  of  Louisi- 
inia.     IJoth  "rounds  weru  untenable. 


Ii ' 

fl 

1; 

'  '1  1 

1 

ffl 

1 

i- 

1  ,  ■ 

H 

M 

1                  ■      i 

L 

■; 

•i 

l^- 

■;| 

m^m 


h 


Pi  I 


:uo 


r.\rSKS  OF  WAR  WITH  TIIK  rXITKD  STATES. 


i^'uunl  the  Trxan  'VoiitiLT,  aiul  to  iiilimidatu  ^rcxico. 
'J'Ijo  troops,  liowrvri",  liixl  orders  to  stiiiid  on  tliu  iU'^ 
l'onsi\'o  as  lon_n'  as  lln'V  could  I'lirly  and  jH'opiTly  dd 
so,  and  not  to  connnit  or  [Ji'o.oko  any  liostilitics."' 
"  ionoral  Taylor  accord m^'ly  cicanipcd  in  June  ai 
(,'orpu.s  Cluisti,  ready  to  advance  on  the  lllo  Jiravo. 

Texas  secured,  ^[exico  exaspor-ated,  and  diplonisitlc 
i\'lations  at  an  end,  eveiy'tlnnLi;'  was  now  I'avorahlc  In 
secure  the  war  determined  upon,  and  which  would  it- 
suit  in  the  acquisition  of  more  vahiahle  territory,  iu- 
ciudiiii;'  niuch-coveted  Calil'ornia.  But  such  a  war.  I  i 
i)e  [)()[)ular  or  even  tolerated  in  thc^  northern  states  mI 
the  American  union,  must  he  niadi^  to  appear  a  wiw 
hv  the  act  of  Mexico.  It  would  he  a  tine  stroke  [■> 
])rotend  to  i'urther  nei^otiation,  or  even  conciliatioii. 
liowsoever  hy[)oci'itical  they  mii^ht  ho,  and  these  I'ail- 
ini^,  as  care  should  he  taken  that  they  should  t'ail,lh<ii 
3.Iexieo  min'lit  I'asilv  be  prcn'oked  to  strike  tin;  lir,>t 
l>!ow.  It  would  then  he,  on  the  })art  of  the  United 
States,  a  war  of  defence^  not  of  agLji'ession,  and  ilic 
national  conscience  would  I'emain  satisfied.  This  was 
tlie  |)olicy  ad()j>ted  by  the  administration  of  l^resident 
l^olk,  and  it  met  with  the  most  infamous  success. 

Now  for  the  first  step,  namel\',  reninvin^,^  the  nci^'o- 
tiations.  On  i  e  l;3th  of  October,  184'),  John  l>lack, 
consul  of  the  L  Mted  States  in  the  city  of  ^[exini, 
contidentially  appi  ised  Secretary  l^eha  y  Peha  of  t!i.' 
desire  of  the  American  secretary  of  state  that  the 
^Texican  i^overnnient  should  receive  an  envoy  clotli'd 
with  powers  to  ari'an'>;o  the  questions  p(,Murm<^"  betwcm 
the  two  republics.  Two  days  afterward  Pvnii  delivernl 
]:>lack  a  wi'itten  reply  of  the  14tli,  sayini^  thatthoiinh 
the  ^[cxiean  nation  luul  been  deeply  injured  by  llio 
acts  of  the  United  States  in  the  dej)artment  of  Tex  is, 
his  goveriunent  was  disposed  to  receive  a  coiiiniissitinLi' 

'^  The  (li'tiiils  of  tlioso  iiiffisuvps  nccoinpiniiod  t!io  Amcvican  jircsidt'iit's 
mossiifi'  <if  ]  )oi.'"iuli('r  S.  lS!(i.  /'.  S.  I.'nr/  /foe,  (Jong.  "Jil,  Scs.  "J,  II.  1a. 
Doo.  4,  pp.  li-'lJ;  Am.  (J.iurl.  /.'</•.,  i.  ;JS-5J-1. 


VAI\  ATTI:MPT.S  at  XF.r.OTIATIOy. 


341 


clittluMl  with  powei's  to  scttlt!  the  pivscnt  dispiiti'"* 
ill  ;i  peacct'ul,  roasoiiahlc,  jiiul  dccordus  iiiaiim'r;  aiul 
iliiis  n'ivt'  a  new  ])r(M)t'  that  n<»twitlistan(liii<;'  those  iii- 
jiiiits  aii<l  its  lii'in  ck'cision  to  exact  adi'cjuate  rcparu- 
limi,  it  would  not  repel  with  eoiituiiu'ly  |>eaceful  over- 
tiiics.  'I'ht;  secretary  did  not  aLj'ri'o  to  I'eeeive  a 
minister  tally  ein|>o\vered  to  adjust  all  questions  in 
(lis|)uto,  hut  expressly  alludes  to  the  dispute  ahout 
Tixas.  His  laiiL^uaLLe  refers  to  a  eonunissioin'r,  who 
was  to  eoMie  and  otli-r  not  demand  -I'epandion  for 
the  alle^'ed  injury  inllided  in  Texas.  Such  si'eins  to 
he  the  iid'enjnce  that  should  be  drawn  from  his  lan- 
uiiatfe,  and  vet  the  wordiu'jf  may  have  heeii  inteiidfd 
ti»  leave  the  ^NFexican  government  the  ojition  to  reject 
;iii  American  minister,  or  to  refuse  enterini;'  with  him 
into  ne^'otiatioiis  on  other  topics  than  Texas,  if  cir- 
cumstances demanded  such  a  course.  \i  Peha's  reply 
was  intentionally  eipiivocal,  the  American  govern- 
iiicnt,  with  otpial  diplomacy,  accepted  it  as  a  I'ull  and 
explicit  answer  to  Consul  J)lack's  ([uestion.  l*olk's 
L'Dvermnent  must  have  acted  not  onlv  with  its  eves 
iipeii,  hut  likewise  \\ith  an  ulterior  and  sinister  design. 
It  asked  for  no  explanation,  and  hui'ried  off. John  Sli- 
dell  as  envoy  extraordinary  and  mini>ter  pleni[)oten- 
liaiy,  and  gave  him  full  ]>owers  to  discuss  and  setth; 
all  disputed  questions.  That  was  thi'ee  weeks  before 
the  meeting  of  congress,  and  before  his  eonlirmation 
liy  the  senate. 

There  were  two  other  suggestions,  at  least  one  of 
wliich  was  intended  as  a  condition  .sv/^c  «/"^«  yH'//,nanu'- 
ly,  that  the  American  squadron  stationed  off  Yarn 
CrwA  should  retire,  inasmuch  as  its  presenci;  there 
would  degrade  Mexic(.)  in  receiving  the  conunissioner, 
and  at  the  same  time  place  the  United  States  in  an 
equivocal  position,  apj)arently  contradicting  tlu!  vehe- 
iiiont  desire  for  conciliation,  peace,  and  friendshi[)  that 

■ ' '  Esta  (lispuesto  A  rcciliir  al  oomisionado  que  <li'  Ins  Kstailos  I'niilns  vmis-'a 
it  t'-ita  oiipital  coil  pleiios  poileres  do  sii  gohii'ino  para  aiiuulai'  ili'  mi  iiioilo 
pii.ilifo,  lazoiiahlc  y  ilocnrusi)  la  coiiticiicla  prcsiiitc'  .]Ie.c.,  Mem.  Hi  laviom", 
1^17,  11,  ami  Doc.'jusli/.,  S-10;  A'i/c-s' i.V^.,  Ixx.  '203. 


11 


M 


If  ' 


f 


,  I 


nj2 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  TUE  UXITKD  STATES. 


■was  offeivd  and  a><sun3(l  witli  words.  Pofia's  otln  r 
n-iiiark  wa.s  fliat  lie  liopod  the  United  States  woiiM 
send  a  person  "  \vIiost> dignified  depoitniont,  |»iMiden<T, 
and  niodei'alion,  and  tlic  disci'eotnesH  and  reasonaldc- 
iiess  of  whose  proposals  will  tend  to  calm,  as  much  .n 
possil)le,  the  just  ifvitation  of  the  !Mt!xieans."  lint 
care  was  taken  Ity  the  Washin'n'ton  otHeitds  tliat  t  li  ; 
eh(tse!i  acfi-nt  should  not  bo  one  who  would  in  anv 
wise  attempt  a  calmint^  inllueneo. 

The  envoy  ari'ived  ino})|>ortuiu'ly  at  Vera  Cruz, 
])i!Oenil)er  n,  184."),  and  Consul  l^lauk  was  asked  t* 
])revail  on  him  to  postpone  liis  visit  to  ^[exieo,  as  In' 
Iiad  not  l)(!en  expeett'd  hel'ore  Jamiary,  hy  which  time 
tlu.!  !Li^overinn(-'nt  hoped  to  r(M'eive  th(j  assent  and  ap- 
])rov.d  of  the  departments,  so  as  to  he  able  "to  [>ro- 
ceed  in  tlu^  allaii'  with  greater  safety." 

The  minister,  however,  a(l<lressed  Ins  first  note  lo 
Secretary  I'cila  mi  tlu;  Sth  of  J)ecember  in  ^lexico, 
acconn)anyinn'  his  ci-edentials,  and  tliou^^h  the  llect 
liad  not  wholly  rt-iired,  the  correspondence  be^Mii. 
The  fpiestion  of  Slidell's  reception  havin^f  been  suK- 
nutted  by  the  executive,  f  )r  advice,  to  the  council  ol' 
^overnmt'iit,  that  b(jdy  decided  on  the  Kith  that  li  ■ 
was  not  in  duty  bound  to  receive  him  in  that  cajKic- 
ily."'"'  TJiis  solution  of  the  point  was  written  to  Sec- 
I't'tary  Jhichanan  on  the  2Uth,  antl  also  to  Siiddl; 
and  to  the  latter  were  connnunicated  in  detail  the 
•^•rounds  for  tlie  ]\[exican  government's  action.  Sii- 
dell  rc.'fused  to  transmit  i*ena's  note  to  ]juchan:i:i 
because  it  was  S(>a1eil.  The  iVmerican  envoy  aeai.i 
on  the  24th  addressed  the  de[)artment  of  I'elatioiis, 
and  in  a  Ioul^'  argument  endeavored  to  chariL>;e  t!ie 
Mexican  government  with  etpiivocation,  and  lai  I 
strer^;i    U[)on    other  matters  that  the  United    States 


'^'TIio  oliligation  n^ssninoil  liy  the  supreme  government  of  reneivini,'  :i 
lilonii)()ti,'iiti;ii'y  <if  tlie  U.  S.,  with  special  poucrs  to  treat  on  tlie  allUirol  'IVxas, 
ilot'H  not  Mini  it  to  ivccivu  an  envoy  cxtraordinaiy  and  minister  plcniji o'or.i- 
tiiiry  appointed  vo  reside  near  the  government,  in  whieii  capaeity  MrSlil'U 
liii.i  uome,  accoriiing  to  his  credentials.'  ^f(M•.,  Mem.  Ui^larloitcn,  1S47;  Do'. 
JuMif.,  10. 


KLiDi'ij,  xoT  n!;rrivi:n. 


n»3 


suli- 

•il  ..1' 

;lt    li  • 

S.M- 

,l<lrll; 
Sli- 

-•0  1!h> 
I  lai.l 
Btatis 


rt(Hiir('il  ;i  sottlciiniit.  <>!',  rdrnliijjf  s])i'oiMlly  to  |)f'ii(I- 


(•laiiiis   of   Aiiit'i-icaii   eiti/cii^ 


I 


rmr  to  flu-;  ji 


rli 


[^u>S^'  of  ;>(liiiinistrati()ii  tliroii^Ii  revolution  linl 
i.icuiTi'il,  and  his  l;ist  note;  al'oi'i'said  not  having' 
1m  (11  answercil,  Sliddl,  from  .Jala[ia  on  tlio  1st  of 
.M.iii'h,  IS-K),  tried  to  obtain  a  rocoLMiition  I'roni 
.ln;i!|uiii   C.-astillo  y    Lanzas,  who  was    now   seeri'taiy 


relations,  and   met   with  tho   same   rel'iisal  as   h 


Dl'e 


All 


cv   some    t'nrther  coi'res[)on<lum'i?  willioii! 


IV  (•han<jf(3    in    tlio   ufovornnient, s  res(»hitjon 


SI 


Kle 


demanded  his  ])asspoi't,  which  was  sunt  him  on   the 
L'Ist  of  March/« 

Meantim(%  in  tlie  early  I'ait  of  tho  fore^'oinL;'  (h[)- 
! miaiie  ind)roL;'Iio,  Slidell  Iiavini;'  apprised  the  sbitr. 
ilepai'tinent  "■'  that  the  Mexican  n'overnmetit  would 
]iiMl>ahIy  I'cfiise  to  treat  with  himexcej)ton  the  'l'e\:is 
ijnestion,  all  hope  of  ac(|uirin'n-  ('alifornia  hy  peacc;- 
ahlc  ne^'otiations  now  \anished,  and  at  onci'  urdei's 
wei'o  transmitt(Ml  to  (reiiei'al  'l\-i.\lor  to  march   to  th<! 


lio  (jTi'aude.  'I'he  American  ^'os'ei'nment  was  hent 
111  war.  professedly  for  two  causes:  iirst,  the  injuries 
;aid  to  have  bci'ii  inflicted  on  Anu'i-ic-an  citizens,  which 


Wel'c 


l)eatone<l  for  l>v  Mexico  wit!i  mont-v:  an( 


lid,  the  insults  involved  in  the  im])utations  of  had  faitJ.i 

■"'riio  amount  now  claiiiiod  was  a  little  over  i'i''lit  million  <li)Ilar.-t.     'I'lio 


iMiuiisxiduor:!   an( 


A'.n-i,   I'cjOL' 


ti'd 


I   \un[ 


)ir(',   nmli'T 


the   treaty  for  soltl 


It  of    A' 


nerii":u 


iis  s|iiiiioii.s  an 


I  fraudulent  over  live  and  ii  li:ili    millions 


nnlii(uidat('d  elalms  anmnnt 


alter  d  I 


Inet 


in'.'  tlie  award,  to  ;:  i,  l'i,"),4;ik 


Of  these,  tli(!  Anieriean  government,  hy  the  ttvaty  of  jieaeo  with  MeNieo,  as- 
:.-.niie;l  thi^  [iivnient  of  sneh  as  mi  ;lit  lie  fonnd  valid,  not  exoeodin'^,  hiwin'er, 


■:i,' 


;i. (),);),  HO  tliat  elaims  aniiiun.in''  to  s:f, '_'.)."),  |(il  at  least  wei 


e    alKIUil  inei 


d 


altou'ethei 
til  jviy  them 


Mexico  iiy  treaty  stiindaliun  was  reduased  from  all  ol>li.^Mtiiui 


I'Ikj  g overnmont  eonneil  liail  reiterated  the  advice  of  last  December. 
'l"he  wholo  corresnondence  may  lie   found   in  17.  S.  d.jii,  Cttw'   -.\  Ses. 


1,  II.  \\\.  !)oe.  lltD;   .V'- 
4il;  A";/r-.'  AV/.,  Ixx.  'JDl- 

ia 


Mnn.  Hi  livionon,  isr 
Ixxi.  -JJ,  JTvt-Llxxii. 


-VI,  and  Doc.  ,/ns'it'.,  II  - 


VS-i).     Ti 


le  same  an 


tci-estiu''  details  in  Jlnstit/naiif'',  .Mnn.  Hist,  .l/c 


MS.,  iii.  Ay:,\,  SVj|,>, 


|.a.^.nn, 


iv.  S_'-4,  117;  I'L,  IIIM.  SanfuAi 


,'-'7-'-4;  /'/.,  .V 


itrro  Jti  run 


1.  ;i 


IS,  4;i-."i;i,  71 


!»_'   I, 


.)i; 


rmii'j'ii'. 


dA 


cy.,    11.   -JoJ 
A,>. 


ISKi,  .Fan.    I",    1!»;  AV    Tinnpn.    iSIC,    Mar.    !l, 

•I'tli/ifi.  iii.  7t">-<>;  Apunlfi    llinl.  Ci'orra,   ■_'!-.">;  i,''illii/i,i'.i  /': 


M< 


I  Italic 


hl'.t  Mr 


M' 


•27-;i!*;  11  i'ii^''ii<  Dlhi'i-  Siilr,  o.s-!):  .1/. 


IDUr., 

'ijii.  y/x'., 

'■rn/,    llht. 
I'-Uh    .Ui.r., 


l-./f,  i.  :{:!l-.'{;  A/.,  Ili<f.  War  Mv 
Cjiiij.  (!li)h<\  1st."),  app. 


711-Sl;  ./<iir.i  Her.  ,1/;  .v.    nV,,-,  lll-ltl; 


'  His  first  de.spatcli  reached  Washington  January  12,  IS  10. 


If  u 


?.   ') 


h  ^^\ 


p 


m 


I 


i 


344 


CAUSES  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ciist  l)y  tlie  ^[cxii-aii  nilcis  on  tlio^'oNHTiniiontat  \v^as]i- 
in_L>'toii  I'of  its  coMi'sc  in  Texas.  'I'lioi'o  \vi'i\;  two  otlu  r 
causes,  \vlii(-li  wei'e  kept  in  the  l)aeki;'i'oun»l,  the  a('([r,i- 
sition  of  CaliCurnia,  and  the  desire  to  extend  the  area 
ol'  slavery. 

CaiK/.  aiuhr,  \H:\r,-(),  -J-t,  in.lex  33-4;  l.S3()-7,  (!,  V2,  04;  1S37,  8;  1837 -S,  fi, 
'21,  !ipi>.  3.".-(!;  ls:i8-!»,  1.");  ISII'MO,  :;;i4,  ;!(i8,  4_'.S,  431:   IS41,  pp.  v.,  viii.,  i<- 
tia.  p.  vi.;   1S41   'J,  p.  vi.  ;ipp.  ."iKi;   1S4J-3,  3);   I;vl4  .'>,  TjO,  iil,   77,  1-27,  MJ, 
•2<);t,  -J.")!),  ■d\)\\   1,  -27.   inl,  1-2S;    IM,'),  ;ipp.  "2;   I.S4.'>  ().  pp.  x. -xi..  x.wiii.  iipp., 
passim;  1S47  8,  4.  274:  lS,')l-2,  HK);  Cdi'i;/.  Jhhitt,.-:,  I,S.",4-,"),  i.  !)2!»-;{l);  lS;;.)-{i, 
iii.  34'.)3,  ;{,')'.):;:   ls:;(;-7,   i.   723-4,  8.')4-T,  !),S2,  !)S;i,   ii.    I!)I2-1.S,  xiii.  72;;   I, 
Sol-."),  !!,S2-(>:  Jl,i.<f,un<(iii,\  diil/nule  M,x.,  i.  10-12,  2(>-(!,  ii.  2')-:!!);  1:1.,  .!/<;,(. 
Hist.   Mr.c,  ii.-iii.  passim,  iv.  82-4,  117;  /</.,  Niurn  Ih nidi  J)l  iz,  i.  43  .")3, 
71-2,  92-4,  lOJ;  A/.,  Ni-^l.  S/,i,  Aiiiki,  S2,  272  4,  .MS.,  ii.  3S;  /,/.,  J)',!,}'}  Mr.-., 
MS.,  xliv.  ISl,  xlv.  .")3,  xlvi.  (I!l:  nroo.'.-'s   Ilixt.,  (i   104;  l^joii,  Jnsllii,-.,  I    3."); 
liam.^i  y'-f  (illu  r  SUh',  22-3,  2S-!t;  Alor/in\s  S/d/inirnl;  JciiL-iiis  Mcc'  Wdr,  2.'  - 
(i,  43-!5,  CI-!),  in;- 8;    .l/r///r  ,-'.s   .)/,.,■.  A:t.,  i.  331   3;   lil.   .1/.  .r.  n.-t  ft  UV(s  :!ll 
12;  hi.,  fil-:'.  Mr.i:.    K'r/',  2(;-.32,  .">4-'i(;.  7C>  84,  11,3-23;  AVt  JLirmiri,  hWicr- 
'/(j<,  1-31;  'I'uiilor'-'^  lifodd  I'('ini(n/I, '2[}\  '2'2;  /'ni/uo,  ('itiiirii.  Jfi'X.,  \'>;  Vnllijo, 
(.'(il.  I)oc.   .'//.v.,  ii.  no.  3.'>.3;  A)nir.   lt<i''iiv,  ii.  221   0,  iii.  ."i(;."i-SO,  iv.  1    1«;,  \. 
'217  30.  .32.-.-.3S,  vi.  .331;  (M„il'n^,   Vi,i<l.  J/Vr..  47-77,  !»3-7,  12!»  3.');  IIJ,'.  <l<- 
A'o/.,  184"),  .M;iro!i  31,  1-2;  /.'.'.•vr  (,  Uiih.  <le  Mr.r.,  ii.  (i.ii);  /,!.,  Ilixt.  Jn'<(jr,, 
iii.  passim;  La  Ah' ja,  1S41,  (Kt.-\ov.,  70-1,  !1!),   IS);  Fnlmuri-'s  <):i  jyi.--<r,r. 
J/z'sN..  .").")  !);  Lhyi-'imn-i'':i  War  inth   Me.,-.,  .">-.")0,    1(;2  7,    lS7-20i»,  'JaO-S,;;  /•;,; 
Arro-lrts,  Au.Lf.  2(1,  1.S47,  1-2;  JJcf  Iiitcd.  Xcr..  No'  .  l(i,  1814.  4;  MmiU.  Cu- 
"fil.,  Mtxwh'Slr.y   184',  pas.sim;    /.'nihr-i'   JJniiijili'i,/'':  JJ.i\.  21 ;   <  Hi  ya,  Eii.-<  ■  lo 
Ciii'xt.    /W//..  Oio;    YuiiiKf^  Am    S/titfsmni,  8;i.")-4!l;   A/.,  //>yl.    .l/ci;. ,  3 1 1 , 
32:!;  r<i:/.;  Mniswi,',  \W,\;  Dn; cho  /ii/<r>i.  J/r.r.,  1st  pt  l.s;i-!)3,  2(1  pt  1,")4- M; 
r<i!<r(f;oii  1/  T<:c'ix,  13-:!!»;  Ar!r:.,  Ilmreir.i  Coif,  4()l-72;  Ilcrhrr,  .M<:r.,  ."x)  7; 
(''iri,/'.i  ,l/(  ;/)(>('/•.<,  20.')-(i;  ('I'l'uiKiiili  an  Miw.;  ('r(iii('\'i  I'lt.it.  cli-.  nf'  /'iiriii'.  ')'.]- 
4;  lt!ihl!fiin\-i  Chum;  Mc.v.  Pamphhu,  v.;  Domcncrh,  llis.t.  da  Mc.c,  ii.  I!IJ  '•; 
A>,-'r  <•'.-■   liri-hw  Mrx.   Wni;  .3(i-r.l;  VhjIUtti,   Rrsfirm.   1    18;  El  l\ihrl.  X,,.-., 
Oct. -Dec.    1844,  ])as.sim;  Cdl.  S/ar,  j\])ril  3,  1817;   V'Ac  Ciil'/Dniidii,  'Umc  ~>, 
1847;  Aiiiiiin  ilf'l  /'iii'li/o,  ,\\\ly~l)i:c.  1SI,'>,  jias^im;  L'l  <'on--:/i/.,  April  1(1,  1  <!:; 
n<'ii/oii'.t  T/iirli/  Vinrx  Vl.'w,  ii.  ()3!»-4!).  (;7!)  711;  f'l.  J)>h.  in  ''niiip:,  xv.  2!l, 
487,  i'>22,  (»(i4;'.l/()/-.sv\'.S'/»'(r//,-  /'( tc):<o.i\'i  Mil.  lin-ov-s  ii.  2(l-'.»,  I:i7-(i0;   lla  ..: 
Srrd/)s,  Cdl.  Xi)t'!<,  V.  ri4;  //oliini'  Siinrh  on  Mi. v.   War;  Cdrld.'i  ilc  l>.   Vd'i:i- 
liii  Comi'-:,  Farid.s;  J)or,  J/i.-if.  Jfce.,  no.  14;  .Ar//'.s  Mf.c,   llVtc,  ((-271 ;   ^f  i'., 
Corri.iji.  .iij!,ir  P((ko  ild  Saliind.  81-122;  Id.,  Ajiindcs  Hist.  (Ititrnt,  (i  28;  Id., 
Coii/:'.-<f.  Ln/dr.  Kvl.,  81    12i);  A/..  <ol.  Lfyr^  ij  Dv:,  1S40,  492-50,");  Id.,  Cv:i- 
h-:4iu'.   hanidtn,  3-11;  Id.,  Ih'c.   Mill.,  1S4."),  no.  20;  A/.,  Di-.m.^.,  Dirt,  wihri: 
T( ids,  I-.37;  A/.,  JJi-t.  A<in"i.  T<jd^,  1-8;  Am.  (Jnurt.  /i'"/. .  i.  8-17,  38- (4, 
.■>:i!    II:    (:,dldlii,\-<  Pi'di;-  with  M,'.,:.,  o-U;    IHiyro,    Mrj:  ',u    IS.',:,   214  31; 
,Smili,ni  (jiidi-t.   If,  v.,  ii.   107-12,  xv.  H3-113;  Mi-mar.  ni.<f.,  Jan.  T),    17.  \'K 
otc,    IsKJ;    /'rO'Xvc',-1   Sermon    JA.f.     U'lir;     W'od'I'.i    W'lind.   Sln<'lirs,    3i)2    1; 
Cdl, roll's    I  lis'.   rr(/.,  38;    M.ni^/rld'^   M,  .r.     "27  30;    lldnmi-d\-<   Pari.    I!  r.. 
Ixxxviii.  978  9.");  Pdrrott's  .\[iiii   riid,  in  M<.r.  I'nmplil.,  v.;   T  ho  ill)  icon's    //■ - 
rol'.   Mi.r.,  222  9,  23S  41,  '279     04;   Ld  Miiirrnt,   April  M;iy    !84,->,  pa>siiu; 
ti'iifl' rrrz  Eilrd'ld,  Mij.iii    IS'fl    i)  l-^'f",  1-."m;    (lid<liiiii/  S/h I'ch'S   iil    C'Hi'l., 
•2.".i)-3;  A7  "dvmador,  .Ian.  19,  1   48;  Frost's  Picf.  Ui.st.  '.Wx.,  178  93;  Paifi d,. 
X.  M,j.,  /u-.  J,   I   4,"),  4;  Fur    r's  Vo'i.iterr,   13-44,  '272-4;    Irili'inc   A/,n., 
1817,  7  8,   17;   1848,   4  (i;   W'lh  i  r's  S/>i,>-li.   pp.   '23,   no.   2\\   in   .IAm'.    II'i"- 
i'din-jilil.:  Cdi-iriii's  S/i'i'ch,  no.  1,  in  Coiii/.  Spcchr.i,  i.;  Suinin'r's  Oni/ioiis,  ii. 
131-02,  18i)-9.');  (Irdlliii's  Cir.  .Iim-rird,  ii.  44(i-."(0;    h'sral'r.i   ij  Liana,  Mc  ■-. 
fiist.-ilcsrrijit..  81,  93;  Mi.r.,  Chtimfoii;  M<x.   War  Pumiddits,  nus '2,  3,  (!,  8- 
13,  lO-IS,  21,  23,  27,  3J;  Green's  Journal,  .382-4l}J;  Oturra  enlrc  M'X.  if  los 


AUTHORITIES. 


345 


Est.  Un.,  1-2'^;  S(infnvrifl>'.t  Mimor'Kd:  /</.,  C'l'iim^  on  M-.r.;  hi.,  A  lA-mn)  lo 
Mr  lliirdiii'j;  II.,  Adilri.-<s;  Id.,  ClKtiijin  <\<iit'nist  I'l/n.^i/inz  dc  J. con;  .U<.f. 
y'/V'j/.'S  ii.  ii<i:i  10,  1_';  Mu:./ijiiini'ri/':i  L\l<' of  Z.  7V////oc,  (jO-."i7-';  l!ii.::l'>,i\-i  Ad- 
i-'iii.,  :!l)l-t!;  y'f/.'.',  JJi-t.  Co'ni.,  l-'l  I;  ///.,  /'//.  ('oiiiiiult:,  l-'iJ;  Id.,  .V/;/.'.,  I- 
:i«;  Id.,  Co.n.  A';nj.  Est.  in.,  ;{-:!(>;  u\lit:.s'  I^nji.'ild;  xlix.  :s;i4.  8,.',)  H,li. 
•J.V>.  .'i7S,  4!)'.)-!:!,  imlcx  '.Afux.,'  lii.   i):i:isiiii,  liii.  '45-.S,  W,  lO'J,  'JT:!,  'JsO,  ;;.-;">, 

li-,-.  1  !7,  r>:!t;.  ;{s:),  :is7,  4(i7.  41"),  imicx  'M.'x.,'  hi.  i'.-)  (i,  •ji;m  1,  -jiL',  ;{:s, 

:;■■;  Ivii.  i;i-',  KS(»,  index  'Texas,'  '  Mex.,' Iviii.  1(»7,  •_MS,  1274,  .SO,'.,  .•!7l),  D'S, 
i:  ,  X  'Texas'  '.Mex.,'  lix.  07,  Ix.  .'i;!,  lliO.  :{:{7,  index  'Mex.,'  Ixi.  II,  i4-l.s 
;.7.  X\,  :!!),"),  4I-.',  Ixii.  passim.  Ixiii.  ;!-4,  51,  >S.S,  •_'-_'7,  •J4'.',  Ixiv.  51,  Ixv.  'JM-S, 
h.i.-hxi.  i;a:s:iini,  Ixxii.  5;S-!);  Tunid,  I'lju.-t  L'st.  i',:.,  7!'-S(l:  A'l  Tiiiii/.o, 
,;;:u.  •2i~:>,  Maivh  !».  'Jl',  April  -JH,  IStd;  /,'/;./- 7/ ".>•  ])',//•  .I/,,.'.,  i.  .•..•!-,S4,  4,l(i  .MO; 
v-illiHi«\Si  rviri'  Ajloitt,  41-(>7;  /'"hinsnn's  .l/.-.c.  ('»</  //( /■  ,)/(7.,  ;{l)4-ll';  Shnrl:- 
I'.vd's  ('i'iz<ii\<  Aj>//i'(d,  li—li);  Mtic,  Mini.  (Idimt,  l.':4(i,  '-4;{,  annexes  1  17; 
■/  '.,  Mnn.  Mill.  J!,!.,  1S;!S,  10  14;  l,s:r).  OS;  ),Vll,  lilt;  l,S4t,  |vis,-ini;  1S45, 
|.i  •_'.';  ls4i),  ])nssiin;  1S47,  1  (iU.  il' .;.  l;$-'2!l;  IS.JO.  (i-lO;  C/u/i.,  ^'./umiiif..,  8, 
1  •;  I'lnrd,.'^  1/  Arrdhiin,  Mmiif.,  I  .'.  ;  Iv  judi.  nf  U.S.,  "AW,  lOl-l'J,  "Jl'J- 
'7,  -iWrKS,  '_\SS;  Arni^i<i<ih,  Mej.,  n.  •251-'_',  'IT^'-H,  'Jtli'  7.S;  Pina  >i  Pt'ihi, 
('uniniiir.,  1-3.J;  Ai-nlliKja,  I'nop.,  IH'A',  >H)]-2,  'AW;  iJiddaii  and  l.o:>nio, 
L"jU.  Mix.,  ii.  411,  iii.';W-2,  71-'-lG;  l\ip.  Varios,  Ixxx.  pt  S,  Ixxxv.  [.t  l.">, 
Iwxvi.  pts  I,  S,  xeix.  pts  1,  'J,  evii.  |)t  I,  cxeviii.  pt  4;  C.  S.  d'nrl  I>itr.,  Cong. 
'J4,  Ses.  '2,  Sen.  I,  vol.  i.,  pp.  4-5,  •_'(;-l05;  KiO,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  1-170;  ls!»,  vol.  ii., 
passim;  II.  Jour.,  351-5;  il.  Com.  Jii'pt,  'Jsl,  vol.  ii.;  II.  Kx.  105,  l.'ii),  'jsl; 
A/.,  C<n,:,'.  '25,  Ses.  2,  Jl.  Kx.,  :!,  i)p.  (i-S,  .SI- 1(14,  vol.  i.;  75,  vol.  ii.;  /-/., 
Con-.  -2(1,  Sus.  1.  Acts  and  Kesol.,  '22  li,  lll-lS;  II.  Kx.  '2,  p.  (I,  1!)0,  vol.  iv, ; 
/'/..N'on::.  '27,  Se.s.  1,  Sen.  01;  Id.,  Cong.  '27,  Ses.  2,  S-jn.  .lonr.,  .5.)4;  II. 
.Jour.,  S.V),  11S!»;  II.  Com.  I!e|.t,  I0!)0,  vol.  v.;  II.  Kx.  •2!)l,  vol.  v.;  Sen.  .S2), 
vnl.  iv..  411-12,  vol.  v.-  Id.,  Cong.  '27,  Ses.  3,  H.  llx.  '2,  pp.  5-0,  144-55,  vol. 
i.;S')i.  1,  pp.  14;!-57,  vol.  i. ;  J{.  .lour.,  IS;  /(/..  (^mt;.  "JS,  Si'«  I,  S'  n.  Jour., 
UI12;  II.  .lour.,  \C>7~\  I'.tS,  402:  Sen.  Com.  licpt,  70;  If.  Com.  licpt,  151, 
Vil  i.;  Sen.  ;i41,  :>41»,  :i.".0,  .S51;  II.  Kx..  2  'ip  •2(i-4S,  \ol.  i.;  Id.,  Cong.  '2S, 
Ses.  2,  II.  Jonr..  pp.  154-5,  index  Mex.  (  !;.  ms;'  Sen.  .loui'.,  lOS.  l:',4,  112, 
ISO,  24S;  /,/.,  Sen.  SI,  pp.  I  '20;  li.  Kx.  '2,  l!»,  1.58;  /-/.,  Con','.  '.2',),  Ses.  1,  II. 
Kx.  '2,  I'M;  Id.,  Cyug.  2'J,  Ses.  '2,  J  I.  Kx.  4;  Id.,  Cung.  ;iO,"  Ses.  1,  11.  Kx. 
tiJ,  ba. 


CTIAPTEIl  XIV. 


CAMPAIGN  OX  THE  I!T0  GRANDE. 

Maucii-May,   lS4(i. 

Tayloii  'MdVKs  TO  Point  Tsaiskl — ADVAXt'K  against  >rATAMnKos— Eukctmn- 
(M-  l'(u;r  TiAAs-AuisrA  AitointkI) < lKNK)tAi,-iN-('iiii;i'—  'riii:  Mexicavs 

As->r\|K  mi;  ()l  TKNSIVK— (jAI'TriiK  OF  CaI'TAIN  TlloIlN  ION  "s  CoMM  VNl'    - 
TAVI.rjR    JillTIUKS  TO    I'OINT   IsAI'.KL — llnMllAiiDMKNT    OF    J'oliT    'i'l.XAS 

Tim;  J)atilk  of  Pai.o  Ai.to — Arista  Ki'.iitFArs  to  Uksaca  dk  i.a  I'm.- 
iiA     I»i;-('i:in'i<)N  of  Tin;  Fifld— Tiiic  ]!aitli:— I)i:i'i;\t  of  Tin;  .Mi;\i 
CANS     'I'mi;  (Jakuison    at   F(jiit   Tkxah — Dkaiti  of   Majou    Jiitows  - 

AuISTA'.S    UkTHKAT  to  LiNAUFS— TaVI.OR  UCCCI'IFS    .MATAMOliOS. 

Till':  instructions  to  General  Taylor,  orderin;;  iiini  to 
advance'  IVoin  Corpus  Christi  and  occupy  posi;^  'is  i"i 
or  near  tlie  east  bank  of  the  llio  (jlrande,  were  ^'ivi'u 
.iaiuiary  13,  1840,  and  at  the  same  time  vessels  were 
scait  to  reenlorcG  the  gulf  squadron.  Taylor  was,  liow- 
e\er,  dii'ccted  to  await  further  orders  I'elativti  to  tli' 
question  of  coniinon  right  to  navigate  the  river,  hut 
Vv'as  not  to  conline  hiinsell'to  the  defensive  in  case  any 
rx't  of  o[)en  hostility  should  be  coininitted  by  Alexicn. 
Later  instructions  ordered  him  under  all  circumstaiic!- 
to  pi'otect  jirivate  pro[)erty,  respect  personal  I'ight-, 
and  refrain  from  interference  in  I'eligious  mattei's.' 

Uu  the  8th  of  March  he  bi'oke  uj)  his  camp  at  dn'- 
])us  Christi,  and  having  decided  to  make  lN)int  Isal 
his    mililary  di;pot,  the   greater  portion  of  his  st( 


KM 


1  r.  S.  Onrf  Dor.,  Cons.  20,  Scs.  1,  U.  Ex.  lOO.  p.  IS  ot  si-q.,  77  ct  sc.|.: 
.i;{7,  pp.  <S-  4.  .Maiislii'lil  states  tliat  Tayloi'  was  oi'deriMl  to  advaiicL'  to  I  iv 
llii)  (iraiiile  lul'die  tlio  .umvci  luiicut  at  W'asliin^ton  liail  i-cuLivrd  tln'  I'nriv- 
spijiiilciico  of  Sliilill  willi  IVna  y  IVila.   .l/n'.   ]i'iir.  'M   1. 

-"I'Ih!  .Mo\ioau  iiainu  for  this  i)laui;  is  l''ronton  do  .Santa  Istiliol.     I'lout'Hi 

niuaiis  a  stt'fp  rooky  I'luiiiuucc  on  a  sua-sliore. 

(3111) 


\Vr. 
1  ( » W  - 
1)   ill'' 
iillt 

i;  any 
•  xici). 

aiK'c-^ 
lit^, 


let  si'M^; 

le  to  l'i« 
Ic  cnn-'- 

lFi'out"ii 


TAYLOR'S  ADVAXCK. 


847 


^vas  sent  tliitlior  by  son.  His  nrniy  l)nroly  nnionntcfl 
111  :\J)00  iiieii,  but  (hiriiiiT^  liis  (MicaiDpiucnt  at  Corpus 
(lii'isli,  General  Taylor  had  pursueil  a  ri^id  coursr  of 
(liscipllno  and  drill,  and  when  he  took  the  Hdil.  his 
I'l ii'ce,  in  organization  and  elKciency,  was  for  its  size 
prol»ably  the  best  evc-r  seen  in  the  United  States. 
The  equipments  of  the  soldiers,  too,  were  superior  to 


"^^ 


V      \j,--,       1.11.  |.i.  ill'  .  i,,         ;,  )        Nnrv. -.iia- ik     ii,\„i,ru,ii        V-it   J 
^^r-Q.', .  r.il  infill ^  r i. h/(..^\\-    V-.''"''"''!^'*  vv^^ii:^   (in..         --A*'ji 


atv.iPS*}"  ■^'.'  V'f  Y    ^- -  ri„r.  .v\l 


Ti..\A.s. 

those  of  the  enemy,  and  the  su[i[»lies  of  all  materials 
for  war  abundant  and  _<j;-ood. 

The  march  to  Mntamoros  was  uninterrupted  ("xccpt 
liv  Wordy  denionsti'atioiis  of  liostility  at  the  Arroyo 
Colorado,  about  thirty  miles  north  of  1  hat  city.  IJcre 
Taylor  was  notified  that  hispassa^'e  of  the  ri\er  would 
he  regarded  as  a  declaration  of  war  and  would  be  op- 


!     'I 


ll 


1      I   ;1 


1 


348 


CAMPAIOX  OX  THE  PJO  CRANDE. 


|)f)so(l  l)y  force;  hut  no  active  resistance}  was  oflporof], 
and  on  the  20th  the  army  crossed  the  stream,  tht; 
ciKMiiy  i-etreating  to  A[atamoi'os.  On  the  '24th  tin; 
army  halted  at  a  point  al)out  ten  miles  from  l^oii.t 
I.sahel,  and  heaving  (-General  Worth  in  connnand  of  tin; 
infantry  brigades,  Tayh)r  proceeded  thither  with  11  lo 
cavalry  and  an  empty  train,  in  order  to  establish  his 
(.k-j)6t.  On  his  approacli  the  inliabitants  abandomd 
the  village,  having  {)reviousl3'  set  tii'c  to  their  dwell- 
ings.^ The  transports  liad  just  ar)'ived;  and  liavin-.; 
maile  arrangements  for  the  defence  of  the  depot,  leav- 
ing ^Fajor  Monroe  in  command  with  two  com[)anies  (if 
artillery,  the  general  returned  to  the  army,  l-Jesum- 
ing  his  march,  he  arrived  op[)osite  ^[atamoros  on  the 
2Sth,  and  at  once  sent  Worth  across  the  river  with  a 
communication  to  Oenoral  ^[ejia  expressing  a  desire 
to  maintain  amicable  relations,  and  his  willingness  in 
leave  the  j)ort  of  ]h'azos  Santiago  o[)en  to  citizens  of 
]\Iatamoros  until  the  boundary  question  should  h", 
settletl.  The  Mexican  connnander,  however,  declincil 
to  liold  any  conference  with  a  subordinate  officer,  and 
appointed  General  Yega  to  meiit  Worth.  The  meet- 
ing [)roduced  no  otlier  result  than  the  intimation  on 
the  part  of  the  ^Mexican  general  that  the;  movement  of 
the  American  army  was  considered  as  an  act  of  wai', 
and  the  refusal  to  allow  Worth  to  have  an  interview 
with  the  United  States  consul  at  Matamoros.  Tay- 
lor, in  view  of  this  hostile  attitude,  at  once  connnenced 
to  throw  U])  fe>rtitications  on  the  left  baidc  of  the  llio 
(jrrande  in  front  ol'  ]\Iatamoros,  and  in  a  short  time  a 
foi't  with  six  bastions  was  erected,  capable  of  con- 
taining 2,000  men,  and  batteries  were  mounted  with 
heavy  guns  bearing  upon  the  city.* 

■''  ^frr.,  Ajtnnt.  Hist.  Gii/rrri,  .'U.  Jenkins  statos  that  tlic  fire  appoarcd  to 
have  Ix'ea  the  wovk  of  th(?  |)iirt  eniitaiii.  ///■-V.  ]\'(ir  (7.  S.  and  Mix..  7'>. 
Taylor  iii  his  ilesiiatcli  stiitea  that  only  thrc(>  or  four  lionse.s  were  <;onsuiiir.l, 
the  tire  haviiii;  lieen  ;irreste(,l  liv  liis  n.en.  U.  S.  Goii.  Dor.,  Cong.  "2!),  Ses.  I, 
JI.  Ex.  .'UT,  !>;  IK). 

'J(l.,  11S-12'2.  \V(jrth  left  the  army  at  thin  time  and  returned  lioni(!  will 
the  inti'iiLiou  of  resigning  his  eoniniission.  lie  insisted  that  liin  lu'exet  f  u 
eralship  untitled  him  t(j  preceleuuc  over  Culonel  Tuigg.M,  whose  commib^iiu 


nd 

llU'C't- 
()U  *'ll 
t'llt  of 

'  war, 

I'V'U'W 

Tny- 
ic  lvi'» 

Cilll- 

willi 


l/c.c. .  7^. 
Svs.  I, 

Ivut  J'  11 


]\1EXICAX  PREPARATJOXS  FOR  DEFENCE. 


3411 


As  y<-'t  iH)  collision  luul  takiMi  jjlace.  Tlu'  ^rcxicaiis, 
liowoN'oi',  were  making'  c'(|iial  ])i'c[)a)'aiions  tor  liostili- 
lirs.  Tlio  i'ortiticalions  ol'  tlio  city  wove  strciiLfthciicd, 
iiid  an  a(klitional  i'c(loul)t  and  a  !)fc;i-;tAV(>i'k  wnv 
l!iro\vn  up  on  the  west  side.  The  stren^-th  of  tin;  niil- 
it:ii'y  toivo  at  this  time  \vas  about  3,000  men,''  \\<]1 
provided  with  annnunition.  Tlie  artilleiy  consi.sted  ol 
lueuty  iield-pieces.  lleenforcenu'iits,  moreover,  were 
e;i  tlie  way  from  ^lexico,  hutnoton  a  s(  ak;  coi-respoiid- 
iii:;-  to  the  danj.(er.  internal  dissension  and  discoi'd  in 
tlic  army  had  weakened  Mexico's  [)oWer  of  seh'-dr- 
T'lice,  and  the  very  troops  wiiich  had  been  proviik'd 
til  rejiel  Ibreign  invasion  had  been  turned  a^'ainst  h<i' 
own  pcoitlc."  l')\>si(k'nl  Pa  redes,  however,  ck'spatched 
a  I'lirre  of  2,'iCO  men,"  but  he  o'ave  connnaiul  to  Am- 
pu'lia,  who  had  supported  his  revolution  at  San  Luis 
j  otosi,  and  nx^reovc'r  appointed  him  general-in- chief 
ol'  the  army  of  the  north.  This  appointment  'j^a\e 
Uivat  (hssatisfaction  at  Matam.-ros,  where  Ampucha 
was  reo'arded  with  distrust;  and  a  representation  was 
I'i  >i\vank3d  to  the  president,  setting  forth  the  fatal  conse- 
([luuces  that  might  result  if  so  difHcult  an  enteri)riso 
were  intrustetl  to  him,  and  recoiiunendii>g  Arista, 
'^fhe  president  yielded,  l)ut  unwisely  retained  AmpU([ia 
sf'cond  in  command,  thereby  sowing  the  elements  (»f 
discord  by  leaving  in  the  army  two  lival  cliiofs.  .Vnd 
ail  through  this  war  Jeahuisy  and   want  of  harmony 

II  tMj'.iiiiol  wii.s  ui  iiMer  (late  tliau  his  own.  'Jaylur,  Imwcvcr,  in  coiifoniiiiy 
v.itli  ilii'  i'iil(!  ailiii)tc!il  hy  tlic  war  drparimoiit,  ilrciik'd  tliat  Inivi't  rank  gavi- 
iiii  (I'liiinaiiil. 

■''( 'iin.sistiii:^'  i)f  till'  l)a(talii>ii  (if  sai>|icrs.  tlii>  1st  aiiil  l(lt!i  iiifaiitiy  iv-^i- 
nil  ii'is  of  i\u;  liiu',  the  2d  \iis,ht  inl'aiitry,  lunl  tlio  7th  cavah'v,  the  auxiliaric;  .;t' 
till'  t'lWiis  of  tlie  north,  soxeial  jircsidial  ooniiiaiiies,  anil  a  haitalioii  nf  (lie 
1  lUMiial  j^uaid  of  Ahitanioros.  'I'v.o  or  tlireo  days  after  the  arrival  of  the 
.\aieiioans  the  maiine.-i  of  'J'anii.ico,  the  (ith  infantry  re_;inient,  and  tlie  hat- 
t.i.h  u  of  the  i-Must  i.;aard  of  that  phice  arrived.    Mux.,  A /unit.  Ili.it.  Uni  rrn,  '.\2. 

'Two  stroni,' divisions  coinnianch'd  hy  Filisohi  and  Parcd(\,  had  lieen  or- 
(krei  to  the  frontier  hy  I'residi  iit  iferi'era.  Paredes  iia\iii,i.,'  heen  recalled  to 
t!i  ;  lapical  and  instriuted  to  deliver  the  command  to  l''ilis..la,  the  oliieers  w- 
Irscd  toobey  the  latter.  Soonafter — Dee.  il.  is4.")  — l'arell^•.^  rehelled  av'ainst 
t!u' jioverninent  at  San  Luis  I'oto^i  and  marched  with  the  army  towaid  the 
<;i!iital.   /(/.,  .•(l);  Nirmi.  (luli.  ilo  Mf'.r.,  ii.  V.'St  o, 

'Composed  of  the  4tli  infantry  iv^iment  of  the  line,  the  ai'tive  liattalions 
ot'  Meviiii,  Pue!(!a  and  Moielia,  tl.e  St!i  cavalry,  with  s.u\  lieUl-pieces  and  SO 
i\meii.   Me'.c,  Ajiiiiil.   llist.  O'mrr'i,  ','A. 


m 


I 


ii 


SoO 


CAMl'AICN  OX  TIIK  IliO  (il:ANI)K. 


<'ri|t|.Ic(l  Mcxicit  ill  (he  li^iii,  rendered  lier  defeal,  (lie 
iiioic  easy  of  aee(im|)Iisliiiieiit.  In  one  point  ol'  \ii'\\, 
this  lack  ol"  nnited  will  and  ellort  was  Inrtuiuite  loi' 
liolli  coiiniries.  I'nder  any  cii'enmsl.anees,  tin;  result 
<tl"  tli<;  waf  nins(,  iiie\ital>ly  Inivi;  heen  tho  s;ini<!;  I>ul, 
if,  iii-leiu!  ol"  anarchy,  liarniony  had  prevailed,  iiiinli 
lon^i'i'  and  ni(M'i'  l)loody  would  lia\e  heeii  the  strn'L;''4lc, 
and  eacli  nation  would  ha\u  sullered  and  mourned  a, 
I'ar  greater  loss  of  life. 

Anipudia,  iL;iiorant  ol"  t!ie  sleps  whicli  Iiad  hrcn 
taki'ii  to  reino\t!  hini,  nieaidinie  hastened  to  Mat.i- 
nioros,  where  he  ai'ii\cd  on  (he  llth  of  April.  (>;i 
ilu!  I'ollowin^^^  day  he  addressed  a  note  to  Taylor,  p^r 
einptorily  reipiiriuL,^  him  to  hi-eak  up  eamp  witliia 
twenty-t'our  lioui's,  and  re(irc>  to  (he  left  liaid;  of  (h  ■ 
Nueees  lvi\ei-,  under  (he  alternalix'e  of  war.  ^l'a\  loi' 
i-efusiiiu^,  Anipudia  deti;rmined  (o  ei'oss  (he  I'iver  an  I 
<.>'ive  hatde.  lie  had  made  preparations  to  carry  (his 
desii;-n  into  eiri'e(,  on  the  lat.h.  On  the  nii;"ht  hefoi.  , 
]iowe\\!r,  lie  i'ee(,'ived  tli(3  <4'overnmi'nt  despatch  an 
iiouiiciiiL;"  (Ih!  a[ipoin(iiient  ol"  Arisla  oNcr  him,  and 
also  inslruc(ions  from  (hat  L;'eneial  (o  suspend  ac(l\' 
opi'rations  till  his  arrival.  jVin[)udia's  moi"(ilica(io;i 
was  nfeat;  he  e\'en  asseinhled  a  junta  ot"  hi>  leadiii;.'; 
ollicers  widi  the  ohject  of  i^fainiiiL;'  their  assi'iit  to  his 
I'omiuenciiiL;'  hos(ih(ies.  'riwy,  howe\i'r.  declined  t" 
support  him  in  a  s(,ep  which  was  in  direct  oj»[>ositio;i 
i^)  (he  orders  ol'  (he  ^•eiiera.l-in-chiel"."' 

On  (Ik!  'J  Uh  ol"  April  Aris(a  airived  at  M.^tanioios, 
h:i\iML;'  sent  Oenei'al  'J'oi'rejon  with  a  por(ion  «»!"  ih  ■ 
army"  across  i\u)  riv<7'  at  a  jioint  some  mih-s  aho\c 
(he  city.      The  same  day  Jiu  addressed  ii  oon)uumiia 


"  Diiiiii:,'  thin  iii'iioil  of  iii;ieti\  ity  frcijiicnf-.  dcsortioiis  nrciinvd  iu  Tavl'ir'-i 
CMinii,  foiui'iitcil  l)y  Aiii|)iiili(  (Mill  Mojiii  l>y  iiiciius  of  proi'latiiiif  ioiui  secrt-l.' 
iiitro(lin\'il  into  the  caiii|).  'I';iji>i)r'.s  |ir()iii)it  iiii'.tsurts  s|)((ilily  [uir,  iiii  ciul  I  i 
tlu'.siMJrscrtioiis.  (I.  S.  (litii,  Ih),.,  i'i,i,,j,  2'.K  ■'^is.  1,  Si'H.  :i:i7,  p.  I  IS;  LI.,  ( 'oii.u. 
:{!>,  Si's.  1.  If.  Kx.  (iO,  ]ii).  ;iOJ  1;  /;/  Tirm/io,  24  Al.ol,  ISKi,  I.  iMijia  i 
I'stiiiiJiti!  of  Tiiylor  n  iiuiiisiiij^.  Indiiljiiii.^  in  a  suiiy  j  un.  1i.j  nays  lio  Ls  '  iu..s 
di'spit'i'i.ilili'  (iiui  el  lilliliio  siiitli!  di!  M(xii(;.     //), 

'■'All  tlic  iiiv;diy,  tilt'  luil  Idioii  of  s)I|iihmh,  uiid  twu  ouiiipimicH  of  tlic -d 
liylit  iutaiiiry.   J/,  .c,  .l/niui.  Hi.t!.  Hitirrii,  o'u 


Tin:  I'IRST  UdSTILlTIKS. 


351 


liiiii  to  Mic  >\iucric;iii  coMiiiiniKlcr,  si;itiiiLi^  ilint  lie. 
(  iiisidrrcd  lioslilit  ics  (d  liii\c  (•(tiiiinciict'd,  jiixl  tli;ifc 
lie  should  pi'osccul.c;  iliuiii.'"  Ills  [ilaii  was  io  llifow 
li(Mi|)S  acl'oss  tlio  llio  (ji'aiidc  ul)<)Vt;  and  Ix'low  (Ik; 
|Misiii{iii  occupied  by  ilui  Aiucricaiis,  and  adxanciuL;'  to 
I'liinl  Isaln-'I  cut  oil'  Taylor  IVoni  his  hasc  of  siiitjilics, 
;iii(l  force  hiui  to  an  (Minai^^cnicnt.  lie  accoidin^ly 
ni;nclicd  with  the  I'e'Uiainder  ol"  tlm  troo[)s  and  twcKi; 
|iicccs  ol'  a)'tillei'y  to  .Loni^orefio,  about  live  lr;!'_.iics 
down  the  ii\i'r,  leaAint;'   .Meji'a  with  only  a  small  ^ar- 


•    .'^i 


•'    '   ^    'Vi    ■.■•,■''■    '/,','         i'      Itillt'liVlitl  ..''yp=s_i. 
•■■,'       ■  f    ll'r.«fu-.Ufy/-  .''^'  ■■       :..i\,,;^'-^\ 

'^'■■- -MXrAvA- ■'^-        ....;..  Huu«i»iiiu-     <  .-.  .     f!      <;,vv'     ■■■'„     ..V 

' -'^--J'^-:.<«K\,"<->,  <.,.,, „„,,ii„  ;V  .1  fM  ,,^  .-«»*"  •. 

,,,    '»  '■■,  ■  .fe>'/     ...■•.V'V     /^    -,  ,'1 
i.'isi|uii»r^.;,^,,  ,.».,  _^'t,..v  *'  '    ■•• 

^i^.V:iii'..?fe';S-'"""  •:••■■  ■■  V 

(.'ll.tp.-liO 


,.,„„//:.i«"^>  ■^>^'^'' 


('ill     .  MiV    AKUINI)    .\!  VIAMdKdS. 

lisoii    in   conunand   at    ^.Tatanioi'os.      The    plan  was  a 

}.;no  I  olio,  hut  ill  carried  olll.  At  LoUj^'orcUo  till! 
il'odjiswere  loUi^"  dela\ed  in  ellcclinL;'  the  ero>sin'.^', 
I  win.;'  to  the  want  of  a  sidlicicnt  nuinhi'i"  of  l>oal s,  antl 
.\ii>la  s  ho[>e  to  conceal  his  ino\i'nicii1s  and  siDpri-^c 
the  en.  iiiy  was  lVustral('(l.  J>nt.  Taylor  had  alrca;ly 
pcuct.i'at.ed  his  design.  That  T(»rrcJou  had  cio»cd 
die  i-i'Vt-r  had  hien  niadt;  known  to  him  Ity  an  un- 
liiward  circur;-;1an''e.  ('apiain  Thoi'utoii,  who  had 
liicn  st'iit  up   the  river  with  a   party  of  dragoons  to 

_  "'  ('.  ,S.  Outt  iJi'C,  Cong.  ;t(i,  Sf.-.  1,  H.  i;\.  lid,  11.  -Jsa. 


'■>! 


V-    ':i 


■l^;l 


I'i    !    i 


I!  \ 


3.J-2 


CAMP.AinN  ON  THE  HIO  ORAXDK. 


Avatcli  the  eiicniv,  fell  into  an  ambuscadr  on  the  2')t]], 
and  after  some  li^'litint^',  in  wliicli  several  of  liis  iik  n 
were  ld!le(!,  was  captiii'tMl  with  liis  whole  eoiniuand." 
Lnter,  Taylor  rt;(.-eive<l  information  that  the  eiuiiiv 
was  preparinj^  to  cross  below  his  j)osition,  and  net. 
l)e!ievin<j;'  that  Arista  would  make  an  attem])t  iijxjii 
his  fortilied  camp,  rightly  concluded  that  Point  Isa- 
bel was  the  object  of  his  movement,  (^n  the  ]ste( 
i\Iay,  the  I'ort  beinijf  brou_^ht  into  a  e-ood  state  of  dc- 
I'eni'e,  he  lelt  in  the  work  the  7th  infantry  uiuh  !■ 
]\[ajor  .Hrown,  with  Captain  Lowd's  and  Jjieutenant 
]jra'-u"s  companies  (jf  artiller-y,  and  marcheil  with  tlie 
main  force  to  J'oint  Isabel,  which  he  reached  (lie 
uext  day.  Taylor  left  his  position  while  Arista  was 
.slowly  })assiny'  his  army  aci'oss  the  river  in  two  canoes. 

Wiien  Arista  became  aware  that  the  enemy  Jiad 
anticipated  his  m<jvements,  he  gave  orders  for  the 
battei'ies  at  ]\[atamoros  to  open  lire  on  the  Amei'ieau 
fort,  and  also  sent  Ampudia  with  a  force  and  four  i^anis 
to  lay  sieixe  to  it.  The  cannonadiM'onmienced  at  li\e 
o'clock  in  the  morninu'  of  ]\ray  '.id.  ]\Leantime  tlie 
JMexiean  ^'cueral,  lia\iniL>'  united  his  forces  with  tlinsi' 
of  Toi'i'ejoii,  took  U[)  a  position  at  Palo  Alto,  cutting' 
oif  communieation  between  tlu^  besieu^ed  and  Point 
Isabel.  Tlu!  boom  of  the  e-uns,  howe\-er,  was  heai'd 
at  the  latter  ])lace,  and  Captain  Walker  was  sent  willi 
a  small  cavalry  escort  to  endeavoi'  to  conununieati' 
v,ith  Major  Brown.  ^Taking  a  wide  circuit,  he  gaiiie;! 
the  rear  of  the  enemy;  then,  concealing  his  men  in 
the  chaparral,  he  matje  his  way  alone  by  night  to  tlio 
American  work,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  5th  w- 
turiied  to  I'oint  Isabel  with  ]^rown's  despatch  ai:- 
nounciuLr  the  safetv  of  the  Ljarrisou  and  the  slight  vW'rci 
of  tlie  enemy's  cannonade.^'" 

Taylor  now  determined  to  go  to  the  relief  of  the 
fort  with  su[)})lies  of  ordnanc(!  and  provisions,  and  eii 

" '1  ay!(ir's  ollicial  reports  f;iy  that  llic  iiarty  wa.s  (i;>  sti'ou;.;.  ]l),  L'apiaiu 
ITai'il<(',  line  (jf  tlic  caiitm-cd,  ;, tales  that  srvi-ii  ui'io  killed.    /</.,  '2'.'2. 

'- Tayioi'M  aii<l  Biownti  ili'.-<j^iati;hca  iu  i',  S,  (Joel  JJoc,  Cong.  'M,  (Sw.  li 
U.  Ex.  do,  PI/.  -202-4. 


at  iivo 
\c  the 

utt'm;^ 

\t-  wii'ii 

llU'H  ill 
I  to  tli^' 
)tU  vc- 

lot"  llw 
liiul  "U 

(.'apiiiiii 
),  So.'.  1. 


BATTLl:]  OV  I'ALO  ALTO. 


353 


tliiMtli  a,<4'aiii  niaivlicd  for  ^Nfatamoros.  Ilisforoo  did 
not  ex<?-'ed  'J, .'500  all  told,  tor  tlioun'h  reiinrorcL-iiiniits 
liad  anivt'd  at  J*oiiit  Isahcl,  they  wore  composL-d  oi" 
]a\v  recruits,  iit  only  for  oairisou  tluty,  and  wore  coii- 
h;i(|iiciitly  k'l't  behind.'''  About  uooii  on  the  .'-'th  the 
American  army  arrived  in  trout  of  the  enemy,  and 
hoth  lilies  prepared  for  action.  Arista's  position  was 
well  chosen.  In  his  tront  extended  a  level  plain, 
^•overed  with  hiLjh  ijfrass,  surrouiKk'd  hv  thickets  of 
( liaparral  and  chnn[)s  (tf  dwartish  trees,'*  and  tlanked 
liv  small  pools  or  low  swampy  bottoms.  Jlis  line, 
<liawn  u[)  only  two  de(^j)  and  more  than  a  mile  in 
IciiU'th,  extended  across  the  southern  ))oi'tion  ol'  tlu; 
plain.  On  its  right,  suj)ported  by  a  slight  elevation 
of  ground,  was  j)laeed  a  scjuadron  of  the  light  t-avahy 
icgiim-nt  of  [Mexico;  the  left  was  com])osed  of  the  7tli 
and  Sill  cavalry  regiments  and  the  presidial  companies, 
under  the  command  of  Torrejon,  and  rested  on  a 
thicket  of  chaparral.  The  artillery,  amounting  to 
t\vil\-e  |)ieces, 'was  posted  at  intervals  along  the  line. 
Aiiijtudia  had  l)cen  ordered  to  move  n\)  from  his  posi- 
tion in  front  of  the  American  fort,  and  with  the  4th 
line  reginuait,  a  company  of  sa[)pers,  200  auxiliarii's 
(if  the  northern  towns,  and  two  guns,  occu[)ied  a  posi- 
ti'iii  on  the  right  of  the  cavalry  regiments.'"* 

Taylor's  right  wing,  under  Colonel  Twiggs,  con- 
sisted of  the  5th  infantry,  Lieutenant-colonel  ^[cln- 
tesli.  with  Kinjjcgold's  liiiht  batterv,  the  'Ad  infantrv, 
Ca})taiii  Morris,  with  two  18-pounders  under  Lieuten- 
ant (,'hurchill,  and  the  4th  infantry,  ]\Iajor  Allen. 
The  left  was  occupied  by  the  1st  brigade,  commanded 
liy  Lieutenant-colonel  l]elkna[),  which  was  c()m[)osed 
ef  a  l)attalion  of  artillerv  servinii'  as  infantrv,  Duncan's 

*■'  .  ' 

light  battery,  and  the   Sth   infantry.      The   train  was 
parked  in  the  rear  under  guard  of  a  sijuadron  of  dra- 

i;'ooiis. 

'7./.,  204-.-). 

"  'lliis  si)ucies  is  calleil  palo  ;ilto,  a  name  ac()niiL'(l  by  comiwiisuii  with  low 
giDwlli  wliich  luuvks  tiio  vc^'otatioii  in  this  ilisti'ict. 
'^  Cdiiiji'iri't  fim'r'i  Aiiirr.  ihl  Xviie,  l). 
Hist.  JIlx.,  Vol.  V.    iJ 


'    'i 


'i\m 


f 


I    0  ! 


3:.i 


CAMI'AION'  ()\  TIIK  IMO  CliAXDR. 


At  liiiir-j)iisl  two  ill  lli(>  afternodn  I  lie  Arcxlcnn^ 
oj)('ii(!(l  (iiv  witli  llirir  ;irt.illcry  <»ii  tin;  Aiiicricaii  army, 
which  was  advancing'  l)_v  heads  ol'  (•(ihiiniis,  whric- 
u[>on  tlu!  latlcr  deployed  into  hue,  and  iJin^^'old ., 
battery  n'])lie(l  witli  deadly  eU'ect  on  Anipudia's  divi- 
sion wluch  was  steadily  niovinu;-  I'orwai'd  in  elose  (•(ihinni 
to  fofni  in  line.  Taylor  iVom  tlu;  connneneenieiit  of 
th(!  en^'aL^enient  maintained  liimscdf  a(;tively  on  tin' 
deCeiisivo  and  I'on^ht  tlu!  hattle  mainly  with  his  arti!- 
leiy,  his  su[)ci'i()i'ity  in  that  arm  Ijeing'  immediately 


^s^''#- '  0-;  I --•••/:••■•■  -  " .«■  ■  -tK  -i, -  ' ■  -  ■■■■'■■  -  -V --,'-",•''-«    ■ 


wm<-i£M-immmmmmms. 


JiA'  I'l.lMll.l.l)    iM'    I'U.i)    AlTu.'" 

appannit.     The   American  infantry,  althouL*'li  pnstid 
at  sn[)[)(jrting  distance,  was  kept  in  the  rear  ahiie>t 

'^  Explauatiou  of  plan: 

A.     I'irst  iiositioii  (pf  ^[c'xi.-:iii  iiifaiitry. 

li.  Fir~t  |icp-itiiiii  (4'  .'Mi'xiiMM  i-.iv  iliv'. 

('.  Si'i-Mii'l  |Misiii.Jii  III'  Mi'xicui  iiilanli'y. 

)>.  SrcMlliI  |iiislliiill  ipf  McxiiMJl  i|iv;iU'y. 

C  C'liiii'^L'.s  iif  Mi'xii'iui  iiil'.iiti'y. 

1>'.  Cliiii's^i'rt  (if  Mi'xicaii  (Mvalry. 

K.  Cavii'iy  imxiliiirii-^  uf  llic  l.iwiia. 

a  b  0.     Mi'xiiMii  |«irU,  lnKpiMl,  iiiul  h.iu'Sfige, 

1'".  l-'irst  pn^iiiiiii  III'  Anii'iiiMii  iiir.iiiliy. 

I"'.  Si'CmiiiI  iiii>iiiiiii  111'  Aiiii'iir.iii  iiil.uitry, 

O.  Kii'Kt  |iiisilion  of  Aiiii'i'iiMii  iMvalry. 

0'.  Sci-unil  |iii>itiiin  of  Aiiii'iiciiu  ciiviilry, 

11.  Ami'iii'iiii  ]iiiiU. 

K.  I'liiiU  Mini  suaiii|w. 

■y  \      Liiii'  uf  till'  LuUlLtLrnitiuU. 


r.ATTr.H  OF  PAr.o  ai.to. 


n-.-> 


(Hit  of  i'aiiL;'o.  Vnv  iimrc!  tliaii  an  lioiif  (lie  contest 
was  cai'rit'd  oil  with  llic  artillirv.  iJtit.  in  this  (hid 
t!ic  .Mexicans  siiUcTcd  sc\ci'cly,  wliilc  llic  uVnici'icaiis 
.■-ii^laiiKMl  trilliiiLi;'  casualties.  ^\iist;i  now  aLteni|)te'l 
1.1  turn  Taylor's  rin'ht,  and  oi'dei'ed  Torrejoii  to  cliar'4(! 
with  the  ca\alry.  To  meet  this  attack  tho,")!)!  iiilaii- 
1i\  was  ordered  up  and  loniied  in  s(jiiaro.  Itiiii^'udld's 
hitti'i'V  iiieantinie  ]ilayed  with  deadly  eU'ect  oil  the 
(•liai';^'in!4' cavalry  until  it  reach(;d  the  cliaj)ai'ral:  cir- 
cling' round  this  and  ii  shallow  la^'ooii  in  I'roiit  of  tin; 
.Ith  American  inlaiitry,  it.  reaj)[ieai'ed  on  Taylor's  rit;ht 
and  rear.  When  within  close  niiisket-ran;^^(  the  sid(j 
et'  the  s(|Uarc  opposed  to  it  deli\-ered  so  (k'stnict  i\  (•  ;i 
\olley  that  the  whole  mass  L;'a\'e  way  juid  retire(l  from 
the  cont(\st.  Wliik;  this  movement  Avas  heiii;;"  re- 
ji'ilx'd  the  ^lexical!  iiilantiT  suH'ered  severely,  lu-.t 
shMid  their  iiround  with  <''ro;it  intrepiditv.  The  cour- 
aL;e  of  the  soldiers  was,  indeed,  sorely  tried,  JIalted 
within  deadlv  rani>e  of  i\\c  eiieniv's  i>;uus,  oiji'iiiii'-'s 
v.'ei'e  made  in  tlu^ir  ranks  over  and  over  a^'aiii  l)y  the 
lire,  and  as  often  tilled  up  without  siL,Mi  of  i'ear  or 
tnouj4'ht  of  r(-tieat.  'fo  add  to  their  trouldes,  the 
wadding  of  Duncan's  ])ieces  s(.'t  lire  to  the  hi'^li  j^rass, 
and  tile  kreeze  i'amied  the  ilanies  till  the  conlkin'ratioii 
sj)read  along  the  wlioki  line,  tlu^  smoke  being  carried 
ii.to  the  faces  of  the  AFexicaiis.'' 

Arista  now  cliauged  his  front:  to  the  left,  tlie  troops 
cxi'ciiting  tlio  inoveiiieiit  with  precision,  and  a  cori-e- 
sponding  change  was  (^'il'ectod  ky  'I'aylor,  whose  right 
Was  ad\'auccd  nearly  to  the  position  oecu})ied  at  iirst 
hy  Torrojon.  During  these  op(jrati()ns,  which  lasted 
ahout  an  hour,  the  liriiig  had  l)eeu  suspended,  hut  it 
was  now  resumed  with  the  same  result,  and  again  the 
^dexicau  ranks  were  swejit  nowii  by  the  caniioiuKkj. 
])Ut  stanch  as  the  soldiers  had  proved  themselves, 
this  continued  passive  endurance  of  mutilation    and 

''Tlie  autliors  of  Mdx.,  Ajuiiit.  lli^l.  (liwrrct,  .'!!),  aiict  Cd/ii/iru'i'i  roiifnt 
.Ifinr.  (Ii '  Sor'f',  10,  say  that  tlie  Aiin'ricaiis  set  lire  to  tiii!  1,'i'ass  in  (H-ili  r  Id 
lii'lc  their  movements;  but  this  was  not  tho  ease.  ii'tuH.st y'.s  Ol/ar  .b'(c/(.',  -JT-S, 
iiute. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREIT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


o<'  ^e 


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f/ 


& 


856 


CAMPAIGN  ON  THE  RIO  GRANDE. 


deatli  at  last  gave  way  to  impatience.  They  became 
restive,  and  indignantly  demanded  to  be  led  against 
the  enemy,  or  be  withdrawn  out  of  range  of  his  tiic. 
Soon  after  the  engagement  began  Ampudia  had 
urged  Arista  to  give  the  order  to  charge  with  the 
bayonet,  but  his  representations  were  unheeded,'®  and 
now  again  he  in  vain  pressed  him  to  do  so.  Disorder 
began  to  show  itself  among  the  troops;  their  patience 
was  exhausted  and  they  began  to  waver.  Then,  too 
late  for  them  to  have  a  fair  opportunity  of  displaying 
their  courage  and  efficiency,  Arista  ordered  the  charge 
thev  had  wished  for  so  lonij.  But  the  movement  was 
executed  in  disorder  and  without  spirit.  The  men 
had  lost  confidence  in  tlieir  general;  they  were  al- 
ready persuaded  that  he  was  a  traitor;  that  he  had 
sold  the  army,  and  that  they  were  to  be  sacrificed." 
Night,  too,  was  fast  approaching,  and  the  glare  of  the 
setting  sun  dazzled  the  eyes  of  the  advancing  Mexi- 
cans, As  iVrista's  right,  supported  by  the  squadron 
of  light  cavalry  of  Mexico,  bore  down  upon  the  ene- 
my's left,  it  was  met  by  the  steady  fire  of  Duncan's 
batterv,  the  guns  being  disposed  to  meet  the  coming 
attack.  The  cavalry  was  throv  ■  ,to  confusion,  and 
wheeling  to  tlie  left,  pressed  U]  Jie  infantr}'',  wliicli 
was  steadily  advancing,  and  tlircw  it  into  disorder, 
while  the  enemy's  grape  and  canister  wrought  havoc 
in  its  files.  Confusion  soon  extended  along  the  wIidIo 
front,  though  the  left  still  maintained  its  line.  T\ui 
attack  of  Torrejon's  cavalry  on  Taylor'ij  right  had  been 
equally  unsuccessful.  Darkness  had  set  in,  and  tlie 
<lispirited  troops  were  drawn  out  of  action.  B(jtli 
armies  encamped  for  the  night  near  the  field  of  battle.-' 

'''  Am/)uilia,  Aiili'  el  Tribunal, !). 

" '  Xo  fiiltaroii  voces  entrc  iiucstros  vctcrano8  dc  que  "era  otro  Gii!iii:i- 
junto."'  /(/.,  10.  Ill  Mcx.,  Aimiif.  l/ixf.  diierra,  4(i,  I  liiul  tliis  relloctiuri 
upon  the  cause  of  the  Mexicans'  tlufuat  on  this  and  the  following  ilay  at  Ko- 
Kica  do  la  I'alnia:  '  Insistiienios  en  que  la  causa  priniurdiul  do  su  cainiicntu 
y  dcsi'onfianza — that  is  the  army's — on  que  ol  motivo  mas  etlcaz  do  sus  faltas 
fiK^  la  voz  (lue  la  rivalidad  y  el  odio  iiicioron  oorrer  de  que  el  general  cii  gcl'u 
i'V.i  un  traidor. .  .<le  que  habia  coinproiiiiso  formal  de  vender  al  ej  'cito  ciitre- 
g.indolo  al  furor  do  los  onemigos.'  The  same  statoniout  is  madeiuC'a/)iym;i'( 
coiilrri  Aiixr.  id  I  Nnrlo,  15. 

'■'"  Tuylui-  iu  hia  lupurt  utatos  that  hu  dislodged  the  Mexican  forces  frum 


RESACA  DE  LA  PALMA. 


sr.7 


.1.' 
•1..; 
cell 
'■'lo 

)tli 

'J  J 

IL'. 


tloll 
icnto 

Iltlr- 
Kli'l'l 

from 


At  daylight  on  tlic  followini^  morniiifr  Arista  lK>pfan 
to  retire  towartl  Matamoros,  and  durinjx  the  dav  took 
lip  a  position  at  the  licsaea  de  la  l^alnia,^'  resolved 
ii^ain  to  give  battle  it'  the  enemy  continued  to  advance. 
The  jjround  selected  was  diti'erent  from  that  of  the 
jilain  of  Palo  Alto,  and  chosen  as  favorahle  to  tiefen- 
,sive  warfare.  A  slight  ravine  ahouttwo  hundred  feet 
Avide  and  four  deep,  of  irregular  cnseent  form,  with 
the  concavity  facing  north,  intersected  the  main  road 
to  Matamoros,  ahout  four  miles  from  the  city.  The 
surrounding  ground  was  covered  with  thick  wood  nnd 
cliaparral,  [ireventing  the  operation  of  troops  in  line. 
On  the  northern  crest  of  the  ravine,  to  the  left  of  and 
commanding  the  road,  a  hattery  of  three  pieces  was 
pl.tiited,  and  two  others  were  ])laced  on  the  south  of 
the  ravine,  one  on  either  sitle  of  the  road,  oacli  of  two 
guns,  so  trained  as  to  sup])ort  the  first  and  rake  tlu! 
a|)[)roach  witli  a  flank  and  cross  fire.  In  the  rear  to 
the  left  was  a  single  piece.  Arista's  first  line  of  in- 
lantry  was  stationed  behind,  and  protected  by  the 
front  or  northern  brink  of  the  ravine,  while  a  second 
line  was  posted  on  the  southern  crest.  Tlie  cavalry, 
unable  to  act  from  the  nature  of  the  ground,  was 
massed  on  the  road  in  the  rear. 

Tavlor,  on  the  night  of  the  8th,  had  held  a  council 
of  war,  at  which  the  general  opinion  was  that  it  would 
ho  im[)rudent  to  advance  furtlier,  an<l  some  otficers  even 
pi()l)osed  to  fall  back  to  Point  Isabel.  Hut  the  g»Mi- 
ci;d  was  of  a  dift'erent  n\ind;  and  supported  by  Colonel 
Jx'lknap  and  Captain  Duncan,  he  gave  orders  to  con- 

thi'ir  position  and  cncninped  upon  tlio  field.  V.  S.  Oovt  Doc,  Cong.  .10,  Ses.  1, 
]|.  \\\.  (JO,  p.  'J9.1.  Arista  stutos  tiiiit  imcIi  army  reiiiuiiuHl  in  its  rc.s|icctivo 
caiiip  ill  sight  of  each  otliiT.  Ri)a  IJ^ircona  cxphiiiis  1>y  calling  atti'iitimi  ti> 
till'  fact  tliat  Ari-sta'a  dospatcli  was  written  on  tlio  iiiglit  of  tlio  Mli,  \»  liile 
'i':iyliir's  was  dated  the  'Jtli,  wlien  the  .Mexicans  had  retired  to  Itesaca  dc  la 
ruliiia.  Invnuion  Xorfc-Am.,  '.W. 

■'  Meaning,  dry  river-l)e<l  of  the  ]>aliii.  The  action  vbich  took  placi;  hero 
i^  indiirerently  called  the  l)attliM)f  llesaea  de  la  Pahna and  Resacu  deOiierrero. 
It  if  gciieriiUy  believed  that  these  are  naines  of  the  same  posilimi.  The  lir-st, 
li'iuovcr,  is  that  of  the  place  where  the  Itattle  was  fought,  ami  tiie  secniid  of 
til"  site  on  which  the  Americans  halted  before  engaging.  Mix.,  A^iunt.  IH4. 
(I'di'/vu,  A'l. 


3.-.8 


CAMPAKIX  0\  Till']  UK)  GRANDE. 


tiiiiii!  (lie  iiiaicli7-  ]*arkiii;4  Ww  tnnii  on  tln'  field  r.f 
]*alo  Alto  midti-  j^uanl,  and  Hcndinir  tliu  woundi'd  to 
JNiint  Isalx'l,  at  one  o'clock  nc^xtday  ho  broke  n|>  caiiij» 
and  lollowed  the  i'<uite  <•!'  the  ATtixican  ai'niy.  As  In- 
a|»|»i'oaclu'<l  the  edi^e  ol' the  I'oiest  which  bordered  the 
road  and  the  Jlesaca  do  la  l*ahna,  a  body  of  the  4tli 
lii^^ht  infantry,  under  connnand  of  Captain  McCall, 
was  thiown  fui\var<l  and  soon  discovered  the  enemy  s 
liositit)n.  At  four  <»'cl<>ck  Taylor  came  u[)  with  Mi- 
(  all.  A  battei-y  of  lield  artillery  was  at  once  advancctj 
\mder  connnand  (»f  J/icutenant  Jvidi^ely,  the  sueeessur 
of  Major  JviniLr<^old,  who  had  been  n>ortally  woumli d 
on  the  j»revions  day 


On  either  si<le  it  was  flankcl 


and  su|i)torte(|  by  th(!  '.U\,  41  h,  an<l  otli  infantiy,  de- 
ployed as  skirmishers  in  the  cha|>arral.      The  actinii 


ninne( 


iiatt'b 


V    coinnienceci    and    hecame    •'cnera 


d,    tl 


Mexican  ailvanccd  troops  <r|-;i(|iiidly  living  a\\,i\ 
befoi'e  the  steady  |»ro^;ress  of  th<^  Americans,  It 
was  dart'-devil  woik,  enont;h  to  try  the  nerves  and 
conraL;"e  »»f  the  steadiest,  this  fii;lit  in  those  deii^e 
thickrtts  where  the  tire-llash  of  tlie  nniski't  became 
\isible  in  theoloom;  where  man  hunted  man  as  !ie 
would  liei'ct^  wild  .iLjame,  evei'V  step  eiiibai'rassed  by 
tau'^IiMl  biieis  and  matted  under^iowth.  ]>iit  there 
weic  here  no  liouiids  to  rouse  the  jjfame,  no  jiointers  \n 
mark  the  spot  where  lurked  a  prey  that  waited  and 
watcluul  to  rend  the  liunters.  Inch  by  inch  the  as- 
sailants forced  their  way  forward  as  best  they  eoiiM, 
li^litiu'L:;  in  independt-nt  e^roujis  unse(Mi  by  each  otli 


er, 


()rien  the  men  lost  si^rht  of  their  otlicer: 


and 


had 


none 


to  direct  them  as  they  stru'^^led  onward  in  l>ands  nf 
li\(' or  six,  tirinL?  irret;-ulai'ly.    A])pai'ently  all  wa: 


Cell- 


I'iision ;  but  L;'enei"al  coniidence  pi'oduced  harmony  in  the 
attack;  the  rattle  of  muski-trv  alon^'tlu;  whole  line  tell 
vM-\i  small  jtarty  that  their  cimu'adcis  in  arms  weie  iMt 


'-/(/.,  41 


/:;,.'■ 


jih  1/ . 


ir 


i/i,  .1/. 


i.  i-':?-4. 


till.,'! 


'-'^Maji>r  lliiiL'.:-'"lil  wii-<  .--triick  lpy  a  lamioii-tia'.l,  wliioh  piisscil  tlironi;li  In 


■1  t!ic  uitliiTs  of  li:.'«  liciisL'.      nvMlioil  nil  till'  inji-iiiu' of  llic  II 


rs  /.'./ 


im/'f^ 


M,iv    IJ  iiii'l   Ki,   ISIO;  I',oM'<i  niat.  JJr.c.    War,  'J2'J-;i 


Jhiii  i/'s  i'lliiqiiii'j,!  .V/,( '' /((  >,  i.  'Xi. 


■■•'  Lie 
1111)1  aii'l 


TAYLOR  DEFEATS  ARISTA. 


359 


]lii;4(iiii,iLf  bcliiml.  T\\ii  first  line  of  ^[ixicaii  infantry 
was  at  last  driven  iVoni  its  jx^sition,  and  tiio  od  and 
4tli  rci^inicnts,  which  liad  been  deployed  on  the  ri;^ht 
ot  the  road,  took  ])Ossession  of  the  ravine.  Xo  deci- 
sive advantiit^e,  however,  could  he  gained  until  the 
ciiciny's  artillery,  which  i)layed  incessantly  upon  the 
Anieiicans  as  they  advanced,  was  silenced.  Taylor 
ihcreibre  ordered  Ca})tain  ^lay  Ui  charge  the  hat- 
1>  li'S  with  his  squadron  of  di'agoons.  Pausing  when 
jiloiigside  of  Jiidgely's  guns,  thisoilicer  dischaige(l  his 
I  i -ces  and  drew  the  enc;niy's  lire.  Then  May  swe])ton 
to  the  batteries.  As  the  dragoons  Icjiped  at  the  guns 
;i  terrible  discharge  of  graj)e  from  the  battei'ies  on  the 
other  side  (»f  the  ravine  was  poui-ed  into  them,  sti'ik- 
iu""  iiicn  and  horses  to  the  u'rouml.'^*  I>ut  Mav  was 
uiiinjnivd,  and  with  those  who  could  Iblhjw  him,  rode 
n\er  the  batteries,  one  after  the  other,  sabring  and 
(lis])ersing  the  artillerymen.  ]^ut  though  the  guns 
\,(ie  silenced,  ho  could  not  retain  possession  of  them. 
The  sec.'ond  line  of  ^t(3N.ican  infantry  clos(,'d  in  and 
(h'ove  him  back  with  six  men,  carrying  with  him  (ien- 
"  r.il  Vega  prisoner.  Meantime  the  Hth  infantry  had 
Im'cu  brought  up  and  was  warmly  engaged  <»:.  the 
I  i^ht.  '^i'ayloi'  immediately  ordered  this  regiment  and 
;i  part  of  tht;  fifth  to  cliarge  the  batteries.  'J'his  was 
(I'liic;  the  ^Mexicans  wt-re  driven  from  their  guns,  ;nid 
Hiiidly  from  their  position.  The  battle  was  now  al- 
most over.  A  few  desultory  attempts  to  make  a 
stand  were  oven-ome,  and  the  battalion  which  had 
I'ltii  Itft  t«)  guard  the  baggage  train  was  ordered  to 
pursue,  which  wms  done  to  the  Itio  (Irande,  great  num- 
li  rs  of  the  enemy  being  drowned  in  attempting  to 
iross  the  river.-'"  All  the  ]\[exican  artillery,  war 
iiaterial,  baggage,  ami  evcMi  Ai"ista's  official  C(jrre- 
sjiindence  fell  into  tin,  hands  of  the  victor.^. 

•■' IJcnt  Iii','t',  !)  mon,  s\ui\  IS  Iiorscs  wori"  killi'd;  10  men  nnd  as  mnny 
1  '-IS  wen)  scvcivly  v.-oiiiiiliil.  ./<■///.■'./ s'  W'ftr  f.  S.  itinl  .)[■.!•.,  ll.'i.  Si'voii 
1.'  1  iui'l  IS  horses  wpro  I'lit  ilnWM,  scvctmI  of  t  !ii' fmim  r  Ih'Iii^' wliii'lfil  into 
t    •  liii.Nt  <if  tlic  M(.'xi(viim.   /V.o/f'  //;•</.  .lA  r.  11 '.(.-,  •J,!!;. 

'•'"  I'Tt'oii'iiilo  alio^'uilo.i  iiiultituil  ilu  lu>iiil)i-fs.'  Jioa  llurnu't,  Jiirnxiijn 
A'../k'..l//i.,  aO. 


3G0 


CAMPAIGN  ON  THE  RIO  GRANDE. 


With  rcirard  to  the  losses  sustained  dmiiiij  tlieso 
enjjfageinents,  the  latter  of  which  was  the  suitplciiiciit 
of  the  former,  according  to  Taylor's  reports,  at  ]*alo 
Alto  he  had  onl}'^  four  men  killed,  and  three  othctis 
and  thirt3'-ninc  men  wounded,  several  mortally.  At 
liesaca  de  la  Palma  his  loss  was  39  killed,  three  df 
whom  were  [)romisinj»'  officers,  and  813  wounded,  iii- 
cludiiiLj  12  officers;  making  a  total  of  43  killed  an<l 
rJ5  wounded."''  It  is  more  difficult  to  arrive  at  a 
conclusion  as  to  the  lo.ss  sustained  by  the  Mexicans.-' 

As  to  the  number  of  Mexicans  cuijaged,  Tavlni- 
says  that  0,000  were  engaged  at  Palo  Alto,  besides 
an  irregular  force,  the  number  of  which  was  not  known. 
In  his  report  of  the  engagement  at  Resaca  de  la  l^dnl;^, 
he  admits  that  ho  had  no  accurate  data  from  which 
to  estimate  the  enemy's  force,  but  considers  it  prob- 
able, in  view  of  nienforceinents  which  Arista  received 
from  ^Tatamoros,  that  (),000  men  were  again  op[)osed  to 
him.  ( )n  the  other  hand,  according  to  statements  puli- 
lished  in  Mexico,  Arista  had  at  ]?alo  Alto  ordy  3,.V.)'» 
olHcers  and  men,-'*  while  the  total  amount  of  trooj»s 

•"'  r.  S.  Govt  Dot-.,  Cong.  29,  Sis.  1,  Sun.  .188.  Taylor's  niarcliin),'  fore  .u 
tlio  !»tli  iigj,'ii';,';ito(l  •_','J_'2  men.  The  actual  number  engaged  witli  the  curiiiv 
ili.l  not  rxouLMl  1, 7(H).   Ih. 

■■' Taylor  said  1,000  in  killed,  wounded,  .ind  missing  in  the  two  actiniis, 
Imt  tiii.s  is  not  to  l»e  relied  ujjon.  More  than  •JOG  of  their  dead,  he  say.s,  wno 
Imrii-d  by  iiini  on  the  two  buttlc-tields.  Ari.>t:v  in  his  oliicial  report  to  \.\i>; 
niiniKler  of  war,  dated  May  14th,  gives  the  following  ligriics:  At  I'alo  .\\b\ 
lOJ  killed,  including  4  olhcers,  and  1"J7  wountled,  of  whom  11  were  otlici'is; 
at  Kesaca  de  la  I'alma,  U  oliieersand  154  men  killed,  'J.'i  ollieers  and  'JO.'i  nun 
wounded,  ile  places  his  mi.ssing  at  3  oliicers  and  l.-)(i  soldiei-.s;  giving  a  tot.il 
of  'ly\l  killed,  .'{.M  wounded,  and  159  missing.  El  Tii'injio,  'JO  Mayo  bSlll,  I. 
In  .l/t'.r.,  .\/iiiiit.  ll'iKt.  dnvrnt,  it  is  .stated  that  the  Mexiean  army  was  redui'  il 
by  one  iifth,  the  loss  being  principally  conlincd  to  killed,  wounded,  and  jiri  - 
oners,  since  nearly  all  the  dispersed  were  I'eunited  in  Matamoros.  Ai-ista  in 
his  des|)atch  just  <juote<l  says  that  the  total  force  reunited  amounted  to  4, (KM). 
Amptnlia.  Aiili'il  Trihidial,  II,  says  .'1, 500. 

-''One  huuibvd  ami  ninety  having  reinainctl  before  the  American  fort,  aii'l 
1  ,.'{50  in  Malamoi'os,  besides  the  vohintt'-er  defenders,  (.'(im/i'iiia  coittr'i  A  in'  r. 
ill '  Xorti ,  (i,  K-itado  no.  I.  The  author  of  this  historical  account  of  Arista's  nii- 
fiirtunate  campaign  was  an  infantry  ollicer  who  took  pai't  in  it  from  tir.st  !■) 
last,  but  concculs  his  name,  lie  describes  fully  the  actions  at  Palo  -Mtn  iiii'l 
Ifesaca  de  la  Palma,  the  evacuation  of  Matamoros,  and  the  retreat  of  .\ri>t:i 
to  Linares,  and  supplies  plans  of  the  battle-lields  and  live  otlicial  tables  of  tlf 
force  of  the  army  and  number  of  killeil  and  wounded.  While  giving  all  creilit 
to  .\ristii's  personal  (rom'age,  the  author  attributes  the  defeat  of  the  Mexicans 
to  the  want  nf  military  skill  displayed  by  their  general,  ami  to  his  inattention 
to  the  representations  niailu  by  oliicers  under  him.     Tho  (Jampam  consists  ol 


RESULTS  OF  THK  BATTLES. 


Ml 


(if  the  line,  accordinj]^  to  tlio  same  authority,  ap|>ear.s 
In  have  been  5,i;{(I  of  all  classes.  There  was,  luore- 
ovir,  a  lai'j^e  body  of  irreyular«  besides  the  voliiu- 
1.I.1S  in  Matanioros. 

In  view  of  Arista's  statement  that  4,000  men  wore 
).  united  in  Matamoros  after  the  alfair  of  May  0th, 
I  consider  it  not  unreasonable  to  conelu<le  that  in 
tlif  battle  of  Kesaca  de  la  Pal  ma  at  any  rate  the 
Mexican  force  was  not  less  than  5,000  men. 

The  result  of  the  action  at  Palo  Alto  was  <luo  to 
tlu'  su[)eriority  of  the  American  artillery  over  that 
III'  the  Mexicans,**  and  Arista's  obstinacy  in  conteiid- 
iii'f  so  louLT  with  that  arm  atjainst  the  advice  of  his  •••en- 
( rals,  his  troops  being  exposed  in  line  to  a  fire  which 
(liciinated  portions  of  them.  It  would  seem  that  his 
j«  ulousy  <){'  Anipudia  caused  him  to  listen  to  no  sug- 
L^i  stion,  however  sound.  Moreover,  he  directed  his 
muis  entirely  against  the  American  batteries,  wliile 
those  of  the  enemy  were  trained  against  his  nn-n, 
which  explains  the  great  disparity  in  mortality.""*    The 

:i7  ]iau'cs,  anil  cnils  at  Linares  in  .lune  1.S40.  It  was  piiblistlicd  in  Mexico  tiio 
NIMH'  year.  .Vinimdia  oxpre^'ses  tliu  same  vio«.s  in  his  luanifcstK  iilr'aily 
i|niitcMl,  tlic  title  of  wiiicii  is  El  Ciwlwlana  Uvncral  I'tilro  </<'  Aiiiiniilin  Ai./n 
il  Tiihiiiial  rn'/ii'luhlc  de  la  O/iiniou  I't'di'icd,  San  Luis  I'oto.-!,  iSKi,  |i|i.  '1'. 
lie  sujuMirts  his  statements  hy  copies  of  l.">  iloeuinents  si,L,MU'(l  liy  (lillereiit 
iniliiary  ollicers;  aintjng  tlieni  are  Arista's  instructions  to  Anipmlia,  dalnl 
A|iril  10,  IS4(ij  on  tlie  occasion  of  his  sup'.-rseding  the  iiittir.  Ani[>ii'li;i 
^'iviH  a  brief  slietch  of  his  own  previoiis  military  career  from  Is.'it.  In  llnx- 
I'l/iiniile,  Xucco  lienidl  hidz,  ii.  lOltTi  is  f'lunil  an  account  more  violently 
t\|irc.ssc(l.  The  writer,  Miyuel  Maria  Fernandez,  a  friend  of  llustamanle, 
wiihciut  mincing  nvittcrs,  on  page  lOsays  of  Arista:  '  JIasta,  el  ultimo  soldado 
ilUiinguc  una  infanio  intriga,  y  una  alma  negra  en  estc  general  eolmnlc  y  jii- 
lari).'  Ijustainantc  loses  no  opportunity  of  puldishing  any  statement,  how- 
ever ridiculous,  derogatory  to  Arist'i.  In  iiUolrliii  <h  Xofkirv,  whicii  he  edited 
ill  Mexico  at  this  time,  will  he  found  many  such  absurd  reports,  as  tiiat  Ari'sta 
S'ld  cuttle  and  provisions  to  tlie  enemy,  ami  that  he  had  cartridges  without 
lull  manufactured  for  iiis  troops.  In  Ids  Xnrfo  liermd  JJiaz  del  I'dsfi//  >,  li 
K"i  Jiialoria  di:  la  iiivn-iion.  de  loa  Ahulo-Anurirduiin  en  Mexico,  Mexico,  1.S47, 
vmI.  i.,  ii.,  pp.  102  and 'J;$.">,  he  supplies -ii.  '2l-'.\~ — a  number  of  ilocuments 
fiiiuislied  him  by  Am|)udia,  tending  to  jnove  that  Arista  sold  cattle  to  ihu 
Ann  licuns,  liekl  treasonnblo  eorn-'pondencc  with  Taylor,  an<l  displayed  pi/r- 
f'liiid  cowardice  in  the  battles  of  May  Sth  and  'Jth.  NVith  regard  to  the  work 
it'i  If,  it  is  a  disonlerly  collection  of  documentary  and  newsi)apersciaps,  inter- 
tpiTsed  with  S(pjibs  and  the  compiler's  own  comments. 

•"'' '  Xucstras  piozas  dc  mayor  calibre  .se  les  tenia  ipie  dar  clovaciou  para 
<|iii' alcanzaran,  y  las  ])e(]ueiias  era  una  ridicule/a  el  dispararla-s.'  < 'itin/ini'i'i 
<"iih-ii  Aiutr.  d'l  \orte,  10.  Tliu  distance  between  the  two  lines  was  l'r<jm 
lilM)  to  700  yards. 

'"  'The  great  disproportiou  iu  the  loaa  of  the  two  armies  arose  from  this 


! 


302 


CAMPAIGN  ON  THK  RIO  GRANDE. 


oouiai^t'ous  beariiii^  of  tlio  soldiers  elicited  the  aston- 
isliuiuiit  and  admiration  of  their  foes,  and  liad  tiny 
been  handled  by  a  more  able  jijeneral,  the  resnlt  woiiM 
have  been  quite  diiferent.  At  Kesaca  de  la  Paliii.i 
the  troops  were  demoralized  by  the  previous  day  s 
disai)pointnient.  Arista  persistently  refused  to  hc- 
lieve  that  the  enemy  would  make  any  attack  nu 
the  Uth.  The  ammunition  and  ba;j[gago  wai^diis 
"Were  unloaded,  and  the  animals  uidiarnessed;  no  ic- 
serve  was  placed  to  support  the  lintss,  and  even  wluii 
the  lirinL(  bet^an,  the  Mexican  general  remained  in  his 
tent  in  the  rear  writing  desj)atches,  disregarding  v<- 
])orts  sent  in,  and  maintaining  that  it  was  a  simple 
.skirmish.  The  morale  and  discipline  of  the  men  wiiv 
destioyed.  Troops  that  had  fought  bravely  on  twenty 
battle-lields,  and  were  accustomed  to  victory,  retiml 
Avithout  liring  a  shot;  many  soldiers  broke  their  arm-, 
in  their  rage  and  disgust,  previously  declaring  that 
they  were   betrayed.''^     At  last,  when   all  was  lost, 

fact:   wo  (ii'cd  at  tlicir  musses;  they  at  our  batteries!'  llcnri/n  CampKija 

"U'. insult  ,l/<)n(^r<  paraht,  IlUtnrhi  dc  la  Giierraaifrr  ^fcx!l•o  y  l()n  H<f'il  i 
riirl<)>:.  Mi'xie'i),  IS-tS.  Svo,  pp.,  V.  40'J,  1.  1.  Tllid  Work  is  tlic  joint  p,' tilu'- 
tiDii  iif  1.")  .Mexican  aulliin's,  whose  naiuesjire:  Riiuioii  Alcaraz,  Alejo  liaiii  ir  >. 
JoSL'  .Maria  Castillo,  l'\lix  Maria  Ksoalante,  Jost^  Maria  l.Ljlo.sias,  M.inii'  1 
Miifioz,  Ramon  Ortiz,  .Manuel  Payno,  (luillermo  I'rieto,  Ignaeio  Itauiirc.-, 
Isapoleon  Sahorio,  Franciseo  Sehiafino,  Francisco  Seguru,  )'al)lo  Man'a  Torii^- 
cano,  and  Francisco  Urquidi.  Tlieae  writers  sUite  in  their  introiluctii)n  t!i,i: 
they  met  at  Quer6taro  in  1S47,  and  there  formed  the  plan  of  writing  au  a  - 
count  of  the  war,  in  the  principal  events  of  which  iminy  of  them  had  li<i!i 
participators.  It  was  agreed,  and  always  ob.servcd,  to  intrusi;  to  one  certaia 
jtcrsou  a  particular  chapter,  but  all  assisted  in  collecting  documents  ami  data. 
Kaeh  article  was  discussed  in  general,  and  criticised  paragraph  by  paraL,'i'ai''i; 
and  in  the  event  of  adilFcrence  of  opinion  the  majority  decided.  The  wiiln-;, 
Bonu!  of  whom  are  still  alive,  were  men  of  ability,  and  the  candor  and  t'ainn  <s 
they  evince  is  in  the  highest  degree  praiseworthy.  Though  errors  and  mistakis 
are  observable,  the  intention  of  the  authors  to  write  a  faithful  history  of  tlio 
war  is  undeniable,  and  is  carried  out  to  the  best  of  their  abilities,  Speakiiii; 
of  their  work,  an  American  reviewer  says:  'It  will,  we  think,  bo  read  l)y  evciy 
AnuMican  who  has  any  desire  to  form  an  impartial  judgment  on  the  subjt-  t. 
The  statements  are  not,  in  our  view,  as  partial  or  one-sided  as  many  of  tho 
ai'counls  of  our  own  countrj'mon.'  If  nut's  Mfi-i-hants  Md'/uzine,  xxii.  .'i'it. 
All)eil  C.  Ramsey,  colonel  of  tho  11th  U.  S.  inf.  durintr  tho  war,  translate  I 
and  pul)lished  this  work  under  tbj  title  of  The  (Hhcr  S'uh':  or  XofcM/or  i.'ic 
//i-'l(iri/  !•/ t/ic  W'lir  bctirc  II  ^[< xico  and  th  Uiil/vd  StaUs.  Wri/tnaid  .lA.r/'i. 
New  York,  IS.jl),  I'Jmo,  pp.  -iriS.  In  his  preface  R;im.scy  does  full  justice  ti 
the  mei'it  of  the  l)ook.  meting  out  to  it  generous  praise,  ileferring  to  mistik.  ^ 
which  occur  when  American  upci'ations  and  opinions  ui-o  s|)oken  of,  hesi\~: 
'It  nuut  be  remembered  that  American  reports,  notes,  letters,  and  b  '  '.s 


TRIAL  OF  ARISTA. 


363 


Aiista  roused  liiinsolf  from  lils  apathy,  and  itlaciiiL"' 
liimsolf  at  tlio  luad  of  the  cavalry,  attempted  to  ro- 
tiicve  tlio  day.  With  tliat  branch  of  the  .service  the 
( tl'oi-t  was  worse  tlian  Uxei(>ss.  Th(!  woods  on  h(»th 
i-iilcs  of  th(^  road  were  now  lined  with  the  enemy,  who 
ill  snfiLy  shot  down  his  men,  and  he  turni'd  and  lied. 
When  the  news  of  these  disasters  s[)read  throu;4h 
!^^exico,  the  outcry  was  ujrcat.  The  j^overnment,  un- 
iiiindl'nl  of  its  own  injudicious  dispositions,  tlir^nv  tiio 
A\!i(»ie  blame  on  Arista.  It  deprived  him  of  the  com- 
iii.ind  and  submitte^l  his  conduct  to  court-martial. 
His  trial  was  protiacted  for  several  years,  and  it  was 
11' it  until  ^tay  1850  that  the  su[)reme  military  ti'ibu- 
iial  })ronounced  sentence  in  his  favor."' 


U'i 


iil"iiiii(l  witli  a,  still  fji'fater  iiiiinlier  of  errors  and  mistakes  when  toiichiiiLC  on 
till'  Mrxicaii  ]iolioy  ami  im'a.siii'(\s.  In  fact,  the  lattor  are  far  iicttcr  iiit'iii-iucil 
en  sulijicts  iicrtaining  to  tiic;  United  States  than  ai'o  the  A 


ineiu'an  iiciiiplo  lu 


-         .    .  .  1"    • 

l.'-uicil  (in  suhji'ctH  pertainiiit;  to  Mexico.'     Uiiturtnnatily,  the  eoloml  was 

iiiit  siitliciently  master  of  tlic  Spanish  lan<ruai,'c  to  nmlcrtaiie  with  conectncss 

tlir  translation  of  so  important  a  work.     The  c()nse<jnence  is  tliat  his  cilition 

nhniinils  with  wnjn;.;ly  translated  passages,  some  of  tliein  of  grave  iniiMirtaiue. 

Ill  illustration,  I  shall  onlj'  notice  one,  which  will  sullii'o  for  tlu^  ri'Milei  to 

u;  Ionize  the  nnignitudc  of  tiio  errors.     The  original  reads  thns:   'l')i  dia  10 


n.aliii  di)  reunirse  el  ej(5reito,  disminuido  en  solo  nna  (piinta  parte,  eos.i  (pus 
vriiliuliTanicntc  asondtra,  y  que  so  ilebio  scgnraniente  iV  (pK;  casi  todus  Ids 
di-^pcrsos  tcnian  i]U<'  prescntarse  precisamente  en  .Matamoros.'  p.  47.  Ham- 
si  y  tr.mslates  it:  'The  day  of  the  lOth  was  sullici''nt  to  nnite  the  army,  di- 
laiiii^liod  to  only  one  lifth  of  its  original  strength— a  laniontahlo  fact,  whi.li 
v.is  certainly  thought  so,  and  an  opinion  which  all  the  fugitives  entertainc  I 
\v ho  actually  reached  Mat^imoros.'  p.  5(5.  The  true  sense  of  the  iiassage  i-s: 
•a  the   Kith  the  ai-niy  was  already  reunited,  diminished  hy  only  one  lillli 


]Mit,  ,1  really  astonishing  thii 


il 


md  which  was  nndouhiedly  owing  to  tli 


t.a  t  that  nearly  all  the  fugitives  had  necessarily  to  make  for  Matamoros.* 
la  his  edition  he  supplies  notes  of  his  own,  'appended  inirely  for  illustration, 

RUil  without  which  many  pas.sages  would  he  only  imperfectly  uiul.  rat I.' 

Tlic  Mexican  edition  is  amply  illustrated  with  excellent  plans  of  hatllc-licMs 
and  ii()rtrait3  of  generals,  all  of  which  are  faithfully  leproduccd  in  the  \ew 


lition. 


;;/•;/.),  j), 


For  fuller  particulars,  consult  D'lra'inr'ln,  Pidlmonlo^  pre^p)i/n'f'>^,  pp. 


;/"(  una  (/lie  tl  Sic.  Jiiaa  Jos''.  Hnz  liizo,  etc.,  pp.  I  J;  Siinn  z  >/  Xnrtirro, 


/■■iiya  ijiii'. .  .(rami/  fiizo,  etc.,  p.  (!l;  ISimtamaiilr,  Mem.  J/isf.  Mi 


M.> 


Ki,  :f7;  /'/.,  Me 


i.>'./,^',  MS.,  i.-iv.;  Sor.  Mrx.  (l'o<f.  Iliti-f.,  •_"'  V.\k  i. 


!'-7.  The  principal  charges  against  Arista  were;  that,  on  assuming  tl 
laaiid,  he  had  suspended  the  movements  ami  dispositions  of  ,\iiiipudia;  that 
lie  li:iil  withdrawn  from  I'alo  Alto  the  forces  under  Torrejon  and  Caiiales  in 
orlir  to  protect  tho  passage  of  his  infantry  over  the  llio  (Irandc,  thrn^liy 
()|Riiiiig  the  road  for  Taylor's  retreat;  that  he  had  not  attacked  the  rear  of 
Tayliis  army  on  its  march  to  Point  Isahel;  that  ho  ilid  noteharge  the  enemy 


at  I 


■>  .Vlto  at  an  opportune  time;  that  at  Uesaca  do  la  I'alm.v  In 


his  wa^oin  and  imhaniessed  his  animals;  that  1 


llnll 


.VI- 


I  I 


d.'.l 


lei'ii  Ins  nua 


lacrc,  and  made  no  eli'ort  to  incvent  the  rout;  and  that  he  abandoned  Mata- 


■^■^^■'i    •■ 


r  i 


: 


fi 


,1 


3M 


CAMPAinX  OX  THE  RIO  GRAXnn. 


While  tlie  Mexican  ^'eiieral  hy  uiiskiU'iiliiess  tlin  w 
uwjiy  all  eliaiH'o  of  victory,  Tayior'n  action  has  not  cs- 
ca|)e(l  unfavorahlu  criticism.  Jt  is  maintained  tliaf  if 
at  Pi.lo  Alt(»  ho  iwul  ordered  a  chari^e  to  he  iii.iilr 
when  the  enemy's  final  attack  had  heen  re|;ulsed  Kv 
])uncan's  hattery  on  tlie  left,  the  whole  lie!«l  would 
have  been  swept  and  the  Mexican  army  heen  dis- 
persed.'" His  hesitation  to  attack  on  the  followiii;^' 
morning  when  Arista  was  moving  off  has  also  het  u 
condenmed  as  enabling  the  enemy  to  take  uj)  a  jMisi- 
tion  whi(;h  threw  out  of  action  one  half  of  the  Ann  r- 
ican  artillery,^  Taylor's  most  effective  arm.  J I  is 
victory  was  thus  due  to  the  bravery  of  subordinates 


and  soiuiers, 


ddi 


as 


not  to  any  remarkable  generalship.'"' 


Meantime  the  garrison  at  Fort  Texas,  as  the  Amer- 
ican work  in  front  of  !Matamoros  was  called,  had  wi  II 
sustained  itself  during  a  bombardment  of  1G8  hours. 
Thouiih  the  casualties  were  trifling  the  fatijjjue  w.is 
gieat.  Finding  that  the  enemy's  cannonade  did  little 
harm,  and  that  his  own  fire  on  the  city  produced  no 
great  effect,  and  an  attempt  to  set  fire  to  it  with  lint 
shot  having  failed,  Major  Brown  confined  his  fiiiii-^ 
to  periodical  discharges  at  regular  ijitervals,  mainly 
as  a  signal  to  his  general  that  the  fort  still  held  <»ut. 
On  the  Gth  he  was  struck  on  the  leg  by  a  fraguu  iit 
of  a  shell,  and  the  command  then  devolved  on  Ciip- 
tain  Hawkins  of  the  7th.  The  same  afternoon  Arista 
sunnnoned  the  garrison  to  surrender.  Hawkins  con- 
vened a  council  of  his  officers,  and  the  unaninions 
decision  was  to  defend  the  fort  to  the  death.     Win  ii 


nioios  when  ho  had  abundant  means  of  defending  the  place.  Poa  Dam 
Jiivnsion  Norte-Amer.,  50. 

""  /loiry'n  Camiiaiijn  Ski-tches,  93.     The  reason  assigned  was  that  ho 
not  wisli  to  cxposu  his  train  to  attack. 

"'  RidgL'ly's  battery  was  the  only  artillery  that  could  be  brought  into  i 
during  the  action. 

•'■■J'n  liis  report  of  May  17th,  U.  .<?.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  20,  .Scs.  1,  Sen.  '.', 
Taylor  writes:  'In  so  extensive  a  field  as  that  of  the  iSth.  and  in  the  dii 
cover  where  most  of  the  action  of  the  yth  was  fought,  I  could  not  pos^ihly 
witness  to  more  than  a  siiiall  jiortion  of  the  operations  of  the  various  corp- 

^Iiq>ley's  War  with  Mex.,  i.  140. 


li-0 


AN  AK.MISTICE  PUOPOSKD. 


88S 


tin-  nction  of  the  Htli  l)p<^an,  tlio  boom  of  tlie  ilistaiit 
'Jims  was  liailud  with  joy;  Imt  I'oi*  lioins  the  susju'iist! 
v,;is  piiiiiful.  At  night  tho  gcmral  ivsult  of  the  vu- 
<-a''«im>nt  was  known  i'voiu  a  Alcxican  fimitive  wlio 
( iiftiv«l  tliu  fort.  On  the  loUowin'T  (Uiy  the  roar  of 
( aimon  was  heard  again,  hut  not  so  distant  as  befoic, 
,1111 1  the  anxiety  of  tliu  defenders  was  hriof.  Tiie 
|p;ittle-(hn  kept  soundiiig  nearer  and  neansr;  the  irreg- 
ul.tr  volleys  of  musketry  rattled  louder  and  moro  dis- 
timtly  as  tho  tide  of  comhat  swept  toward  the  river, 
i'nsently  the  Mexicans  in  tumultuous  flight  hroko 
into  view  of  the  besieged,  who  witnessed  their  [»anio 
iis  tlicv  rushed  to  tho  water's  edge.  Then  the  exhausted 
pKii  raised  a  shout  of  exultation.  Major  J>rowii 
liad  breathed  his  last  a  few  hours  bef()re.  In  his 
liMiior  the  name  of  the  work  was  afterward  changed 
I..  Fort  Brown."^ 

From  want  of  moans  of  transportation  Taylor  was 
unable  to  cross  tho  river  immodiately  and  follow  up 
liis  victory.  The  next  day  was  oniployed  in  buvying 
the  dead,  and  on  tho  11th  an  exchange  of  j)ris>tners 
WIS  etfected,  by  whicli  Thornton's  party  was  released."^ 
The  wounded  prisoners  were  sent  to  Matamoros,  tho 
otlicers  on  parole.  General  Vega,  and  lieutenants 
]*iaila  and  Silverio  Velez,  who  declined  a  parole,  with 
tour  soldiers,  were  sent  to  New  Orleans. 

l>v  noon  on  tho  17tli  Tavlor  was  in  a  iKisition  again 
ti>  iLssume  tho  offensive.  Heavy  mortars  lyid  been 
iniiught  up  from  Point  Isabel  with  which  to  menace 
ihi'  city,  and  a  large  number  of  sniall  boats  collected. 
The  Older  to  commence  tho  crossing  had  already  been 
given,  when  General  ]lcquena  waited  U[)on  Taylor, 
» iuj)owered  by  Arista  to  treat  for  an  armistice  until 
the  governments  shoukl  finally  settle    tho   question. 

'■  Busides  Brown,  tho  giirrisoii  hud  one  non-commissioned  officor  killecl  and 
ten  iin'U  Wounded.  Taylor's  report,  in  (7.  S.  (lurl  Doc,  Cong.  .'tO,  Ses.  1,  J  I. 
\'.\.  (10.  p.  'jyo.  Captain  Henry  gives  Vi  as  tiio  nuinlnT  of  wounded.  Cam- 
j,'i:,j„  Shtrhe.^,  10.3. 

^"t'tinsi.sting  of  Thornton,  Hardee,  and  ■'il  dragoon.s.  '  Dicron  por  ellos, 
<!"■*  I'lipitanes,  uu  aubtcnicnte  y  cineuenta  y  un  soldados.'  £1  Ticiiipo,  2(i 
Mayo,  1840,  1. 


see 


CAMi'Aii;x  ON'  t:ih  luo  <i:iA\ii!:. 


Itiit  a  sii\iilar  )»nn)(tsal  on  the  |tait  of  tlic  Auk  ricui 
^(•iicial  Iiiid  l)«('ii  rcjt'ctcd  Ity  Aiii|>iulia  iiMHif  tli.in  a 
uioiitli  l)clon!,  and  Taylui',  under  the  iliani^* d  aspc  t, 
of  atl'airs,  was  no  Ioniser  disposod  to  snsjK'nd  o[i(jia- 
tions,  JIo  ^Icrlincd  to  listen  to  the  jtroposal;  tlie|H.>- 
st'sslon  of  ^fatanioros  Ik;  said  was  now  u  sine  (/mi  nun; 
]\r,  liow«!V(r,  said  that  Arista  mij^ht  witli(haw  his 
forces,  leaving  hehind  the  puhhc  |>ro|K'rty  of  every  de- 
scription."'* ^leantinie  Arista  experienced  all  the  hit- 
terness  attendinj^  defeat.  Kesentl'ul  innriniirsairaiii>t 
his  conduct  were  no  lonj^er  eontined  to  the  soldieiv  ; 
the  ollicers  opeidy  coniniente<l  with  sevei'ity  on  his  liin; 
of  action,  while  he,  shuttiiiijf  hinisell'  u|)  in  his  hon>>e, 
soUL^ht  to  ease  his  inortilication  hy  callini^  liis  soldins 
cowards  and  coarsely  insulting  thenj.^"  Thus  all  har- 
mony l>etween  tin;  ]L(oni'ral  and  his  division  was  int(  i 
Mi[»ted  liy  a  (pia;^mir'e  of  mutual  disj^ust,  into  whidi 
evt'U  the  most  moderate  of  his  subordinates  weiv 
drawn.  On  the  lOth  he  had  convened  a  council  of  his 
chief  officers,  but  this  did  !iot  mend  matters.  With 
auLjry  threats  ho  denounced  the  criticisms  attain  t 
him,*'  and  then  with  [uierile  imi)rudence  fnlly  •  \- 
posed  the  demoridizeil  condition  of  his  army, 
and  the  imj>ossil)ility  of  attemjitiuij  the  del(ii<r 
o\'  Matamoros."  When  Rcquena  returned  from  Iiis 
unsuccessful  mission,  Ar'sta's  decision  was  made 
Ijeavinijf  behind  his  sick  md  wounded,  to  the  num- 
ber of  500,"  spiking  what  artillery  he  could  not  take 

'"ir.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  Conn.  30.  Scs.  1,  II.  Kx.  00,  p.  2!)8. 

^"^  Diciondo  «nic  li  cadii  soMado  so  lo  p:>cliati  poiicr  unas  cnaguas  y  otroj 
dcnuestos  usL'  Vampaiia  contra  ton  Amnr.  ilil  yoric,  '2'2. 

*'  '  Maiiifcstti  (pie  cstaba  pronto  A  Itatirsc  con  todas  las  claacs  de  la  divisimi, 
piu-a  dijo  era  yanecoaario  andar  con  el  sable  en  la  mano  para  el  olicial  y  paivi 
el  soldiido."  /(/.,  '22-;}. 

*''Tliis  meeting,  remarks  the  author  of  the  Campana  just  qnotod,  li;iil  i 
worse  result  tliau  tiic  disaster  of  the '.(tli.  The  division  bGcaiiiu  thereby  in- 
formed  that  it  was  witiiout  support,  that  there  were  only  pi-ovisioiis  eu'ni'.'li 
to  last  for  a  few  days  and  animunition  for  a  few  hours;  that  MatamoroscoiiM 
only  bo  put  in  a  state  of  defence  at  the  cost  of  much  time  and  labor;  andtli:it 
no  portion  of  the  army  could  rely  upon  any  other  for  support,  as  tho  wliole  was 
demoralized. 

*"  'Siendo  321  heridoa  y  los  demas  de  otras  enfcrmidades.'  OfTicial  repent 
no.  3  iu  /(/.  Taylor  says  'moi-c  than  .'{00  of  the  enemy's  wounded  have  I'lcn 
left  iu  tho  hospitals.'  U.  H.  Govt  Doc,  Coug.  30,  Ses.  1,  H.  E.x.  CO,  p.  298. 


FLICIIT  OF  AUISTA. 


307 


nvvny,  niid  tlnowiiiL,'  !v  l;iru:<*  qiuuilily  of  aimtiiiiiitinii 
iiitn  tlu-  river,  lie  jiKiiiKloiicd  M.it.tiiioros  tin*  .s;nin; 
lAciiinjjf,  (lirt'ctiiij^  liis  cdursi'  t<>  Liiiaris.  I'assin;;^ 
l!ir«>n_iL;li  A'ciiiulo,  lOltaiiito,  Nutiia,  and  CalaNozo — 1\ 
line  of  (•(Muilry  aliintst  di'stituto  of  j)r(>vi.sloiis  and 
watt-r — lie  arrivo<l  tliuri;  (Hi  the  20tli  of  May.  Tlio 
;  iitl'iiiiiLjs  of  the  so'i'icrs  wcro  dreadful;  iiotliiiiL,'  wns 
\\.iiit'ni.L(  of  ImiijL^cr,  llii!.*-.  and  ti'\\  to  inaki;  their  iiiis- 
(IV  full.  When  on  the  t  .urt'i  day  u  heavy  storm  of 
r.iiii  titiiporarily  relieved  Mieir  thirst,  the;  benefit  was 
(•niiiitei'halaiieed  hy  the  road  heiiiL!^  i"einlered  almost 
iiiiiiassahle,  and  all  alon<x  tlu?  wavside  wealc  nnd  e.\- 
h;m>led  men  suidv  <les[)airint;ly  in  tin;  nnid  uimI  per- 
i>li((l.  Xund)ersdied  writhint;  in  convulsions  or  struck 
(!i  ,1(1  hy  simstn»ke,  and  some  in  their  (Ies|\  r  pi!*^  an 
ciiil  to  their  own  lives.  Th(Mles(!rtion,  too,  wasL'reut, 
iiiid  when  tl'e  artny  reached  l^inares  it  numherc. !  less 
than  J{, 000  men."  On  .June  od  Ai-ista  recLividtho 
(T  '  r  of  his  removal,  and  resii^ned  the  cuuunand  oil 
tin   followiiij^  day  to  (jieneral  Meji'a. 

^r(\anwhile,  General  Taylor  crossed  the  river  early 
nil  the  I8th  without  I'esistance,  anil  occupied  the  city, 
lie  gave  assurances  before  <loini(  .so  that  tin;  civil 
li'^lits  of  the  citizens  would  be  respected,  and  adopted 
iiK  asures  by  the  establishment  of  a  system  of  police 
to  insure  order.  On  the  followinj:^  morniuL^  j/ieutiii- 
aiit-colonel  Garland  was  des[)atched  with  a  l)ody  of 
civalry  in  pursuit  of  the  retreatinj^  Mexicans,  with 
elders  to  harass  their  rear.  This  officer  followeil 
tlieni  beyond  Ebanito,  but  was  then  compelled  to  re- 
tiii'i),  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  water  and  provisions, 
lie  captured,  however,  a {)arty  in  the  rear, and  brought 
\vl(li  him  twenty-two  prisoners,  arriving  at  Matamoros 
ell  the  2 2d. 


**Xamely:  28  geneml  and  field  oflicors;  209  company  offict^rs;  ami  2,fi.'tS 
rank  and  lilc.  Ollicial  Hoc.  no.  .'>,  in  ('amfitiiia  ron'rn  lo<  Amir.  <ld  Xor/r,  in 
vliiili  work  a  more  ik'tiiilud  account  of  tliis  retreai  -.'iil  be  found,  as  also  in 
M'.r.,  A  punt.  Hist,  Giierra,  48-51.  General  Oarcia  died  as  he  '.vaa  entering 
Linares, 


I! 


i 


I 


lii; 

(iM 


m. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

C-iPTURE   OP   MONTEREY. 

May-September.  1846. 

Tub  United  States  Declares  War— Scott  and  the  Oovernsient  at 
Variance  —  Call  for  VoLrNTEERS  —  Gaines'  Unadvised  Action  — 
The  Volunteer  Question — Want  of  a  War  Plan — March  to  Mon- 
terey— Prei'arations  of  the  Mexicans — Ampouia  Appointed  Com- 
mander-in-Chief— Description  of  Monterey— The  Siege— Captiiik 
OF  Fort  Teneria— Hard  Fighting — Worth's  Operations — Ampcdia 
Capitclatks — Monterey  Evacuated — Dissatisfaction  in  the  Unitkd 
States. 

When  tlio  government  of  the  United  States  be- 
came aware,  by  news  of  the  capture  of  Captain  Thorn- 
ton's party,  that  hostihties  had  broken  out,  the  presi- 
dent addressed  an  extraordinary  message.  May  lltli. 
to  congress,  then  in  session,  invoking  its  prompt  actitui 
to  recognize  the  existence  of  the  war,  and  to  place  ;it 
the  disposition  of  the  executive  the  means  of  })ros('- 
cuting  it  with  vigor,  and  thus  hastening  the  restora- 
tion of  peace.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  Mr  Polk  is 
both  inconsistent  and  unjust,  not  to  say  wilfully  men- 
dacious, in  his  endeavor  to  throw  the  whole  blame  of 
the  war  upon  Mexico.  After  giving  the  details  t»f 
Slidell's  failure  at  negotiations  to  adjust  the  ques- 
tions in  dispute,  "both  the  questions  of  the  Texas 
boundary  and  the  indemnification  of  our  citizens" — 
an  admission  that  the  boundary  question  was  still  un- 
settled— he  asserts  that  "Mexico  has  passed  the  boun- 
dary of  the  United  States,  has  invaded  our  territory, 
and    shod    American    blood    upon    American   soil.  ' 

'  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  Ses.  1,  H.  Ex.  00,  p.  48.  Benton,  Thirf;/ 
Years'  View,  ii.  078,  in  his  leinarka  upon  throwing  the  blame  of  the  war  uijuu 


WAR  DECLARED. 


lltll, 

ictioii 

Lce  at 

orosr- 

jtora- 

)lk  H 

nion- 

Imc  of 
iik  t»f 

.cxas 

IS    — 

III  Ull- 

)Oun- 

litorv, 

Thh-'n 
lar  uiiun 


Xt'vortheloss  conj^ress  adopted  liis  views  without  delay, 
!iii(l  on  the  13th  decUired  tliat  hy  an  act  of  the  re- 
iiuhhc  of  Mexico,  a  state  of  war  existed  between  the 
TWO  uovernnients;  it  authorized  the  president  to  call 
for  volunteers  to  any  number,  not  exceeding  50,000, 
to  serve  for  twelve  months  after  arrival  at  the  place  of 
rcixlezvous,  and  placed  at  his  disposal  $10,000,000. 

The  president  immediately  intimated  to  (General 
Scott,  the  conunander-in-chief  of  the  United  States 
{iriiiy,  his  intention  to  assign  to  him  the  command  of 
Iho  forces  in  Mexico.  But  a  ruj)ture  soon  occurred, 
hiuught  on  by  the  strictures  of  political  parties,  Scott 
held  a  high  reputation  for  military  skill,  and  he  had 
alivady  been  spoken  of  by  the  whig  ]>arty  as  their 
( andidato  for  the  presidency.  His  acti(Mi  was  there- 
firo  narrowly  watched  by  both  frien<ls  and  enemies. 
The  plan  of  the  campaign,  arranged  at  private  consulta- 
lions  between  the  president,  W.  L.  Marcy,  secretary 
(if  war,  and  General  Scott,  was  to  seize  the  northern 
territories  of  Mexico,  and,  making  the  liio  Grande 
the  base  of  future  operations,  compel  Mexico  to  come 
to  terms,  by  moving  the  main  army  against  the  cap- 
ital, the  centre  of  her  resources.  ]jut  serious  difficul- 
ties presented  themselves  at  the  outset.  The  nearest 
base  of  supplies  was  New  Orleans,  too  distant  from 
the  Mexican  frontier.  It  was  ai^reetl  that  an  army 
<if  ;50,000,  regulars  and  volunteers,  would  be  required. 
])iit  to  provide  and  send  in  advance  to  the  several 
})Iaees  of  rendezvous  arms,  accoutrements,  and  sup- 
olit's  of  all  kinds;  to  procure  proper  means  of  trans- 
portation by  land  and  water;  sxud  at  th'v  same  time 
to  stud}''  the  routes  of  march  and  all   other  details 

Mt'xioo,  ami  the  cool  assumption  that  it  hud  l)ceu  made  by  her,  s;iys:  '  Hia- 
ti'i'v  is  hound  to  pronounce  h-r  jud,'iuent  upon  tlicsu  assmniptidiis,  and  to 
say  that  they  are  unfoundi'd. ,  .  .The  actual  collision  of  arms  was  ))roii!^lit 
oil  hy  the  further  advance  of  the  Anicricau  troops  to  the  left  l)ank  of  the 
lower  Uio  (Jrande,  then  and  always  in  jwssession  of  Mexico,  and  ci'ceting 
rn'M-worUs  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  p :)iiitinL,'  cannon  at  the  town  of 
Mataiuoras  (sic)  ou  the  opposite  side. ...  It  was  under  these  circmnstaui'is 
that  t!io  Mexi'jan  troops  eross(!il  the  river,  and  con»m.'nci'(l  the  atUiek. 
And  this  is  what  is  called  spiUiii!;f  .\nierica:i  hlood  oa  American  soil.  The 
laws  of  nations  and  the  law  of  seU-dofouco  justify  that  spillini'  of  blood.' 
Hwr.  Mbx..  Vol.  V.    21 


mm 


■8,E 


'it; 

In 


?H'it 


M: 


Mi 
I  i' 

H 


370 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


1! 


h 


\''\ 


connoctcfl  v/itli  tlie  movement  into  the  interior  of 
^lexieo,  were  not  the  hibors  of  a  lew  days.  Scott 
knew  this  full  well.  He  suggested  the  1st  of  Scp- 
teniber  as  ^he  earliest  day  for  passing  in  full  force  l)-- 
yond  the  Rio  Grande,'^  and  assiduously  ap[)lied  hiinsclt' 
to  the  preliminary  work,  in  whicli  he  was  engaged 
fourteen  hours  daily.  But  the  nation  was  excited  and 
imiiatient.  His  neccssarv  delay  at  Washin«xton  wiis 
regarded  as  inactivit3^  Why  did  he  not  hasten  to 
the  seat  of  war?  it  was  asked;  and  prominent  nun 
made  unf^iv'orable  comments  upon  his  presence  in  IIk^ 
cajMtal.  It  was  forgotten  that  the  vast  preliminaiy 
arrantjfemcnts  could  only  be  made  advantageously  at 
that  place,  through  the  respective  chiefs  of  the  gen- 
eral staff.  Within  only  a  week  after  the  declaration 
of  war  Marcy  informed  Scott  that  much  impatience 
was  felt  because  he  had  not  already  put  himself  en 
route  for  the  Rio  Grande.  There  was,  moreover,  i 
bill  before  the  senate  which  proposed  to  authorize  tlio 
appointment  of  two  additional  major-generals,  giving- 
tlie  president  power  also  of  seh-cting  generals  ibr  tlie 
conunand  of  the  50,000  volunteers.^  This  measure, 
if  adopted,  would  have  given  the  president  power  to 
place  some  new  general  over  the  head  of  Scott.  T!ie 
sensitiveness  of  the  commander-in-chief,  who  as  yi  t 
had  rei'eived  only  verbal  orders  assigning  him  to  the 
connnand,  was  irritated,  and  on  the  21st  of  May  lie 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  war  which  con- 
tained expressions  that  were  construed  into  reflections 
upon  the  conduct  of  the  president.* 

After  four  days'  consideration  of  his  note,  the  pres- 
ident directed  Marcy  to  inform  him  that  he  was  iv- 
lievedof  the  connnand,  but  would  be  continued  in  his 

'  lie  nfterward,  May  2r)tli,  came  to  the  conclusion,  nccoriling  to  most;  re- 
lialilo  inf'..  Illation,  tliat  such  operations  coiihl  not  be  assumed  with  tho  hint 
pojisihlo  advantage  ))cfore  the  1st  of  October.  (J.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong,  '.''', 
Scs.  I,  Sen.  37S,  p.  11. 

^  See  Scott's  letter  to  Marcy  in  /(/.,  p.  10. 

*  Marcy  replieil  on  the  '17\t\i,  astonished  at  Scott's  language.  '  I  ilo  not  want 
a  tire  upon  my  rear  from  Washington,'  Scott  returned,  'and  tiic  fire  in  Irmit 
from  tlie  Mexicans.'  U.S.  Govt,  Cong.  29,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Doc.  tJ7S,  pp    1-9. 


SCOTT  AND  TAYLOR. 


911 


rS 


the 

ur.', 

V  lo 

Tlio 

Vrt 

tl.' 

y  W 

(•(Ml- 

:ioiis 

)rt's- 

S    IV- 

i  lii> 

(>>(  It'- 

,•  1..:   t 

r-.  •::•, 

t  w.int 

1  tP'iit 
-',1. 

position  at  Wasliington  making  arrangements  and 
|it(|)iirati()ns  for  the  campaign.  In  his  reply  Scott 
tiKk'avoretl  to  explain  that  those  portions  of  his  com- 
munication which  had  given  oftence  were  intended  to 
apply  to  Marcy  and  the  ])resident's  advisers,"  and  dis- 
claimed all  intention  of  attrihuting,  either  to  the  j)r«'s- 
iJ.iit  or  the  secretary  of  war,  any  unworthy  motives." 
I  Lc  concluded  b}'  expressing  the  wish  to  be  retained 
in  command.  Jiut  the  president  saw  no  reason  to 
change  his  mind,  and  though  Scott,  in  a  i'urther  let- 
tw  on  the  27th  to  the  secretary  of  war,  appealed  to 
the  justice  of  the  president  and  the  lights  of  senior 
I'lnk,  Marcy,  by  letter  of  the  8th  of  June,  informed 
Taylor  of  his  assignment  to  the  command,  and  the 
president's  intention  to  continue  him  in  it. 

Had  not  congress  called  for  this  correspondenco 
and  published  it,  the  supersedure  of  Scott  might  have 
hiTii  regarded  by  the  nation  as  an  injustice;  but  when 
the  particulars  became  known  it  was  indorsed  by  pub- 
lic opinion,  which  was  biased,  however,  by  the  ridicule 
ungenerously  heaped  upon  him  by  his  enemies,  to 
whom  he  gave  an  unfortunate  opportunity  of  dis|)lay- 
iiig  their  malignity  by  an  unlucky  expression  in  one 
ut'  liis  letters. 

Taylor's  position  at  ^latamoros  was  not  an  enviable 
one.  He  was  embarrassed  by  the  arrival  of  volun- 
teers in  numbers  far  exceeding  his  recpiisitions;  he 
was  crippled  in  his  movements  by  the  want  of  means 
ef  transportation;  he  was  ))er[)lexed  by  discrepant  in- 
sli  iictions  from  Washington,  and  by  the  indecision  of 
the  government  as  to  the  [>lan  of  the  campaign ;  and 
lastly,  he  felt  his  responsibility  increased  by  not  being 

•'' '  I  beg  as  an  act  of  justice,  no  less  to  inysi'lf  tlian  tlio  president,  to  sn,y — ■ 
I  iiic  mt  '■  impatience  "  ami  ev^'n  "  iiri'condciiiiiiitinn  "  on  ytuir  part,  and  tlio 
known,  open,  and  violent  condoninutlon  nt  nic  nu  tin.'  |).irt  of  si'veial  Icadin.; 
friends  and  snpposed  confidants  cf  the  presiilent,  in  tlie  two  lionses  of  con- 
fe'ress.'  /(/.,pp.  lil-l.^ 

" '  But  I  have,  for  niany  days,  helievcd  that  you  have  allowr  I  yourself  lo 
In'  ijitluenocd  against  me,  by  the  clauiur  of  some  of  the  friends  to  wiioni  1 
have  alluded.'  }i. 


I  'ttif  ti'3 


n ! 


i( 


372 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


in  full  possession  of  the  views  and  policy  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  rej^ard  to  future  operations. 

On  the  2Gth  of  April  he  had  called  on  the  gov- 
ernors of  Louisiana  and  Texas  for  a  force  each  of  fouf 
r(?giinents,  General  Gaines  at  Xew  Orleans  being  cK- 
sired  \iy  him  to  assist  in  organizing  them.  The  news 
of  Thornton's  disaster  had  been  just  received,  and  ex- 
aggerated conclusions  were  drawn.  The  army  was 
l)elieved  to  be  in  extreme  peril,  and  much  alarm  was 
felt.  Gaines,  a  veteran  of  the  war  of  1812,  patriotic 
an<l  fervent,  adopted  a  course  which,  apart  from  tlic 
embarrassment  in  which  it  involved  affairs,  is  comical. 
]lis  enthusiasm,  thoroughly  arou.sed,  ran  away  with 
his  judgment.  The  old  soldier  completely  lost  his 
head.  Without  a  shadow  of  authority  he  called  for 
six-month  volunteers,  in  numbers  greatly  in  excess  of 
Taylor's  requisition.  In  the  existing  excitement  his 
calls  were  quickly  responded  to,  and  regiment  aftt-r 
it'giment,  ill  eonditiofied,  was  hurried  oft'  to  the  seat 
of  war.^  He  extended  his  calls  for  volunteers  to  otlu  r 
state;-^  proceeded  to  make  ap|)ointments  of  officers,  an<l, 
in  fact,  seemed  about  to  raise  an  army  on  his  own  a» - 
count,  without  a  thought  as  to  what  might  be  tin- 
government's  intentions.  The  secretary  of  war,  by 
(lespatcii  of  May  28th,  sharply  directed  Gaines  to  dis- 
continue his  independent  action,  and  confine  himself 
to  carrying  out  the  orders  and  views  of  the  president 
so  far  as  they  had  been  communicated  to  him.  But 
Gaines  could  not  stop,^  and  to  prevent  further  mis- 
tihief,  he  was  relieved  of  his  conunand  and  ordered  to 
Wasliington.  Brevet  Brigadier-o:eneral  George  ]\I. 
Brooke  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  western 
division. 

But  the  mischief  was  done.  The  volunteers,  all 
of  whom  Gaines  had  mustered  into  service  for  ^ix 

'  See  Ilia  letter  to  Marcy  of  May  11,  1S40,  in  U.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  Cong  •-'!», 
S(>s.  I,  Sun.  37S,  p.  .'>l. 

"A/.,  p.  00-1.  The  reader  is  referred  to  this  document,  which  eontiiins 
otiiuial  correspondence  on  this  matter,  and  to  General  Taylor's  despatches  iu 
U.  v.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  Sea.  1,  U.  Ex.  CO,  pp.  2'J9,  305-0. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  AN  ARMY. 


S7S 


liiiis 

lU 


months,  could  not  according  to  law  be  detained  for  a 
period  exceeding'  three  months,  while  those  who  were 
in  excess  of  Taylor's  requisition,  and  not  included  in 
tlio  president's  sanction,  were  not  even  legally  in  the 
public  service.*  The  government  could  find  only  one 
ts(\ipe  from  the  dilemma,  and  that  was  to  offer  these 
troops  the  alternative  of  becoming  twelve-month  vol- 
unteers under  the  act  of  May  13th.  Accordingly  in- 
sti  uctions  to  that  effect  were  sent  to  Taylor,  wlio  was 
(.nlercd  to  cause  the  vohmteers  to  be  returned  to  their 
respective  homes  if  they  declined,  and  to  nuister  out 
at  the  expiration  of  three  months'  service  the  volun- 
teers legally  enrolled  by  Gaines.  ISIuch  dissatisfac- 
tion was  exhibited  by  the  six-month  volunteers  whe;i 
the  rumor  was  received  from  home  that  they  were  t;) 
1(0  disbanded  unless  they  volunteered  for  twelve 
months;  but  though  Taylor  requested  to  be  allowed 
to  retain  them  in  service  to  the  end  of  the  term  for 
wliich  tliey  had  engaged,  tlie  government  remained 
firm.  Meantime  the  different  quotas  of  the  twelve- 
month volunteers  commenced  to  arrive,  fvnd  those  who 
liad  responded  to  Gaines'  calls  were  gradually  dis- 
charged. Of  all  the  Louisiana  volunteers  onlv  one 
company  consented  to  be  mustered  into  the  servieo 
for  twelve  months.*" 

On  the  8th  of  June  ISIarcy  wrote  Taylor,  informing 
liim  of  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  brevet  major- 
U'eneral,  and  of  the  president's  intention  to  assign  to 
liini  the  command  of  all  the  land  forces  that  Mould 
operate  '^•nnrit  Mexico.  He  also  informed  hnn  that 
ho  migliL  t/xpect  soon  to  have  nearly  20,000  twelve- 
month volunteers  besides  the  re<]fular  forces  then  under 
his  conunand.  Pie  was  told  that  the  president  was 
desirous  of  receiving  his  views  in  relation  to  the 
plan  of  the  war,  and  while  the  hope  was  ex[)ressed 

'  Consult  the  corrcspomlenco  on  this  matter  between  the  governor  of 
Louisiima  and  Marcy,  d.itcdJuno  I'J  and  25,  1840,  in  /'/..  pp.  :W;t-l."). 

'"  Fur  full  particulars  relative  to  this  volunteer  question,  consult  the  ofhcial 
conespoiideuco  iu  Id.,  p.  307-23. 


1  i* 


■     '•  '    >:         -1 


ill 


i 


1    plj 

!t2 


'!  lii 


374 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTERKY. 


that  ho  might  be  able  to  place  a  considerable  portion 
of  liis  troops  ill  healthy  towns  on  the  Kio  Grande  and 
take  and  hold  Monterey,  the  important  question  i>f 
striking  at  the  city  of  Mexico  was  left  pending  u|M)n 
Taylor's  advice."  Four  days  later  General  Scnit 
wrote  him  in  quite  a  difierent  strain,  setting  it  down 
as  the  wish  and  expectation  of  the  president  that  lie 
would  press  his  operations  toward  the  heart  of  tlic 
enemy's  country,  making  the  high  road  to  the  ca])it;il 
one  of  the  lines  of  march  which  he  was  ex[)ectL'd  lu 
take  ui)  beyond  the  llio  (:Trande.  Such  contradictory 
orders  could  only  perplex  Taylor,  and  engender  iuiL- 
cision. 

Taylor  replied  in  a  communication  to  the  adjutant- 
general  of  the  army,  dated  July  -d.  Confming  him- 
self almost  entirely  to  the  question  of  subsistence', 
he  expressed  the  opinion — based  upon  calculations 
made  on  the  supposition  that  the  peo])le  of  the  coun- 
try would  at  least  be  passive,  and  willing  to  part  witli 
theii"  i)roduce — that  a  force  exceeding  G,000  men  couM 
not  be  maintained  beyond  Saltillo.  The  distance 
from  Camargo,  where  he  ])roposed  to  establish  his 
tlepot,  to  the  capital  was  little  less  than  1,000  miles; 
and  except  in  the  improl)able  case  of  entire  acquies- 
cence on  the  part  of  the  ^Mexican  people,  he  consid- 
ered it  impracticable  to  keep  o])en  so  long  a  line  of 
communication.  It  was,  therefore,  his  oj)inion  tliut 
ojierations  from  the  northern  frontier  should  not  look 
to  the  city  of  ^Mexico,  but  should  be  conti'ied  to  cut- 
ting otf  the  northern  provinces — an  undertaking  coni- 
paiatively  easy. 

Previous  to  the  receipt  of  this  communication  at 
the  war-office,  the  necessity  of  striking  directly  at  the 
Mexican  capital  through  Vera  Cruz  seems  to  lia\c 
dawned  upon  the  government.  With  the  facts  betoie 
its  eyes  that  Mexico  was  without  a  commercial  iiia- 

"  ' Shall  the  campnign.'  says  Maroy,  '  1)0  condiicteil  with  the  view  of  sliilc- 
iiii;  at  the  city  of  Mexico?  or  couiincil,  so  far  as  re','ards  the  forces  under  y mr 
iiuuicd.ia.tc  coiuiuuud,  to  the  ucrtlicni  provinces  of  Mexico?'  /(/.,  p.  3-4. 


PLAN  OF  THE  WAR. 


375 


1  iiie,  and  that  froe  coinnmnioation  with  the  interior 
(lid  not  exist,  it  was  evident  that  .slie  could  only  he 
cilbetively  assailed  at  the  centre  of  her  resources. 
Partial  operations  in  the  north,  lunvevcr  successfid, 
(  )idd  not  be  expected  to  enforce  the  submission  of 
Mexico  and  obtain  concessions  I'roni  her.  In  a  confi- 
dential letter  of  Marcy  to  Taylor,  dated  July  Dth,  the 
sujj^i^'estion  is  made  that  the  main  invasion  might  take 
]ilare  at  some  point  on  the  coast,  as  Tampico  or  in  the 
Nii'inity  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  Taylor  is  asked  his  views. 
Altliouj^li  the  government  cannot  as  yet  be  said  to 
have  formed  any  definite  plan,  it  is  evident  from  this 
counnunication  that  it  began  seriously  to  consider 
what  might  be  the  best  means  of  promptly  bringing 
the  war  to  an  end.  Taylor,  however,  could  express  no 
opinion  as  to  the  practicability  of  an  exi>edition  against 
A'era  Cruz,  or  the  amount  of  force  that  it  mijjrht  re- 
f|uire,  while  he  considered  an  ex|)edition  against  the 
capital  directed  from  Tampico  to  be  out  of  the  (|ues- 
tioii,  owing  to  the  impracticable  character  of  the 
routes.  Moreover,  he  was  equally  indefinite  in  addi- 
tional remarks  which  he  made  relative  to  operations 
from  the  Rio  Grande,  and  stated  that  it  ukust  bo  dc- 
t'Tiuined  bv  actual  exi)eriment  whether  a  larf«e  foive 
r  )ul(l  be  subsisted  beyond  Monterey.*- 

When  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  the  war  men  at 
Vv'ashington  had  to  contend  against  the  captious  s})iiit 
and  interference  of  the  connnantler-in-chief,  against  the 
indiscreet  and  unwarranted  proceedings  of  the  com- 
niaiuler  at  New  Orleans,  and  against  the  antagonism 
di'  the  opposition  party,  while  at  the  same  time  they 
nhtained  no  suixufestion  of  any  value  from  the  com- 
iiiander  in  the  field,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  their  dilh- 
rulties  in  the  formation  of  a  war  plan  wei'c  considoi- 
able.  But  the  cabinet  soon  realized  the  fact  that 
Taylor's  experimental  movements,  with  no  more  defi- 
iiiie  object  than  to  test  the  capacity  of  the  northern 

*'  Consult  this  correspondence  in  /i/.,  333-9. 


in 


■  H 


iiHi 


its  \i 


i  I 


II 


m 


CAPTURE  OP  MOXraUEY. 


districts  as  re[,'arclc{l  the  subsistence  of  an  army,  would 
not  conduce  to  a  speedy  termination  of  the  war. 

^Meantime  Taylor's  movements  were  delayed  from 
want  of  tlie  means  of  transportation.  When  the  fresh 
troops  began  to  arrive,  he  contemplated  advancing,' 
against  Monterey;  and  to  carry  on  operations  in  tho 
valley  of  the  San  Juan  toward  that  cit}',  the  estab- 
lislunent  of  his  depot  at  Camargo  was  necessary.  To 
eil'cct  this,  the  Rio  Grande  presented  the  only  feasible 
means  of  comnmnication,  and  the  shallowness  of  the 
water  necessitated  the  use  of  light-draught  steamers, 
to  navigate  which  across  the  gulf  from  New  Orleans 
was  a  hazardous  undertaking.  On  the  28th  of  JMay 
Cai)tain  John  Sanders  was  despatched  by  him  to  that 
city  to  procure  steamboats  suitable  to  the  navigation 
of  the  river;  but  though  the  official  correspondence 
proves  that  both  the  general's  agents  and  the  <^fficer.s 
of  the  quartermaster's  department  ]irom}>tly  performed 
their  duties,  Taylor  comi)lained  of  the  delay.^' 

Iio  nevertheless  pushed  troops  up  the  river  iii 
furtherance  of  his  desiyfii  aujainst  Monterev.  Rev- 
nosa,  Camargo,  and  j\[ier  were  occupied  without  rv'- 
sistance,  and  on  the  24tli  of  July  General  Worth'* 
arrived  with  his  division  at  Camargo,  As  the  steau)- 
boata  kept  arriving,  the  difficulties  of  water  transpor- 
tation were  to  a  great  extent  removed,  but  still  in- 
numerable inconveniences  had  to  be  overcome,^"  and 
it  was  not  until  the  8th  of  August  that  he  was  abl<j 
to  make  that  town  his  headquarters.     The  different 

"On  Sept.  1st,  just  before  marcliing  for  tho  interior,  he  addressed  a  letter 
to  tlio  adjutant-general,  inipeachiii;;  in  unqualilicd  terms  the  inaniiijcincat  <if 
t!io  (juartcnnaster's  department.  'J'he  correspondence  on  this  subject  will  lio 
found  in  /■/.,  pp.  r)o7-(il. 

"  As  tho  reader  is  aware,  Worth  had  left  the  army  in  April  and  rctunud 
Jiouie,  with  the  intention  (  f  resigning.  He  had  already  .sent  in  his  resignation, 
when  tho  news  reached  Washington  that  hostilities  had  eoninicnced.  He  at 
oiico  withdrew  it  and  returned  to  the  Rio  (jirando,  where  he  resumed  connnand 
of  his  division  on  tho  '2Sth  of  M.iy. 

'^  Taylor,  writing  to  the  adjutant-general  July  22d,  says:  'I  find  the  dilli- 
cnltics  of  throwing  supplies  iii>  the  river  to  be  very  great,  in  consequence  of 
the  rapidityof  the  cuiTcut  auJthc  entire abacuce  of  di-y steamboat  fuel.'  Id., 

p.  sail. 


iiiu- 
ior- 
iu- 
iu\;l 
iil)lc 

3Ut 

lettcv 
at  nf 
ill  lio 

irncd 
litioii, 
lie  iit 

Inaiul 

Llilli- 
Ico  ot 

Id., 


FORCE  OF  THE  AMERICANS.  877 

routes  to  Monterey,  tlirougli  Corralvo  and  Cliina, 
liaviiii^  been  reconnoitred  and  the  former  selected  as 
the  more  advantageous,  the  first  brigade  of  regular 
tioops,  under  Worth,  was  sent  forward  August  lUth, 
and  occupied  Cerralvo  without  opposition.  The  army 
concentrated  at  Camargo  for  the  movement  on  Mon- 
tney  numbered  a  little  over  G,GOO  officers  and  men. 
Tills  force  was  divided  into  three  divisions,  under  the 
commands  of  generals  Twiggs  and  Worth,  and  Major- 
ovneral  Butler,*"  the  third  division  being  composed 
(if  volunteers  to  the  number  of  nearly  3,000.*'  The 
remainder  of  the  volunteer  force,  amountinir  to  over 
C.OOO  men,  was  left  in  camp  and  garrison  at  Camargo 
and  other  towns  on  the  Rio  Grande. 

On  September  5th  Taylor  left  Camargo  and  pro- 

'"Tho  different  diviaions  were  composed  as  follows;  Regulars:  1st  Divi- 
sion, l>rig.-gen.  Twiggs. 

'Jil  I  )nigoons,  Captain  May 250  nica 

KiiljLTcly's  and  Webster's  batteries 1  lU    " 

Isi,  3d,  and  4th  infantry  reginicnts,  Captain  Shiver's  company  of 

IV  xas  volunteers,  and  Bragg's  battery 1 ,320   " 

liiiltinioro  battalion 400    " 

Total 2,080    " 

2'1  Division,  Brig.-gen.  Worth. 

Ihinoan's  and  Taylor's  batteries 100  men 

Artillery  battalion 100   " 

."nil,  7tli,  and  8th  infantry  reijiments 1,500   " 

lllanchard's  company  of  Louisiana  volunteers 80    " 

Total 1,780   " 

Vi)luntcers:  3d  Division,  Maj.-gen.  Butler.     1st  Brigade,  Brig.-gen.  Hanicr. 

1st  Kentucky  regiment 540  mua 

1:  t  Ohio  regiment 540    " 

21  Brigade,  Brig.-gen.  Quitman. 

l^t  Tennessee  regiment 540    " 

1st  Mississippi  regiment 090    " 

'JVxas  Division,  Maj.-gen.  Henderson,  1st  and  2d  regiments  mounted 
vuluiitecrs 500    '• 

Total 2,810   " 

/('.,  417-18;  Mamtfii'liVs  Max.  War,  57.  Taylor's  return  of  the  actual  num- 
Ijir  of  his  force  before  Monterey  as  425  officers  and  0220  men.  His  artillery 
Consisted  of  one  10-inch  mortar,  two  24-pounder  howitzers,  and  four  li;,'ht 
fit'ldhatteries  of  four  guns  each.  U.  S.  Uovt  Doc,  Cong.  2L>,  Scs.  2,  II.  Ex. 
4,  p.  S8. 

''In  a  paragraph  of  Orders,  no.  108,  Taylor  assigns  as  his  I'easons  for  not 
tiikiiig  a  larger  numlier  of  tho  volunteers  into  the  fioM,  'limited  moans  of 
tr;>iisportation,  and  the  uncertainty  in  regard  to  t!io  supplies  that,  may  )io 
ilrav.ii  from  tho  theatre  of  operatioun.'  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  !>cs.  1,  II. 
Kx.  00,  p.  oOO. 


:t-% 


S78 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTKUEY. 


coedod  to  Cerrulvo,  wlicro  he  arrived  on  ^ho  Dtli.  On 
the  1  1th  he  issued  his  order  of  iiiiireli  to  Maiin,  and 
on  tlie  1 5th  the  hist  division  moved  forward,  'l^wi^jirs' 
division  liavini^Mnarched  in  advance  on  the  1,'Jth.  Tin' 
army  n»et  with  no  opposition,  though  parties  otVMi  \- 


Field  of  Taylor's  CampaiuX. 


ican  cavalry  were  several  times  seen.  As  TwiL(!j;s 
marclied  through  Marin  on  the  15th,  a  body  of  Mex- 
ican lancers  retired  before  him.  During  the  two  i'nl- 
lowing  days  the  army  was  concentrated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rio  San  Juan,  about  three  miles  beyond  Mariii 


AMPUDIA  IX  COMMAND. 


879 


find  twonty-four  from  Monton;}-,  imd  on  the  18th  tlio 
\vlit)lu  t'oix'u  moved  lorward.''* 

Tho  luimoroua  delays  wliicli  retarded  the  proscn-u- 
tinii  of  hostilities  on  tho  part  of  the  irnited  Statis 
.ifiurded  the  jMexicans  ample  opportunity  lor  pnpa- 
];itiv)n.  But  politieal  intriufues  and  party  animosities 
j.ivvfntod  harmonious  aetion.  After  the  removal  of 
Arista  and  the  provisional  appointment  of  !^^ejla  to 
llic  command,  the  army,  reduceil  to  1,8U0  men,  was 
Iraiisferred  from  Liniii'es  to  Monterey,  as  soon  as  it 
liccaine  a])j)arent  that  the  latter  city  would  he  the 
jioint  of  Taylor's  attack.  The  troops  arrived  at  !Mon- 
Icivy  during'  the  last  week  of  July,  and  were  soon 
rcenforced  Irom  the  surroundini^  districts,  jMeji'a,  in 
jdU'suance  of  his])lan  to  carry  on  a  defensive  warfare, 
jiidcceded  to  improve  the  fortifications  without  mak- 
ing any  attempt  to  arrest  the  operations  of  the  enemy. 
A\']ii]e  thus  occupied,  the  chan^^e  in  the  {jfovermnent 
<  ccurred,  involving  the  downfall  of  I^aredes  and  the 
return  of  Santa  Anna;  and  Anniudia,  who  had  been 
sunmioned  to  the  caj-ital  to  attend  the  investigation 
into  the  affairs  at  Palo  Alto  and  llesaca  de  la  Palma, 
was  appointed  by  the  general  government  to  the 
command  of  the  army  in  the  north.  The  dilatory 
])r<)ceedings  of  Pa  redes  had  done  little  toward  provid- 
ing a  military  force  corresponding  to  the  danger 
which  threatened;  but  the  new  government  began  to 
act  with  more  promptness.  Immediately  after  the 
iiiiival  of  Santa  Anna  a  levy  of  30,000  men  had 
hcon  ordered,  and  the  capital,  or  San  ]juis  Potosi,  ap- 
jiointcd  as  the  rendezvous.^"  Ampudia,  meanwhile, 
moved  from  that  city  with  a  large  reenforcement  for 
Monterey,  where  he  arrived  at  the  end  of  August. 

""The  advance,  consisting  of  McCulloch'a  and  Gillespie's  companies  of 
Texan  rangera  and  a  squadron  of  dragoons,  left  at  lialf-past  five  in  Uic  inoiii- 
iiii:,  the  tin'cc  divisions  following  at  intervals  of  an  iioiir.  Tlie  halutiialnrder 
(■t  liattlc  was:  The  1st  division  on  tlic  right,  the  '2d  division  on  the  left,  and 
tiie  V(dunteer  division  in  the  centre.  Jd.,  p.  ."jOO. 

'"lu  El  licvtaurudor,  Sept.  4,  1S4G,  will  be  found  copy  of  decree. 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


Oil  tlie  nist  of  that,  month  lio  issued  a  decree  pro- 
(luliuiiig  the  penalty  of  death  a;^ainst  every  native  or 
i'orciiLjner  whv),  directly  or  indirectly,  should  ^ive  aid 
to  the  enemy,  or  cnj^age  in  contraband  tratlic  with 
him.  lie  moreover  caused  nund)ers  of  circulars  to 
l)e  dropjjcd  on  the  lino  of  march  of  the  American 
army,  inviting  the  soldiers  to  desert  under  promises 
of  kind  treatment  and  protection.-"  But  vacillation 
marked  Ampudia's  action,  and  the  antipathy  between 
him  and  his  generals  rendered  it  impossible  to  arri\t! 
at  any  settled  plan.  At  first  he  conceived  the  iiha 
of  opposing  the  enemy  at  Marin,  and  concentrated 
there  a  large  force  of  cavalry  under  Torrejon.  The 
l)lan  was  soon  aban<loned,  however,  and  Torrejon  re- 
tired on  the  approach  of  the  Americans.  Several 
councils  of  war  were  held,  but  the  opposing  o])inioiis 
exj)re.ssed  caused  repeated  changes  to  be  made  in 
the  defensive  preparations.  Fortifications  were  com- 
menced, then  destroyed,  and  again  resumed.  Such 
indecision  had  a  most  disheartening  effect  upon  the 
army  and  seriously  injured  its  morale.  The  defensive 
works  of  Monterey  were  nevertheless  made  very  ft)r- 
midable. 

The  city,  which  is  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Nuevo 
Leon,  is  situated  in  a  fertile  valley  surrounded  In' 
mountain  ridges  of  the  Sierra  Madre.  It  extends 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  along  the  northern  bank  of  the 
Rio  San  Juan,  which  making  a  north-easterly  turn 
covers  that  flank  of  the  town.  The  suburbs  on  the 
north  and  west  were  laid  out  in  squares  containing 
scattered  huts  with  gardens  enclosed  by  hedges  and 
irrigating  dit  les.  Directly  to  the  north,  about  1,000 
yards  from  v  3  town  proper,  was  the  citadel,  a  bas- 
tioned  work  1  0  varas  square,  erected  around  the  mi- 
tinished  walls  '  the  new  cathedral,  protected  by  div 
ditches,  and  )  erced  by  embrasures  for  thirty-four 


guns. 


It  onl     mounted,  however,  about  twelve, 


'^ Copies  of  these  documents  are  supplied  in  Taylor's  aud  Worth's  cone 
sponilcucc.  Id.,  pp.  420-3. 


FORTIFICATIONS  OF  MONTKREY. 


Ml 


(lilTevent  calibns,  from  four  to  ii<jflituoii  p(»un<K»rs. 
This  fort  was  situatiMl  near  tlu' jmictioii  of  tlio  tlin-o 
loads  Icadinjjf  rcspoctively  to  IV'scjik-rui  (jraiulr.  M(tii- 
rlova,  luid  Marin.  IJutwot'ii  it  and  tho  town  an  af- 
llni'iit  of  tho  llio  San  Juan  flowed  easterly  throut^li 
the  suburbs,  tlio  banks  <»f  whieh  were  steep  and  dilli- 
ciilt.  Near  the  middle  of  its  course  it  was  spanned 
hy  tho  bi'idijfe  of  La  l^urfsima.  On  the  east  of  the 
tiiwn,  just  above  the  junction  of  this  rivulet  with  the 
main  stream,  was  Foit  Tenerfa,  mountin<^  four  or  five 
«i!ins  which  covered  the  roads  from  Alarin  and  Cade- 
iiila.     Farther  south   was    '^^ort  Diablo  with   three 


i  I 

~  'S   T»jl..r'.C..liiiiiiir. 


j  lT»)l..r'.C..liiiiiiij-. 


•CALC  OF   1000  VARAa 


^^•^•••^..^-nrrl 


"*Vi«V-«.wi»..^ti*'* 


N,,  ■/ 


City  ok  Montekev.'' 

guns,  and  still  farther  in  the  same  direction  Fort  La 
Libortad  with  four  i^uns.  A  system  of  lunettes  was 
('oii;nianded  by  these  forts,  and  alon^^  the  northern 
hank  of  the  Kio  San  Juan  a  line  of  barricades  c\- 
tLiKJed   for   some    distance,  and   turning    northward 

'^  Explanation  of  plan: 


A. 

rriiicijiiil  pluzii. 

O. 

Fort  of  Lft  Fcdorarlon. 

11. 

Other  pluzoa. 

11. 

iMtrcnchmoiit.s. 

('. 

<'it;iilcl. 

I. 

Aniiricuii  inurtar  butter}'  an  uigkt  of  the  23d 

1>. 

Kurt  (jf  Tenorin. 

J. 

I'L'rru  dil  UbispuJo. 

K. 

Kurt  i.f  i;i  Diulilo. 

K. 

Ci'iiicti'ry. 

i\ 

Fort  of  Lu  Libc't'tad. 

L. 

CuilieUrul. 

li     5" 


•       ♦ 


•l'^  \ 


1,  !■:; 


882 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


connectod  with  the  bridge  of  La  Pun'siina,  which  was 
dol'cnded  by  a  tcte  dc  pout.  To  the  west  of  the  town, 
north  of  the  Saltillo  road,  was  situated  the  Cerro  del 
Obispado,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  the 
hill  of  La  Federacion;  both  these  elevations  wvw. 
strongly  fortified.  The  approaches  to  all  the  fortifi- 
cations on  the  east  of  the  city  were  masked  by  dense 
shrubbery  so  as  to  render  reconnoissance  difficult. 

The  exact  number  of  Ampudia's  forces  is  difficult 
to  be  ascertained,  but  it  probably  amounted  to  10,000 
men,  7,000  of  whom  were  regulars."^  He  had,  more- 
over, forty-two  guns  of  various  calibres  and  an  abun- 
dant supply  of  ammunition. 

On  September  19th  the  American  army  arrived  in 
front  of  Monterey  and  pitched  camp  near  Santo  J)()- 
mingo,  at  a  beautiful  spot  called  by  the  Americanis 
Walnut  Springs,  about  one  league  to  the  north-east. 
From  a  despatch  addressed  to  the  adjutant-general  of 
tlie  army  on  the  I7th  of  September,  it  appears  that 
the  connnandcr  was  doubtful  whether  any  resistance 
would  be  offered  by  Ampudia;  and  he  so  greatly  undei- 
I'uted  the  enemy's  forces  that  it  is  evident  that  his  in- 
formation, derived  from  scouts  and  correspondents,  was 
unreliable.^^  But  he  soon  discovered  that  the  town  was 
occupied  in  force.  By  a  reconnoissance  that  was  madj 
by  the  officers  of  the  engineers,  Taylor  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  key  to  the  defences  was  the  fortiiied 
eminences  on  the  west  of  the  town,  and  he  detern)in((l 
to  occupy  the  Saltillo  road,  the  possession  of  whirli 
would  enable  him  to  cut  oft'  the  enemy's  connnunica- 
tions.  Ife  accordingly  detached  Worth  with  his  di- 
vision and  a  portion  of  Colonel  Hays'  Texan  rangi'is, 
at  noon  on  the  20th,  instructing  him  to  carry,  if  prai- 
ticablo,  the  batteries  in  that  direction,     in  order  to 

''Taylor  statof?  that  tliH  town  and  works  woro  mannuil  with  at  least  7,ii  '• 
troops  of  tlio  line  and  from  'J,OUO  to  ;},000  irrogidar.s.  U.  S.  d'ocl  JJvc,  C'^i::. 
'2d,  Sos.  2,  II    Ex.  4,  I).  88. 

^^  Taylor  says:  'It  is  even  yet  doubtful  whether  Anipudia  will  atti'inpt 
to  liold  Montei-oy. . .  .His  regular  foicc  is  small — say  ;i,(tJO;  chud  out  p  :• 
haps  to  0,0(X)  by  volunteers — luuuy  of  them  forced.'  U,  <S',  Uoct  JJoc,  Cj  ,■. 
30,  Sea.  1,  U.  Ex.  00,  p.  422. 


SIEGE  OF  MONTEREY. 


rreate  ta  diversion  in  favor  of  Worth's  movement,  tlio 
ivnuiindcr  of  the  forces  was  dis[)hiyecl  around  the 
(Oiitrc  and  lower  part  of  the  town.  During  the  niu^lit 
a  tt'n-inch  mortar  and  two  24-pounder  howitzers  wei'o 
placed  in  battery  to  play  upon  the  citadel  and  town. 

Worth,  meanwhile,  pursued  his  march  throuu^h  the 
cornfields  lying  to  the  north  of  the  town,  and  during 
the  night  of  the  same  day  sent  a  dcs|»atc]i  to  Taylor 
to  the  effect  that  ho  had  occupied  a  defensive  position, 
and  intended  to  storm  the  heights  of  La  Fedora- 
don  on  the  following  morning,  lie  suggested  that  a 
strong  diversion  be  made  against  the  centre  and  east 
of  the  city  to  favor  his  attack. 

Acccordinglv  on  the  morning  of  the  21st  Tavlor 
directed  the  1st  and  3d  regiments  of  infantry  and  a 
battalion  of  the  Baltimore  and  Washinujton  volun- 
tcers,  with  Captain  33ragg's  field-battery,  the  whole 
under  command  of  Garland,^*  to  advance  against  the 
lower  part  of  the  town  and  capture  one  of  the  enem\''s 
works,  if  [tracticablc.  Major  IMansfieltl  of  the  engi- 
riocrs  was  charged  with  designating  the  points  of 
attack. 

As  the  c(mimand  advanced  it  was  exposed  to  a  se- 
vciv  tire  from  the  citadel  on  its  right  and  Fort  Teneria 
on  the  left.  Still  the  assailants  pressed  forwar<l,  and 
rushed  through  the  suburbs  into  the  streets  of  tlio 
town.  The  tire  now  from  house-roof  and  barricade 
was  galling.  !Maior  J3ari)our  of  the  3d  tell,  shot 
tlii'ongh  the  heart;  Colonc^l  Watson  of  the  ]idtimor<! 
Iiattalion,  refusing  to  retire,  though  urged  by  some 
of  his  men  to  do  so,  was  soon  struck  dead;  Captain 
Williams  of  the  eno'ini^ers  and  jNTajor  ]\[anstield  were 
Wounded,  the  former  mortalij  ;  and  many  another  gave 
his  last  gasp  in  those  narrow  streets,  l^ragg  advanced 
his  battery,  but  the  lire  from  his  light  guns  against 
the  embrasures  of  Fort  Teneria  was  inetfectual.     His 


,:?„ti 


-T---lSi) 


■'Twiggs  was  too  ill  to  coiinnainV  IIo  repnircil  to  tlio  fieM,  liowovor,  in 
spite  (if  hU  illness.  (7.  .S.  Govt  JJj:.,  Coug.  '29,  Scs.  -2,  11.  Ex.  4,  p.  S.>;  JJ<ii>i/'n 
Camjjaijii  SLrh-ln's,  11)3 


!.(k 


3UU 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


if 


men  and  liorscs  dropped  fast,  and  ho  liad  to  retire, 
Tlicir  lines  being  now  broken,  tlie  Americans  paused, 
and  in  detached  parties  sought  cover  against  the  mur- 
derous fire  which  they  could  return  with  no  serious 
effect.  All  was  confusion ;  the  companies  became  sep- 
arated in  the  streets;  officers  and  men  were  ignorant 
( )f  their  location,  and  all  were  perplexed.  The  struggle 
in  this  direction  was  hopeless,  and  the  order  was  finally 
given  for  them  to  withdraw. 

As  soon  as  Taylor  became  aware,  by  the  dis- 
charges of  artillery  and  rattle  of  small  arms,  that  Gar- 
land's command  was  hotly  engaged  about  Fort  Tene- 
]ia,  he  ordered  up  the  4th  infantry  and  three  regiments 
of  Butler's  division  to  support  the  attack  by  the  Ivl't 
liank.  The  leading  brigade,  composed  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Tennessee  regiments  of  volunteers,  under 
Quitman,  advanced  against  the  work  under  a  heavy 
lire  from  the  citadel.  Three  companies  of  the  4th 
infantry^^  preceded  this  column,  and  pushing  rapidly 
forward  to  the  assault,  had  advanced  in  front  of  tlie 
battery  within  short  range,  when  they  were  met  with 
so  heavy  a  fire  that  one  tiiird  of  the  officers  and  men 
were  almost  in  a  moment  struck  down.  Whereupon 
the  rest  fell  back. 

General  Butler,  after  Quitman's  brigade  was  fairly 
in  motion,  had  turned  his  attention  to  his  remaining 
regiment,  the  Ohio,  General  Ilamer,  and  had  advanced 
with  it  under  a  heavy  fire  through  several  squares, 
when  ho  met  Major  ^lansfield,  who  informed  liim  of 
the  failure  of  Garland's  attack,  and  advised  him  to 
withdraw  his  command.  Butler  immediately  com- 
municated in  person  with  Taylor,  w'ho  gave  the  orcKf 
for  a  retrograde  movement. 

Thus,  so  far,  the  attack  was  a  failure,  and  Taylor 
and  his  tjenerals  fully  believed  that  tliev  had  losttlio 
day.     But  a  fortunate  circumstance,  and  the  decisive 


■''By  aomo  mistake  two  companies  of  the  4tli  diil  not  receive  the  onlt'i-  in 
time  to  join  i'l  the  iulviiuco.  Taylor's  report,  iu  U.  S,  Ooct  JJoc,  Cuiij,'.  -0, 
bes.  -2,  H.  Ex.  4,  p.  S4. 


CAPTUPwE  OF  TANNERY  AND  DISTILLERY. 


3S5 


uaro-^. 
lini  "I' 

LllU   t'> 

com- 
ortUr 

k-isivo 

lorili'i-  ill 
ioiii,'.  -'•>■ 


fiction  of  a  single  officer,  turned  the  scale.  About 
i:]0  yards  to  the  rear  of  the  fort  was  a  tanvard,-" 
within  which  stood  a  building  with  a  flat  roof,  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  wall  about  two  feet  high,  aiibrd- 
iiig  an  excellent  breastwork  for  sharp-shooters.  In 
tlio  confu  ^ion  of  Garland's  attack,  Captain  Backus  of 
the  1st  infantry,  with  a  portion  of  his  own  and  other 
coiiipanies,  had  gained  the  shelter  of  this  tannery,  and 
had  already  driven  the  enemy  from  their  defences  on 
the  roof  of  a  neighboring  distillery,  when  he  received 
the  order  to  retire.  Backus  was  actually  withdraw- 
iii''  his  men,  when  the  firing  in  front  of  the  fort, 
caiiscd  by  the  attack  of  the  4th  infantry  companies, 
made  him  decide  to  hold  his  position.  The  roof  of 
the  tanner}'-  completely  commanded  the  open  gorge 
of  the  enemy's  battery,  and  thence  he  began  to  pour 
upon  the  garrison  a  murderous  fire,  which  swept  down 
the  gunners.  Under  this  hot  salute  the  garrison  be- 
i^aii  to  abandon  the  work.'^''' 

During  tins  time  Quitman,  though  his  men  were 
fulling  fast,  had  kept  steadily  advancing,  and  the  fire 
IVoin  tlio  battery  having  slackened,  when  within  one 
liuiidred  yards  of  the  work  the  volunteers  rushed  for- 
ward with  a  loud  shout,  surmounted  the  parapet,  and 
l.rniiird  the  lunette.  Galled  by  Backus'  fire  in  the 
ii'.ii',  the  Mexicans  gave  way  before  the  assault,  and 
iiliandoiiing  their  guns,  fled  to  Fort  Diablo.  The  dis- 
t  lilcrv  in  the  rear  was  immediately  afterward  carried  bv 
tiu'  Americans,  and  thirty  prisoners  were  captured."" 

■'"'  Ilcnco  the  nnmo  of  the  fort,  tencria  or  tannery. 

'-'  'lliu  laithoraof  Mix.,  Ajiinit.  //i'l.  (•'ii'i-fd,  tiO,  attribute  tho  tlcinoraliza- 
ii'ii  (if  the  f/arrisou  to  the  cowardly  comhict  of  the  lieut-col  of  tho  .'^il  li:^ht 
iiiiantiy,  which  hail  hecn  sent  iutotiie  fort  as  a rciiiiforceinent.  llo  had  heen 
iiidcred  to  iiialvo  a  sally  against  tho  Aiiiuricaiw  ailvaiuniig  in  front,  hut  when 
tho  word  to  lix  liayoneta  was  .uiven,  ho  rnsiied  thnmgh  tho  gorges  of  the  work, 
iind,  taking  to  lliglit,  escaju'd  liy  [dunging  into  the  river.  Tho  Mriter  con- 
tial.i  this  otlicers  name,  renuuking,  'con  ciiyo  nonihrc  no  hcinos  qne>-i.io 
iiiaiicliar  estus  rengloncs. ' 

•"  Five  piocca  of  artillery  and  a  considorahle  supply  of  ammunition  fell  into 
tlu-  hands  (if  the  Anierioans.  Taylor's  report,  in  IJ.  S.  (7oft  J)oc.,  C'ong.  '2!), 
>''■'.  •-',  n.  Kx.  4,  p,  «.").  In  JM)\,  Apirif.  Ilh'.  Oxcrrn,  (iO.  it  is  stated 
liiat  there  were  only  four  pieces,  mid  tliat  not  a  singlo  cartridge  for  cannon 
I'eiuaiiicd  when  tin;  Mexicins  abandoueil  the  work. 
Ul8x.  Mex.,  Vub.  V.    'ii 


;    i(',?L 


386 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


Taylor  heard  of  this  success  almost  iiiimccliatcly 
aftor  he  liad  j^iven  the  order  to  retire;  he  at  oiuc 
couMterinanded  it,  and  Butler  was  sent  with  the  Olii) 
regiment  against  Fort  Diablo  by  a  route  more  to 
th^^  left.  The  troops  advanced  to  within  one  hun- 
dred yards  of  the  work,  which  was  one  of  great 
strength,  and  Butler,  while  examining  it  with  the  ob- 
ject of  attemi)ting  to  carry  it  by  storm,  was  wounded, 
and  soon  after  compelled  to  quit  the  field  from  loss  nt' 
blood,  lie  recognized,  however,  that  the  place  could 
not  bo  carried  without  great  sacrifice  of  life,  and  on 
surrendering  the  command  to  Hamer,  advised  him  U) 
witlulraw  the  troops,  who  were  falling  fast,  to  a  l(<s 
exposed  position.  The  division  was,  therefore,  uiovlmI 
to  a  position  near  the  captured  fort,  but  not  bcft>re 
having  lost  many  men. 

While  this  was  occurring  on  the  left,  such  troops 
of  Garland's  division  and  of  the  4th  infantry  as  couM 
be  collected  were  ordered  to  enter  the  town  on  tlio 
right  and  endeavor  to  carry  Fort  Diablo  by  assailiii;^' 
it  in  the  rear.  Xo  sooner,  however,  had  the  connnaiid 
left  the  cover  of  the  captured  work  than  it  was  e\- 
j)osed  to  a  galling  fire  of  small  arms  and  artillery. 
The  Americans  nevertheless  pressed  on  and  reacliod 
the  tete  de  pont  of  La  Purisima,  from  which  a  terri- 
ble cannonade  was  opened  upon  them.  A  portion  of 
the  troops  even  ])assed  beyond,  and  gaining  soniu 
slight  shelter  still  maintained  themselves;-'^  but  ti 
proceed  was  impossible.  Around  were  barricaded 
streets  and  fortified  h(»uses;  the  stream  was  im[)assa- 
ble;  to  attempt  to  storm  the  bi'idge  would  be  hope- 
less. Lieutenant  Ridgelv  came  up  with  a  section  of 
his  battery,  but  his  fire  was  ineffectual,  and  he  was 
withdrawn.  To  gain  the  rear  of  Fort  Diablo  from 
tliis  point  was  impracticable,  and  the  harassed  troops 
were  ordered  to  retire  under  cover  of  Fort  Teneii'a. 


"  It  was  hero  tliat  the  comnian<l  of  the  .Sd  regiment  devolveil  upon  ('a|itain 
Ilcniy.  who  went  into  action  with  five  senior  otticcra,  all  of  whom  wtio 
killed  or  seriously  wounded.  Jleiiry's  Camjjiwjii  SkttchiK,  198. 


REPULSE  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


387 


With  those  unsuccessful  attempts  the  principal  op- 
erations of  the  clay  ended.  Durinj^  the  combat  sev- 
tial  demonstrations  of  cavalry  were  made  by  the 
.Mexicans,  but  were  effectually  checked.  The  guns 
of  the  captured  work  were  turned  as  soon  as  })'is- 
sihle  aj^ainst  Fort  Diablo,  and  one  of  the  24-pound 
liowitzers  of  the  mortar  battery — -which  had  been 
steadily  playing  upon  the  citadel  and  town — was  also 
brought  up  and  trained  against  it.  At  the  approach 
(if  evening,  all  the  troops  that  had  been  engaged 
were  ordered  back  to  camp,  except  the  1st,  3d,  and 
4th  infantrv,  a  battalion  of  the  1st  Kentucky  reiii- 
iiieiit,^"  and  llidgely's  battery,  which  were  detailetl 
to  liold  Fort  Teneria  and  the  adjacent  buildings. 

The  result  of  the  day  was  not  encouraging.  On 
threid  several  occasions  the  Americans  had  been  re- 
pulsed, and  though  a  point  in  the  enemy's  defence 
had  been  taken,  no  im]iortant  success  could  be  claimed. 
Fort  Teneria  was  by  no  means  the  key  to  ^[onteivy 
— as  the  I'ailure  of  the  two  attempts  against  Fort  JJi- 
al)lo  proved — and  its  capture  had  cost  a  heavy  loss. 
Three  hundred  and  ninety-four  oflicers  and  men  had 
fillen  in  killed  and  wounded,  among  the  former  some 
of  the  most  gallant  and  promising  in  the  army.^^  It 
is  true  a  strong  diversion  had  been  made  in  favor  of 
Wortli's  attack,  but  if  he  had  sustained  a  correspoiul- 
iiig  loss  with  no  more  decided  advantage,  it  did  not 
seem  very  probable  that  jMonterey  would  fall  till  half 
the  army  had  been  killed.  Theso  were  gloomy 
tlioughts,  and  the  ardor  of  the  invaders  was  dam])ed. 
As  night  set  in,  however,  Taylor  received  a  despatch 
from  Worth  reporting  that  he  had  occupied  the  Sal- 
till(j  road,  thus  cutting  the  enemy's  line  of  commuiii- 

'" This  regiment  had  remaint'd  as  ;:;uanl  to  tlio  mortar  liattory,  and  took  no 
pirt  ill  the  day's  cnLjagLMuents.     Taylor's  re]iurt,  ut  >'//'.,  \i,  S-l. 

" 'Ca|>t.  Williaiiin,  ti>i)Ogiap)iical  cnjriiieurs;  licuts  Tcnvtt  and  Dilwoitii, 
l>^t  inf.;  Lient  Woods,  "id  inf.;  cajits  Morris  and  Fiold,  iUov.  Maj.  Dailiour, 
h  Its  [ruin  and  lla/litt,  .'{d  inf.;  Lii'ut  lloskins,  4th  inf.;  Lient-ool  Watson, 
]!.'ltiiiioro  battalion;  Capt.  Allen  and  Lient  I'litinan,  Tennessee  rej;. ;  Lieiit- 
i"!  ll.tt,  Ohio  regiment — were  killed,  or  have  since  died  of  wouuda  receiv»»l.' 


388 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


ration,  liad  stormed,  witli  comparatively  small  lo'^:^, 
tlio  lieiglits  of  La  Fodcrac'on,  and  expected  to  carry 
the  Cerro  del  Obispado  in  the  morning. 

Worth's  progress  on  the  20th  had  been  slow.  Ow- 
ing to  the  delay  caused  by  making  the  route  practi- 
cable for  artillery,  it  was  nearly  sunset  before  he  had 
accomplished  six  miles.  He  had  then,  however, 
reached  a  suitable  position  near  the  intersection  of 
the  Pesqueria  Grande  road,  by  that  leading  to  Topo, 
north  of  the  Cerro  del  Obispado,**  and  just  out  of 
ran'>'c  of  the  enemv's  batteries.  Durini;  the  same 
evening  he  made  a  reconnoissance  in  person  of  tlio 
irround.  Skirting  round  the  base  of  the  hills  (»n 
the  west  of  the  valley,  the  Topo  road  connects  witli 
the  Saltillo  highway  just  before  the  latter  enters  llio 
fjorirc  throuirh  the  sierra.  Worth  by  following  tlio 
+brmer  for  some  distance,  and  then  ascending  the  slope 
of  a  spur,  obtained  a  full  view  of  the  position,  and 
decided  to  occupy  the  junction  of  the  two  roads. 

At  davliofht  on  the  following  morning  the  advance 
commenced,  the  1st  Texan  rcgnnent,  Colonel  Hnvs, 
leading,  supported  by  light  companies  of  the  1st 
brigade,  under  Captain  C.  F.  Smitli,  followed  l»y 
Duncan's  light  battery.  But  Worth's  movements  oii 
tlie  previous  evening  had  been  noticed  by  the  enemy, 
and  his  intention  divined.  A  strong  force  of  cavahv 
with  some  infantry  had  been  stationed  overnight  at 
the  junction  of  the  roads,^^  and  as  the  American^ 
turned  an  angle  of  the  mountain  they  came  in  full 
view  of  tlie  Mexicans,  about  1,500  strong,  drawn  u\> 
ready  to  oppose  tluun.  The  Texans  were  ordoreil  t  • 
dismount  in  a  cornfield,  and  take  up  a  position  beliiiul 
the  fence  alonir  the  road  side.     Duncan's  batterv  was 


ii  cfef  !■ 


i'fitsi 


"•'Worth  in  iiis  report  of  liis  operations  calls  tliis  Iiill  the  Loma  dc  hi'l'- 
pendoncia,  which  iiaiiio  anil  tliat  of  Indopcniloncc  Hill  are  adopteil  hy  A:iu  r- 
ii'an  Mvitors  on  thosa  events. 

'■-'J/'.c.,  Ai>tnit.  Hint.  Oiti'mi,  50,  where  no  mention  of  infantry  is  iivnle. 
Worth  in  liis  rc]>iirt  says:  'Aslroncr  forco  of  cavalry  and  infantry,  nimtly 
the  fiauiur.'  U.  S.  O'ui-l' JJoc,  Cong/'Jl),  Sea.  2,  II.  Ex.  4,  p.  10;5. 


nAjera  defeated  by  worth. 


389 


placed  in  position  on  the  sloping  ground.  The  con- 
ilict  ensued  immediately,  and  was  short,  bloody,  and 
decisive.  MoCulloeh's  eompany  of  Texans,  not  hav- 
iiif  received  the  order  to  dismount,  still  advan.ced, 
and  as  the  Mexican  lancers  came  sweeping  upon  them 
the  rangers  emptied  their  rifles  into  the  compact  mass 
and  then  fell  back.  The  lancers  eagerly  pursued,  and 
cxjiosing  their  flank  to  the  Texans  in  the  corniiuld, 
a  deadly  fire  was  poured  into  them.  Smith's  light 
infantry  opened  upon  them  in  front,  while  over  the 
heads  of  the  latter  Duncan's  battery  delivered  its 
jirc.  The  s(piadron  was  ten-ibly  cut  up.  It  halted, 
broke,  and  lied.  In  fifteen  minutes  the  engagement 
was  over,  but  in  that  short  time  overa  hundreil  bravo 
^Mexicans  had  been  stretched  dead  or  wounded  on 
the  load,  among  the  former  their  gallant  leader,  Colt»- 
ncl  Juan  Niljera.  As  the  fleeing  lancers  endeavored 
to  escape  up  the  slopes  of  the  mountains  many  a 
saddle  was  emptied  by  the  shots  of  unerring  rnarks- 
uicn.'^^     The  American  casualties  were  insignificant. 

Worth  now  pressed  forward  to  the  Saltillo  high- 
way— the  remainder  of  the  Mexican  force  retiring  be- 
I'oiu  him  in  disorder — and  occupied  the  mouth  of  the 
gorgo  where  the  different  routes  from  Monterey  unite ; 
hut  being  exposed  to  the  fire  from  the  hill  of  La 
Federacion,  he  presently  moved  half  a  juile  farther  u]) 
the  road.^'' 

After  a  careful  examination  of  the  two  fortified 
heights,  he  decided  to  make  his  first  attempt  against 
that  of  La  Federacion,  and  by  mid-day  his  dispositions 
wxi'o  made.  Accordingly  a  force  consisting  of  four 
•  ninpanies  of  the  artillery  battalion,  and  about  an 
I'jual  number  of  Texans,'""'  in  all  300  effective  men, 
under  Captain  C.  T.  Smith,  was  detached  to  storm 
that  height. 

;"//'./  IH/iln/a  ]Vnr  with  Mrr.,  i.  216  18;  Ifeid'-'f  T,x.  /?r(»,7/-r.i,  l.'iO-S. 

''  During  this  movement.  Capt.  McKavett  of  the  8tli  infautiy  was  sti-iiLk 
liy  a  I'duiid-sliot  and  instantly  killed. 

'"' N'luuely,  (Irceii's,  McGowan's,  Gillespie's,  Cliandlis',  Ballowes',  and  Me- 
Culliicli's  companies,  under  JIajor  Chevalier.  Worth's  report,  in  U,  6'.  Huvt 
JJ'm:,  Cong,  'jy,  Ses.  2,  II.  Ex.  4,  p.  103-4. 


U^' 


390 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


The  hill,  or  rather  ridgo,  of  La  Fedcracion  extends 
from  cast  to  west;  on  its  western  crest  was  a  battery 
of  one  f^uu,  and  its  eastern  summit,  about  GOO  yards 
nearer  the  city,  was  occupied  by  the  fort  known  ly 
the  name  of  El  Soldado,  mountinj,'  two  guns.     Smitli 
was  directed    first   to    storm    tlie  nearer  or  westeiii 
Jieiglit,  and  then  if  successful  assault  Fort  Soldado. 
.\s  the  command  ap{)roached  the  river  through  fields 
of  high    cane  and   maize,  it  was  discovered  by  tliu 
enemy,  who  opened  a  plunging  fire  of  grape  and  can- 
istei";  but  the  height  of  the  hill  rendered  it  ineffectual, 
the  shot  for  the  most  part  passing  over  the  heads  ni' 
the  storming  party.     Having  crossed  the  river  waist- 
deep  in  safety.  Smith  halted  his  division  at  the  base 
of  the  height  for  his  men  to  gain  breath,  and  a  party 
of  skirmishers  bein<x  observed  dcscendinnf  and  occr- 
])ving  favorable  points  on  the   slope,  Worth  inmudi- 
ately  sent   forward  the  7th  infantry  under  Ca[)t:un 
]\Iiles  to  support  the  stormers.     Presently  the  assail- 
ants moved  forward  and  the  firinGj  became  ijoneral. 
As  reenforcements  on  the  sunnnitwere  seen  to  anivo 
from  Fort  Soldado,  the  5th  regiment  and  Blanchards 
company  of  volunteers,  under  Brigadier-general  Suiith, 
were  also  sent  to  sustain  the  attack.     JNleantime  Cap- 
tain Sniith's  part}^  pressed  up  the  rocky  and  difheult 
height,  driving  the  enemy  before  them,  the   rifles  of 
the  Texans,  who  were  deployed  as  skirmishers,  telling 
with  deadly  effect.     As  the  Americans  neared  tlio 
sunnnit    they  increased    their   pace,  and  pouring   iii 
volley  after  volley  on  the  retreating  foe,  with  wild 
shouts    carried    the    height.     The    Mexicans  fled  to 
Fort    Soldado,  and   their  captured  gun  was   turDcd 
against  them. 

While  this  was  occurring  General  Smith  had  rcaclu  d 
tho  base  of  the  ridge,  and  discoviiring  that  by  direct- 
ing a  portion  of  the  force  to  the  right  and  moving  dh- 
liquely  up  the  height  he  could  assault  Fort  Soldado 
simultaneously,  led  the  5th,  7th,  and  Blanchard's  coiii- 
pany  against  it.     His  movement  was  entirely  succc.->s- 


LA  FEDERACIOX  LOST. 


391 


fill.  The  cai^cr  Tfxaiiswure  in  liot  pursuit  of  the  fly- 
iiiy;  Mexicans'^'  as  the  coiiiiiuiikI  reached  the  jsuniuiit, 
and  at  a  chargin;^'  pace,  the  5th,  7th,  and  Texans  ruslicd 
over  the  lt)W  j)ai-aj)et  ahnost  .simultaneously,  carrying 
til''  fortbefoi-e  the  enemy  could  recover  from  his  con- 


3S 


lusion.""  As  the  ^lexicans  tied  down  the  hill  the  ex- 
cited victors  followed  in  pursuit,  but  were  quickly  re- 
called, and  the  guns  of  the  two  batteries  inunediately 
tuned  upon  El  Obispado,  which  now  began  to  open 
lire.  As  the  day  closed  active  operations  ceased.  The 
Tcxans  were  ordered  to  rejoin  the  main  body,  while 
(  aj)tain  Smith's  companies  and  the  5th  and  7th  in- 
Ihiitry  were  left  to  keep  [)ossession  of  the  height. 

This  important  .success  had  been  attained  with 
trilliiiuf  loss  to  the  Americans;  and  thouu'li  the 
ni_;]it  set  in  with  a  violent  storm  of  rain,  and  the 
gixater  part  of  the  troops  bivouacked  without  shelter, 
tlicir  si)irits  were  hiufh.  Xor  did  Worth  delav  mat- 
tcrs.  That  same  night  he  arranged  his  plan  of  attack 
<iii  the  Cerro  del  Obispado,  At  three  o'clock  in  the 
i:iorning  three  companies  of  the  artillery  battalion, 
tlirce  companies  of  the  8th  infantry,  and  two  hundrcil 
Texans  under  Hays  and  Walker,  were  roused  from 
tlieir  rest  to  storm  the  heiu'ht.  The  whole  force 
was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant-colonel 
("hilds. 

The  crest  of  the  cerro,  about  800  feet  high,  was  de- 
fended by  a  battery  of  two  guns.  It  overlooked  the 
fort  of  El  Obi?.pado — which  was  situated  on  a  lower 
point  of  the  ridge,  nearer  the  town — and  was  deemed 
inaccessible'^  on  account  of  the  almost  perpendicular 
ascent;  but  favored  by  the  thick  mist  which  hung 


m 


'"  Colonel  Haya  of  the  Texan  rangers  had  been  dotachecl  on  special  scr- 
vicf,  ])ut  ruturneil  in  time  to  sliaro  witli  fifty  of  liis  iiieii  in  the  first  assault, 
aihl  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  tlie  .seuonil.  LL,  p.  104. 

^^  According  to  Keiil,  J\'X.  UaiKjcj-x,  l(j4,  Captain  (jillespio  of  the  nnr^eis 
was  the  first  to  mount  the  parapet,  then  followed  the  oth,  and  almost  at  tlie 
same  time  appeared  the  coloi's  of  the  7th. 

^^ '  Se  apodero  del  pico.  .  .contra  lo.j  pron('istico3  y  las  seguridades  del  seiior 
mayor  general  Carcia  Conde,  quieu  habia  sostcuido  que  era  iuaccesible. '  Mux., 
Aliuhl.  Jlid.  Oiierru,  Gl. 


M 


11 


I 


If  I 

ml' 


ii: 


S02 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


around,  tho  storiner.s,  who  coiimionoctl  to  scale  tho 
licii^ht  in  two  separate  colunnis  at  the  earhest  dawn, 
nearly  readied  the  summit  before  being  perceived. 
Tlien,  however,  tlie  enemy  was  aioused  and  jxjuri'd 
in  a  volley  upon  them;  but  the  Americans  silently 
pressed  on  and  did  not  return  the  tire,  which  became 
incessant,  until  they  were  within  a  few  yards  of  tin! 
summit.  A  destructive  volley  was  then  delivered;  a 
a  deafening  shout  was  raised;  the  regulars  rushetl  on 
with  the  bayonet;  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  work  was 
cleared  of  the  defenders,  who  fled  to  the  Obispado. 
While  this  was  occurrin<j  a  demonstration  was  matK', 
according  to  previous  orders,  against  el  Obisjmdo 
from  Fort  Soldado.  This  diversion  held  the  gaiiisou 
in  check  and  prevented  any  suppoit  being  sent  to  tho 
sununit.  The  5th  infantry  and  Blanchard's  volun- 
teers were  immediately  ordered  to  move  from  the  hill 
of  La  Federacion  and  reiinforce  the  position. 

To  assault  Fort  Obispado,  with  its  massive  walls 
and  outworks,  in  broad  daylight,  would  have  ontailcd 
an  enormous  loss  of  life;  and  as  the  defenders  of  tlu; 
captured  work  had  thrown  one  of  their  guns  down  the 
steep  and  carried  off  the  other,  Worth  ordered  a  IJ- 
pounder  howitzer  of  Duncan's  battery  to  be  taken  up 
the  height.  This  undertaking  was  accomi)lished  iii 
iwo  hours,  and  fire  opened  upon  the  fort.  For  somo 
hours  the  cannonade  continued  with  visible  effect/' 
and  a  desultory  fire  was  ke])t  up  by  skirmishers  par- 
tially covered  by  rocks  and  bushes.  Finally,  tlio 
Mexicans  having  been  reenforced  with  infantry  and 
cavalry,*^  a  strong  sortie  was  made  with  the  object  of 

*"  It  appears  that  the  fort  could  make  no  reply,  as  its  guns  did  not  be.ir 
upon  that  ])uint:  'las  fortitititicioues..  .uuiuaniunto  tuulau  fuogos  para  l.i 
ciudad.'  Jb. 

*'  The  rei-nforcement  does  not  seem  to  have  been  proportionate  to  the  exi- 
gency. Accounts  vary,  however.  '  El  general  Anipudia  ordeua  que  cimu- 
enta  dragones  desmont.ulus  auxilien  il  Herra  ' — tho  Mexican  commander  of  tlni 
fort — '  orden  singular,  ponjue  la  columna  de  rcsurv.i  permanocia  en  inaccinn 
dentro  de  la  plaza!  nuestras  guerrillas  rechazau  al  lin  al  enemigo  auxiliadiis 
por  un  corto  refuerzo  de  cinouenta  hombres  de  caballeri'aque  niandahacl  gen- 
eral Torrejou.'  The  same  authority  states  that  the  suunuit  of  the  Obi.si)ad» 
first  taken  was  det'ended  by  only  GO  men,  and  tliat  Colonel  Berra's  force  in  thu 


FALL  OF  FORT  OBISPADO. 


3    tllO 

lawn, 
;ivu(l. 
aurcd 
ieiitly 
.•catiu! 
)f  ilu! 
X'd;  a 
led  (>H 
rk  was 
sj)ad<). 
madr, 
isjiado 
iriisoii 
to  the 
volun- 
lie  hill 

;  ^vall■s 
ntailfd 

of    tlU! 

wu  the 
d  a  12- 
cn  up 
hed   ill 
sonu; 
ftcct/' 
rs  par- 
y,    tho 
ry  and 
ijoct  ot 


not  l>tv>r 
para  It 

lo  the  cxi- 

flerof  till! 
iuacci'iH 
liuxiliailiis 
,l)aclgi'n- 
lObispu'l) 
krco  ill  llw 


rocapturiiig  tho  suinmit,  IJut  tlic  inovoincnt  liad 
liieii  toresoon,  and  us  tho  lanci-rs  swopt  up  thush)pin^ 
ridge — tho  only  ground  available!  for  cavahy — thoy 
were  received  by  a  strong,  linn  line  of  the  infantry 
wliich  apparently  had  been  retreating  on  each  side  of 
the  ridge,  but  which  suildeid}'  closed  in  on  the  top,  and 
lV(»nting  the  enemy,  [xmred  in  a  rattling  volley,  whilo 
the  Texans  kept  up  an  irregular  but  destructive  tiro 
(111  either  flank.  The  charge  was  repulsed;  the  cav- 
alry recoiled;  its  supporting  infantry  wavered  and 
then  broke;  and  the  j\[exic-ans  in  a  confused  mass  of 
horse  and  foot  rushed  down  the  slope,  the  Americans 
hotly  pursuing.  No  tinie  is  giveti  for  the  fugitives  to 
reenter  tho  fort;  they  hurry  past,  wildly  lleeing  to 
tho  city;  the  pursuers  lea})  through  tho  end)rasures 
and  openings;  tho  remnant  of  the  garrison  oilers  only 
a  I'eeble  resistance,  and  in  a  few  minutes  tho  American 
ilag  waves  over  tho  fort.  Tho  captured  guns  and  tho 
hattories  of  Duncan  and  Mackall,  which  were  brought 
up  at  a  gallop,  were  soon  })laying  upon  tho  retreating 
Mexicans,  inliicting  heavy  loss  as  thoy  crowded  along 
the  street  into  tho  city.*'^ 

Tho  investment  on  the  west  side  was  now  complete. 
Xot  only  the  Saltillo  road  but  tho  city  itself  was  com- 
manded by  the  captured  heights,  and  Worth  moved 
his  division  to  the  Cerro  del  Obispado,  leaving  on  tho 
liill  of  La  Federacion  a  force  sutHcient  to  hold  that 
jiosition  and  servo  the  guns.  He  then  made  his  prep- 
arations to  assault  tho  town  on  tho  following  day. 

During  the  22d,  while  Worth  was  carrying  the 
fortilications  on  the  Cerro  del  Obis[)ado,  no  active 
operations  occurred  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  city. 
The  citadel  and  Fort  Diablo  maintained  a  tiro  aijainst 

flirt  was  200  men  with  throe  pieces  of  artillery.  Ih,  Reid  sfiys:  '  Larj^e  reen- 
foi-oeiiienta  of  cavalry  and  infantry  were  seen  ascending  the  road  from  tho 
city.'  Ti'x.  liaiiiiors,  ISj. 

*-"riio  Cerro  del  Ohispado  was  gained  with  comparatively  small  loss  to  tho 
Ainoiieans,  while  that  of  tho  Mexicans  was  severe.  The  forni.'r,  however, 
lull  I  to  lament  the  fall  of  Capt.  Gillespie  of  the  Texan  volunteers.  U.  S,  Govt 
Dvc,  utsup.,  j)p.  99,  108. 


■■■ 


304 


CAPTURl':  OF  MOXTKRKV. 


F<»rt  Tcnorfn,  ftiid  sudi  jtiirtics  of  Aiiicrlcfin.s  ns  lic- 
CiiiiK!  exposed  to  raiit,^!  wliilc;  relieviiiL,^  tlu*  ^niard  in 
the  last-named  work;  but  tlie  «lav  passe-tl  without  any 
ofKeiisivi?  movenieiit  on  eith*;r  side.  It  is  surpiisin.;' 
tliat  (hiriiit,^  tliis  inactivity  of  the  enemy,  Ampucha, 
witli  the  t'oi'f'cs  at  liis  command,  (hd  not  make  nio)L' 
vi^'iirous  efl'oit  to  retain  the  imjiortant  heii^hts  on  th^^ 
wi'st.  But  decision  and  enerj^y  were  no  stroUL,^  traits 
of  his  cliaracter.  As  it  was,  the  success  of  the  Amer- 
icans raised  a  panic  amon<if  his  troops;  officers  ami 
men  alike  lost  heart,  and  the  j^eiKsral  liimself  was 
infecti'd  with  the  ]U'evailin<jf  hopelessness.'*^  'riiat 
ni_!L;'ht  he  ahandoned  Fort  Diaijlo  and  all  his  exti'tior 
lines  of  defence,  except  a  few  works  to  the  south  on 
the  river's  bank,  and  concentrated  himself  within  tin; 
intei'ior  line  around  the  ])i'incipal  plaza. 

l']arly  in  the  morniuLj  of  the  2ljd  Taylor  was  a]»- 
])risc!d  that  the  enemy  had  evacuated  nearly  all  his 
(lei'ences  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  and  iuHue'li- 
atelv  a'avo  directions  to  Quitman  to  advance  his 
brij^'ade  carefully  and  enter  the  city.  Ordering  out 
the  T'emainder  of  the  troops  as  a  reserve  under  Twii^u's, 
Taylor  then  visited  the  abandoned  works.  A  portioa 
of  Quitman's  bri^'ade  had  ahv'adv  entered  the  town, 
and  was  successfully  ])ushing  forward  toward  the  prin- 
cipal plaza.  The  2d  regiment  of  Texas  volunteers  was 
now  ordered  up,  and  dismounting,  cooperated  with 
Quitman's  brigade.  Advancing  cautiously  but  vig- 
on^usly  I'rom  house  to  house  aiul  street  to  street,  the 
Americans  forced  their  way  with  little  loss  to  within 
one  square  of  the  ]'rin<"ipal  plaza,  driving  the  Mex- 
icans boForo  them  irom  the  barricades  and  house- 
roofs  in  spite  of  h^avy  fires  of  grape  and  volleys  of 
musketry.  But  ilie  defences  were  now  of  a  moro 
formidable  nature,  and  the  Mexicans  wore  concen- 
trated in   great  force   behind  them.     Taylor,  nnui- 

•^ '  Estc  sucoso  iiifiiu(li6  esc  pavor  siloncioso  rjue  prcccflc  A  las  ilcrrotas;  y 
con  una  (pie  otra  cscepcion,  los  gcfos  do  los  cuerpus  lo  haciau  sensible,  cm- 
tagiando  al  niisnio  gete,  del  rpio  la  espediciou  y  la  eiicrgia  no  I'uerou  dotes 
favorilaa.'  JIcx:,  A2iunt.  IJist.  Uutrru,  02. 


PKFENCE  OF  THE  CITY, 


395 


ovir,  rocn(rt\\7j'(\  tlio  nofcssity  of  co(')poratlni»;  ^vith 
Worth  tor  a  oonihiiicd  attack,  and  satislicd  tliat  ho 
could  siu'ct'ssl'iilly  opcrato  witliiii  the  city,  witlidrcw 
the  troops  to  tho  evacuated  works.''*  The  Mexicans 
iii.ide  no  attempt  to  reoccupy  the  portions  of  the  town 
thus  abandoned. 

^leanwliilo  Worth,  who  liad  received  no  conimnni- 
catioii  I'rom  tlie  commander-in-chief,  when  he;  licard 
In  avy  and  continued  tii'ing  in  tlie  lower  part  of  the 
tiiwii  diirinij:  the  mornini,^  of  the  23(1,  naturally  con- 
cluded that  Taylor's  instructions  directin*'"  him  to  co- 
oiicratc  had  miscarried.  Under  this  conviction  he 
iiiiule  his  dispositions  to  assault  the  town  on  the  west.*' 
Two  colunms  of  attack  were  moved  forward  aloUL,^ 
tilt'  two  pi'incipal  streets  leadinj^  to  the  urcat  i)la/a. 
^".'tl^th's  instructions,  similar  to  tlK)se  of  Taylor,  wei'e 
i:i\cii  with  a  s[)ecial  view  to  protect  the  troo[)s  as 
much  as  ])Ossible  from  exposure.  The  men  were  to 
lie  luiisked  whenever  practicable,  during  their  advance 
through  the  suburbs,  and  when  they  reached  tlrj 
];ouses  they  were  to  work  their  way  carefully  from 
street  to  street,  by  breaking  through  the  sectional 
valls^"  and  occupying  the  roofs.  Artillery  su})portoil 
liy  reserve  troops  followed  at  suitable  intt'rvals. 

The  undertaking  was  both  difficult  and  complicated. 
Across  the  streets,  at  well-chosen  points,  heavy  walls 
III'  masonry,  with  embrasures  for  one  or  more  guns, 
and  supported  by  cross-batteries,  had  been  erected; 
jiKUiy  of  the  houses  were  crenellated  for  musketrv; 
while  the  assault  was  rendered  doubly  dangerous, 
fi'oui  the  fact  that  it  was  commenced  at  the  time 
when  Taylor  suspended  that  on  the  eastern  side, 
thereby  enabling  the  enemy  to  throw  the  strength  of 

Nevertheless  chc 


his  men  and  sj'uns  aijainst  Worth.*' 


*' Taylor's  report,  in  IT.  S.  Govt  Doc,  ut  sup.,  pp.  80-7. 
"\\...th'sn'port,  in  /'/.,  p.  lO."). 

^'  Tlu'V  wero  well  providcil  witli   picks  and  crowbar.-j,  which  hail   been 
fuunil  in  Fort  Suldailo.  I.'ip/i'i/'.^  War  wilh  JA.v.,  i.  '_';i4. 

'' Taylor  bays:  'Ou  uiy  retiuu  to  camp  I  met  au  olliccr  with  the  intelli- 


t;'  'A 


M 


390 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


storming  columns  successfully  forced  their  way  for- 
ward. Building  after  building  and  square  after  square 
were  gained,  the  Mexican  artillery  causing  little  harm 
to  the  sheltered  men  as  they  worked  their  way 
through  the  inner  walls  of  the  houses.  But  the  rifles 
of  the  Texans  were  plied  from  house-top  and  window 
with  fatal  effect.  Bv  night  the  Mexicans  had  been 
gradually  driven  back  to  the  great  plaza,  and  the  assail- 
ants, leaving  a  covered  way  in  their  rear,  had  reached 
to  within  a  square  of  it.  Meanwhile  Major  Munroo 
arrived  with  the  ten-inch  mortar,  which  had  been  of 
little  service  on  the  eastern  side,  and  it  was  placed  in 
position  in  the  plaza  do  San  Antonio,*^  near  the 
cemetery.  By  sunset  it  was  ready,  and  the  range 
having  been  soon  obtained,  the  artillerists  droi)ped 
the  shells  with  great  precision  into  the  principal  plaza. 
When  darkness  set  in  the  more  active  operations 
ceased;  but  Worth,  determined  to  hold  his  position, 
continued  during  the  night  his  preparations  to  follow 
up  the  assault  on  the  ft)llowing  morning,  and  the  roof 
of  a  large  building,  which  towered  over  the  principal 
defences,  was  mounted  with  two  howitzers  and  a  six- 
pounder.  But  at  dawn  a  flag  of  truce  was  sent  in, 
and  a  suspension  of  arms  asked  for.  The  last  shot 
had  been  tired;  the  siege  of  Monterey  was  ended. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  24th,  Colonel  Fran- 
cisco B.  Moreno  appeared  in  Taylor's  camp,  the 
bearer  of  a  communication  from  Ampudia  offering  to 
evacuate  the  town,  takinr  with  him  all  the  arms  and 
munitions  of  war,  and  asking  for  a  suspension  of 
hostilities.*^     The  proposal  was  rejected.     Taylor  do- 

genco  that  General  Worth,  induced  by  the  firing  in  the  lower  part  of  tlio  city, 
was  about  making  au  attack  at  tlic  upper  extremity. .  .1  regretted  that  tliii 
int'ormation  had  not  readied  me  before  leaving  the  city,  but  still  deemed  it  in- 
expedient to  change  m  v  orders. '  U,  S.  Govt  Doc. ,  ut  sup. ,  p.  87,  bug  also  p.  lUti. 

<^Seo  plan  on  p.  SSl. 

^•According  to  J/d.e.,  Apimt.  Hi4,  Ouerra,  C-t,  Ampudia  was  pressed  by 
his  ollicers  to  capitulate.  '  Varios  do  los  quo  no  hemos  nuerido  menoiiuKir 
escitan  al  general  en  gcfo  para  quo  solicito  una  capitulacion.'  Ampmlia 
makes  tho  same  statement  in  his  report  to  the  minister  of  war.  liuntamaiilv, 
Nuevo  Denied  Diaz,  ii.  114. 


CAPITULATIO:^. 


887 


mandcd  a  complete  surrender  of  the  town  and  garri- 
son, the  latter  as  prisoners  of  war,  but  stated  tliat  in 
consideration  of  the  gallant  defence  of  the  place,  the 
garrison  would  be  allowed,  after  laying  down  its 
nrnis,  to  retire  into  the  interior  on  condition  of  not 
serving  again  during  the  war,  or  until  regularly  ox- 
changed.  An  answer  to  this  communication  was  re- 
(|uiied  by  twelve  o'clock,  until  which  time  a  cessation 
ot'  tiro  was  agreed  upon.^"  Whatever  mistakes  Am- 
pudia  might  have  committed  during  the  defence,  ho 
now  showed  great  firmness  in  sustaining  the  honor  of 
liis  luition.  Exclaiming  to  those  around  him  that  ho 
would  perish  beneath  the  ruins  of  Monterey  before 
ho  would  submit  to  such  terms,^'  he  requested  a  per- 
sonal interview  with  the  American  commander-in- 
cliicf.  Taj'Icr  had  in  the  moan  time  proceeded  to 
Worth's  headquarters,  but  on  his  arrival  a  conference 
took  place  after  some  demur  on  his  part,  on  the  ground 
thai  he  would  open  no  negotiations  except  to  arrange 
terms  of  capitulation.  Upon  the  representations  of 
A!u[»udia  that  tlio  recent  change  in  the  Mexican  gov- 
ennent  had  altered  the  position  of  affairs,  and  that 
tli(j  latter  M'as  favorable  to  the  establishment  of  a 
jicacc  between  the  two  nations,^'  Taylor  consented  to 
the  appointment  of  a  joint  commission  to  consider 
the  terms  under  which  the  Americans  should  occupy 
the  city.  Accordiu'dv  he  named  General  Worth, 
(K'lioral  Henderson,  novern;;r  of  I'exas,  and  Ct^lniiol 
JolVurson  Davis  of  tlu;  ^lissi^sippi  volunteers,  on  his 
jiart;  Anqiudia  designating  generals  Requena,  Ortega, 
and  Manuel  Maria  del  Llano,  governor  of  Nuevo 
Loon. 

So  tenaciously  did  Ampudia  adhere  to  his  deter- 

'"Soe  the  cnrrospnndo:icc  in  U.  /*7.  Gort  Dor.,  ut  sup.,  pp.  79-80. 

■'''lui'',  (lose  onto  laa  exigcncias  del  ciieiu!!,'!)  y  <U>oliir;iii(lo  que  dntc3 
do  .iccccler  a  Ltlas  porcceriii  bajo  los  cscoiiibros  do  la  ciudad.'  Itoa  lidri-ena, 
JiCcurrdoi,  5."). 

''-  '111  the  confcrcnne  with  Ampudia  I  was  distinctly  toM  'oy  i)i'ii  tiiat  l:o 
liad  invited  it  to  (spare  tlio  furtiicr  cfl'iisKm  of  iilood,  and   I)oc:uif'o  S,!i;li» 
Anna  iiad  declared  liiiiis(  If  fa\- iralile  to  peace'    Taylor's  letter  to  tiio  wtv- 
ollice,  Nov.  8,  1S40,  in  U.  .S'.  Goti  JJoc,  Cw^.  30,  Ses.  1,  Jl.  il...  00,  p.  300. 


398 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


mination  to  save  the  national  honor,  that  the  proposal 
on  the  part  of  Taylor's  commiss'  ners  that  the  army 
should  bo  allowed  to  retire  without  parole,  the  officers 
retaining  their  side-arms,  was  refused.  The  Mexican 
conunissioners  insisted  on  the  retention  of  the  arms 
and  artillery,  and  though  Taylor,  responding  to  the 
wish  expressed  by  Ampudia  to  avoid  further  blood- 
shed, instructed  his  commissioners  to  concede  the  for- 
mer, the  Mexican  general,  with  a  persistency  that 
grievously  tried  the  patience  of  Taylor,  still  held  out 
for  the  artillery.  Taylor  was  on  the  point  of  closing 
the  negotiations,  and  announcing  the  conference  closed 
rose  to  depart,  when  one  of  the  Mexican  commission- 
ers entered  into  conversation  with  him.  The  result 
was  that  an  agreement  was  iinally  arrived  at  by  which 
the  Mexican  army  was  allowed  to  retire  from  Mon- 
terey, retaining  the  small  arms,  and  one  field-batteiy 
of  six  pieces  with  twenty-one  rounds  of  ammunition. 
An  armistice  for  eight  weeks  was  also  arranged,  by 
the  terms  of  which  the  Mexican  troops  were  to  retire 
within  seven  days  beyond  the  line  formed  by  the  pass 
of  the  Rinconada,  the  city  of  Linares,  and  San  Fer- 
nando de  Presas,  while  Taylor  engaged  himself  not 
to  advance  his  force  beyond  that  line  before  the  ex- 
])iratIon  of  the  specified  time.®^     When  the  commis- 


*'I  give  a  verbatim  copy  of  tlie  English  reading  of  the  agreement. 
Art.  I.  As  tlio  legitimate  result  of  the  operations  before  this  place,  and 
the  present  position  of  the  contending  armies,  it  is  agreed  that  the  city,  tlio 
fortitications,  cannon,  the  munitions  of  war,  and  all  other  public  property, 
with  the  under-mentioned  exceptions,  be  surrendered  to  the  commanding  gen- 
eral of  the  U.  S.  forces  now  at  Monterey.  Art,  II.  That  the  Mexican  furl.■e^ 
be  allowed  to  retain  the  following  arms,  to  wit:  the  commissioned  ofHcerstlieir 
side-arms,  the  infantry  their  arms  and  accoutrements,  the  ca,valry  their  arnid 
and  accoutrements,  the  artillery  one  ticld-battery  not  to  exceed  six  piece-!, 
with  twenty-ono  rounds  of  amnmnition.  Art.  III.  That  the  Moxican  ai'iriL'  1 
forces  retire  within  seven  days  from  this  date  beyond  the  lino  formed  )iy  tlio 
pass  of  the  Rinconada,  the  city  of  Linares,  and  San  Fernando  do  Presas. 
Art.  IV.  That  the  citadel  of  Monterey  be  evacuated  by  the  Mexican  au'l 
occupied  by  the  American  forces  to-morrow  morning  at  ton  o'clock.  Art.  \', 
To  avoid  collisions,  and  for  nuitual  convenience,  that  the  troops  of  the  L'.  S. 
will  not  occupy  the  city  until  the  Mexican  forces  have  w'.tlidrawn,  except  f^r 
hospital  and  storage  purposes.  Art.  VI.  That  the  forces  of  the  U.  S.  will 
not  advance  beyond  the  lino  specitied  in  the  2<l  (.Id)  article  bi  fore  the  expira- 
tion of  eight  weeks,  or  until  the  orders  or  instructions  of  the  respective  gov- 
crnnieata  can  bo  received.     Art.  VII.  That  the  public  property  to  be  dcliv- 


and 
ty,  tlio 
'oi)crty, 

ill,_r  ,reU- 

t'uix'i'J 
rstli'ir 
ir  iiniH 

arine  I 
l)y  tho 
Trcsiis. 

Ill    Hll'l 

Art.  \'. 
ic  U.  S, 

iL'pt  fi-r 
S,  «iil 
cxpini.- 
ve  gov- 
lU  dcHv- 


END  OF  THE  CAMPAIGX. 


399 


sion  met  on  the  following  morning  for  tlio  purpose  of 
signing  the  instrument,  Ampudia  still  attcn)ptecl  to 
g.iin  further  concessions  by  the  substitution  of  the 
word  'stipulation'  for  'capitulation'  in  the  heading  of 
the  document,  but  failed.  The  English  and  S[)ani.s!i 
copies  of  the  document  were  signed  and  the  agree- 
ment was  complete. 

On  the  morning  of  the  25tli  the  ISIcxican  garrison 
evacuated  the  citadel,  and  during  the  following  days 
tlie  army  left  in  successive  divisions  for  Saltillo,  the 
last  brigade  marching  on  the  28th.  The  numljcr  of 
guns  which  fell  into  possession  of  tlie  Americans 
was  thirty-five,  the  amount  of  ammunition  and  other 
stores  being  very  great.°* 

V^ith  the  fall  of  Monterey  the  campaign  on  the  liio 
(Jrande  may  be  considered  as  ended.  The  undertak- 
ing I'rom  its  first  conception  was  hazardous,  and  in  a 
military  point  of  view  ought  to  have  failed.  The  force 
with  which  Taylor  advanced  acjainst  the  citv,  consid- 
eiiiig  the  circumstances  under  which  he  made  that 
movement,  was  inadequate.  He  was  unable  to  take 
witli  him  artillery  of  any  service  in  a  siege;  his  sup- 
ply of  annnunilion  was  moderate;  he  had  rations  for 
only  fifteen  days;  and  he  had  to  leave  behind  no  little 
portion  of  the  camp  equipage  necessary  for  the  com- 
I'ort  of  bi'5  troops.^'     He  was  so  little  informed  of  the 

("I'fil  ':i;ill  he  f  "rncil  over  and  received  by  otficers  appointed  by  the  command in;^ 
jm:oi':iN  of  ; "io  two  armies.  Art.  VIII.  That  all  doubts  as  to  the  nioaiiing 
'I:  ly  'f  '.''o  ;ireceding  articles  shall  bo  solved  by  an  erjuitablo  coiisti'iiction, 
ii/'ii  on  jiririoipka  of  liberality  to  the  retiring  army.  Art.  IX.  That  tlio 
.\iou-vn  iV-  ',  wh'ii  struck  ^L  the  citatlcl,  may  be  .saluted  by  its  own  buttirv. 
Hunr  at  r.Iv.,  •:<  ..y,  September  24,  181().  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  -20,  Scs.  "J,  11. 
Ia.  4,  pp.  SO-1.  This  instrument  was  signed  by  the  respective  coniuiissiuii- 
is  ami  Ampudia,  and  approved  iiyireneral  Taylor.  A  copy  in  S|ianishii 
.-;ip[ilii.'d  in  Baatamau/e,  Xitrvo  llcriKtl  JJiaz,  ii.  II.VIO.  Tl\e  particulars '»f 
the  coiiferencca  have  been  derived  from  the  letter  of  Colonel  Davi^^,  one  of  tlio 
<■  muni.sioners,  published  in  the  WdnhiiKjtoH  Union,  and  reproduced  in  /V^'s 
L'U' of  Taylor,  2:.S-C1 

'\'ir.  S.  (Jovt  Dor.,  Cong.  29,  Scs.  2,  H.  Kx.  4,  p.  82. 

^■' These  are  Taylor's  own  statements,  made  in  acontidcntial  letter  to  Odi- 
vra'  '.Jaiiica,  who,  however,  published  it  in  the  newspapers  for  the  purpose  of 
V  ...icating  Taylor  from  accusations  made  against  him  in  congress  and  clse- 
' ''  V-.  In  this  letter  Taylor  says:  '  I  moved  in  such  a  way,  and  witli  such 
!:■  *  ■.!  u  eans,  that  had  I  not  .succeeded  I  should  no  doulit  have  been  se- 
vii'  i.  prinii.uded,  if  nothing  worse.  Idid  sotosustaiu  thoaduiiuistration.' 
A(/(d  L,j.,  Ixxi.  343,  370. 


il 


ill  w- 


r:i 


M 


400 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


enemy's  strength  and  tlie  defences  of  the  city,  that  not 
until  he  arrived  in  front  of  it  did  lie  become  awaiL' 
that  its  possession  would  be  disputed.  In  his  opeia- 
tions  against  the  place,  the  element  of  chance  con- 
tributed greatly  to  his  success.  His  detachment  of 
Worth  to  the  western  side,  six  miles  away,  was  a 
rashly  dangerous  experiment,  and  contrary  to  tho 
rules  of  war.  It  exposed  that  general  to  the  risk  of 
being  cut  off  from  the  main  body — a  result  which 
would  undoubtedly  have  been  effected  by  tlie  jNTexi- 
cans  undei'  a  more  efficient  commander.  The  attack 
on  the  21.  "■  ~  designed  as  a  demonstration  in  favor 
of  Worth;  .  hough  it  proved,  under  the  bad  gen- 
eralship of  the  .  xcxicans,^  most  advantageous  to  Tay- 
lor's operations,  it  was  a  rash  experiment.  The  move- 
ment of  troops  into  the  town,  exposed  to  a  flank  iiio 
from  the  citadel,  against  a  position  of  the  approach  in 
whicli  nothing  was  known,  cannot  be  regarded  as  an 
exhibition  of  military  skill.  Daring  it  certainly  was, 
but  it  naturally  resulted  in  a  repulse;  and  brilliant  as 
was  tlio  later  attack  of  Quitman's  volunteers  on  Foi-t 
Tenen'a,  it  is  more  than  doubtful  whether  it  would 
not  have  failed  but  for  the  fortuitous  circumstance 
that  Backus'  fire  from  the  tannery  coincided  with  it 
in  point  of  time."  In  fact,  Taylor,  so  far  from  antici- 
pating a  successful  result,  ordei'ed  a  retrograde  move- 
ment at  the  very  time  when  the  fort  was  being  carried. 
The  sul)soquent  operations  against  Fort  Diablo  woie 
not  attended  with  similar  good  fortune — and  did  net 
succeed. 

Worth's  operations  on  the  western  side  were  con- 
ducted with  great  prudence  and  skill.  His  seizure  ef 
a  secure  j)osition  before  making  any  assault,  the 
prom])tnes,s  with  which  he  su})ported  in  strong  force 

"•  Ampuilia  had  ample  means  of  throwing  Rtroii;^  reinforcements  on  to  tliu 
western  luiglits.      His  neglect  of  these  important  points  is  inconeeivahle, 

^'Taylor  says:  'This  lire  happily  eoinoiileil  in  jioint  of  time  with  tlio  ad- 
vance of  a  portion  of  tiic  volnnteer  division  upon  Xo.  1 — that  is,  Fort  Tenrria 
— ancl  contributed  lari,'ely  to  tiio  fall  of  that  strong  and  important  work.'  ('. 
6'.  O'ui-t  Doc,  Cong.  'J'j,  Scs.  '2,  11.  Ex.  4,  p.  So. 


LOSSES  OF  MEXICANS  AXD  AMERICANS, 


401 


tlic  storniini^  columns,  and  liis  dispositions  for  tlic  cap- 
ture of  the  summit  of  the  Cerro  del  Obispado  prove 
his  elKciency  in  a  most  difficult  position,  and  Taylor's 
iHscernment  in  selecting  him. 

The  loss  sustained  by  the  Americans  was  severe, 
Ixing  over  500  in  killed  and  wounded;'"'^  that  of  the 
^Irxicans  is  not  known,  but  it  probably  far  exceeded 
that  of  the  invaders.^'-*  As  to  the  bravery  of  the 
]\I('xicans  in  their  defence  of  Monterey  there  is  no  dis- 
pute. Taylor  admitted  that  the  gallantry  displayed 
was  alike  creditable  to  the  troops  and  the  nation,  and 
the  officers  of  his  army  bore  am[)le  testimony  to  it."' 

With  regard  to  tx^  ''erms  of  the  stipulation,  it  caused 
no  little  disisatisfaction,  not  oidy  to  the  army,  but  to 
the  United  States  at  lai'ge.  Tiiat  the  ]\Iexican  forces 
should  have  been  allowed  to  retire,  when  every  cir- 
cumstance seemed  to  assure  the  necessity  of  their  un- 
conditional  surrender,  caused  general  disappointment; 
and  the  suspension  of  hostilities  interfered  with  the 
plans  of  the  government  for  the  vigorous  jM'osecutitJu 
(;f  the  war.  The  public  })ress  severely  criticised  the 
convention,  and  on  the  1 3th  of  October  Marcy  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  Taylor  which  plainly  indicated  the 
dissatisfaction  of  the  government.  It  disapproved  of 
the  armistice,  and  Taylor  was  instructed  to  give  tlie 
rL(|uisite  notice  that  it  was  to  cease  at  once.''^ 

'"Taylor  in  liia  report  of  October  0,  1S4(!,  places  it  iit  4S.S,  namely,  12  offi- 
C'vs  and  108  men  kiilcil.  anil  .'U  oliicers  ami  '.i'.)'  nuMi  woiuiik'd.  /(/.,  |).  ,s;i. 
I' '.!  fiiim  the  (jflicial  statements  pul/lisiieil  later  tlu;  number  is  irivuu  as  ."nKj, 
iiiuiiiy,  10  oHicera  killeil  anl  '_'4  winuuleil,  ami  l_'(j  men  killed  and  ;U0 
"I  ii;iled.  Wortli'.s  division  only  lo-^t  .").">  in  killed  and  wonndiMl,  to  which 
ii'iviiier  must  he  atlded  '2'2  killed  and  \Vi>undfd  of  Texan  vohinteei's  attachi'd 
ti  it.  It'rIil'H  T<r.  y.V(;/;yf /•-,•,  'J.l'.l-.'tl ;  .V(7c.-,'  A'-;/.,  lx\i.  18;{-4;  /V.v'.v  l/i/i'  .;/■ 
y  i;i'i)r,  •2&2.  Ainjimlia  places  the  loss  of  the  Americans  at  \,')U0.  '  Dcspni  s 
i!  una  dcfensa  hrillante  en  i(ue  el  eneniigo  fni''  reciiazado  eon  p,-rdida  <le  mil 
i|iiiiicntos  liomhres  de  varios  puestos.'  linslmn'tiili',  Xirro  Hrr.iul  JJi'tz,  ii. 
III.  A  translation  of  this  report  of  Ampndi.i's  to  the  Mexican  minister  of 
v.ii  will  he  found  in  XUc-f'  A''-/.,  Ix  ;i.  ISO. 

■'■'  Worth  .states  that  in  the  several  oniliels  with  his  division  the  enemy's 
l"<-i  was  a.-eertained  to  exceed  4.")0  men.  U.  S,  (iur!  Dor,,  Ci»ng.  2!),  Ses.  '_',  II. 
Ks.  t.  p,  lOS. 

'  (.'ajjtain  Henry  writes:  '  Thus  far  they  have  foujtht  mo'it  bravely,  and 
witli  an  endurance  and  tenacity  I  did  not  thiidc  they  pos-sessed.'  Cumiiahin 
.b'/,.  ■■/;-•,«,  •2m. 

•■'  U.  S.  riorf.  Dor.,  Cong.  .SO,  Ses.  1,  H.  Ex.  00,  pp.  3oo-G.  Taylor,  in  his 
UisT.  Hex.,  Vol.  V.    M 


ii 


|-tf 


,   ■  .:i- 

I'll 

i     '  •■''1' 

lilt 

f 


402 


CAPTURE  OF  MONTEREY. 


Such  was  tlie  reception  which  the  news  of  the  cap- 
ture of  ]M()iiterey  met  with  in  tlie  United  States.  As 
a  mateiial  result  beaiin<^  uj)on  the  uhinuite  object  of 
the  war,  the  possession  of  the  city  at  the  cost  of  so 
much  bloodshed  was  of  no  advantage.  It  was  an  ex- 
periuiental  movement,  which  merely  proved  the  brav- 
ery and  endurance  of  American  troops,  and  the  ini- 
jtracticability  of  carrying  on  the  war  with  any  effect, 
thruugli  sterile  regions,  in  the  direction  of  the  Mexi- 
can capital. '^^  In  lact,  the  campaign  on  the  Rio  Grande 
had  proved  by  no  means  consequential. 

reply,  shows  that  ho  adopted  tlio  convention  from  cogent  reasons,  namely; 
that  with  ills  force  he  could  not  so  invest  Monterey  as  to  preclude  the  escape 
of  the  Mi'X lean  army;  tli.it  tho  cousidcration.s  of  humanity  outweighed  tiiu 
douhtful  advantages  to  bo  gained  liy  a  resumption  of  the  attack.  With  r  ■- 
gai'd  to  th'  iirmiHticc,  it  paralyzed  tho  enemy  during  aperiod  when,  from  tli; 
Mant  of  necessary  means,  ho  coidil  not  possilily  move.  /(/,,  pp  .S.'iO-fiO.  In 
his  hotter  to  (Jaines  he  writes:  '  iJesides,  they  had  a  very  hirgo  and  strmi,' 
foi'lilication  '—the  citadel — '  a  short  distance  from  the  city  which,  if  curricl 
witii  the  hayouet,  "lust  ha.ve  ))('cn  talci'n  at  a  great  sacrilicc  of  life,  and,  wi'li 
our  limited  train  of  heavy  or  battering  artillery,  it  would  liavc  re(iiiiiv  | 
twenty  or  twenty-live  days  to  take  it  by  regular  approaches.'  A^ilt'x'  I!"/., 
Ixxi.  'Mi.  Jeifei'son  Davis,  writing  from  Victoria,  Tamaulipas,  Jan.  (!,  ISIT, 
says:  '1  did  not  tiien,  nor  do  I  now,  believe  wo  could  have  made  the  enemy 
surreuder  at  iliscretion;. .  .  wo  could  drive  the  euemy  from  tho  town;  but 
the  town  was  nnteualilo  while  the  main  fort  (called  tiie  new  citadel)  remaiui' 1 
in  the  hands  nf  the  enemy.'  J'rid's  Ti  jc.  lidii'ji'rti,  '20~>. 

"^ '  I  do  not  intend,'  .says  Taylor,  writing  to  tiaines  from  Monterey,  Xnv, 
.5th, '  to  "arry  on  my  operations  (.as  previously  statiul)  beyond  Saltillo-^deemiii^; 
it  next  to  impractic-.blc  to  do  so.'  yUvs'  liaj.,  Ixxi.  3-12. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

OPERATIONS  IN  THE  NORTH— BUEXA  VISTA. 
July  1840— Makcu  1847. 

EXTKDIT  ONS  AGAINST  NkW  MkXICO   AND   CaLIFOUNIA  — DoNU'IIAN's    MAIUir 

TO  CiiiHUAiinA — Battle  of  Sackamknto — Oi'kuatiun.s  of  tiik  CIilf 
Squadron — Taylor's  Plans— He  Advancks  to  Salt£LLo— Tami'icd 
IIvacuated  I!Y  the  Mexicans— Tayi,ok  Occuimes  Victorlv  and  Aisan- 
ddns  It— Scott  Takes  Command— Whiiduawal  of  Ajierican  Trooi's 
-Mexican  I'REi'ARATioNa — Santa  Anna  at  San  Luls  I'oiosi — His 
Makcii  to  Aula  Xiteva— Taylor  Takes  ii-  a  Position  at  La  An- 
gostura—Description  of  the  Pass — Dispositions  of  the  Two  Armie* 
— Battle  of  Uuena  Vista— The  Final  Cuaruk  Repulsed— Santa 
Anna  Retreats. 

In  anticipation  of  war  with  Mexico,  the  government 
of  tlie  United  States  had  issued  orders  to  the  naval 
conunanders  in  the  Pacific  to  take  possession  of  the 
California  ports  immediately  upon  receiving  news  of 
the  commencement  of  hostilities,  without  waiting  for 
further  instructions.  The  neglect  with  which  Mexico 
had  long  treated  that  ))rovince  had  rendered  its  in- 
habitants lukewarm.  Not  that  they  were  wanting  in 
patriotism;  but  their  frequent  ap])eals  to  the  govcrn- 
iiiunt  never  having  been  answered,  there  had  been 
<  iigendered  a  corresj)onding  indiiference  Avith  regaid 
to  their  continuing  in  the  Mexican  republic.  This 
iiidiiference  was,  moreover,  fostered  by  the  agents  of 
the  United  States  government;  and  wlun  in  Jul  y  tho 
American  admiral,  having  received  inl'orination  that 
hostilities  had  broken  out  on  the  Kio  Grande,  jiro- 
ceeded  to  carry  out  his  instructions,  ho  met  with  no 
active   resistance,   and   the    United  States   Hag  was 

(lUJ) 


404 


OPERATIOXS  IN  THE  NORTH— BUENA  VISTA. 


!if; 


raised  in  California  without  the  shedding  of  Wood. 
Unfortunately  the  arrogant  conduct  of  a  ccj-tain 
United  States  officer  had  alienated  the  kindly  feeling's 
of  the  inhabitants.  An  uncalled-for  revolt  of  the 
American  citizens  ai^ainst  the  authorities  had  fiirtlicr 
aggravated  this  antipathy,  and  thereby  led  to  the  only 
bloodshed  that  occurretl  in  the  acquisition  of  Cali- 
fornia. It  gradually  iiiHanied  the  spirits  of  the  peojilc, 
who  some  months  later  rose  ajj-'ainst  the  newly  consti- 
tuted  power,  and  appealed  to  arms.  ^leanwhile  the 
government  at  Washington  had  organized  a  land  ex- 
j)edition  against  New  Mexico  and  California,  under 
General  Kearny,  who  began  his  ojierations  in  Au- 
gust. Taking  possession  of  the  former  territory, 
and  establishing  a  jirovisional  government,  Kearny 
])ressed  forward  to  California,  and  arrived  there  just 
in  time  to  aid  in  su[)pressing  the  rebellion.  His  t)pii- 
ations,  combined  with  those  of  the  Heet,  soon  ended 
matters.  Left  to  their  own  resources,  the  Califoi'- 
nians  offered  but  a  fetsble  resistance,  and  their  rich 
territory  was  lost  to  Mexico  forever.  It  is  umieces- 
sary,  however,  to  enter  further  into  the  particular- 
coiinected  with  the  conquest  of  California  and  New 
[Mexico,  as  they  are  fully  narrated  in  other  volumes 
of  this  history.^ 

Besides  the  expedition  against  these  provinces,  an- 
other was  planned  about  the  same  time  against  Chi- 
huahua, with  the  object  of  furthering  the  scheme  of 
cutting  off  the  northern  provinces  of  3Iexico,  as  advo- 
cated by  Taylor.^     This  hitter  undertaking  was,  how- 


^  ITi.'^l.  Arizona  and  New  Mfx'ico;  JlUt.  Crt.V/brj^'a,  tliis  series.  For  Mi'x- 
ioaii  views  on  the  acquisition  of  California,  the  reailtn-eaii  consult  Otero,  yi'in-. 
JJij'lom.,  1-1-2. 

-  Marcy,  in  his  letter  to  Taylor  of  .Tune  8,  1840,  writes:  'It  is  pmixr 
that  I  should  advise  you  that  a  cnnsidcralilc  force,  whicii  will  also  he  unikr 
your  c(uuni:ind,  will  soon  assemble  at  San  Antonio  de  HOjar.  Tiie  uUi^lil^• 
ilcAtination  of  tliis  force  is  (.'hihuahua.'  Its  ilcstination,  iuiwever,  was  nor  as 
yet  detniitely  determined  iipon.  [^.  1^.  Gort  JJoc,  I'ong.  ."0,  ."^es.  1,  H.  K.\. 
00,  p.  S2;)-4.  Taylor,  rei)lyiiii;  July  '2d.  expressed  the  opinion  that  opera- 
tions on  the  frontier  'should  lie  couiined  to  cuttin^'  otV  the  northern  prov- 
inces— an  uudortakiug  of  comparative  facility  and  assurance  of  success.'  Id., 
p.  ;i31. 


"WOOLS  EXPEDITION  TO  CHIHUAHUA. 


405 


alooil. 
ei'tiilii 
elin;^'s 
)f  tiio 
Livtli''r 
ic  ttulv 
Cali- 

consti- 
ile  the 
uul  t'X- 
under 
ill   Avi- 
riitorv, 
Ivoaruy 
.-re  ju>t 
;i,s  i)p>'V- 
I  eiult'il 
Calitov- 

eir  I'H'h 
inueci's- 

iculiiv- 

d  New 

oluiuc's 

ICOS,  .111- 

st  Clii- 
liomc  <-it 
as  advti- 
as,  liow- 

For  Mc\- 
ifcro,  ^Vt';;o''- 

[t  is  proper 
so  111?  >i"'Ur 
he  uUi""''"'' 
,  was  noi  as 

;.  1,  II.  i'^. 

that.  oiKiiv 
rtheni  pi'"^- 

llCCCSS.'    ^'•' 


ever,  of  a  more  experimental  nature  than  that  (hrocted 
a'^ainst  Cahfornia.  In  the  first  instance,  it  was 
presumed  that  the  north<3rn  departments,  being  op- 
posed to  tlie  central  system  of  government,  would 
iii)t  only  observe  neutrality,  but  would  avail  them- 
selves of  the  presence  of  a  strong  American  force  as 
an  opportunity  to  throw  off  their  allegiance  to  ^Fexico, 
as  Texas  had  done.  But  this  hope  was  frustrated  by 
the  change  in  the  government,  and  the  adoption  of 
the  federal  system;  and  the  cabinet  at  Washington 
soon  became  aware  that  the  inhabitants  of  these 
regions  were  not  only  hostile,  but  would  actively  ob- 
struct a  march  into  the  interior. 

Meanwhile  General  Wool  had  been  placed  in  charge 
of  the  troops  that  were  to  operate  in  Chihuahua.  He 
was  instructed  to  concentrate  his  command  at  San  An- 
tonio de  Bejar,  in  Texas,  and  direct  his  march  accord- 
ing to  instructions  from  Taylor,  under  whose  orders 
the  ex])edition  was  placed.  Taylor,  however,  con- 
^^idering  that  Wool  was  charged  by  the  government 
with  a  distinct  operation,  refraineu  from  controlling 
Ills  movements,  -^nd  eonfmed  himself  to  directing  him 
to  march  on  the  city  of  Chihuahua  with  such  portion 
of  his  force  as  could  be  transported  and  subsisted.' 
At  the  same  time  it  was  suggested  that  he  should 
advance  by  way  of  Monclova. 

About  the  end  of  September  Wool  began  his  march 
tVoni  San  Antonio  de  Bejar,  his  force  amounting  to 
iitarly  3,000  men.*  On  the  8th  of  (_)ctobcr  he  reached 
the  Rio  Grande  at  the  presidio  of  that  name,  and 
crossing  the  river  without  difficulty  on  the  llth,  ar- 
rived  at  Santa  Rosa  on  the  24th.  Finding  that  the 
•  lily  route  from  this  place  to  Chihuahua  practicable 
tor  wagons  and  artillery  lay  through  ^lonclova,  he 

'Assist  Adj.-gon._Bliss  to  Wool,  in  /'/.,  y>.  410. 

'Namely,  live  coiupanics  U.  S.  dnigoDUs,  one  of  light  artillciy— G  pieces, 
Captain  Washington— and  three  of  the  tith  infantry,  making  ."lOO  regular-^; 
iiiu'  regiment  of  Arkans;is  cavalry,  two  of  Illinois  int'autry,  and  one  company 
of  Kentucky  infantry;  in  all  "2,440  volunteers,  giving  a  total  of  ■2,'J40  eilicient 
lULMi.  Hij-hi/'s  War  ii-itk  JIcc,  i.  .'iOl;  Minii</ieUtii  Mex.  War,  So.  This  foioe 
was  called  the  army  of  the  centre. 


^  it  ■':      1 

i 
1^ 


\  ^. 


400 


OPERATION'S  IX  THE  NORTH— BUEXA  VISTA. 


(llr<>ctocl  his  course  tliitlier,  aiifl  roacliod  that  city  on 
tlio  ii9th.  His  h)!ig  inarcli  had  boon  arduous,  and 
Wool  bcfjan  to  realiz<^  tliat  notliiti''  would  bo  ixaiiicd 
by  proccedini^  to  (Jbihuahua,  whicdi  could  bo  occu[)iL'(l 
at  anv  time  if  necessary.  He  wished  to  be  eimaLrid 
in  more  signiHcant  movements  than  an  isolated  incui-- 
sioii  into  a  remote  province,  where  the  only  difficulliL.s 
to  be  encountered  would  bo  those  of  mai'ching  througli 
an  almost  sterile  region.  He  accordingly  expressed 
his  views  to  Taylor,  who,  being  of  the  same  opinion, 
instructed  him  to  remain  at  ]\Ionclova  until  he  could 
decide  what  disposition  to  make  of  his  command.' 
Thus  the  Chihuahua  exjiedition  was  abandoned.  It 
had  already  cost  heavily  in  material  and  money,  and 
was  apparently  of  no  benefit  to  the  American  cause. 
Nevertholess,  it  afforded  Wool  an  opportunity  of  con- 
verting his  raw  and  refractory  volunteers  into  a  well- 
disciplined  and  efficient  force,  the  value  of  which  re- 
sult became  mainfest  on  the  hard-fought  field  of  Buena 
Vista."  Tayloi'  shortly  afterward  instructed  Wool  to 
locate  himself  at  Parras;  the  army  of  the  centre  ac- 
cordingly was  marched  from  ]\[onclova  Xovember 
24th,  and  reached  its  designated  post  on  the  atli  el' 
Ueceujber. 


I  :; 


In  connection  with  Wool's  expedition  against  Chi- 
huahua mention  must  l)e  made  of  Colonel  Doniphnn- 
incursion  into  that  state,  and  his  capture  of  its  capi- 


•' Taylor,  ■wrilincj  to  the  ailj.-pcn.  Xov.  Otli,  .says:  '  He  [Vi'doIJ  inquiix- 
what  i.s  to  be  f.';iiiied  l)y  j^'niiij,'  to  C'liilmaluia.  And  I  am  free  toanswnr,  ii  ii'i- 
iUj' at  all  couiuicnsuratu  Willi  t!ie  excet^sLvc  length  of  his  line  of  opcraticie. 
Chiluiahua,  moreover,  is  virtually  cuiinuered.'  U.  S.  ilort  /Ax'.,  Cong.  .">  i, 
Ses.  1,  H.  ¥.)i.  (iO,  y.  ."lil.  The  government  at  Washington  had  alreaily. 
Oct.  'IIA,  Ix'gnn  to  (kmlit  whether  anj'  advantage  would  ho  gained  l)y  tlie  '■■•■■ 
eupation  of  C'hihuaiiua,  and  suggested  that  AVooFs  eolumn  .'should  be  uuitr  ! 
vitli  Taylor's  at  Monterey,  or  on  the  Rio  Orande.  LL,  p.  .'{Ot-o.  For  fiilitr 
particulars  of  Wool's  n.areh,  cimsult  liL,  Cong.  31,  .Ses.  1,  II.  Ex.  32,  .V.'ll. 

"Wool  was  a  strict  disciplinarian,  and  was  regarded  as  an  nnconipronii-ii:-' 
martinet  by  the  volunteers,  wliose  'complaints  were  loud  and  many,'  Attii' 
they  had  been  in  action  they  iiad  reason  to  chanL'c  their  oiiiaion.  Sec  faro- 
well  letter  of  the  1st  III.  volunteers  to  (Icn.  AVool  on  their  departure  fi"iii 
Mexico  for  home,  dated  .rune  '1,\.  1S47,  in  iJcmocrallc  llvvkiv,  Nov.  ISjI,  ami 
reproduced  in  Wool,  Slxlch  ot'  Li/c,  -L 


ty  on 

5,  and 

i-aincd 

•u[>ie(l 

cra'Ted 

incuv- 

:?ultios 

irougli 

ressud 

l^iinion, 

>  coultl 

nuind.' 

id.     It 

iv,  and 

cause. 
of  con- 
a  WL-il- 
lifli  IV- 
'  Bucna 
yool  to 

tre  !)'•- 

5tll  of 


k,  Clii- 
iplinn  > 
U  t-api- 


inqmivs 

■wnr.  u^ii'i- 

Ipcratioii-. 

1  Coug.  :'■ '. 

ahvaily. 

Iliy  tlic'"-- 

lio  uuiii' ' 

iFoi- fu'Uv 

3-j,  .v:;!. 

IproniiMii- 
'-.'  Alt.r 
Sec  l:uf- 
l-tui'o  fi-'in 
llSJl,  iiu<l 


DONirilAX'S  EXrr.DITIOX. 


407 


tal;  but  as  more  details  are  <>-iven  in  another  por- 
tion ot"  this  work,  an  outline  will  be  sutlicient  lieri'. 
Kearny,  finding  that  he  had  more  trv)o[)s  than  were 
necessary  for  his  own  enterprise,  at  the  latter  end  of 
September  despatched  Doniphan  from  Santa  Fc  with 


i^Pafc  del  Norte  \.     1 


^ 


*', 


■M — 


» -t. 


.•k., 


*SiI '  i.Jt  I'aiA     \).''o  N^ '  ■  ■'' 


•M-,'.  V»-^'\f\      ,V:^^-|2  /*■        .>^del  NorfeX:^  U    '.^ 


u 


^\^^ 


_  rU'UllALJIlA        'Lj'  '<■*(> 


■Vv 


OELOSjCHlbTIANpa 


L*t> 


LLANO      i^ 
aiGANT 


DE  LOS      *\ 
E8      iV 


.T.*^ 


'.-Lau.iitl  Jm'h     ¥m 
'  I 

I 

I 

bolsc'n      ti 

.        DE,/ 

_, — _Jg 


CuniuAiiCA. 


the  surplus,  consisting  of  Missouri  volunteers,  to 
Chihuahua,  of  which  j)lace  he  sup[)ost'(l  Wool  would  be 
ill  possession.  ])oniplKin,  having  cont'hided  a  treaty 
villi  the  Xavajos  according  to  instructions,  arrived  at 


(!: 


40S 


OrKHATIOXS  IX  THE  NOUTII-r.UEXA  VISTA. 


Valvoi'ilo  D(,'ceinl)or  I'Jth.  Thence  he  ])rncee(le(l  to  "* 
J*Ji.s()  tlel  Xoite,  whirh  jihice  he  entered  on  the  27th, 
after  havinL,'  r<'|)ulse(l  with  h)ss,  on  the  2;'3th,  a  stroii,' 
body  ol'  ]\Iexi('anH  wliich  attacked  him  at  a  bond  of 
the  Kio  (Jrande  cubed  el  lirazito/  ll(!arin<,'  now  fur 
the  lirst  time  that  Wool  had  not  advanced  into  Chi- 
hnahua,  ho  «till  determined  to  penetrate  to  that  city, 
and  commenced  his  march  February  8,  1847.  His 
Ibri'o  numborcd  i)24  offectivo  iiion,  with  six  pieces  of 
artiller}'. 

1]1  l*aso  is  some  225  miles  distant  from  the  city 
of  Chihuahua;  and  as  the  route  lav  through  steiile 
deserts  tlestitute  of  water,  much  of  hardship  and  suf- 
fering was  undergono.  Doniphan's  advance,  however, 
was  not  interrupted  by  any  ellbrt  of  the  enemy  until 
he  arrived  at  the  pass  of  Sacramento,  about  twenty 
miles  to  the  north  of  the  state  capital.  Here  tlie 
Chihuahuans  were  })repared  to  receive  him,  having  tak- 
ing up  a  strong  position  in  superior  numbers.  They, 
however,  sustained  a  disastrous  defeat,  and  Doui|'  u 
entered  Chihuahua  without  further  opposition,  t; 
])ossession  of  the  city  in  the  name  of  the  United  Suct.cs 
govermnent. 

His  situation,  however,  was  embarrassing.  Ho 
was  entirelv  isolated,  at  a  distance  of  nianv  hundred 
miles  from  the  American  army,  of  whose  operations 
only  vague  rumors  had  reached  him.  Understanding 
that  Wool  was  at  Saltillo,  he  ap[)lied  to  him  for  order.-s 
to  move  to  that  town.  Havino'  received  instructions 
to  that  elfoct  he  left  Chihuahua  at  the  end  of  A})ril 
and  reached  Saltillo  on  the  22d  of  May.  Thence 
the  command  proceeded  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  be- 
yond, arriving  about  the  middle  of  June  at  Xow 
Orleans,  where  it  was  discharged.  Thus  terminated 
this  celebrated  march,  which  extended  over  3,000  miles 
through  an  almost  unknown  country,  and  was  con- 
ducted under  innumerable  difficulties.     As  a  military 

'  This  engagemoiit  is  called  the  battle  of  Brazito. 


NAVAL  OPERATIONS. 


400 


inovompnt,  it  was  a  u^reat  ndiifViMiiont;  hut  tlio  ex[»o- 
(lilit)H,  a.s  a  i'actt»r  of  the  war,  was  harivii  of  I'tfcLt. 

While  the  Anierican  land  forcos"\voro  thus  suecoss- 
I'ully  operatiiijjj  on  tho  llio  (Jranclo  thu  Mexican  poi'ts 
(111  t  lie  n'ulf  were  blockaded  by  a  naval  scjuadron,''  under 
( 'onmiodore  Connor.  Tho  United  States  had  l'>ii<^ 
(iiiitended  for  a  more  liberal  construction  of  the  law 
of  hlockatle  than  that  held  by  European  powers,  and 
imw  proceeded  to  carry  out  the  ])rinciples  whi(;h  had 
liiMii  advocated.  Not  oidy  was  the  (hjctrine  of  a  paper 
lihickade  exploded,  but  a  s[)ecial  warninj^  was  ordered 
^iven  to  vessels  appearing  before  blockaded  ports; 
without  such  warniuLf  a  vessel  was  not  subiect  to 
si  i/ure,  and  if  she  eifected  an  entrance  was  free  to 
tlejiart  without  hinderance.  Tho  duties  whicli  do- 
vt»lved  ujion  tho  Amei'ican  navy  were  extremely  irk- 
sdiiu',  and  tho  enforcement  of  the  blorlvade  difficult, 
owiiii;-  to  tho  nature  of  the  ^lexican  ports,  and  tho 
prevalence  in  tho  gulf  of  violent  nc^rth  winds,  which 
ficfjuently  compelled  tho  blockading  shi[)s  at  \\'ra  Cruz 
to  seek  shelter  to  tho  leeward  of  the  islands  soutli  ot 
that  port.  Under  these  circumstances  several  neutral 
s]ii;)s  ran  tho  blockade  bv  onteriui^  tho  harbor  bv  tho 
northern  channel."  Tho  small  maritime  commerce  of 
]\iexico  was,  however,  destroyed. 

The  operations  of  tho  squadron  were  not  always  at- 
tended with  success.  In  August  and  October  Connor 
hiade  two  attempts  against  tho  port  of  Alvarado, 
which  wore  frustrated  by  bad  weather  and  the  state 
I  if  tlio  river.  On  tho  second  occasion  the  steamer 
McLane  ran  aground  on  tho  bar,  and  tho  vessels  she 

''Tills  squadron  in  July  consisted  of  three  .lO-gun  frigates,  three  ■24-i,'iin 
t^lrniii.i  of  war,  four  10-gun  brigs,  one  10-guii  sclioouor,  tlie  steamer  Mii.-^i.isi/iiii 
ut  s  guns,  and  the  steamer  I'riuretoii  of  10  guns;  in  all  13  siiips  with  "JllJ 
j:nns.  Siinmcii'  Scrrirp  Ajiont,  7").  At  tlie  lieginning  (if  tiio  war  .Mexico  had 
til'.'  sicauiers  Guadalupe  and  Morfizuma,  tho  goleta  Aiju'da,  eacli  of  (i  guns, 
^'■.tii  small  vesselsof  1  gun  each,  the  Mcx'irano  a.ivlZ>.it'.j'oa'ln''t,  of  10  earrcju- 
iiili's,  ;ind  a  few  other  vessels  in  bad  condition.  Jlirera,  Hist.  Jalapu.  iii.  744. 

"  riie  Mexican  government,  by  decree  ot  Sept.  1 1th,  exemiitcd  lilockade  run- 
1'. c'.'.-i  from  tonnage  dues,  and  one  quarter  of  tlie  importation  duties.  l>ablan 
and  Lozuao,  Liif.  Mtx.,  v.  IG'J:  .i/tu:.,  Col.  Lvi).  y  JJec,  1844-0,  441-2. 


,,            J 

^fun^Hin 

:  'iiimM 

■  ■ 

'.''  '^Wra^^^H  1 

|I^Hl 

*''^'  A^^^^^^^^^^l       1 

It 

tiF: 


ii; 

lij: 


!        I 


410 


OPER^LTIONS  IX  THE  NORTH-BUEXA  VISTA. 


10 


had  in  tow  j:,ot  foul  of  eaeb  other  in  great  disordor. 
]\[oro  successful  was  an  expedition  durin^-  the  hitter 
month  up  the  Tabasco  River,  under  Commodore 
Perry,  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  the  town  of 
Frontera,  two  jMexican  steamers,  and  five  mercluuit 
vessels."  In  August  the  squadron  sustained  a  loss  ]>y 
tlio  wreck  of  the  brig  Truxtou,  twelve  guns,  Com- 
mander Carpender,  on  the  reef  of  Tuxpam;^^  and  ;i 
still  more  serious  disaster  occurred  December  8th,  l)y 
tlie  capsizing  of  the  brig  6oyur'>'.9,  Lieutenant  Semnies. 
The  vessel  sank  in  ten  minutes,  and  thirty-nine  (if 
her  crew  were  drowned.'^  The  operations  of  the 
squadron  in  the  Pacific  were  principally  confined  this 
year  to  the  coast  of  California. 

After  the  capture  of  MoJitcrey,  Taylor  was  pro- 
pared  to  wpeak  as  to  the  advisability  of  his  moving 
upon  the  capital.  He  was  evidently  opposed  to  it. 
]{econnnen<ling  tlie  policy  of  occupying  a  defensiv;! 
line  along  tlie  Sierra  ^Madre,  with  corps  stationed  at 
Saltlllo,  Monclova,  Jjiiiares,  Victoria,  and  Tatnpico, 
he  said  tliat  if  it  was  the  determination  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  strike  a  decisive  blow  at  Mexico  a  foiv,; 
sliould  be  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  or  Alvarado.^*  la 
the  mean  time  the  United  States  government  lia'l 
decided  to  make  a  tlescont  on  the  gulf  coast,  with  tlio 
intention  of  caj)turing  Tampico  and  invading  Tamaa- 
lipas.     Proposals  to  open  negotiations  with  the  r.h- 

'"  The  JfcLnne  was  got  ofT  witliout  much  injury,  l)ut  tlie  enterprise  w,',.-! 
piveii  up  Connor's  report,  in  U.  S.  Oovl  Doc,  C^ong.  'JO,  Ses.  2,  il.  ilx.  t.  y, 
CIW-I. 

^'  /i/.,  p.  G32-.J.  In  the  engascnunt  which  oceiv.-rca  llio  Americana  lit 
three  men  liilleil  and  several  wiinr.ilea.  Anioug  the  former  wan  Lieut  ('.  M. 
Morris,  son  of  the  eoinniodorv',  of  tii^'.t  r.aiiie.  lie  was  ;<  valuahle  (ji'iicer,  ;iii  I 
Ilia  tleaUi  ;,'reiitly  deplore.!.  Ih.;  Si  inin't^  Serv'irr  Athiaf,  W.  Fnrth'.r  dci.iil' 
in  IJiis'fuMi/ili;  'liiras>:jii,  MS.,  10-11;  JJ.  Mriii.  j'/int.  Mc.i:,  Mii.,  v.  L'lO-i:; 
Ji'in  L's/i/i,).,  Nov.  11,  loll),  1. 

'-The  oiheers  ami  ercws  beertnie  pvisoiicr.s  to  the  ^lexicans,  and  wer>'  i  •<■ 
cliu'.iged  for  (ien.  \'e,L,M,  and  tlie  oliic.'r.s  wUo  aecomiianied  him  to  U.  S.  :n 
prisoner.-)  of  war.    17.  S.  dorl  hoc,  ut  sup.,  ]i.  ;iS2. 

'■'.More  t!ian  one  half  of  her  erew,  which  eon.si.ited  of  7(1  Jier.son.-*.  Si  .■ 
Sennnes'  i-eport,  in  Scrci-i'  Ailuitf,  'J.!-',». 

"  L'.  .S'.  (.'orl  I'nc,  Cong."  ;J.),  Scs.  I.  il.  K.s.  (iO,  p.  V.M-'A.  1I<!  ennsidn.  1 
that  tlie  amount  of  troops  should  not  be  Icsss  than  'J.'), 000  men,  10,01)0  ol  wluiai 
Bhould  bo  regiilara. 


OCCUr.ATIOX  OF  SALTILLO  AXD  TAMPICO. 


411 


jcct  of  terminating  tlic  war  had  been  rejected  by  the 
Mexican  governnieut,  which  deferred  the  matter  till 
the  asoembhng  of  a  new  congress  ou  the  Gth  of  De- 
(( !ul)er.  The  cabinet  at  Washington  doternuned  to 
jirD.socute  its  design  without  loss  of  time,  and  that  no 
(Itlay  might  occur,  issued,  September  22d,  instructions 
(lirt'ctly  to  General  Patterson,  then  at  Camargo,  to 
make  preparations  for  the  invasion  of  Tamauli}.as 
witli  a  strong  detachment  from  Taylor's  command.^'' 
When  Taylor  rjceived  the  despatch  ordering  the 
cessation  of  the  armistice,  he  began  to  put  in  opera- 
tion his  scheme  of  taking  up  a  defensive  line.  Deem- 
ing the  occupation  of  Saltillo  important  as  a  necessary 
oiitj)ost  to  the  main  army  at  Monterey,  and  as  con- 
tinuing a  region  from  which  supplies  could  be  obtained, 
oil  Xovember  13th  he  n.arched  from  Monterey  with 
W^jith's  division  and  two  squadrons  of  dragoons, 
jiiid  occupied  that  city  on  tho  IGth  without  oppo- 
sition, Ampudia  having  already  retired  to  San  J^uis 
Totosi.  Almost  simultaneously  with  this  movement 
oMi!  of  the  objects  for  which  it  had  been  under- 
l;ik<-n — namely,  the  occupation  of  Tampico — had  been 
iiin'xpectedl}'  gained.  Santa  Anna,  having  become 
iiiionncd  by  an  intercepted  despatch  that  Tam])ico 
was  to  be  attacked,  ordered  it  to  be  evacuated,  which 
was  carried  into  effect  October  27th.  To  i)rocect  his 
n.vii  position  from  attack  in  that  direction,  he  sta- 
tioned a  force  of  cavalrj'  and  infantry,  5,000  strong, 
iruler  generals  Urrea  and  Valencia  at  the  Tula  pass. 
I'll  Xovember  14th  Commodore  Perry  arrived  l»efore 
Tampico  and  innnediately  occupied  it.  GtMieral  Pat- 
torsou,  on  receipt  of  the  news,  promptly  di;spatched 
six  (;oni[)anies  of  artillery,  with  a  sullicient  sup[)ly  of 
lieavy  ordinance  to  garrison  tlio  place,  followed  sot)U 
afti.rward  by  a  regiment  of  Alabama  volunteers.**' 

'■'/;/.,  p.  n.W-40,  .Ti:?,  n.'iS.  This  action  of  tlio  -ovfniiiiont  ^,'roatly  irri- 
t;i(  ■!  'I'liylor.  In  his  \v\)\y  of  Oct.  l,"itli  liu  jiidtcst'-'l  ag.iiiist  it,  claiming 
t!i''  ii  rlit  of  organising  all  (["■taclinicnt.s  fi'oin  tlio  licxips  iimlcr  him,  ami  dc- 
i  l:iiiiiiiig  again^t  the  war  department  corresponding  directly  willi  liis  ^idxir- 
ilinaic-:.  Id.,  p.  X).i-\. 

^^  III.,  p.  37i-3,  o77,  o7S.     Patterson  afterward  ordered  tii'j  lUinoits  rc;^i- 


ii 


m 


ii 


412 


OPERATIONS  IX  THE  NORTH-BUENA  VISTA. 


Taylor's  defensive  Hue  was  now  nearly  ooniplctc 
Wool  was  at  Parras  with  his  division;  Wortli  hcLl 
Saltillo;  Butler's  headquarters  were  at  Monterey, 
which  was  garrisoned  uy  a  portion  of  his  conininijd, 
the  remainder  being  employed  in  holdinLf  the  route!-) 
Camari^o  and  the  moutli  of  the  Kio  Grande;  and  Tam- 
])ico  was  oecu])ied  by  a  force  1,000  strong.  With  iho 
])ossession  of  Victoria  the  occu])ation  of  Tamaulipn-^ 
would  be  accomplished,  and  Taylor  accordingly  j)ut  in 
motion  the  troops,  over  5,000  strong,  destined  to  oper- 
ate against  that  point. ^''  On  the  1  jth  of  Decemlxr 
he  left  Monterey,  and  on  the  I7th,  a  junction  of  tlie 
troops,  except  those  under  Patterson,  was  effected  at 
Montemorelos.  Here,  however,  Taylor  received  a 
despatch  from  Worth,  informing  him  tliat  Santa  Aniin. 
designing  to  take  advantage  of  the  diversion  toward 
A'ict(jria,  intended  to  attack  him  at  Saltillo,  and  it' 
successful  then  fall  on  Wool  at  Parras.  Taylor  there- 
fore returned  with  Twiggs'  division  to  ^Monterey,  hut 
finding  that  both  Putler  and  Wool  had  hastened  \\\\ 
to  Woi-th's  su})port,  retraced  his  steps,  leaving  Buti  r 
in  ct)mniand,  and  entered  Victoria  on  the  4th  of  .);in- 
uary,  1847,  Quitman's  division  having  already  occu- 
pied the  city  on  the  2t)th  of  the  [»revious  month.  Xo 
resistance  was  offered;  Urrea's  cavalry  corps,  then  at 
Victoria,  slowly  retired  to  the  [)ass  of  Tula,  and  \'a- 
lencia  made  no  attempt  to  op})ose  the  American  gen- 
eral. But  the  movement  was  barren  of  result  otliei- 
than  tlie  concentration  of  the  troops,  and  on  the  1  Hli, 
owing  to  the  U'ant  of  su}>phes,  Taylor  began  to  evac- 
uate the  city,  ordering  the  command  to  march  to 
Tampico.     lie  hin)self  with  a  small  escort  returned  to 


lucnta  of  foot  at  Matainoros.  and  a  rcgiiiiriit  of  TtMincssco  horse,  also  ti>  pi  > 
cr.'i'il  to  Tai)ii)iL().  'r.iylor  .lisaii))rovii(  (if  his  action,  cotiiitormauilcil  tlu'  ■  - 
del',  ami  ir'  aUod  Patterson.  /(/.,  p.  ;VS;{-,").  Uosiicctin;^  tlio  evacuation  I 
Tampico,  the  reailor  can  consult  Tain/iicn,  Mttn.  noltrc  Emc,  ''•i;  Punvli, 
J/( «!.,  ■'),'<;   /(/.,   I'iiiilifitrio)!,  17. 

"'J'hcse  eonsistcil  of  tiio  rci^nlars  at  Monterey  under  Twigj^s;  Quitinaa^ 
brigade  of  volunteers;  the '2d  inf.  regiment  and 'Jd  Teini.  foot  atCamargo;  :iii  I 
three  regiments  of  volunteers  umler  I'altcrson,  \\lio  was  instructed  to  nuuvll 
f.Mui  .Matanioro.'^.    (.'.  S,  (loci  j)w.,  t  oiig.  'M,  Scu.  1,  II.  Kx.  IIU,  p.  ."{^.'i. 


SCOTT  IN  COMMAXr 


413 


AfontiToy,  where  he  arrived  on  the  24th  of  the  same 

lllOUtll."* 

(/eiieral  Taylor  liad  by  this  time  received  news  of 
iuiportant  elianges  tliat  liad  been  eft'ected  at  Wasli- 
in^ton  relative  to  the  conduct  of  the  war  and  the  com- 
iiiaiid  of  the  armv.  Whether  it  was  that  the  <>-ov- 
t.  rinnoiit  hatl  lost  some  porti(jn  of  its  confidence  in  hhn 
owiiiL^  to  the  absence  of  active  resources  or  suLjgestions, 
(ir  that  ill-feelinj^  had  been  created  bj-  his  stronj^  jiro- 
lists  ai2fainst  interference  with  his  command  on  the 
|iait  of  till,'  war  de})artment,  during*  the  latter  part  oi' 
Xovember,  Scott,  who  had  several  times  rei)eated  his 
desire  to  be  sent  to  the  field,  was  ordered  ti>  ^Mexico 
tn  take  command  <jf  the  forces  there  assembled,  and 
organize  an  expedition  to  operate  against  Vera  Cruz.^* 
Scott  inmiediately  made  pre[)arations  for  his  dopartui'c, 
jiiul  left  Washinn'ton  for  New  York  on  the  24th  of 
November.  On  the  Ibllowing  day  he  wrote  a  confi- 
dential letter  to  Taylor,  apprising  him  of  his  ap[>roach 
iiud  the  necessitv  <>f  drawing  from  his  command  the 
gi'cater  portion  of  his  best  troo[)s.-'  It  was  not  until 
the  oOth  of  J3ecend)er  that  Scott  arrived  at  ^Mata- 
iimros,  and  finding  that  Taylor  luul  proceeded  to  Vieto- 
lia,  addressed,  January  od, a  connnunication  to  ibitli'i-, 
i'l^^triicting  him  to  put  in  movement,  without  waiting 
li  hear  from  Taylor,  for  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  ( irande, 
a  large  j)ortion  of  the  troops  for  (Hubarkation  for  \"era 
Criiz.-^  Scott  also  wrote  t(,)  Taylor,  enclosing  a  co])y 
ef  this  letter,  and  sent  the  desj^atch  by  way  of  Mon- 
tt'icy,  and  ou  iho  ^Ith  sent  other  co[)ies  of  the  same 
diivet  I'rom  ^latamoros  to  Victoria.      The  first  com- 

'"/-/.,  pp.  S(il-2,  890;  El  Sojioir,!^!',  Foh.  •_>(>,  1S47,  i.  no.  L'S,  pp.  3-4. 

-'"('.  S.  Uort  J)or.,  Cajw'.  .30.  Scs.  1,  1[.  K\.  CO,  p.  ;i7:i.  T:iylor  rcooived 
t'.iis  ((iimiiiiiiioMtKiii  Ooc.  "Jkli  wliik"  mi  iiiiit(,'  to  Victoria.   I'l.,  p.  SIS. 

■'  N.uiiiily,  ."illD  i-('i,'iilar  i.avalrv;  oOil  xoluiititTravjiliy;  Ouncau's  and  T;iy- 
l''i'.s  liatti'i'ii'.s;  4.000  iCLCulars,  iucliuliiii;  .irlillrry,  uinlor  (loni'ial  Worth; 
■l,iH)i)  vdluiitocr  iiit'ai-.i-y;  in  all  O.Ollil  men  (Aclusivo  of  tlic?  .spccitit'il  liattor- 
i 's.  Fi'diii  this  nunilior  wcro  tu  lie  ili.'iliiL'ti'il  the  li'oops  at  X'ii'toiia  and  'I'ani- 
jiico,  k'.ss  the  Lranison  for  tho  latter,  .•iiid  a  vuliiiiteer  I'e'.'inieiit  at  Matanioros, 
I  he  whole  nniiilier  of  the  foi'ee  iindei'  Taylor's  coniiiiand  at  this  tinin  was  t'S- 
tiuKUtii  by  Scull  at  17,000,  sovun  of  ivyiilai'd  mid  ten  of  voluuluera. 


i 

Be 

m 

1 

■ 

m\ 

1 

Hf 

pi' 

1 

f 

i 

, 


ii  t 


■  !   I 


ir 


lli^ifil 


414 


OrERATIOXS  IN  THE  NORTH— BUENA  VISTA. 


iiiunicatiou  was  intercepted  by  the  enemy  at  souki 
distance  lV(.»ni  Monterey  and  forwarded  to  Santa  Ann;;, 
Avho  thus  became  aware,  not  only  of  the  desij^-n  against 
Ycni  Cruz,  but  also  of  the  great  reduction  made  in 
Taylor's  force,  Taylor  received  the  second  despatch 
at  V^ictoria  on  the  141h  of  January,  and  its  conteul  s 
caused  him  deep  mortification.  He  expressed  himself 
bitterly  to  Scott  on  the  course  that  had  been  pursued 
and  the  withdrawal  of  the  best  of  his  troops  when  ;iu 
armv  of  20,000  men  was  in  his  front,  lie  felt  tli.it 
he  had  lost  the  confidence  of  the  government,  uml 
suspected  that  he  was  being  sacriticed.^^ 

jNIeantinio  Butler  used  great  despatch  in  cariyin'^^ 
out  Scott's  instructions.  On  Taylor's  arrival  at  Mon- 
terey tlie  withdrawal  of  most  of  the  troops  had  been 
eil'ected,  and  his  force  was  reduced  to  about  7,500 
men  of  all  arms  occupying  ))Ositions  all  the  way  iioiu 
Saltillo  to  Matamoros. 

In  the  preparations  to  carry  on  the  war  IMexico 
was  sorely  crijipled  by  internal  dissensions  and  tin; 
want  of  money.  Scheme  after  scheme  of  defence  was 
stilled  by  the  poverty  of  the  government,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  return  of  Santa  Anna  that  any  vigor  was 
shown  in  the  organization  of  an  army  to  re[)el  the  in- 
vaders. Pleasures  certainly  had  been  adopted  to  make 
face  against  the  danger,  and  various  decrees  were 
passed  for  the  raising  of  troops  and  the  acquisition  nt" 
means;-'*  but  these  were  rendered  in  a  great  measure 
abortive  by  the  alarm  which  prevailed  in  the  ca})ital, 
and  the  general  i'eeling  that  an  internal  rupture  was 
imminent.  When,  however,  Santa  Anna  arrived,  tlie 
patriotism  of  the  public  became  more  animated,  and 

'-' But,  however  nmcli  I  may  feel  personally  mortified  and  outraged  liy 
the  course  jiursned,  unpiecedeiiled  at  le;ust  in  our  lii-itory,  I  will  earry  out  in 
good  faitii,  while  I  remain  in  Mexico,  tlio  views  of  Ihu  >,'oveiiiment,  tli<.u;.!li  [ 
may  lie  saeriliced  in  the  elFort.'  See  his  correspondence  with  Scott,  in  /'/., 
p.  S(i'J-t,  and  witli  the  adjutant-general,  p.  1100--. 

-•'  The  reader  is  referred  to  DiihlninxuA  Lo'.niio,  Lnj.  Mi^x.,  v.  l.'54-<»,  II''; 
Mix.,  Col.  L,;i.  1/  J)<c.,  1S41-0,  :!l»;i-4,  TtS-D;  El  Ikstciumdor,  Auij.  'JS,  l54(l; 
Dcrecho  luUru.  Mtx.,  3'  p",  4iJo-8. 


IMOVEMENTS  OF  8AXTA  AXXA, 


413 


activity  and  enthusiasm  wore  nianifostcd  tlirougliout 
the  country.  By  deoroe  of  September  llth,  the 
national  guard  was  called  into  existence  in  all  states, 
(Hstricts,  and  territories  of  the  republic.  All  nudes 
irum  the  a<2^e  of  sixteen  to  fifty  were  ordered  to  eidist, 
muler  penalty  of  losing  their  jxditical  rights,  lu'gu- 
lations  were  laid  down  for  the  organization,  arming, 
and  discipline  of  the  force,  and  j)rovisions  made  for  the 
jiayment  of  the  troops.-*  Punishments  were,  moreover, 
prescribed  for  civil  and  military  employes  who  should 
rLluse  their  services  when  required. '"'° 

Santa  Anna,  who  had  been  appointed  commander- 
in  (iiiefof  the  army,  left  the  capital,  Septendjer  28th, 
with  .'3,000  men  for  San  Luis  Potosi,'^'^  where  he  in- 
tended to  assemble  a  powerful  arm}^  to  operate  in  the 
iinith.  About  the  middle  of  October  he  was  joined 
by  the  forces  under  Am})udia,  who  had  moved  from 
Saltillo,  and  one  of  Santa  Anna's  first  acts  was  to  de- 
]>rive  that  general  of  his  command  for  his  attem])t  to 
iiold  ^Monterey  contrary  to  his  own  suggestion  to  aban- 
i!nn  it.^'  The  enthusiasm  in  San  Luis  Potosi  was  un- 
luuinded;  and  as  it  was  at  first  sui)posed  that  Taylor 
would  advance  against  that  cit}^  Santa  Anna  began  to 
j'urtifv  it  and  outlyino-  places  to  the  north  of  it.  These 
(Iclensive  measures,  however,  were  soon  discontinued 
iiiid  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  discipline  and 
instruction  of  his  troops.  XevertlKiless,  the  delay 
caused  by  these  impf)rtant  preparations  was  the  sub- 
ject of  much  animadversion.  ]>}'  the  end  of  the  year 
laiLie  continijents  from  different  states  had  arrived, 


•'•  Ihihhin  .ind  Lozano,  Lpij.  ^f<x.,  v.  Ifil-il;  .}fr'.i\.  Col.  Lr;/.  y  Ihr.^ 
I'-ll-Ci,  '1'24-41.  The  classes  which  wcro  cxccjitcil  had  to  pay  a  inoiiilily 
euiitiiliutinn,  varying  from  '2  riuks  to  §_',  accoi-diiig  to  grade. 

■-;  r.y  lU'ciTo  of  Au^l,'.  :Slst.  /-/.,  417. 

"'' liuMamunle,  Kuevo  Bmiat  D'kiz,  ii.  111-13;  Kl  IrU  Eijiafl,,  Oi.t.  7, 
l^Jil,  .•}. 

"  S;iiita  Anna  had  not  cnn.oideicd  MimtciTy  toiialilc.  'Siinta  Anna.  A, 
'I'litii. .  .contrariaba  en  siis  planes  la  resistencia  que  Anipudia  .sc  hahia  <Uii- 
flitlo  li  oponer  en  una  plaza  quo  el  noconsideraha  fuerte  iii  defensihle,  f-e  niatii- 
irstd  en  esti'enio  irritado.'  M('x.,  .Ipinif.  I  list.  (Iii<i>-(i,  (iO.  Anipudia,  May 
It.  I>i47.  puhtished  a  defence  of  his  conduct.  Am}iiiili(i,  Jfanijknto,  pp.  10. 
>.uita  Anna,  however,  soon  reinstated  hiai  iu  his  eonunaad. 


!1!  '?• 


416 


OPERATIONS  IX  THE  NORTH-BUEXA  VI.=!TA. 


and  the  army  at  Sun  Luis  nuniborcd  over  20,000  wvll- 
triiiiiod  tr()()j)S,  aiii])ly  provided  with  inuiiitioiis  of 
wur.-^  But  Santa  Anna  took  his  time  in  pert'eetin;^' 
tlic  oi'ganization  of  liis  army.  Cramped  by  want  of 
funds,  he  felt  that  it  would  be  unwise  to  hastily  inov-' 
his  large  force,  under  eircumstances  that  would  tend 
to  daiu})  the  ardor  of  the  men.  He  was  ill  supplietl 
Avith  provisions  and  army  clothing  necessary  i'or  a 
campaign  through  the  sterile  regions  which  separated 
him  from  the  enemy.  But  these  considerations  li.i'l 
no  weight  with  the  impatient  public.  The  opposition 
])ress  gravely  censured  his  inactivity,  as  his  delay  at 
8an  Luis  was  called,  and  attributed  it  to  an  unwill- 
ingness to  enter  upon  the  campaign,  proceeding  fi-om 
sinister  motives.  The  effect  of  all  this  was  exasperat- 
ing, and  tinall}'  drove  him  ])reinaturely  to  maivli 
against  Tavlor  in  the  most  inclement  season  of  the 
3'ear,  ill  provided  against  the  natural  ditliculties  with 
wliich  he  would  have  to  contend.*^  A[)prised,  nioiv- 
ovL-r,  of  the  withdrawal  of  a  large  portion  of  Taylors 
force,  he  really  hoped  by  a  rapid  movement  to  sur- 
prise and  crush  him. 

On  the  28th  of  Jaimaiy  ho  began  his  march.  His 
army  numl>ei'ed  18,18;]  men  of  all  arms,  and  was  -.W- 
vidfd  into  three  divisions  under  the  generals  Pachci  i, 
Lombardini,  and  Ortega.  He  had,  moreover,  twenrv 
pieces   of  artillery  of  varying  calibre,^*^  and  Gencr;il 


-^  Ai.'conlinj;;  to  Jlrx.,  Apnnt,  Hint.  Giierra,  70-7,  the  minjbcr  amouiitnl  i) 
]!),!)!)ii.  'Yd  this  ininiin'i-  .shouM  bo  luMod  l,")-il  chiefs  an:l  oliiccrs— (;>:tl;i.i\e 
of  !(}  gciicr;'.!.-.—  ami  .i  hri^aik!  1,000  stroiij;,  under  (ieii.  I'.irrodi,  wiiicii  juiii  -l 
till!  arniy  hiter  at  Miitchiitila.  llnmsci/.-i  iillicr  Siih,  {)7i,  \)~.  From  a  )>:  i\:iU' 
ktlcr  wiitti'ii  from  San  l^uis  i'otosi  Nov.  14,  l.s4(i,  to  a  pe'son  in  Mt.MO, 
and  pidilishcd  iu  El  Mmii/or,  it  is  stated:  'Theic  are  here  'J.3,000  men — raui.  r 
niDio  than  less — .")- ])ieee.s  of  aitillery,  and  a  good  assortment  ol  powder  and 
balls  of  all  si;ces.'  lte|)roihu;ed  in  Ki  Souoriiisi-,  Jan.  1,  1647,  tor.  i.,  no.  L'l, 
p.  4.     .See  also  Ifn/ihlii  Ojcttiln,  (.'iiiii/iriri(i  Santa  Aiiiki,  4. 

'^'■^  Siiiiln  Aiiua,  Aj»ltirioii,  '2.'.\-\.  'Asi  es  (jiio  I'ste  [Santa  Anna]  sali^'i  li' 
San  J.uis  para  la  Angostura,  esuaso  do  vivores  y  urmas. '  Jlrx.,  Ajiiinl.  ll'iK 
Oiicrrii,  77. 

'"Xair.ely,  three  '24-pounder.s,  three  l(i,  live  \'2,  and  eight  8  p<jiniders.  .Mid 
one  howitzer,  according  to  Santa  Anna'.s  general  oidera  of  .Ian.  'JMli,  founi  "U 
the  battle-tield  of  Buena  Vista,  and  a  translation  of  which  is  given  in  /'.  •'''. 
Oi>r/  J>or.,  Cong.  'M,  Sea,  1,  iSen.  Ex.  1,  p.  lJ4-(i.  Sue  also  iScuita  A  «'(, 
Apdaclou,  "IV-ij, 


!iir:XICANS  CAPTURE  MAJOR  BORLAND. 


417 


?iIirion  with  a  stroirof  detachment  ofcavahy  liad  hccn 
stationed  in  advance  for  some  time  at  the  liacienda 
dl"  !?otosi,  observin;^  the  movements  of  the  enemy. 
Santa  Anna's  atlvance  was  C()n<hicted  under  eveiy 
liardsliij)  that  natui'e  could  inllict.  Pitiless  storms  of 
lain,  alternating  with  icy  sleet  and  impeding  snow, 
l>"at  for  days  upon  the  ill-clad  troops,  who  at  night 
hivouacked  shelterless  and  half-frozen  on  the  cold 
L'i()un<l.  When  the  sky  cleared  the  burning  sun,  as 
it  pnui'cd  its  rays  on  the  d(!sert,  caused  no  less  afHic- 
llnn.  Heat  and  thirst  were  as  insupportable  as  the  cold 
and  Wft.  !Many  ])erishe(l,  numbers  sank  exhausted  on 
llie  ground,  and  desertions  were  numerous.  By  the 
lime  the  army  reached  Encarnacion,  it  was  greatly 
rcdliced.^^ 

While  Taylor  was  al)sent  on  his  expedition  to  Y'w- 
lii'ia,  some  partial  success  had  attended  the  ^Texican 
(ijicrations.  Wool,  who  was  stationed  at  l^uena  Arista, 
tji'ii  rumors  arising  that  the  army  at  San  Tjuis  l?o- 
I  isi  was  adN'ancing,  sent  forward,  January  ISth,  a  re- 
(i)inioitring  party  of  fifty  cavalrymen  under  Major 
Jioiland,  to  Encarnacion.  ])orland  was  joined  the 
i;t\t  day  by  ]\[ajor  (jrain(\s  and  Cajttnin  Clay  with 
;.!)nut  thirty  men,  and  decided  to  extend  his  i-cconnois- 
>;mce  to  Salado.  That  night,  howevei",  the  hacienda 
\\assurromided  by  ^Nlinon's  cavalry,  which  had  rapidly 
lii'ixed  from  !Matehuala,  and  the  Aniei'ican  ofhcers, 
('Kilning   resistance    useless,  surrendered,^"  the   whole 

'"  I'acliecd's  division  iirrivc^il  on  thu  ITtli,  Juid  the  last  lirigiideson  tlu!  "iOtli 
.Mil  'Jlst  (if  Kubruary.  'I'lio  Li>:<  Ih  put  down  ;,t  4,'^):)  in  J/"''. ,  A}ii(ii/.  IHsi. 
''■'■ /(''I,  !):i-7.  Santa  ,\nii:i  rovi("\v<'d  his  trniips  at  I'incai  iia  "i  )u.  'J'h'y  tlion 
Jiiaiiuntud  to  14,01S  men.  cxulnsivo  of  MiiK)u"M  caxahy  divi.Hif)n,  niunitci- 
ii.;  l.'JilO.  KtatioiR'il  at  the  liaciuiida  nf  J'otosi,  and  \\  hiili  wa;i  oiiIitimI  Id  ad- 
\::ni'L!  hy  the  jiass  of  raloinas  do  ndrnti'o,  and  int<'rci'|it  tin.' em^iiy  lliiuat 
A_'iia  Xnevahc'twocn  tliat  jilauo  and  SaltiUo.  Ji'ii/iiilft  Ojiui/n,  ( '(inqKind  Santa 
J.',/',-,  S,  li-l'J.  Anicvican  aix'iiunls  \\\-m'x-  Miuon's  liri.L'ail'.  at  "J.tiO.)  cavahy- 
iiu  II.  Ciiili-loii'n  llntllv  (i/  line  I, 'I.  ii-t/a,  II.  'I'aylor  I'sti'iiatcd  it  at  !»ln)iit 
1..1.MI.    /•.  S.  (.'art  JJor.,  ('oil'.'.  :)(),  Sus.  I,  Sen.  V.x.  1.  1>.  1:.:!. 

■'■' Wiiul'.s  irpdit  ill  /(/.,  (il).  ]i.  nod  7.     Mifnin  reported  h.ivini;  ea])tnrcd 
two  lield-ollieei's,  foiu'  (jth'T  oliicefs,  and  70  men.    /.'/  So,i<ir<'iisc,  |'i-l>.  I,S,  iS47, 
t'lia.  i.  no.  -JO,  ]).  li-4.     'I'lic  total   nnniljer     f  eaptive.s  aeeoiding   to  'i'ayior'a 
oiiicial  list  wa.s  70.    / '.  .V.  dor/  Dor.,  u*  ,  .^..,  oii,  pp.  yUl-3. 
lllsr.  ili:\.,  Vol.  V.     JT 


418 


OPERATIONS  IX  TIIK  XORTir  -HUEXA  VISTA. 


(    ! 


1   !    ■  :ii 


])arty  lieinn^  scut  ns  ])i-is(>i)erM  of  war  to  ^[cxico.  A 
few  (lays  later  (\i[)taiii  Heady,  Lieutenant  Cluirculil, 
and  seventeen  Kentucky  volunteers  were  also  v:v)- 
tared  wliilc  reconnoitrinLT.^^     The  rumors  of  the  ; 


a'i- 


vance  of  the  Mexicans,  supported  by  these  untow;n  1 
circumstances,  assumed  such  a  positive  shape  as  to 
induce  Taylor  to  remove  his  headcjuarters  from  ]\r  .ii- 
terey  to  Saltillo,  where  he  arrived  on  the  2d  of  Fch- 
ruary.  To  rest(n'e  the  confidence  of  the  voluntetiv, 
which  was  somewhat  shaken  by  the  late  occurrencrs, 
he  decided  to  establish  a  camp  at  Aj^ua  Nueva,  ei^^li- 
icon  miles  in  advance  of  Saltillo,  and  remove  the  m.;iu 
f(jrce  thither,  leaving  at  the  latter  ])lace  a  suitaMo 
garrison.  By  the  llth  the  occupation  of  the  new- 
position  was  completed;  a  depot  was  established;  an.! 
su})[)lies  were  brought  in  as  rapidly  as  possible.  As 
vet  nothiuL''  certain  was  known  with  regard  to  tlir 
movements  of  the  Mexicans,  but  on  the  20th  it  was 
ascertained  by  reconnoissances,  skilfully  conducfcfl 
by  i\Iajor  McCidloch  and  Lieutenant-colonel  ^lay  in 
the  directions  of  Encarnacion  and  lledionda,  that  lli" 
enemy  was  i;i  large  f  )rco  at  the  f  )rmer  place,  an,! 
^.liiion  within  a  short  distance  of  the  latter.'"  A- 
the  camp  at  Agua  Xueva  could  be  turned  on  its  1 '.'t 
Hank  by  the  road  from  lledionda  to  Encantada  in  lli.' 
lear,  Taylor  decided  to  fall  back  to  the  hacienda  nt 
i]uena  Vista — -about  twelve  miles  distant — wluii', 
t)wing  to  the  nature  of  the  ground,  he  could  take  !i[i 
such  a  1. »rmidable  position  as  would  greatly  neutrali/:' 
the  superiority  in  numbers  of  the  enemy.  He  there- 
fore broke  up  his  camp  at  noon  on  the  21st,  and  moN^l 
the  main  body  to  the  new  position.  During  the  sanij 
■dav  and  ni<xht  the  renioval  of  the  stores  was  assida- 
ouslv  carried  on,  and  Colonel  Yell  with  his  reguiicnt 
of  Arkansas  cavalry  remained  behind  to  protect  tluiii 
against  attack,  with  instructions  to  fire  the  hacienthi 
and  sach  stores  as  remained  on  the  approach  of  the 


•'V-.' .  \).  200. 

^*lle  "IS  i.lieaJy  at  Guauhuchil.  Carlc/oii'n  Battle  of  Bueiia  Vista,  10. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  ADVANCE. 


410 


onomy.  Having  luiulo  his  disposilions,  Taylor,  Icav- 
iii'j^  Wool  iii  couimaiul,  prococdud  the  saiiu' i'\oiiiii;4' to 
Saliiilo,  to  muku  aiTangoiiicutsj  for  thu  tlut'cucu  of  tliu 

ti)\VIl. 

On  liis  arrival  at  Eiicarnaclon  Santa  Ainia  felt 
(•(lulident  of  surprising  the  enemy  at  Agua  Xucva; 
;iik1  unaware  that  Taylor  was  evacuating  tlie  placL , 
liid  his  plans  accordingly.  The  hacienda  of  ICncar- 
u.icion  is  ilistant  thirty -six  miles  from  that  of  Agu.i 
Xui'va,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  dreary,  water- 
k'ss  desert.  Santa  Anna's  scheme  was  to  halt  during 
till'  earl}-  part  of  the  night  in  the  desert,  and  then 
silently  continuing  his  march,  to  fall  suddenly  on 
Tayloi'  at  early  dawn  on  the  22d.  On  the  '20th  he 
issued  his  order  of  march,  which  was  to  counnence  at 
1  I  o'clock  on  the  following  morning.  Am[)udia,  wh:) 
li;id  been  restored  to  his  command,  was  to  take  tin.' 
1j;1(1  with  the  Lst,  2d,  3d,  and  4th  battalions  of  liylit 
iiirantiy;  the  1st  division  under  Pacheco  was  to  fol- 
liiw;  then  the  division  of  the  centre  under  Lom!)ar- 
tlini,  succeeded  bv  the  od  division,  commanded  bv 
Ortega.  Each  division  was  accompanied  by  its  \n)i- 
tiiin  of  the  artillery,  and  the  cavahy-  was  to  bri;tg  up 
the  rear,  escorting  the  ammunition  and  baggage 
trains.  At  starting  the  troops  were  supplied  witli 
I'ations  for  only  two  mcals,^''  one  of  which  v.as  to  be 
eaten  at  night  on  the  desert;  and  the  chiefs  of  e>)rp ; 
WL'ie  strictly  charged  to  seo  that  each  soldier  too!;  v\  uh 

■''("aileton,  Ihitlle  of  Hiwni  Vista,  '2,14,  in  a  note  roforring  to  S.iita  Anna's 
(i!1'km;i1  report  of  the  battle,  leaves  it  t(j  ho  int'erroil  tliut  tlie  Mexican  gyn:",';il 
iiKiilu  a  niisstateincnt  in  sayinj,'  that  the  troops  hnl  only  one  ration  during 
tlu'  '21d  anil  'i.'iil,  anil  points  out  what  seems  to  liini  a  diserepancy  In'tweoa 
S;in!a  AnnaVi  order  of  mareh  and  his  report.  There  is,  Imwerer,  no  eontra- 
(liclion  in  the  two  documents.  Tlie  order  makes  it  apparent  that  three  rations 
were  issued  on  the  'JOth.  Tiio  fiist  ration  was  eatun  on  the  'J  1st  liefore  .starting; 
tlie  s(!;'ond  at  luglit  on  the  dessert;  and  on  tlie  morning  of  tlie  '22d  there  was 
only  one  I'ation  left,  whicii  was  all  tlm  half-famished  troops  hail  during  tliat 
(lay  and  the  following.  I  see  no  diseropaney,  therefi]re,  in  Saii'ia  Auaa's 
a.-iSvjrtion  that  the  army,  '  without  otlur  food  than  a  single  ration,  whie'a  wa? 
iloali  out  at  l']nearnacion,  endured  the  fatigue  of  oomli'  foi'  two  days.' 
/'/.,  l."i.  .V  literal  translation  of  Santa  Anna's  order  wli^jli  xva-i  f  )nnd  on 
tlie  hattlc-ii'.'ld  is  supplied  ia  U'.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  S),  S-'s.  1,  II.  ll.i.  1, 
pp.  loJ-o. 


m. 


""^  m 


Mm^ 


I' 


'i 


l:! 


420 


OPKRATIONS  IN  TIIK  NORTH  -BUHXA  VISTA. 


liimas  mueli  watcn*  as  ho  could  carry,  and  usod  it 
with  (H'oiKJiny.  IJurirji^  Iho  halt,  no  fire  was  to  h>' 
li"ht('(l,  and  on  rosinnin<_j  tlio  march  no  si'jjiial  by  buulu 
or  heat  of  drnin  was  to  1)(^  made, 

Jiiit  with  all  his  caro  Santa  Anna's  plan  to  effect  a 
surprise  was  already  frustrated  hy  Taylor's  tactics. 
SouiL'  hours  before  dawn  Ani])udia  approached  tlic 
pass  of  Carnei'o,  some  miles  to  the  south  of  An'i.i 
Xueva.  CoU)nel  Yell's  advanced  picket  was  driven 
in,  and  hastened  with  all  speed  to  report  the  approach 
of  the  enemv.  Ytdl  at  once  set  Hre  to  the  hacienda 
and  the  stores  he  had  been  unable  to  remove,  ami 
then  fc^ll  back  to  Buena  Vista,  where  he  arrived  at 
davbreak.  AVIuni  Santa  Anna  reached  Aijfua  Xueva 
early  in  the  morning  of  the  2i!d,  the  smoulderin;j;' 
I'uins  told  him  that  the  Amci'icans  had  retreated,  an  I 
lie  lii-mlv  believed  that  thc>v  had  lied.      So  i)ausin<''  no 

f  i^  i  O 

longer  than  to  !>'ive  tim(3  for  his  wearv  troops  to  re- 
pleiiish  their  canteens,  ho.  pushed  foi'ward  in  pui'snit, 
trusting  that  ^liiion,  who  had  b(>en  instructed  <• 
gain  the  rear  of  the  enemy,  would  so  entertain  hiui"' 
as  to  enable  himself  to  come  up  with  the  retreatiir;' 
columns,  and  fall  upon  them  in  disorder.  For  t\vcl\  • 
more  miles  he  impctuouslv  urijfed  his  marcli,  to  lind 
the  foe  drawn  up  in  battle  array  at  the  formidable 
position  of  Angostura. 

The  hacienda  of  Bnena  Vista  is  situated  in  a  pas^ 
which  breaks  through  a  lofty  range  of  mountains  e\ 
tending  from  east  to  west,  and  separating  the  vally 
of  S;iltillo  from  tl  ,'♦:  of  Encantada.  This  ])ass  varies 
from  a  mile  and  a  half  to  four  miles  in  width.  At  iN 
southern  extremity  is  situated  the  hacienda  of  Ivi- 
cantada  and  at  its  northern  the  town  of  Saltill  >. 
Through  this  narrow  valley  a  small  stream  winds  lis 
way  to  Saltillo,  keeping  its  course  much  nearer  te 
the  western  side,  the  [portion  of  the  valley  east  of  the 
stream  being  elevated  sixty  or  seventy  feet  above  that 

^'^ Santa  Anna,  Ajuliirion,  20. 


ANGOSTURA  OR  T.UKXA  VISTA. 


•»2l 


on  its  oilier  sido.  The  I'o.-ul  runs  aloiii,''  tlio  eastern 
Itnnk;  and  at  An!j;ostui'a,'''  one  and  a  half  miles  to 
till'  south  of  JJuena  A'ista,  and  nearly  seven  IVoni 
Saltillo,  a  spur  proji-ets  from  the  elevated  tal)le  on 
till'  east,  and  extends  to  the  road,  whei'e  it  tei'minates 
ahiuptly,  bai'ely  leaving  space  for  tlu;  highway  l>e- 
t Weill  it  and  the  perpendicular  hank  of  the  stream. 
At  this  point  the  ground  on  the  west  is  cut  into  a 
network  of  deep  gullies  by  the  .stream,  extending 
jHi'oss  the  lower  level  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  inoun- 


"  ^   —  •'-     •'.11  ^O        u 


■^\-%^\  '^C' 


:::v 


BaTTLE-KIKLU   of   JiCKNA    VlSTA.''^ 


tains.     The  sides  of  the  projecting  spur  on  the  east 
are  exceedingly  steep,  antl   the  ridge  connects  with  a 

'"  Mi'iiniiit,'  'the  narrows.'     This  iianio  wiis  givpii  to  the  spot  hiter,  its  projier 
.i|';n,ll:;.ioii  being  El  ( 'hnpiuluro,  that  is,  'the  suukcr.'  iidjjiia  Ojeada,  Cam- 
jUiiit  ^'iiiii/a  Anna,  i;{. 
'•''  Explauatiou  of  plan: 

A.     Amimiliii's  troops. 

11.     Loiiiliariliiiis  ilivi^ion 

0  C".     .Mi'xic.iM  iMvaliv  ill  iliiTcrent  prisitiuns. 

D.     I'.lCllCCO  rt  Jiviioii. 

G  .M.    .Mont  y  \  illaiuil's  attuck 

K  1'  1".     .Mtxiiuu  iMltPiiiw. 

y.     Santa  .Viiiiii's  lioii.liinrtt'is. 

N  N'.     .\ilviiiK'o  of  lli'i  Mexicans. 

K.     IiiM(,-j; -I  Ij.itiiiy  ami  tlio  Ki'Utueky  volunteers. 

S.     AiMt'i'ii'.'iii  hkii'inislium. 

T.     I'ivylor'd  posiliuu. 


422 


oPKPvATioxs  IX  Tiir:  xoirni   t.i'mx  \  vista. 


■'y  I 


r  ;;^ :' 


broad  j)lat.u;ui  exti'iidiiit;'  to  the  iiiouiitains  and  jii-o- 
t(!C'to(l  ill  front  and  j-car  hy  diH'j)  ravines  iMi|)racti('altli; 
for  artillccy  and  juvseiitiiit^  foniudaI)Ii!  ohstaclcs  \n 
cavalry.  Tliuncc  to  ]{Incaiitada  a  siu'cossion  of  ;il- 
tcriiato  rid;^'t's  and  barrancas  niado  tbo  niaincuvrin^ 
of  any  class  of  troops  on  sncb  i^round  dilli(;ult,  but 
csjx'cially  of  cavab-y.  Wool  bad  sonic  time  bcfoj'c 
]);)intiil  out  tlic  advantages  «)ir(.!i'i!d  by  tbis  position, 
and  Ann'ostui'a,  tbc  elevated  plateau,  and  tbe  cnn- 
iii'<'tin'4'  riil^e  wbicb  commands  the  I'oad  in  both  direc- 
tions for  some  <listance,  were  .selected  Ijy  Taylor  as 
liis  l)at(le-oTound. 

.\s  soon  as  Wool  wa.s  aware  that  tbe  enemy  v.;is 
approacbinn'  be  proceeded  to  take  up  tbe  stdected  [m- 
.»^ition.  WasbinL;'ton's  battery  was  posted  in  tbe  i'<ia  1 
at  An<ifostura,  sui)})orted  on  tbe  left  by  tbe  1st  Jili- 
nois  volunteers,  wbicb  was  stationed  on  tbe  tonkin'  if 
land  projectiiiL,^  irom  tbe  plateau;  to  tbe  liift,  of  this 
rei^dinent  was  tbo  2d  Illinois  and  a  company  of  Tex- 
ans;  while  t(i  tlie  extreme  left  on  tlu;  plateau,  iicir 
tbe  base  of  the  uiountains,  A'ei'e  posted  tlie  Arkansas 
and  Kentucky  mounted  volunteei's;  in  rear  of  Wasli- 
in<jfton's  battery  tbe  2d  reijiment  of  Kentuckv  oci  u- 
pied  the  crest  of  a  ridge.  As  a  reserve,  the  Indiana 
volunteei's,  the  1st  ^NTississippi  rifiemen,  two  s(]U!idi<')i> 
of  (b-agoons,  and  Shei'man's  and  Jiragg's  light  bntii'r- 
ies  were  stationed  upon  tbe  ridges  immediatel}  in 
rear  of  the  })lateau  and  IlliniMs  volunteer.s. 

When  the  advance  of  the  Mexicans  came  within 
si'jht  of  the  enemv,  it  halted  to  enable  the  ditfeicnt 
(ti\  isions  of  the  army  to  come  up  and  take  their  s(  v- 
eral  positions.  In  the  mean  time  Taylor  had  arri\'l 
from  Saltillo,  and  Santa  Anna  presently  sent  in  a  lla,; 
ol' truce,  sunimoning  him  to  surrender  at  discretion,  as 
he  "  was  surrounded  by  twenty  thousaiul  men,  and  couM 
not  in  any  human  pi'obability  avoid  suffering  a  mat 
and  being  cut  to  pieces  with  bis  troops."^'     One  hour 

'^^IT.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  Coii^,'.  .30,  Sua.  1,  H.  Ex.  1,  p.  flS.  From  S.iuta  An- 
Jia'.-j  expression  Taylor  ilruw  tliu  ileiUiotiou  that  the  Mexicans  were  iv.iiiy 


ili^  I 


TIIK  rinsT  DAY'S  riOIlTlNf}. 


423 


\vn^  Ljivi'ii  the  Anu'rioan  u^iMu'ial  to  inalcc  up  lils  niiiid. 
'i'.ivlor  imiiu'diati'ly  (K'spatrlu'd  a  hriof  answer,  do 
i'!iiiiiii4'  to  acccdu  to  tliu  r  '(jUcst. 

Santa  Anna  now  made  his  dispositions  to  atfaelc. 
IJci'OL^'nizInj^  the  inipiactieahle  naluic!  of  t!ie  i^impid 
mi  Ills  left,  and  that  Taylor  liad  nenh^cted  to  oeciniv 
l!i('  hei'^dits  on  liis  riijjht,  lie  dircM'tcd  Ani|»ndia  to  talaj 
p  (.^session  of  tliein  with  his  liLjht  division  hy  ;id\an"- 
i:)':;'  up  the  southern  rid^'e.  Anotlier  ride'i;  ni«<rc  to 
llh'  Moi'th  K.'d  to  th(!  same  crust,  j^raduailv  conveivin'jf 
l.iward  the  lirst-nanu'd  ridge,  with  whieli  it  united  at 
tin-  sununit.  W'lien  Ampudia's  m()\'(>ment  was  oh- 
^(M•\•ed  a  ])ortion  of  the  Arkansas  and  Iventucky  oav- 
iih'v  was  dismounted,  and  with  a  battalion  irom  the 
Imliaiia  hrigade,  put  in  motion  under  Colonel  Mar- 
."Iiall  on  the  northci'n  ridi,''*!.  It  was  now  past  two 
u"(!();.-k  in  the  aftei-noon,  and  tho  oonliict  during-  the 
i!ay  was  mainly  coniined  to  tlu^su  oj)i)().sin^g  troo[)s.  As 
tlie  foos  a[)proaeh{Ml  each  other  on  the  converging 
ii<lg('s  thoy  opened  fire,  the  rlHes  of  the  Americans 
1)  i;ig  much  more  effective  than  the  heavy  volleys  of 
the  Alexican.s,  from  which  the  foi-nier  sheltered  tliem- 
s"!\,,.s  behind  the  ro{?ks  and  crest  of  their  ridgo. 
\.  iiile  these  forces  ascended  liigher  and  higher  tow- 
iii'.t  the  angle,  in  their  endeavors  to  outllank  eadi 
<i:her,  Taylor  was  induced  by  an  apparent  movemtut 
(111  the  enemy's  kl't  to  push  to  his  own  right,  across 
till'  stream  somewliat  in  advance  of  Washington's  bat- 
1  iv,  ('a[)tain  J]ragg's  light  battery  supportt^d  by  ^Mc- 
lv;'i''s  Iventucky  infantry,  while  the  'Sd  Indiana  vcl- 
iiiiLiers  was  moved  up  and  posted  on  the  emiii-jiice 
ill  rear  of  Washington's  [)ONition.  I-]ut  no  serious 
'ipeiations  took  ])lace,  thougii  an  occasional  cannonade 
v,as  (hrected  by  the  Mexicans  against  tlie  troops  on 
the  plateau.  The  remainder  of  the  afternoon  v\as 
ciiijiloyed  by  the  Americans  in  strengthening  ihi'ir 
position  at  Angostura.     A  ditch  and  [)arai)et  amoiig 

'-.'.000  strong,  aud  says  that  later  iufonnation  confinnoil  hi.s  estimate.  /(/., 
luii. 


! 


■^iP 


m 


' 


424 


OPERATIOXS  IN  THE  NORTH— HUENA  VISTA. 


the  gullcys  oil  tho  riyli^  were  made,  and  occupied  by 
two  coiii|«aiiies  of  the  Illinois  inlaiitiy  as  tlie  imme- 
diate .supporliuL;'  force  of  the  battery.  Three  <^'uiis 
Were  also  detaclied  from  Washiii'>'toii'.s  batterv  aii«l 
sent  on  to  the  ])lateau  under  Lieutenant  O'jjiien,  the 
2d  Indiana  vohmteers  being  ordered  up  to  sustain 
them. 

At  niglit  tlic  contest  on  the  mountain  ceased,  t]i(> 
]\Iexi(ans  having  iinally  outflanked  the  Americans, 
and  the  two  armitis  bivouacked  in  their  respecti\c 
positions,  waiting  lor  the  coming  morn  to  continue  the 
conihct.  Tl\e  niglit  was  a  bitter  one.  The  wind  bh'W 
ahnost  a  Imrricane,  and  cokl  rain-squalls  beat  U})(i;i 
theshiverintif  troops;  while  to  add  to  the  sullerinu's  of 
the  Mexicans,  they  were  weak  from  want  of  food. 
But  their  enthusiasm  was  not  damped,  nor  were  tlieir 
hearts  faint;  and  when  Santa  Anna  addressed  tlic!:: 
that  eveiiiii'':,  their  loud  cries  of  "  Liberty  or  deatli!"' 
with  which  they  responded  to  his  words,  were  di..- 
tinctly  heard  in  the  American  lines.*"  Taylor,  confi- 
dent that  no  attack  would  be  made  till  the  followin  ;' 
morning,  and  still  anxious  about  Saltillo,  returiiil 
thither  during  the  night  with  the  ^Iississip[)i  regi- 
ment and  a  stjuadron  of  the  second  dragoons. 

At  dnylight  on  the  '23d  Santa  Anna  recommenc'/d 
the  action.  ])uring  the  early  hours  of  the  moriiiii  ;• 
he  had  reiinforced  Ampudia's  light  division  with  '2,{)Vr.) 
men  from  Lombardini's  and  Pacheco'scommands, an  I 
these  forces,  having  gained  several  elevated  positions 
to  the  left  and  rear  of  the  American  skirmishers,  began 
to  open  tire  as  soon  as  it  wa.^  light.  Presentlv  the 
j\li'xicans  were  seen  })ouring  from  their  ridge  in  great 
numbers  into  the  ravine  wliich  separatetl  them  IVi»m 
the  Americans,  but  this  movement  was  soon  checkf  I 
by  O'Brien,  who  brought  up  a  12-pounder  howit;:rr 
and  swept  the  ravine  with  shrapnel. 

Santa  Anna  '\id  drawn  up  his  army  in  three  coIuihih 
of  attack.     The  lirst,  uiuler  (jieneral  Mora  y  Villaiu;!, 

*"  Caildous  JJaltle  o/ISuena  Vista,  47. 


BATTLE  OF  ANGOSTURA. 


425 


Mils  designed  to  move  down  tlie  road  and  earrv  ilio 
pass  of  An_i»"ostui'a.  The  second,  eoni[)osed  oi"  the 
connnands  of  Lonibardini  and  Paciieeo,  was  to  move 
ill  two  divisions  to  the  right,  one  across  the  mountain 
ridge  occupied  by  Ampudia,  and  at  the  U[)})er  termi- 
iiatit)n  of  which  a  battery  of  8-pounders  having  a 
pUuiging  fire  on  the  plateau  had  been  planted  by 
(jLiicral  ]\licheltorena,  and  the  other  was  to  advance 
up  the  de:p  ravine  in  front  of  the  plateau,  and  eifect- 
iiig  a  junction  with  the  first  turn  the  Americans'  left. 
Till*  third  column  was  composed  of  the  troo])s  ujkUt 
Ampudia,  destined  .o  swee[)  the  mountains  and  ojxm-- 
aU'  on  the  extreme  lei't  of  the  enemy.  General  Or- 
tega's division  constituted  the  reserve.  A  battery 
<i|'  I'J-pounders  was  placed  in  position  in  front  of  An- 
gostura to  assist  in  the  attack  of  the  first  cohunn. 

Shortly  before  eight  o'clock  the  colunms  advanr^ed 
lo  the  attack.  The  one  directed  against  Ann'ostura 
was  received,  however,  with  such  a  destructive  can- 
nonade from  Washington's  battery  that  Santa  Anna 
siion  recalled  it  and  ordered  it  to  take  shelter  be- 
hind a  ridge  projecting  from  the  plateau  toward  the 
roatl."  ^Meantime  Pacheco's  tlivision  had  moved  up 
the  ravine,  while  that  of  Lonibardini  was  already  ile- 
scendinsjf  into  it  from  the  ridge  at  a  i)oint  sonu'what 
liigliiT  u[).  Both  these  columns  wei'e  siijipoi-tt  d  by 
strong  bodies  of  cavalry  aiid  lanct'rs.  As  soon  as  l*a- 
rlu'co's  [)Osition  was  knmvn,  (nMieral  Lane,  tin;  senior 
ill  coniiuand  on  the  plateau,  ordered  forward  OThien's 
three  guns  to  o})pose  the  enemy's  advance,  leading  in 
jieison  the  2d  Indiana  volunieers  as  a  sui)port.  The 
iiuiis  were  thrown  into  battei'y  at  the  base  of  the 
s 'Uthei'n  ridge,  and  tlu}  infantry  was  foi'med  i.ito  line 
on  I  hi!  left,  facing  toward  the  roail.  l*aeIieco's  infan- 
tiy  was  already  asei'iiding  tVom  the  I'avine  aixl  de- 
ploying into  line  on  the  ridge.     Lane  had  hardly  got 

"Sjipaking  of  this  attack,  Iloa  rKlrecna  says:  '  .>[o  iiiclino  ;l  crocr  que  ul 
iutciitii  do  .Santa  Anna  al  haucrla,  liaya  aido  dividir  la  utciiciou  del  ciicmiyo.' 
Jacmrtlo.'iy  07. 


h 


'^       ij 


r. 


H 


If 


!■    iw 


42r) 


OT'EI'.ATIONS;  IX  Till':  XOUTII-BUr.XA  VISTA. 


into  j)()sitioii  before  tlie  ^Mexicans  opened  fire;  and 
though  the  Ainerieaii  artillery  eaused  great  havoc 
among  their  thiek  raidvs,  they  held  their  ground  with 
great  obstinacy;  and  continually  re-i'orniing,  as  ire.vli 
men  crowded  up,  an  unceasing  tire  was  poured  upon 
t!ie  Americans.  Hitherto  the  Indiana  men  had  Ix- 
hav(<l  well.  But  the  ^Mexican  batterv  on  their  1  ■!>, 
had  bcgini  to  enfilade  their  raidvs,  and  when  Lane  or- 
(U-rt'd  an  advance  to  a  more  favorable  position,  tlh' 
companies  broke  one  after  another;  a  panic  seized 
the  men,  and  leaving  the  artillery  unsu])|iorted,  tiny 
fled  from  the  held,  the  greater  portion  to  IJuena  Vista, 
and  many  of  them  even  to  Saltillo." 

Thus  abandoned,  (J"l>rien  could  not  possibly  hold 
his  position;  he  was  compelled  to  fall  back  to  t!ie 
line,  leaving  one  ol'  his  pieces  in  the  hands  of  tlio 
ene.iiv.  Finding  tliat  he  had  not  a  single  man  uniii- 
jiu'ed,  ho  withdrew  his  remaining  two  pieces  to  Wasli- 
ingt(»n's  battery. ^^ 

I^icheco's  forces  now  pressed  on  to  the  plateau  a:;  I 
cftected  a  junction  with  Lombardini's  divisicni,  wiiidi 
so(»n  came  up.  The  American  riHenxnx  on  the  slopis 
of  the  mountain,  upon  the  ilight  of  the  Indiana  regi- 
ment, left  their  j)o.siii()n  and  reti'eated  along  the  plaiii 
t )  the  rear,  aiid  f  uir  coinpanies  of  Arkansas  cavahy 
that  had  been  stiitioned  in  Jj.uic's  rear  lied  almost  at 
the  lii'st  tire;  while  tlu'  remaining  Arkansas  ca\;il:v 
and  the  Kentucky  cavah">'.  at  the  base  of  the  moj  i- 
tain,  followed  the  retrograde  movement.  Ampudia  < 
light  division  j)oured  down  the  slopes  in  pursuit;  t!i  ' 
!}de.\ican  cavalry  advanced  from  cover,  and  niassi's  ■>[' 
hoi-^e  and  foot  pressed  along  the  base  of  the  mountain 
on  the  .VnuM'icans'  left,  and  were  gaining  tlu^  rear  in 
great  iorce.      The  American  position  was  completely 

^-' Wodl'M  and  Lano's  ii'p'".-ts.  in  6''.  S,  Oort  Doc,  Cong.  ,10,  Scs.  1,  Si  n. 
Kx.  1,  p.  147,  ISl-L*.  t'ar'.ctoii  utiiti's  tlint  this  lli,i,'lit  of  tlio  iM  lii.li.uu 
ri\t,'iiii<'iit  WiH  caiisril  l)V  (ill  |i,)u  U's,  w'.in  CDiuiiiaiulcil  it,  i,'iviiiL;  witliou;  t.io 
uuthoiliy  or  kiiowloilgu  of  Luiie  tlio  order:  '  Ceasu  liriii^;  and  ruUoatl'  JJ:i!'li 
of  line ua  V'kIii,  (iO. 

"  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  ut  su;i.,  p.  100. 


THE  AMERICAXS  ON  THE  VERGE  OF  DEFEAT. 


4-27 


turned.  Tlio  secviiul  Illinois  ro'iinient,  sn{)|"»t)rto(l  by 
two  pieces  of  artillery,  had  manfully  stood  its  grouiul, 
liiit  was  soon  outflanked  and  compelled  to  tall  hack 
ti>  a  ]ioint  nearer  the  road.  Bragy-'s  battery  and  the 
•jd  Kentucky  regiment  were  withdrawn  Irom  tlie 
(  xtreme  right,  and  with  two  pieces  of  Shermans 
battery,  which  were  stationed  in  the  rear,  were  hur- 
/  I  up  to  avoid  disaster.  At  this  critical  momcMit 
Taylor  arrived  upon  the  field  from  Saltillo  with  two 
(•()in])anies  of  the  2d  dragoons  and  the  !Mississij)pi 
r.'giment  of  ritlemen.  With  the  dragoons  he  hast- 
incd  to  the  plateau,  having  directed  the  ^AEississippi 
n  ginient  to  oppose  the  advance  of  the  ^fcxicans,  who 
\\('r(>  invssintj  on  the  fugitives  as  thev  liocked  into  the 
liacicnda  oi'  Ihiena  Vista. 

To  follow  all  the  movements  during  this  eventful 
(la\-,  alter  the  arrival  of  Taylor,  pertains  rather  to 
t:i.'  part  of  an  analyst  of  militaiy  tactics  than  to 
that  (if  the  historian.  The  2d  Illinois  and  2d  Kon- 
tiic!;v  iiallantlv  rciJclled  everv  attempt  of  the  Mcxi- 
cans  to  drive  them  from  the  plateau,  whiles  the  sup- 
jiniting  artillery  which  iormed  a  line  of  guns  across 
tl:c  Liv,\'r  })(»rtion  of  the  table  jtlaycd  with  tenable 
cfll'ct  U[u)n  the  hostile  masses.  ]n  this  pai't  of  the 
Held  a  ])ortion  of  tlie  lost  ground  was  recovered.  The 
3Iississippi  regim(>nt,  j'llned  by  some  few  of  tlu>  2d 
Indiana,  who  wert;  rallied  by  the  great  exertions  of 
tluir  olHcers,  bv  a  brilliant  chai'<>'e  checked  the  ad- 
vance  of  the  victorious  ^[exicans,  wlu),  sorely  cut  up 
by  the  rajiid  tire,  rolled  back  in  conl'usion  upon  the 
supporting  columns. 

Still  the  aspect  ofaifairs  was  gloomy  for  the  Amer- 
ican-<.  Their  position  was  most  critical,  and  nothing 
hill  the  bad  genei'alship  oi'  the  [Mexican  commander 
^Ta.ved  them  from  dei'eat.  Nearly  all  the  artillery  was 
i''iiioved  from  AuL^estura — the  ktv  to  Tavlor's  po- 
sit  ion — and  the  supports  at  that  pomt  were  i-educi'd 
to  a  mei-(.'  handful.  ^lora  y  \'illamirs  colunm  lay  iu 
.^li'Dii!.'"  force  behind  the  southern  riilge,  and   Ortegas 


i:! 


i 


mU\ 


IM    'i 


li 


III 


:1l 


I 


fl  ■ 


^^1 


I  » 


42S 


OPERATIONS  IN  THE  NORTH— BUENA  VISTA. 


powerful  reserve  was  elose  at  hand.  Had  Santa  Anna 
diiv'cted  a  vigorous  as;sault  wilh  these  I'resh  troops 
ai^ainst  Angostura  at  this  tiuie,  it  would  liave  vv- 
(juired  all  the  inl'antry  and  artillery  on  the  ])lateau  to 
lu)ld  the  point.  The  plateau  would  have  been  j^ained; 
the  American  troojjs  in  the  rear  unaided  by  artillery 
Would  probably  have  been  overwhelmed  by  numbers, 
and  Washington  over[)owered  by  being  attacked  in  w- 
\erse,  or  Saltillo  and  all  the  stores  and  annmmilion 
h»st.  But  the  im])ortant  movement  was  nej^lected, 
Tavlor  was  allowed  to  stren<>then  his  left  and  n  ;u' 
with  artillerv,  and  for  iiours  the  combat  continued 
over  a  space  of  ground  upwards  of  two  miles  in  lengt  h." 
While  the  Mexican  infantry  sustained  a  check.  ;i 
body  of  cavalry  about  one  thousand  stroma,  uiulei' 
General  Torrejon,  liaviuL;'  skirted  the  base  of  llie 
mountains,  bore  down  upon  Buena  Vista,  where  tiny 
were  met  by  the  Kansas  and  Kentucky  mounted  vol- 
unteers, who  hatl  retreated  thither.  In  overwlielniiii;^' 
nuud)ers  the  Mexicans  bore  the  Americans  before 
them,  and  mixed  in  utter  confusion,  the  whole  'Mass  of 
horsemen  poured  down  upon  the  hacienda  and  into 
the  nai'row  street  which  se|)arated  the  buildini;-s.  But 
here  the  lu<j;itives  from  the  held,  collected  on  the 
housetops  and  behind  the  walls  of  the  yards,  opened 
lire  upon  the  ^lexicans.  The  bri^'ade  divided;  on  - 
half,  wheeling  to  the  right,  returned,  the  other  presse  i 
on  through  the  hacienda  with  the  Kentuckians  and 
Arkansas  men.  These  now  disentangled  themselve-. 
and  Colonel  May  having  come  up  to  the  support  witli 
two  com[)anies  of  regular  dragoons  and  two  more  of 
Arkansas  volunteers  with  two  pieces  of  artillery,  tli  • 
j\[e\icans  continued  their  course  to  the  mountains  um 
the  west,  and  pelteil  at  by  the  artillery  till  out  if 
range,  escajied  through  a  gorge.  In  this  sharp  mek'i' 
Colonel  Yell  fell  on  the  American  side  and  many  ■  f 
the  best  and  bravest  men.     The  Mexicans  leftthirty- 

**  Carli-'oii's  Balth:  of  Diiena  Vista,  87-8. 


THE  MEXICANS  HARD  PRESSED. 


428 


i\vc  nioii  (leaf!  upon  the  field,  an<l  Torrojon  was  se- 
vere ■!>'  wounded. 

^leantiino  Santa  Anna,  findinu^  that  lie  could  not 
drive  the  Americans  from  the  ])lateau,  planted  a  heavy 
liittery  of  24-|iounders  at  its  u]>j)er  end,  the  fire  from 
wliich  (Mifiladed  its  whole  extent.  When  the  attack 
;iu;dnst  ]>uena  Vista  failed,  an  attenn)t  M-as  made  hy 
;i  splendid  bri^jade  of  cavalry  to  o'ain  the  road  at  a 
iMiiut  in  rear  of  the  jdateau  l>y  advancimjc  alon^if  the 
iidi,'eon  which  was  stationed  the  ^[ississipjM  reij^iment, 
now  strem^thened  hy  the  ;3d  Indiana.  ]>ut  the  laiK^'i-s 
Were  driven  olf  with  heavy  loss  hy  the  fire  of  the 
Americans  without  even  coining'  to  close  quarters. 

The  Americans  now  l)ei!;"an  to  press  upon  the  }i[ex- 
i  •;m  right,  which  o-radually  o^ave  way:  while  the  ar- 
lillery,  interce]»ting  the  retreat  and  directed  against 
till'  masses,  did  great  execution.  So  terrible  and 
i';ipid  Were  the  dis>.'harg(^s  that  tlu;  right  wing  ol"  the 
^.Lexican  army  seemed  hopelessly  cut  off  from  its  main 
body.  The  men  crowded  in  conl'usion  into  the  ravines 
;i;iil  gidlies,  and  as  the  enemy's  gims,  continually  ad- 
^;lll(•ing,  ])oiU'ed  their  shot  into  them,  were  gradnally 
being  driven  up  into  an  angle  of  the  moimtains.  At 
tliis  time  Taylor,  then  on  the  plateau,  received  a  mes- 
sage ])urporting  to  come  from  Santa  Anna,  and  con- 
Aivinuf  his  wish  to  know  his  diMnands.  Concludin*^ 
that  the  right  wing  would  surrender,  Taylor  sent 
Wool  to  the  ^Mexican  conunander  and  gave  oi'ders  to 
!■  ase  tirinijf.  It  is  bv  no  means  certain  that  this  was 
a  srhemo  designed  to  effect  the  escape  of  the  I'ight 
wing;  neviM'tlu'less,  daring  the  t<Mnporary  cessation 
iViMii  fning,  it  gained  the  ui)[)er  portion  of  the  plateau, 
and  imder  cover  of  the  battery  there  joined  tlu*  main 


ai'!n\-. 


45 


^'\Vool  roulil  not  imliiop  tlio  Moxioans  to  coaso  tlioir  fuo,  iuul  ri'turiiicl 
vltliniit  an  iiitervii'w  witli  Santa  Anna.  I'.  S.  dart.  J)or.,  tit  siiii.,  )>.  I'M. 
1  ill'  (  Nplanatioii  j^'ivon  of  tlii.^  ooruriviu'c  ii-  }['.v..  Apinif.  His/,  dii-rrii, 
1^2  '^,  is  to  tlio  clt'iM't  tliat  .1  stall"  olliccr.  nui.n-il  Montoya,  tiiKliuu'  liiniscit" 
^^itlliu  t'.ic  Vinmican  lines,  i;i  onlor  toavoiil  oapturo  liail  rccoiirso  to  llicHfrat- 
a^  in  if  prcaniiliu','  (o  \iv  the  lioaroi'  of  ii  ni('s>Mi:o  from  Santa  Anna,  luiil  v.  w 
i^' lU 'iuctcd  to  Taylor,  who  sunt  liiin,  iu  c  jinpauy  willi   two  oliict'is,  to  that 


m 

I!" 


H 


1;i 


'If  ■ 


480 


OPEllATIONS  IN  THE  XORTH-BUEXA  VISTA. 


Santa  Anna  now  prepared  to  make  a  final  elToit  for 
victory.     At  this  tiniu  tiiu  ^Vniericans  Lad  but  three 
guns  on  the  i)hiteaii,  and  three  regiments  of  infantry.''' 
Fur  to  the  iei't  were  the  Mississippi  and  Indiana  regi- 
ments, all  the  cavalrv,  and  six  i)ic.ees  of  the  artilK  iv. 
Santa   Anna,  advancing    his   battery  of   8-[)oun»lers, 
moved  his  iirst  colun)n  of  attack,  under  Moray  \'i]!a- 
mil,  to  his  right,  and  uniting  it  with  his  reserves  and 
reuHiants  of  his  I'ight  wing  as  they  came  up,  formed, 
under  cover  of  the  southern  ravine,  a  single  massi\-, 
colunm,  under  the  direction  of  (jreneral  Perez.*'      T!i.' 
artillery  on  the  plateau  had  been  advanced  to  strike' 
the  retreating  j\lexicans,  and  the  infantry  was  also 
moving  forward.     The  mananivres  of  the  enemy  in 
the  ravine  below  were  hidden  from  sight,  and  as  the 
Illinois  and  Kentucky  men  a[)proached  the  head  et 
the  })lateau  the  dense  column  pouretl  over  the  south- 
ern crest,  delivering  a  withering  lire.      Masses  oi'  the 
Mexicans  closed  in  upon  the  Americans,  who  were 
almost  instantly  swept  into  the  gorge  in  their  rear. 
The  edges  on  both  sides  were  rapidly  occupied  by  the 
I\rexicans,  mid  a  mimlerous  fire  poured  down  tipon  t!ie 
fugitives  as  they  rushed  down  the  gulch  to  the  road 
to    seek    the    protection    of    Washington's    battery. 
^Meantime  a  strong  botly  of  cavalrv  had  swept  ovei' 
the  salient  spur  of  the  southern  ridge  and  was  hast- 
ening to  occujiy  the  mouth.     The  destruction  of  the 
Illinois  and  Kentucky  regiments  seemed  certain;  i)ut 
AVashington  turned  his  guns  upon  the  cavalry,  driviiii 
it  back  from  the  only  gateway  of  escape,  and  the  shat- 
tered remnants  ijfained  the  shelter  of  the   batteiv. 
Hut  the  loss  had  been  very  heavy.     Colonel  Hardin. 
1st  Illinois,  and  Ctdonel  ]\IcKee  and  Lieutenant-ceje- 
nel  Clay,  of  the  2d  Kentucky,  had  fallen,  and  mini- 

coinm.iiuler.  Montoyn,  when  lie  had  oiitured  the  Mexicim  lines,  separ^iti  1 
fnuii  the  eoinnii.sioncrs,  and  Santa  Anna  was  surprised  ut  receiving  a  >  lu- 
nioiLs  to  surrender,  wIiilIi  was  promptly  declined. 

*'''Tlie  1st  and  'Jd  JUiiiDisand  tlie  »d  IvontucUy.  Two  of  the  punswurc 
under  the  command  of  O'liricn,  and  the  third,  aO-pounder,  under  Tii  iWa-- 

■"  Lombardini  had  Ix't'ii  wounded  early  in  the  day,  and  his  comniaul  li.J 
devolved  oa  IVrez.   /(/,,  lOl. 


DEFEAT  ON  Tim  SECOND  DAY. 


431 


Is'i's  oT  inferior  raiik.*^  Wliilo  this  was  ooenrrin;jf, 
( )'i;5riL'i»  and  Thomas  made  a  des[)eratc  stand  with 
their  guns.  But  tliough  their  discharges  of  grape 
and  canister  tore  through  the  opposing  ranks,  they 
coukl  not  arrest  the  advance  of  the  Mexicans.  There 
was  no  faltering  on  the  part  of  these;  the  shock  on 
ilie  column  at  each  discharge  was  terrible,  but  the 
ga[)S  were  instantly  filled  up,  and  the  masses  sui-ged 
(•\('r  forward.  O'Brien,  a  hundred  yards  in  advance 
ol' Thomas,  worked  his  pieces  till  their  Hash  scorclied 
the  nearest  tiles  as  they  were  swept  down.  J le  and 
liis  few  remaining  men  were  wounded,  and  delivering 
liis  last  lire  in  the  very  ftices  of  their  foes,  they  escapetl 
to  the  rear,  leaving  the  guns  in  the  hands  of  the  Mex- 
icans. Victory  seemed  certain.  But  Taylor,  after 
the  successes  on  the  left,  had  at  once  ordered  the 
]\lissi.ssip[)i  and  Indiana  regiments,  and  Bragg's  and 
Sherman's  batteries,  up  to  the  plateau,  and  these  f(.)rces 
are  now  hastening  thither  at  full  sj)eed.  Bragg  iir.st 
an-ives — at  the  critical  moment  when  O'Brien's  gr.ns 
arc  taken — and  thou<di  there  is  no  infantrv  to  sun- 
pirt  him,  opens  tire  at  once.  The  hostile  columns 
aie  almo.st  at  the  muzzles  of  his  pieces,  i)ut  the  lirst 
iH-^charge  causes  them  to  hesitate;  a  second  and  a 
third  quickly  follow  and  throw  them  into  disorder. 
Sherman  arrives,  and  the  havoc  spreads.  The  ]\lis- 
sissippi  and  Indiana  regiments,  which  have  hastened 
aiMMss  the  gullies  antl  ridges,  mount  the  northern  (i.\ifo 
n|'  the  plateau,  antl  pour  their  iirt;  into  the  right  llank 
of  the  Mexicans,  who  can  no  longer  stanrl  their  ground. 
At  all  points  they  are  repulsed  and  retreat  int )  the 
depths  of  the  ravine. 

It  was  now  late  in  the  afternoon.  A  violent  storm 
till  on  the  fiercely  contentliug  armies,  the  lightning  and 
thunder  qtielling  i/ue  cannon's  flash  and  roar;  tlie  opera- 
tions on  both  sides  nearly  ceased.     When  niglit  fell  the 

" '  No  loss  falls  more  heavily  upon  the  army  in  the  field  than  that  of  colo- 
nels llai'tlin  anil  Mclv.ec,  auJ  Lieut-ool  Clay.'  Taylor's  report,  iu  C.  .b'.  Oovl 
JJoc,  Hi  s;;p.,  p.  13S. 


1 1" 


Ml 


i: 


!  J 


432 


OPERATION'S  IN  THE  XORTH-LUENA  VISTA. 


two  nnnic^s  oconpied  nearly  tlio  sanio  positions  uliiili 
they  liad  liold  in  tl  o  morning',  tliu  ^Irxicaiis  haviii'^' 
gained  possession  of  a  ])oint  at  the  upjxT  [)art  of  the 
plateau  where  their  heavy  battery  was  ])lanted. 

l)uiin;jj  the  day  Min(Hi  had  been  hoverin^C  about 
Saltillo,  havin;^  f)ceuj)ied  the  road  to  ]Juena  X'i.sta, 
and  intercepted  several  i'ntj^itives  from  the  tield  (if 
batlK;.  ('a[)tain  Shover,  however,  in  ehariije  of  thr 
lieadquarter  camp  at  Saltillo,  moved  Ids  ]>icee,  su])- 
ported  by  a  gun  from  Cai)tain  Webster's  batteiy, 
against  him,  and  after  a  few  etl'ectivo  sliots  eompt'llcl 
]\lihon  to  abandon  the  pass  and  take  refuge  in  tlic 
ravines. 

Every  preparation  was  made  by  Taylor  during  th  > 
nio'lit  for  a  renewal  of  the  conllict  in  the  nioiiiiu.;'. 
but  wlien  daylight  broke  it  was  discovered  tliat  Saul.i 
Anna  had  abanchmed  tlie  Held  and  retreated  to  Agu.i 
Nuf'va,  leaving  grt'at  nund)ers  of  his  wounded,  lb' 
could  no  longeu  ''(^ntinue  the  contest  witli  his  faint 
and  famished  trot)ps.'*''  Both  sides  claimed  a  victory. 
As  to  the  cngageuient  itself,  it  consisted  of  a  succcs- 
.sion  of  alternate  successt's  and  repulses,  and  at  th^' 
close  of  the  day  the  attitude  of  neitlier  arniv  w;i-< 
one  of  triumi)li.  ]3ut  the  necessity  whicli  comjHl'u-l 
Santa  Aiuia  to  witii(b'aw  turned  the  scale  of  adxau- 
tage  innnensely  in  favor  of  tlie  Americans,  and  the 
horrors  attending  the  retreat  crushed  the  morale  ni' 
his  army. 

On  both  sides  the  loss  Avas  severe.  That  of  th- 
Americans  was  2G7  killed,  4.")()  wounded,  and  'l'-\ 
missing,  a  total  of  746  out  of  4,700  otiicers  and  nici 
engag.-d  in  the  action.^"     Tlie  ^[exican  loss   was  a»l- 

■•*  ill  his  (li'Sjiatfh  written  that  niL,'ht  on  tho  l)attli'-ticM  lie  says:  'Lo  tini  > 
que  alIi;.ro  I'li  oslos  inomcatos  mi  situation  os  hd  tuiior  iii  una  ^allota  iii  'ai 
l)acu  ik'  .arroz  .-.iciiiit'ia  para  aliiiiuular  ;i  taulo  hcrido.'  El  Iris  E^ii'Ih.,  .Mar.  '_', 

isr;. 

■"'  U.  S.  (tort  J>or.,  ut  sup.,  p.  l.'^S.  The  rojiort  of  Ius]icctor  Cliiiifhill, 
uiaile  later,  iviluoi's  tlio  .Vniciicau  Kw.i  to  a  total  ot  (iliti.  This  is  explaincil  by 
the  fat't  that  iu  Tayloi's  list  many  only  sli^'htly  woundod  wci'i;  I'oinprisoil, 
ami  some  uf  tiio  uiissinj,'  wciu  jire.ionL  lo:-  duty  at  a  sul)st'i[ucnt  muster,  ('url''- 
toii\-i  llittlv  of  Buriiri  \"is/it,  im  --jrj.  1  cannot  omit  to  mention  the  c\aL::_'ir- 
utcil  reports  of  ilio  loss  su.ituincil  liy  the  Auiurieans  pubiislied  on  the  MexitaU 


CASUALTIES  AND  RCTREAT. 


433 


iiiittcd  by  Santa  Anna  to  liavc  been  1,000  killed  and 
v.DUndod/*  but  it  wa.s  [)rc)bably  nearer  "2,000.  ()i\ 
liiitli  sides,  too,  the  courage  of  the  ('ond)atants  was 
cduspieuous;  the  bravery  dis[)laye(l  by  tlu'  Anuricau 
volunteers,''"  hitherto  untried  in  battle,  and  the  valor 
with  which  the  Mexicans  pressed  up  to  the  cannons' 
liiiiuths,  ca[)turing  three  pieces  and  two  standards, 
I'xcite  equal  admiration. °^ 

On  the  lioth  an  exchange  of  prisoners  was  effected, 
hy  which  the  release  of  the  Anu'ricans  taken  at  En- 
raruacion  was  agreed  upon;  and  on  the  same  day 
Santa  Anna  calletl  a  council  of  war,  at  which  it  was 
dciiiled,  on  account  of  the  de})lorable  condition  of  the 
tioi'ps,  to  retreat  to  San  Luis.  Of  th.it  terrible  I'e- 
tiiat  1  shall  give  no  account.  Tavlor  a-jain  occupied 
A^ua  Xueva  on  the  27tli,  and  on  ^Tarch  1st  sent 
Colonel  Belknap  with  a  detachment  in  pursuit  of  the 
^lexican  rear.  That  ollicer  advanced  to  Encarna- 
cion  and  found  the  road  cumbered  with  the  dead  and 
(King  victinis  of  wounds,  hunger,  and  exhaustion. 
V»'lien  Santa  Anna  n.'ached  San  Luis  Potosi  his  army 
^\a.s  reduced  by  more  than  10,000  men.'^ 

side.  Santa  Anna,  while  stating  that  Taylor's  army  was  froin  S,0{X)  to  0,000 
BUviiL',  willi  "JO  piuufs  of  arlilkry,  adils  that  more  tliaii  "J.UiMJ  of  that  iiumhcr 
veto  strL'tchfil  iijHjii  tlio  fu'hl— 'mas  do  I'.OLH)  caihiveiL's.'  L'i  Jris  /■,'>/)«//., 
ilar.  •_',  l.stT.  Ordonez,  writing  in  May  1817,  Iwhlly  assert.s  that  the  army 
li-t  1,7U0  in  killed  and  more  than  (iOO  wounded,  wliile  the  ML-xiean  loss  waa 
a  Httle  over  StK)  wounded  and  ahout  000  killed.  It^'/iitwioii,  Vl. 

'"'■  \\'\svc\ii\\\.'n\  EL  Iris  Eniiui't.,  Mar.  '2,  ISIT.  Taylor  estimated  the  numher 
at  1,,")00,  eonsidering  it  probable  that  it  would  reach  12,000.    U.  S.  Govt  JJoc, 

lit  S!ip. 

''-  There  were  only  4")3  American  regulars  engaged  in  the  battle.  A/.,  1.'>7-S, 
'  ('iii-litou\<  Battle  vf  lluciia  (V.sfa,  111. 
■■' '  Las  liajaa  (jue  snfrio  do  la  Angostura  a  8an  Luis,  aacemlieron  ;i  10,r)00. 


i/iini/.  JJist.  (j'iierru,  ll.j.     Li  this  work  will  be  found  a  full  aeeount 
of  Santa  Anna's  retreat. 

Among  the  authorities  that  have  been  consulted  for  the  history  of  Taylor's 
eani|iai;,'n  and  the  operations  in  the  north,  and  of  which  I  append  a  list,  .lci.-(5 
^hiiia  lloa  IJiirccna's  work,  h'lriu  ri'oi  ilc  lit  I.irasloa  Xorli-Amfrhana,  JS',>1 
-]S.'fS,jior  iin  jovtia  i/c  c>iloiia-<,  Mexico,  ISSJ,  -1",  pi>.  liSO,  deserves  especial 
niention.  The  author  states  that  several  years  ago  ho  ijegan  to  pre[iare  t!ie 
material  for  his  book  v  ith  the  intent  of  recording  his  personal  obsci-vatioiis 
uiul  impressions  on  the  events  that  passed  before  his  lyes.  lie  tells  us  that 
J.fier  studying  the  Mexican  documents  relating  to  them,  he  proceeded  to  ilo 
tiic  same  wiili  the  Ainei'ican  records,  from  which  he  expc'rieuced  t!ie  siupriso 
nad  pleasure  of  discovering  tiuit  the  American  cimmanders  had  d  tue  y.\  .iic  • 
to  liie  lieroism  of  his  cmmtry's  <lelenders.  lie  had  in  view  to  correct  Ins  coun- 
UiMX.  Mkx.,  Vol..  V,    lid 


ti    '" 


isii 


434 


OPERATIONS  IN  THE  NOETIT-IM'ENA  VISTA. 


tryiiKii's  errors,  ami  wliilo  plncing  lii.s  country  (iinl  her  doffiidcrs  in  the  ri  ;!it 
J)  jsiiioli,  ill)  huiiic  yuud  I. J  tliu  ijrusL'it  Mexico,  hy  pwiutiu;,'  out  i:i  the  LMU.i^d, 
comsf,  mill  ivHiilts  of  tluil  war,  \v!i;it  inleiiiiitiipii;il  p jlhy  iiiiiy  h.i\o  in  ro- 
tci'vo  lor  Mo\ico,  iiiiil  whiit  .^1  o  Mlioiild  (h)  for  Helf-preservalion.  Itoa  Iliir- 
leiia's  htylo  is  elu;ir  and  ileL;ai\t;  his  eouchisions  are  as  iiii[iura;il  us  iii;iy  Ik 
(•\))i'c-tei[  Iroiii  oiK^  who  looks  a',  thc!  whole  (jui'stion  from  tin;  Mexjeaii  Ht.iinl 
jioiiit.  \i  vortiielijss,  hi.i  work  i.i  more  valiiaiileasa  eoiiH)ilation  than  fordeplU 
ot  reileelMiiia.  Jle  i|UuLes  extensively  from  riliicial  dtJciiMnnts  ami  authorities, 
lioth  Mexican  and  American,  and  <loea  not  i^'enerally  llineh  from  givinL,'  tlio 
(hii'eri'nt  accounts  of  events,  'llie  spirit  ol  his  lii'st  eliajitei's  is  .■'U[)enor  to 
tli.it  oiiservablc  in  tiie  latter  portion  of  his  hook,  which  lacks  uniiy  in  plan 
and  foiiii. 

Jniiic.-i  Ilciiry  ('(ivldon,  The  lUttllc  of  limnia  VUtci,  vnth  the  o/irratioiii  <ij 
till'  Arm;/  of  Oi'iKjidlidii  for  Om:  Mmilh,  Xew  ^'ork,  ISlS,  pp.  'JISS.  Tiiislittlu 
W{Mk  is  a  detailed  and  excellent  account  of  the  iiattle,  from  whieli  it  derives 
its  title.  The  author  was  a  ca  lain  in  the  1st  reg.  of  dra,L,'ooiis,  who  was 
jjiisent  at  llu;  engagement,  and,  as  ho  remarks,  liad  opportunities,  during  tho 
service  ho  was  called  on  to  perform  on  tho  hattlc-lield,  of  deliherato  oliseiva- 
tion  on  many  dili'ereiit  ]iarts  of  the  ground.  Moreover,  he  was  encampi  d  tor 
eight  months  afterward  on  tiu^  s.anio  spot,  and  emferreil  wilii  tin;  diU'ereiit 
olliccu's  engaged,  liesides  these  means  of  acquiring  correct  information,  ho 
has  con.sulicd  tho  olili.'i:il  reporls  of  both  parties,  and  coiiiljined  tlio  .sahiiaaco 
of  lliem  in  his  narrative.  These  authorities  arc  generally  (piotod  at  the  foot 
of  tiic  page,  and  an  ajipendix  of  7S  pages  is  added,  containing  corrospoiideiico 
W  itii  (icu.  Wool,  and  iuiiiierous  ollieial  documents,  both  Mexican  and  vViairi- 
caii. 

J.  Hcc.-ii'  Fri/,  A  Life  ('/  (ii'ii.  Zichnri)  Tiv/Ior,  sm.  S",  pp.  'X\l,  I'hilaclel- 
phia,  I0I7.  .V  narrative  of  the  lifo  of  Taylor,  from  Ids  birth  down  to  tiio 
([iiiet  occupation  by  him  of  tho  positions  ."lecured  by  tlic  victory  of  l)Uen;i 
\  i:sta.  Tiic  .aithor  derived  his  iufornialion  from  public  documents  and  pri- 
vate eorrcMpoiidenee,  whi^'li  are  lilieraliy  (]Uotcil.  'J"li(^  inc!di;nts  of  Taylor'.! 
early  3'ears  aro  ol)tained  from  1  latorials  collected  by  IJobert  T.  CoiU'ad.  Thu 
worli.  conehides  with  a  number  of  anecdotes,  ilhislrative  of  thc  general's  habit.j 
and  c'.iaracLer. 

MviiiorUi,  .siihri'  la  ICr  iriiarkui,  Mll'itar  (hi  Piu  rtn  dc  Tdiii/iico  </■'  Tiiiii'tn!!- 
jin-1,  pp.  .jli,  is  an  cx[)osiUon  of  tieiieial  I'arrodi,  relative  to  tho  evacuaiioii 
of  'i\.inpii!o.  It  was  prepar(Ml  in  Aju-ii  KSl'i,  but  not  puljlishe.l  until  ii.iino 
tiino  laler,  siiii'o  I'ai'roili  waited  for  tho  publication  of  the;  Ajxniic-i  ji'iri 
ta  //is/:jrii.  ltd  I'l  (jiwrrii,  in  order  to  ri.futo  tho  inaccuracies  whicli  ho  wm.-j 
awaro  that  work  would  contain  in  its  account  of  tho  abandonment  of  tlio  port. 
I'arrodi  received  iiiiperativo  (jiders  from  Sant:i  Ann;\  to  evacuate  tho  place, 
but  his  prompt  obedience  caused  great  discontent;  he  was  arro.itod  on  his  :;f- 
rival  iit  San  Ltiis  I'otosf,  and  stibmitted  to  a  court-martial.  Appended  to  tlu 
M(  iiwna  ;iro  copies  of  'M  ollieial  doeumeuts. 

Fuder  references  on  Taylor's  campaign  ;iro:  Deirrho  Litem.  J/i.i". ,  .''d  pt, 
4.'5.')-S;  AhiiiKiii,  lli.it.  McJ.,  v.  {)22-.>.'>;  Conj.  Glohc,  l.Si.j-0,  app.  index,  [k  \.\ 
l.SU)-7,  index,  8,  17,  tipp.  index,  p.  .'i;  UnMaiivinte,  Mi  x.  en  IH.'jS,  MS.,  pp.  i.  - 
iv. ;  111.,  Xiu:i\->  Uirnal  l)hr,,  i.  ir>,  li;i,  ii.  passim;  /■/.,  Iiirasioii,  .M.>.,  (i-il, 
'2.')-7,  .")t)-(;7,  81  7;/'/..  M'ni.  Wist.  Mcc,  MS.,  iv.-vi.  passim,  vii.  (J!)-7''>,  I M; 
J)ii'il'iu  and  lA)~a,io,  v.  llii-ti,  llli,  l."i,i-0;>,  'J');),  •JG7;  Uln  i\i,  lli.-il.  Jn!  ijm.  iii. 
passim;  /»/.,  d'oh.  de  JId.n.,  ii.  '2')'2;  I'hiart.  Cull.,  nos  JSl'J,  8.")1;  lir'do,  iJt'i'v.'S  1; 
A.  Am.  J,Vr.,  Ixxii.  I,'i-,VJ;  Am.  liir.,  iv.  171-9;  A,ner.,  I'ht.  llh>.  oJ\  \\d  V.\ 
l-Jl-'J;  I'dlli'jo,  Col.  ])or.  Me.c,  MS.,  ii.  no.  4.'Jii;  l,'ain-<iij\'i  Oilier  Sile,  '•>:)  .', 
;!0  !),  4;J-,'.,  .Sr-lil,  ().5-ii,  (i!),  7;'i-;iO,  8;1  3,  !IJ-bk),  •J.j'.»-G;),  'JoJ;  Not  Udrcr„.i, 
IteciienlO'i,  oJ-lol,  ()(;_'"7;  llnjlii'-'^  l>on};ih  in'-i  Ex.,  Ill;  O'lierra  cidre  JJe:  ij 
/.'s.'.  Un.,  'l.)~\'\\;  Ziinneiiif,  Jliif.  JAe'/.,  ix.  17-,  xi.  7(il;  yoiiii'i\'<  Jl'i.tt.  M.c, 
]iassini;  A'/7fs'  /.'(;/.,  Ixx.  Ixxii.  passim;  ntirri.ton''i  linlde-jlehh,  :]17-!>,  t.is, 
41_';  Li-ermore's  \i'(ir  wlfh  .l/r.c,  .")l-8_',  ll.j-J-',  l.")(j-(;i,  •J'n-olO;  J)oce.  Cdr. 
Jlixi.  <!<nij.,  ix.  878-8'i,  x.  4li7-7-;  ■'I'tf'/  Frinid^ro  (Jmui  dc),  \'i:nlira\,  l-H; 
WdHard'd  Lant  Leaver,  o.j-GO,  77-8D;  Ablwl'.i  JIe.c.  and  U .  S.,  17---',  (i.l,  ^ll 


AUTiioi:rrTEs. 


485 


ill  iv- 
>;v  r.ur- 

uKiy  1" 

)!•  iKiilU 
loriii''-. 
ill'-;  ill" 

)L'\U)l'    t'l 

iu  pUui 

:iii^littlo 
t  ikrivi  s 
who  w;.'i 


llUill 


■a  I'oi- 


(lillVrc'.it 
iiaiimi,  liu 
biibiliiii'-'J 
t  tlio  Uy.'i 
siininU'iu'e 
.ml  AiiK-ii- 

;,  I'hiUa.  1- 

)\V11  t»  ^'■'■'^ 
f    of    lilWUl 

iLs  iinil  l>i  i- 
lof  -ray'.'-i-i 

•a,!.     'Hio 


Titin'ui'i- 

VUClUlliilll 

until  s;.)iuc 

'a  ho  \v;n 
,'  Vlic  port, 
thi!  pliu'u, 

oa  his  ur- 
dod  lo  ill- 


UcloX,   p.    \'. 

MS.,l'i'-''- 

.ms.,i;-i'm 
(W-T:!,  il''"' 

,/ll.'  !/'«,  ill- 

(  Jj.iro'ii'i, 
Hhr.  JA'--  y 

-•2J,  01'.,  ^1. 


110-CO,  271-0;   K>  Coil' rri- Til  mpo,  M:irch-May    1S40,  pa^fi'm;    }Tni'r^r'"jr,r'n 


(nicy*  <'ijiii]>. 


V 


7-4. >.  C, 


.1/w  ■ 


/..//. 


I  I'Oill 


/■'- 


4.")(1-', 


.!/'■ 


KoUoii'd-'n  Coiirf  Mi.r.,  'JiW;  //../,',/  Aiy)'  i,;.  Fir 
]i''s>,  l.'J'.>-l)X;  .S'««  (/  AiKih  ,  July  I,  17,  IS17;  Uitrjic/n  J/";/.,  \!ix.  ."il!."!; 
Ki„li/'i  Mini.  Mi.ri/fiiml  \'o/.,  l.'i--iS7;  l>niilrtr'<  /i'ijukiihi'  iJ  Ihr  .l.'/c,  Its  !); 
}■/.,  Am.  r'ioiiicni'i<j,  \'  1(J;  Ti-ihiiiir  .lliii.,  1S(7,  17-'J">;  ISIS,  l7--i);  ISIO, 
!l,';  yl/»/"/'/'V',  Aiilcil  TiihiDKil,  1  ■_'7;  /i/.,  Mitn'if.,  I    10;  HihCi  Sruni  L'u'/nl. 


II'J  "J-i;  ('(trjiciiti  r  .-i  irarrl-<iii  Mix 


•-'1-7;   ir 


Ar,.s  C 


i,«7. 


( 'ill. 


il  X.  Mi.,:,  10,  •l\)-'.\\,  4J,  7.".   lllO;  Din, 


iriii'/iis, 


(  »'/.»' 


..lYC 


t.  Mr 


;i;  IJrad-itt's  If.  S.  Carrt/ri/,  r.;j-(i4,  7^-1  U;j,  11l'--_'4;  U'oiI,  S^  r-Vt  (;/"  /,,;/;•  (^,7 


.Si  /V.  (■(■•■ 


1-:W: ,/«/.,  /' 


slltiili. 


ill  ///(/).  ('((/•.,  ]pt  viii.,  |) 


]v;iiiii,n^  i:hj!,ik 


V.  S.  Inf.,  i.  •J77-4;h),  ii.  'AMi'.);  Lossiinfx  I'ht.  llUt.  U.  .S'.,4s:!  .".;  Znri,nliii\i 


Mii-i-hni.t,  14- 


Kl  tlt^taiiriiilu 


Sept.  lS4(i,  |)us.sii 


liil, 


1),  •Jt;!J-7!t;  U.  S.  (Aivt  ]>ii 


(.'ollL 


',».«^u 


11.  c 


th. 


Kfi.t,  70. 


<:/•  /; 


I,  II.  V.\.  4,  pa.s.siin,  Act.s  ainl  llcsol,,  [i[).  lOO  1;  /</.,  (j 


:i(), 


.•^l-'M. 


I'P- 

1.  H. 


I'l'' 


jNi 


l; 


llcpt 


pts.  l.p. 


!.»,  .Sc'i.  •-',  ii[..  IIGI   1J:;7;  /'/.,  (A'li;.: 

Ti-i'(tii'S.  vii.  iio.s  1,4,  II;  Mc./:,  .Man 

7;  /(/. .  Cum/),  roiilru,  Amvr.  (hi  Sui'tc 


;io--. 

il,  Scs.  1, 


141,  i\\>\\  •_•  I'J;  /(/.,  Cong. 


Sen. 


I'P 


■)-:!(;  .1/. 


(/'.  Sii/,r.  Trill.  (I'lirrrn  //  .Mitnun,  (!,  'J,">- 

//.,'  Uniililil   Die  I'/U 


1 


■hn  ( 


mill). 


i/i.,  lit);   II/.,  Do 


vl.    .1/ 


Do 

(I'll^l.  viir 


'I 
I   •_'(»;  A\y-»(/<' 


i/K'/'(((.-i,  4(J  S;  /'i/i/i'i/\i  ll'if;' /(•(■//(  .1/( .-'.,  i.  piissiin;  Los.tlii;/'.-!  t)iillinf  i/isf.  U.S., 
•J!IS-;;;jo;  Srult'.-i  Mini.,  ii.  ;{!)7  411;  .sVu/,  Mi'/ml,  L'cii.  J/i.v.  m  Li'^ii',  i.  170  'J, 
-i;!;  /'I.,. Sty.  (,'uia,  7-!);  Jliiri-.u/'.^  I'i./.    Ill.-it.  C.  S.,410  (i;  VVoy.   </<'. 


Mi/iiii 


•7.,:{_'    14;  Ih, 


■jhre  Mr 


,  no.  iv. ;  Cliih.  llooL;  i.  ;[.">-(!;  .l/c 


yy; 


Ii,  '.". 


•2d,  et. 


1 


1  lu;  y  iiiiijiiro  I 


Ic  T, 


Mr 


17;  .1/ 


//  IJaiiu,  Mrx.  II, M.  Dcsrn-j,!.,  !I4-1  II;  Ihimriivrh,  //,</.  .1/. 


',liyi:  JJnu:,   1 -,").'{; 
ii.  •_'()■•!- 


iijoiz,  .Mrj.,  ii. 


ji;i»-,;tn; 
/„(/».i'.  y.'( 


loih,  .-t.-i 


-»;  //(V/.  JA/,/.,  -x.  •J07-I;!;  /W.t  E.^jini'ii,!,  KS4(J 


1, 


^; 


(//(/< 


o»  .<  hrmiiu..i'i  iirrx, 
Shrtrhr^,  1-:!:JI;    //(f/v/zi 


/() 


M.'!;    Li 


.lll/iiln 


".I- 


MS. 


.4/ 


/Irlll.    Mr 


rronthr  l.ifr,  lioS  (iS;   J)i'  11 


ll.'i   .">7;    Ii  iziliinni rt    Mrx. 


II 


.Uiti/rr'.H  Mr.c.  A:.f.,  i.  .■j:!! -4i2:).  ii.  :52'.»;  LI..  llUt.  M, 


W 


I  l'.J-SS; 


'/,  A'e;/.  A'< 


-S;  .M(. 


'.<  y'if<.  A/'/'c  ill  .Mr 


2IJ.V1U;  y '-((/■, 


-< 


l-'j;: 


//'-■  (.'■(//iyi.,  'J-l'JS;  CorhrtC.i  Lr'jis/.  Miin.,  '2S'2-\;  L'iiri(riiiir/oii.  I'rl^ 

Vni'jn,  SiiiiKiri  I,  1-40;  Jlcx.,  licjlani.,  l-'J.'!;  Id.,  I'rj.  Arrh.  (Ir,i.,  1-JJ;  Iil., 

JJijc.  I'c'af.;  III.,  Apniit.  Ili4.  d'urrrn,  'J'.)-!  l,"),  l;JS-.")0;  Ilinil'.-i  .\l(rr/i.  JLnj. 


XMll. 


;i;  Jaij'.-i  M(.c.  War,  ITiS-'),"),  ■_'_'; ;-:;i),  '^7 


;:!;  SroU,  III.  I.il'c  (./;  1    l.>(J: 


I',i/'s  Li/,.  o/'I\ii/li,r,  \J,  l(j;!-77,  1'.).j-'JSS;  I'alr  i.f  l,'rj,i(lj/!r.-<,  IV.i-lo;  A,„rr. 
i^iiurl.  /.V</.,  1S48,  i.  14;  Scnniu.i'  Hrrr.  Alio  it,  .•5S-40,  (iJ-lOI,  ll(i--Jt;  <)/. 

Siijii:.  lJij,tillll.,   \-l2;I:l.,  t'omilllic.  .^olnr  Xrjor,,  11;  llil'ii;  /i'( 


i;),j 
( 


Ml 
70-l,;2o7-S;  Maiixiirhl's Lii'rol' dm.  Srolt,  ;]:>'.)-','.).  4i;.)-7l;  M  x.  \\'< 


'iiii/iUl''  Iliil.  Il/,  128-01),  ,S.">-(j;  Fki-Iji 
-'K  :'A2-'M,  4,jJ-8,  4:)a;  Ml:.ril.  6  .s'l;,.. 


ut/llltr 


IJ,  44-111),  KS7-J1--',  '2o[)- 


1.  •Ji;)-.".0,  ii.  L'l'J;  Oil 


Mr. 


4;Ji-4;i.  47 


I,  1  Ut;  .]li.i\   U'ai 
Fnr./lKiiii'.f  Ml 


(I  its  III  rnei*, 
.")d-(!;   Piirr- 


fO/('.<  M.l.  Ill: 


L[l<;   .M.S.,   'i'J;    liobii, 


ii.  ;{l-4,  44-.")4,  (Jl,  71;  lloii-!/r.-<  IliM.  L'.  S.,  ii.  ;i,-,U;  lla 


Mr 


il   lirr   Mil.   (.'hir/'la 


,'/•■< 


lis. 


•2MAy. 


i_'-i:i 


Oiinja   (SiiiV::),    Mrm.    Hilar.   J)lul.    .Mix.,    77-Hl;   Pn.'/iir'.i    lli^t.    £■ 


OjL, 


•M2-\: 


(iijlor  a. 


'■I  hi 


ill,  i:i-i2i.-.,  ^:;i-us;  M. 


IJalili 


(;/,  l);..isini;    Conldiii'/.i   Uiiidr,    'J Hi -4;    TaiiLir't   Sjn 


00.!.  01  J';   LI 


'fill,. /If),  Jan. -Juno   1S4(),  pu-^sini;   'riiorjir.^  Army  Hio  ilrumlr,  ."iJ-."),  'k)  ~2, 


1J3-4.),    lsD-!)u;  Putt 


MiX.,  10 -184;  Roilnihoiujh'.-i  ..'nd  JJrcii/oiiis, 
J/'/,i.,  1-,".;!; /,/.,   Vi.uillc'.,  1-17:  Prrrz,  JJirc 
iloiiiz,    Itrfiil.    I 
llijl'un.   dd,  1- 


IliM.   U.  .S'.,  704-14,  7H-;;;  i:dn-nrd'.i  Cii, 


!t-.'-8,  114-;!0. 


(,' 


:,  liij'iil.  luiinda  Oj.;   Aim.   Ai 


'.'/..  i.  4;: 


ISl'.r,    l'j;i 


fur 


Cidri,  IJa/l/is  of,  2l--_',  ;{0-4:);   .1/. 


i-l9;  Piii-n.di, 
ii.  4;!  ;-4J;  Or- 
10  Mild.  Md., 
■X.,  ii.  4GJ-70; 
i.   17'J- 


i^u.it't  Anna,  Apr.l.  ul  burn  Critirij,  "Jl-:)-',  up.  (Ui-'J;  iJi.c'  Spm 
07;  Tiiijlur  and  lii.i  Slaji',  30-80,  110-00;  Cid.  Star,  Jan.  Aug.  1.847,  pas.siai; 
/.V  .l;vj  y/v'.v,  July  i;},  1817;  Caprnu'.-i  lli.i'.  Cu/.,  ;i8  I);  Ciim/iuii/ii  i.i  Mrx., 
•lii  >,  71--18,  li4J-0;  Ba,-uiorda,  I'idim.,  I-.T);  Pi-^pusir.  \'ar.,  v.  I'ol.  4;»,  ."<;i; 
An\i,.i-:,  Uioij.  Mrx.,  14J~0;  .Son.  Una.':,  iii.  :i.'7-;i2;  L'l  S iiioirii.ir,  Oct.  U.  1810, 
J.m.  1,  Fob.  IJ,  18,  JO,  Maroli  5,  IJ,  April  J,  i),  J.i,  ;J0,  Sopt.  ;),  1817,  i.i  /'(-(ari 


w 


m     r 


1  i 


430 


OPERATIONS  IN  THE  NORTH— BUENA  VISTA. 


]l(if'«,  ISTO,  '-'7"),  104:!  4;  /«'.,  L<vi'<l-  '^'J-,  •^■♦5>.  '-'-JT-UO;  Al.r.  Jul.  Is.",,!, 
llil-!>2;  Knei(>-Jun.  ISoCi,  44S-r)l;  /«/.,  Col.  Lci/ih  //  />ec.,  184+-(J,  pussiiu; 
JS47,  24-5;  MaiixjiM's  J/cx-.   Il'tt/',  30-4,  44-75.  UO-IO. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

SCOTT'S    MARCH    TO   PUEBLA. 

Februaky-Jitly,  1847. 

Taylor  Returns  to  Monterey — Preparations  against  Vkra  Crfz — 
Lanuino  of  United  States  Forces — Apathy  ok  tuk  Mexican  CJov- 
EUN.MKNT — Fortifications  ok  Veua  Ciicz— Sikoe  and  Caimtilation — 
Respective  Losses— Opkuations  ok  the  <ii  i.k  Fleet— Santa  Anna's 
J'liEPARATioNS — He  Takes  up  a  Position  at  Ceuko  Goudo— Scott 
Advances  into  the  Inteuior— Battle  ok  Cekiio  (Jouuo — The  Heihiit 
Cakuied— Scott  Entkus  Jalapa--Tiik  Castle  ok  Pehote  EvAcrATED  — 
Worth  Proceeds  to  Phebla— Trist  Appointed  Commissioner  to 
Mexico— His  Disagreement  with  Scott— Attempts  at  NEtiOTiAiioN 
WITH  Santa  Anna. 


With  tho  battle  of  Buona  Vista,  Taylor's  active 
o|teriitioi:s  in  tlie  north  nuiy  bo  ruganJed  as  ended. 
His  \v)jrk  in  future  was  confined  to  holding  possession 
of  the  country  occuj)ied.  The  withdrawal  of  his  reg- 
ular troops  for  Scott's  expetlition  against  the  capital, 
and  the  approaching  exi)iration  of  his  best  volunteei-s' 
tmii  of  service,  rendered  offensive  nianceuvres  in  the 
direction  of  San  Luis  Potosi  inadvisable.  At  tho 
same  time  Scott's  advance  against  the  capital  so  oc- 
eajjied  the  Mexicans  that  the  hostile  forces  in  the 
iiortliern  provinces  were  almost  unmolested.  For  a 
liiicf  period  the  connnunication  between  j\lonterey 
and  the  Rio  Grande  was  interrupted  by  the  operations 
(if  generals  Urrea  and  Romero,  who,  in  concert  with 
.Santa  Anna's  design  of  cutting  olT  the  retreat  of  the 
iiiniy  which  ho  had  hoped  to  defeat,  had  advanced 
with  a  strong  cavalry  corps  from  Tula  to  the  neigiibor- 
lidod  of  Cerralvo  and  Camargo.    On  the  24th  of  Feb- 

(407) 


F^  I'    h 


.■lli 


mil 

ill 

■ 

433 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEBLA. 


i-n;irv  Pvonioro  aftiu-ki'd  a  largo  wagon-train  near 
]\iai'in,  escorti'd  by  Ijicvitonant  ]>arl)()ur,  1st  Kuiitudcv 

-  -  -  *  •  * 

rrgiiiKjiit.  The  train  was  di'stroycd,  about  50  wag- 
oners were  l<illed,  and  the  esort  captured.^  Again. 
early  in  ^NFareh,  a  train  of  laO  wagons,  escorted  hy 
^Tajor  (Jiddinu's,  was  attacked  near  C'erralvo,  and  a 
shar[)  action  took  place.  ]\rany  of  the  wagons  weic 
(k-'stroyed,  and  a  number  of  live;-,  were  lost.  The  ]Me\- 
icans,  ho\\(>\ei',  were  finally  repulsed."'^  Several  other 
alfaii's  of  a  like  nature  took  ])lace;  but  Taylor,  lia\iiig 
I'eturned  to  ]\[onterey  and  established  his  liead(|uai- 
ters  at  Walnut  Spi'ings,  marched  in  person  with  a 
stronu;  force  a<>'ainst  Uriea,  who  therciijou  retired  by 
way  of  Victoria  and  Tula  to  the  south. 

It  appear?  fivnn  tlie  official  correspondence  that 
Scott  lirst  submitted  to  the  g()V(,'rmnent  aw»-itte'i  ex- 
position of  his  views  relative  to  a  iiev\^  line  of  optia- 
tions  on  the  27lh  of  Octobi'r,  18415.  In  the  r.ii'iiin- 
randa  wliich  ln'  laid  befortj  the  secretary  of  war  ho 
expressed  the  opinion  that,  in  consideration  of  ^le\i- 
co's  rejection  ;>f  all  overtures  of  ]ieac( ,  only  by  the 
capture  of  the  ca[)ital  coukl  she  be  brought  to  terms, 
and  that  the  most  pi'ucticable  way  of  eifecting  thii 
would  be  by  taking  possession  of  Vera  Cruz  and  8;m 
Juan  de  Uh'ia.  To  accomplish  the  latter  ho  deemed 
a  Ibrce  of  10,000  men  n  ci'ssary,  though  15,000  would 
be  better  if  tliey  could  be  on  the  spot  before  the  yel- 
low-fever came.  Nevertheless,  he  was  willing  to  at- 
tempt the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz  with  a  smaller  force. 
To  reach  th  •  capital  an  ai-my  of  nore  tlum  20,000 
UKMi  would   [)r(ibably  be  needeck'       >cott's  >"it,'\\s  Wei'o 

'  ['.  S.  dorl  Dor.,  {'oiig.  -M,  Si'3.  1,  Soil.  Kx.  1,  ;i.  '2\()A-2;  LI.,  II.  Kx.  lii), 
]).  Ill;)  "JO,  ll-j;j-4.  Ui  Tea  n  >if"  '  '!  it  l'J')\viig<  is  ami  u-- many  iiack-mul'.i 
wi'io  caiitui'cil,  mill  'JOO  of  1  d  I'licii.y  killed  or  'Uoii  jiiisoiici't!.  A  gro.it 
ninilier  of  tlio  \\agi.uis  woru  1'  riiuil  for  want  of  aiiiiii.iU  to  take  tlicin  olf.  /i'o'» 
U''r>-iiia,  Ji'ciurilo.i,  IKi. 

'-' I'rrca  staten  that  tlio  train  c'ln-istcil  of  .'lO')  \\a;^in:^,  10:")  of  wliitli  \y<y^' 
));;rncil.  /(/.,  Il(i-17.  (Iiil(lia%'.s' t'oivf  niinilicnvl  "JOJ  inuu.  Two  of  llii^  c-i'iC 
i\\d  lii'tt'cn  toaiustor.s  were  killi'il.    l'.  S.  dorl  Dor.,  Con,',  .'id,  Scs.  l.Scn.  1';. 

1,  I..  •Ji;i-i.-,. 

•'At  tills  time  Soott  stated  Taylor's  army,  iiiolud'iig  Wool'd  ooiumuii'l,  ii 


LAXDIXG  AT  VERA  CRUZ. 


439 


n])|>rove(l,  and,  as  tlic  reader  is  aware,  he  was  np- 
jHiiiitod  to  tlio  coiiiiiia;)(l  of  IIkj  i'orees  in  ^lexico. 

As  soon  as  tlie  Uiiited  States  government  lind  de- 
cldi'd  to  elian^e  the  base  of  o})eration,  prt'[)aralioiis 
\, .■••(•  carried  on  with  all  possible  vigor.  Ti'aiisp'»rts 
\V('r>'  jii'oeui'ed  as  (juiekly  as  jios.sible,  lai'ge  (pianliies 
(if  mnnitions  .)f  war  niarinlactureil,  and  siege  trains  ol' 
li(;i\  V  artiller}-  ship[)ed  as  promptly  as  cireunistances 
\viaild  [lernnt.  IJy  February  the  tr;,'r'<norts  began  to 
;ii  ri\'e  at  Ura'^os  Santiago,  and  by  the  e:id  ol'tlie  month 
the  embarkation  of  the  troo[)s  had  been  effected  at 
that  port,  as  well  as  of  l*atterson's  and  Twiggs'  divl- 
si^ns  at  Tampieo.  TJie  island  ol'  Lobos,  about  sixty 
iiiih's  to  the  south  of  the  latter  plai'e,  was  appointed 
hv  Seott  as  a  i»'enei'al  remk'zvoi's,  and  tliere  he  oru'an- 
ized  his  armv,  now  numberin'j  over  12,000  nuMi.'^  On 
},Lirch  7th  the  lleet  of  transports  nAUidjerIng  about 
eighty  vessels  anchored  at  l*oint  .Vnton  J^izardo,  and 
S<'ott,  having  reconnoitred  the  coast,  deciiled  to  elFect 
;i  lauding  at  a  point  about  thrc'O  miles  south  of  Veiu 
Cruz.  Sixty-se\'en  surf-boats,  each  capable  of  liold- 
iiig  iVoin  seventy  to  eighty  men,  had  been  provided, 
and  into  these  5,500  men  wei'e  endiarked  and  put 
asjioic  about  hall-past  live  in  the  afternoon  of  the 
;uh.  ]Juring  the  night  the  debai'katitni  of  the  whole 
fiiive  was  effected  wit'out  oiJiiosition." 

Iiij  ■J'l,500,  to  lio  slidi'tly  inoroa.ioil  to '27,'-"'0  liy  iiiiu:  .'uMitioual  roi^'iiiionts  of 
v.jIuiiUms,  Fi'oiii  ti  I'lu  hu  proposed  to  wiLihlrau"  1  t,U,K)  I'.n  t'lc  \\t;v  (,'ruz 
L'Nj.LcliLion.  U.  X.  G'ort  J)oi\,  Cong.  DO,  Sos.  1,  11.  I'^x.  '>'.',  j-,.  :,.t -,',.).  The 
eiirrc-nioinlc'iico  referred  to  in  the  text  will  ))u  found  in  t'"!    .iinu^  dociiinuut, 

]>[>.  .">t  (i:i. 

*  Coiisiatini,'  of  Uw  1st  and  "Jd  bi'igidcs  of  iv^ul.ii'-O'c-ipiM'tivcIy  luidri'  W'orl!' 
iiiid  Twiu'g.s.  Woiih's  command  w:i.s  conijio.si'd  df  tho  Uh,  .'ith,  (jth,  and  Sth 
i.iKuiliy,  lliL''2d  and  .'id  a  'lilU'ry,  Uuncau's  licld-hai  tciy,  and  twoco  upanii'iot' 
vohiiiti'i'is.  Twi^'g.i'  hi-ijiade  iicludcd  the  l.st,  "J.l,  .'t  I,  and  Ttli  inlantiy,  the 
1  Vi  an;'. -Ith  arlillury,  with  T.iylor".-'  licld-Iiattery.  and  a  rt'ijinunl;  of  injiiutiil 
rilk'nion.  Th''  division  of  vuliuiU'iTs  under  I'atti'i'.son  \vasoi';;aiux;'d  inTo  (hi'i.'o 
hrigadf.i,  eoinnianded  liy  I'iUow,  (Jiiitaian.  and  Shirhls  res|ieeliv'ciy.  'i'lie  lirst 
I'Diisi-itcd  of  Uic  lstand'!>i  lci;!i.  and  Island  'Jd  i'oiin.,  wiih  SU'jit)e"s  hatl^-i-y 
<'f  l--potniiU'r.-j;  tiie  s  'oond  of  the  South  Ca.  lina,  (ieorgia,  ;ind  Alahaui'i,  re'^i- 
la'-al-i;  and  the  third  lirigade  of  one  iTL;inieut  of  N'ew  ^'ol■k  and  t\\\>  of  Illinois 
Uiea.  ISesiiK's  this  f  in'c  of  inlanfry  and  liil  l-artilU  ry  tliire  wei'e  tlie  Ist  .-ml 
•  1  re','inu!its  (if  drayoon.i,  and  one  regiment  of  i'enn.  horse.  Ju/i'i  ■/'■•!  H'itr 
vdk  Mr.c,  ii.  1 7- IS. 

' tii:vlt'ii  AutMoij.,  419-121.     S(;(jtl  bero  states  that  the  whole  lunn'ier  was 


|i4!:  p;T] 


6...-^..^ 


'^4 


440 


SCOTT'S  :MAKCn  TO  PUEBLA. 


While  Vera  Cruz,  the  c^atoway  to  the  heart  of  tin; 
nation,  was  yet  tlireuteiied  with  this  hostile  movement, 
the  inhabitants  reeeived  the  unpleasant  tidinj^s  that  a 
revolution  had  Itroken  out  in  the  ca})ital,  and  that  the 
troops  destined  to  move  to  their  aid  were  there  eni- 
plo^'ed.  It  was  more  interesting^  fightini:''  each  othei- 
tor  individual  supremacy  than  handinj^'  against  the 
invaders.  1'he  tortilieations  of  Vera  Cruz  were  not 
in  a  satisfactory  condition,  many  important  points 
being  out  of  repair,  and  the  armament  by  no  means  in 
serviceable  order."  Gunpowder  also  would  have  been 
almost  entirely  wanting  but  for  the  opportune  ari'ival 
of  the  French  bark  .iiid.i',  which  succeeded  in  running 
the  l)lockade  during  a  noi'tlier  with  a  cargo  of  tliat 
article.'  Provisions  both  in  the  city  and  in  San  Jua;i 
de  liliia  were  scarce  at  the  tin)e  of  Scott's  descent 
upon  the  coast,  and  the  government's  exiraordinary 
neglect  to  I'ui'ni^h  aid  in  any  foi'in  gave  rise  to  bitter 
retlections  and  to  sus[)icions  of  treachery  on  the  [)ait 
of  Santa  Anna." 


•  >, 


KitliiT  lu.iH  than  1"2,000  incu,  but  tliesc  fyiire?  did  not  inclndo  tlic  cnvuliy 
wliicli  \\;i.s  landed  later.    CI.  .b'.  <>'i>rt  jJor.,  dn;;.  ol),  Scs.  1,  Sen.  K\.  I,  \i  '12'.\. 

''(Jannous  t>i  •Jl-[i(jund  ealilire  were  mounted  on  e.-irriaires  for  IS-])oundcrs, 
and  IS-poiinder.'j  on  those  for  CJ-iionnders.  p.  IS,  of  I'li  TriUnfo  did  IV/-.^;/, 
Vera  (.!ruz,  .Fuiio  de  IS-t7,  4',  pp.  7-.  'J'lii.s  .short  work  was  written  liy  ;iu 
anonyniou.s  eiti/un  of  \"era('ruz,  uiio  was  evidently  pi'esent  at  the  .siege.  'I'in^ 
lirsi  •_';)  pa'_'i>,s  ai'"  taken  up  with  polilieal  matters,  and  (he  writer  all  throu^;li 
the  wdik  makes  elear  his  repn^jnanee  to  .Santa  Anna  and  his  party.  H(!  then 
poriray.*  tlie  neyleet  of  the  government  to  take  proper  preeautions  for  t'le 
tlefeUL'e  of  Vera  (Jiuz,  and  eonii)ari's  .Me.xico  to  a  vaini)ire  that  e'vei'  sinks 
lior  blood,  and  abandons  her  in  time  of  danger  to  her  fate.  p.  '11.  Xext 
follows  an  aeeount  of  the  patrioiie  exertions  of  the  garrison  and  inhabitan;.4 
to  ojjpost!  the  enemy,  of  the  daily  operations  during  the  siege,  and  of  the 
eileet  of  the  bomb.irdmcnt.  Sinta  Anna'.s  [iroeeedings  down  to  the  entrance 
of  the  Amerieans  into  I'uelil.'i  are  then  severely  eriticise<l,  and  the  eonehisiuii 
rcaidied  that  while  at  Maliana  he  made  some  compact  with  the  U.  S.  gov.,  p. 
4')-0.  Tiie  dillerent  interests  of  p  )rlions  of  the  .Ucxiean  republic  arc  touelu  d 
upon,  and  the  dii'l'erent  elleels  of  the  war  uiion  them,  in  a  note  the  copy  <d 
nn  important  doeunient  is  .supidiecl,  namely.  Gen.  Landero'a  rei)ort  of  tlie 
8io.;e  to  the  minister  of  war. 

'Tiiongh  she  was  lost  on  the  following  d.iy,  more  than  1,00:)  (piintde-iof 
piiuii.i'  were  saved.  Id.,  'l'.\.  Captain  Oi  saehe,  liy  decree  of  M.'.y  •Jl,  IS.Vj, 
w.M  awarded  .SJ^.DOi)  for  ruiming  the  iilockad.;  in  .lanuary  ISI7.  Jle  w.is 
pi'ol),ibly  master  of  the  .l//f(.r.     J/J.c,  Lnji^l.  Mij.,  \S'>1,  \11  .'!. 

'  '  .Snpoiiiench).  .  .(pie  estaba  deeiilidj  (pu;  Vera  ('ru/.  eorriera  la  inisini 
Buerte  i[\\v  Tampieo,  y  no  faltnron  estrangei'os  (pie  deeian  pablieameiite,  nuc 
oslos  dips  pantos  y  Uiiia  estaban  ofreeidos  en  garantia  de  conipromiscjs  hecliui 
en  1,1  Uiibana.'  Tribtilo  a  lit'  Wrduil,  '1'3. 


H' 


DEFENCES  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


441 


Tlie  fortifications  of  Vera  Cruz  at  tliis  tinio  con- 
sisted of  a  system  of  bastions  and  rctlans  encirdin!^'  the 
ti)\vn  on  the  land  side,  c't)nHnencing  at  Fort  Concep- 
cim,  situated  on  tlu'  slioro  at  the  most  nortliern  point, 
and  terniinatin_!jf  with  Fort  Santiago,  at  the  south- 
e.isteiii  extremity  of  the  town.  The  forts  were  hoth 
()l'consi<h'rahle  slrengtli,  l)ut  the  intermediate  hastioiis, 
seven  in  nund)er,  were  small  and  provided  with  cur- 
tains )f  thin  masoiny  only  proof  against  musketiy. 
()\\ing  to  the  shifting  nature  of  tiie  sand  wliich  sur- 
rounds tlie  town,  no  pi'otecting  ditches  are  praclica- 
h!.',  as  they  are  (piickly  filled  u])  during  the  hea\y 
northers  that  so  frecpiently  prevail.  At  the  r\u\  of 
I:  IG  there  were  in  the  city,  aecordin<jr  to  the  report 
ol'  the  minister  of  wai',  1  44  ])ieces  of  artillery  of  d.;:ler- 
ent  calihres,  of  which  89  only  were  mounted,  and.  in 
San  Juan  do  Ulua  iri;")  out  of  147  were  mounted. 
Many  of  the  foi'iner  and  most  of  the  latter  wei'e  heavy 
gims."  The  luunerieal  forc(;  of  the  garrisons  in  the 
tt'V.n  and  castle  was  4,;!t)0^''  of  wducii  .'],;1G0  consti- 
tuted that  of  the  former,  a  munher  insnfficient  (3ven  to 
man  elfectively  the  f  )rtiiications.  Thus  it  was  that 
Scott  was  enabled  to  land  his  troo[)s  in  full  foi'ce  wit!i- 
(lut  a  shot  being  fired  at  him  within  lange.  in  vain 
ap[)e;ds  were  madi'  to  the  governnuMit  as  the  (Mionys 
intentions  l)ecame  more  (•ertain  and  th(;  danger  daily 
Uiore  thr(>atening.  J)ui'ing  the  siege  no  exterior  aid 
was  rendered  to  the  beK'ajj'ilered  citv  except  bv  trivial 
(li\eisions  made  by  a  few  troo[)s  of  cavalry  and  iri'eg- 

'•'Ou  tlie  (Icfonccs  of  the  city  tlu-ro  wero  cloven  "il-piimiilcrs  nnd  twenty  Ki- 
pouiidoi's.  lu  San  .Ju.in  dr  I'lui,  tliiT(.'  wore  t'i,L,'lity-si'\-,  n  'Jt-iiiiiiiiili  r  ln\i;.s 
iiinl  iron  cannon,  ten  Sl-i)oiiiiilcr  niortar.-<,  ten  (IS  jioiindiTs,  anil  sixteen  42- 
!>  Haulers.  The  other  pieees  varieil  from  4  to  KJ  poumlers.  A'«'i  lliirffna.  He- 
viiiriln<,  1,">8. 

'"Inchl'lin^  ftrtillerymen  .-niil  infantry  of  the  line,  .aetive  hattalions  of  dif- 
fer<'nt  states,  and  the  national  gn.irds  of  Orizaiia,  Vera  (!rn/,  I'nelila,  and 
odier  towns.  /(/.,  1,")S  0;  Tr't'iiiio  li  hi  Vi'r'l<t<l,  IS.  S(!ott  says  in  his  dos|..il.  li 
of  .Mareh  1".  ISIT.  '  The  L,',irris m  of  Vera  Crn/,  inde|)endent  of  that  of  tin; 
easUe,  is  ase.eiiained  to  lie  ahout  ,"),(»(ll(  men.'  U.  S.  duvt  />./-■.,  ( 'on;^'.  .'!().  Ses, 
I.  Sen.  \\\.  I,  p.  '11\.  Respecting,' the  eondition  of  the  ;.Mri-ison  anil  artillery, 
euasnlt  UimlajiKiiitc,  Iiivtislnii,  .MS.,  .'t't,  ."il,  .")4 ■-.">,  and  Rin  nt,  llitt.  ./-'t'l/i'i, 
iii.  .'-.  l!)-.")7.  A  talinlar  statemeiic  of  the  diU'ercnt  corps  and  number  of  men  i.i 
.Mipplicd  iu  JIJx:,  Apunt.  Hid.  Uucrra,  lo4-o. 


:M 


44-2 


SCOTTS  MAECII  TO  PUEBLA. 


ular  luiixls  of  Li'ucrrillas.  XoverthelL'Ss,  tliou-'li  llms 
ul)aud(jiiccl,  the  couniiandaiit,  Juan  ^Morales,  inade 
every  possible  pre})aratIou  to  resisit,  in  the  va,i>ue  hopi; 
tliat  a  relievinn"  army  nii'dit  arrive,  or  that  he  nuLiht 
bo  able  to  hold  out  till  the  vouiito  compelled  the 
Anicrioans  to  raise  tlie  siej^e.  Theaynntamientoainl 
citizens  nol^ly  su])[)orted  Iiini  in  his  ell'orts;  ni^'ht  and 
d'.iy  soldier  and  civilian  worked  side  by  side  atthedc- 
I'ences;  and  rich  and  |)oor  antl  old  and  young  were 
alike  animated  with  patriotic  ardor. 

Scott  be^'an  to  take  up  the  line  of  investment  im- 
mediately after  having-  (Usembarked  his  troops.  He 
encountered  some  difhculties  in  his  operations,  and  it 
was  not  until  the  rJth  that  his  line  of  investment 
was  completed."  The  g'round  about  Vera  Cruz,  out 
of  ran_n'e  of  fire  from  tlie  town  and  castle,  is  broken 
by  numerous  hills  of  lixjsc  sand,  with  almost  im[)ene- 
trablo  thickets  of  chaparral  between,  and  the  progress 
of  tlie  troo[)s  was  slow.  Ileav}^  northers,  too,  set  in, 
sti.'hng  the  men  with  drift  sand,  interru|)ting  thi; 
lanthng  of  subsistence  and  baggage,  and  delaying  the 
airival  of  the  sieufo  artillery.  On  the  18th  Scott 
began  liis  aiiproaclies  to  the  city.  He  ran  his  trenches 
v\ith  conside^i'able  skill,  being  careful  to  keep  the- 
town  as  a  shield  between  them  and  the  ilrc  from  thi; 
castle,  and  on  the  2'Jd  liad  suiilcient  guns  in  positinu 
to  authorize  his  suinmoninLi'  the  city  to  surreiuler. 
llitlierto  hostilities  had  been  acconqianied  with  i'ew 
casualties.  .V  vigorous  but  ineifective  lire  at  long 
I'ange  was  kept  u})  from  the  town  and  castle  on  tiie 
line  of  investment,  but  the  nature  of  tlie  gri)und  pr^i- 
tected  the  besiegers,  and  the  camionade  was  received 
by  them  in  silence.  Paltry  skirmishes  also  took  ])lace 
with  insignilicant  loss  to  either  side,  and  a  few  Anier- 


"  Tlic  line  (if  invt's'.moiit  cxtL'iuled  in  the  forin  of  an  iiro  about  thu  city 
foruvor  ^iv  lailt's.  Wortii'.s  divisiou  oconiiii'il  the  SDUlii-t'asttTii  porliou  of 
the  sc^'iiic'iit ;  (111  liis  loft  was  i'attorsou's  (-•oiiiiiiaiid  t'iK'aiii|n'cl  in  tiic  i.'i'!itii!  I'f 
tii(!  line;  and  still  fartlicr  to  tho  Icf t  aud  north  was  Twiggs'  division  (jxtciul- 
iiiL.'  ti>  tlic  btacli  uL  VLruaia. 


i  ! 


THE  STEGE  BEGUN. 


413 


lean  strag'iL^lor.s,  coininittiiit^  dcprrdalions  on   the   in- 
lialtitants,  were  killed  hy  the  raneheros. 

At  2  o'clock  ill  the  aftonioon  Scott  sent  in  a  snin- 
1110118  to  General  Morak'S,  who  was  in  connnaiul  <tl 
San  Juan  do  Uh'ia  as  well  as  Vera  Cniz,  oileiin^-  to 
stipulate  that  it"  the  city  capitulated  no  lire  should 
ije  directed  a^'ainst  the  castle   unless  the  latter  iirea 


ti 


REEF  C<^ 
La  CAuLCr.A 


J 


0    r         yr    *- 


c 


\ 


(^fuii.:  H:i. 


%\ " 


.f?SB'^' 


*  jf 


■-■«sife  ^yv- 


^>K,X\ 


•rx 


Vkka  Cimz. 


O 


\^-?i 


U])oii  the  United  States  troops  with  which  the  former 
Would  he  garrisoned.  Morales  jiereinptorily  refused 
to  comply/'"  and  on  return  ot  the  tlag  the  hiauhard- 
iiieiit  began. 

The  Americans  had  at  this  time  seven  10-inch  mor- 

'-('opics  of  V)th  diiomncnts  will  lie  found   in  ^7.  S.  dnvt  Dur.,  iit  sup., 
p.  2J0-7.     Tlw  !y,ttcr  is  .1  translation  of  tuu  tuio'inul  Spunisli. 


II 


N  i 


i 


lit 


444 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEBL.V. 


tars  In  position,  tlu;  batteries  l)cing  plantixl  abont  800 
yards  i'voui  the  i)cica<JucrcHl  city.  TIil'Ic  were,  more- 
over,  six  8-incli  mortars''*  phuitinl  at  intervals  alon-^' 
the  pai'allel.  The  ^Mexicans  returned  the  lire  of  the 
enemy  with  great  vigor  and  precision,  but  the  sunken 
trenches  I'rom  which  the  American  mortars  phived 
rendered  tlieir  accuiacy  of  little  avail,  while,  after  the 
range  was  obtained,  the  bursting  shells  of  the  ^Vmer- 
icans  told  with  visible  elfect  upon  the  city.  A^essels 
of  the  blotrkading  fleet,  ni)W  under  (commodore 
IV'rry,'*  drew  up  n(jar  Point  llornos  and  also  opened 
lire  with  heavy  u'uns.  On  the  'J.">d  three  moi'e  moi- 
tars  were  placed  in  position,  and  on  the  folhnving  (i.iy 
a  naval  battery,  consisting  of  three  o2-pounders  and 
three  G8-[)<)under  J\iixhan  guns,  opened  tire.  T'lic 
cannoiKule  on  both  sides  was  territic.  Heavy  shells 
crushed  through  the  stone  roofs  and  sides  of  the 
h.ouses,  scattering  I'uin  around;  n)any  portions  of  the 
city  were  set  on  lire;  and  no  building  afforded  pi'ote;;- 
tion  against  the  deadly  missiles,  as  the  round  sliot 
toie  o[ten  its  way  and  the  bomb  burst  o[)en  a  [)assag('. 
[l\\c  Santa  Ixirbara  bastion,  agninst  which  tlie  na\.d 
batteiy  had  been  directe'd,  was  almost  rent  to  |)ieri>, 
but  its  lin!  coidd  not  be  silenced.  Once  its  Hag  was 
shot  down  and  lell  outside,  but  to  the  admii'ation  <>[' 
the  bcsiegei's,  it  was  recovered  by  the  brave  defemlers 
amidst  a  shower  of  camion-balls,  and  lashed  to  its 
place.'"  The  naval  battery  also  suffered;  its  In-avy 
ombrasuics  and  strong  })latfo»ni  w<'re  torn  and  b.it- 
terod  down  and  its  guns  dismoufdeii.  |{ut  the  dam- 
age sustained  by  the  Americans  was  snudl  in  pr(»por- 
tion  to  that  inflicted  Uj)on  the   Nffxicans.      The  sceiiu 

'•■  <  'alli'd  ((H'liorns,  from  tlio  name  iif  tlieir  iiivcntni'.  jinroii  Ci/cliorn.  'I'licy 
wci'o  mouiiti'il  on  \V(K)il<'ii  Minks,  luailc  of  liron/o,  aii'l  {i  i  lalilo  lor  slioit  liii- 
taiux".   .)y  two  men. 

"  I'.n-y  rclievcMl  Comior  Mar.  l!lst.   A/,,  p.  'J'JU. 

'•'"Tliid  gallant  a<'t  ixtitcil  the  astonisiinic  iit  of  our  men.'  Fiir!iir'x  Volmi- 
tier,  "iJT.  'I'lie  name  of  the  couragooiiH  young  o'liier  who  performiil  itiU  il.ii- 
ini;  feat  was  Sehastian  llol/.inger,  a  lieutenant  of  the  Mexican  navy.  Jfe  u.ei 
allied  by  a  youth,  only  U!  years  oM,  of  tlio  national  guard  of  Ori/aha,  now 
(leueral  Fraueiseo  A.  \'elez.  Trihiilo  li  In  I'l ii/u/l,  27;  Mdjc.,  Aiiiiiil.  lii'l. 
Gairra,  \o~r,  J!ua  Udirciia,  Ihcucrdos,  174-5. 


\  I 


FALL  OF  THE  CITY. 


44J 


ill  tlic  city  was  one  of  desolation.  Xuiiihors,  Loth  of 
llic  garrison  and  uon-c-onibatants,  had  i'allen,  and  pro- 
\  isions,  after  twelve  days'  elose  investment,  began  to 

r^iii. 

Late  on  the  night  of  the  24th  the  American  coin- 
iiiaiidei"  received  a  communication  from  the  consuls  of 
(Jioat  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Prussia,  praying 
liim  to  suspend  hostilities  and  grant  a  truce  to  eiiahlc 
the  subjects  of  their  respective  nations,  as  well  as  the 
^Mexican  women  and  chililren,  to  leave  the  place  on 
account  of  the  frii-htful  results  of  the  bombardment. 
Scott  had  already,  on  the  13th,  sent  in  safcLjuards  to 
the  foreign  consuls,  covering  their  I'cspcctivo  subjects, 
and  as  they  had  persisted  in  remaining  in  the  city, 
V.  ith  military  severity,  but  with  undeniable  justice  to 
his  ])osition,  supported  by  hisjirevious  action,  he  would 
nnt  listen  to  an  a[)plication  made  too  late,  according 
to  tlie  rules  of  war.^**  lie  informed  the  foreign  re[)rc- 
sciitatives  that  no  truce  could  be  granted,  except  on 
apjilication  of  the  commander-in-chief  of  Vera  Cm/. 

Kach  day  the  cannonade  and  bonibanhnent  had  be- 
come more  destructive,  as  fresh  guns  were  brought 
u[).  On  the  iZ^th  aiiotlun-  battery  of  four  'J  l-poun(h'rs 
and  two  8-inch  l*ai\han  guns  was  opened,  and  a  tcr- 
lible  lire  sustained  during  the  day.  The  foreign  in- 
habitants were  now  convinced  of  the  uselessness  of 
liirther  resistance,  and  their  consuls  ])resseil  ]\Io- 
rales  to  take  measures,  for  the  sake  of  humanity,  to 
^a\e  the  n«»n-combatants.  This  he  could  oidy  do  by 
<'a[)itulation,  and  on  the  night  of  tlie  'l.'.A\\  he  called  a 
cDunt'il  of  war  at  which  tlie  advisibihty  of  surrender 
was  generally  express^tMl.  To  this  h>'  was  obstinately 
op[M>sed,^'   and  he  I'esigned  the  command  to  Geiieial 

'"  Conimumif.ttiiin  between  mntiv.ls  atui  n'-ntral  vessels  lyin.^ofT  tln'  is!;iiiil 
of  SiicrilicioH  li;i<l  been  left  opi-u  lill  tli-'  itUl,  Id  ullow  noiitiuls  to  esLM[ic, 
Consult  the  corre.spoiuleiice  in  V .  S.  Uuot  Doc,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  'JKS-'.'O,  •J'Js-;i, 
'j:H)-l. 

''On  the  '24tli  lie  had  already  exjiressed  hi.s  mind  tn  the  eonsuK:  ' 'I'iie 
plaeo  si  uld  be  niiiii'd,  dV  ho  would  ])i'ii>h  l)eforo  lie  would  make  any  dein-iii- 
sliatinii,      in  indiioelly,  of  .^ielvlin^.'  El  U< [lubiuauo,  iu  El  Hoiwrciuc,  ilay 

7,  IM7,  r. -J ;(. 


il 


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m 


H  -J 


416 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  runr,LA. 


!»■ 


i 


I:; 


Jl 


Jo.sl'  Ju;m  Laiidei'o.  On  tlio  iiiMniiii^'  of  tlio  2Gtli 
tliat  I'lMiiiiiaiulcr,  jiwarc  that  the  ainiiiunilioii  was 
■wclliii'^li  i.'\li;iu.st(j(l,  Hiul  that  the  poor  were  already 
stai'viii^',  scut  ill  a  coiiiinuiiicatiou  to  Scott,  iuvitin;^' 
liiiii  to  appoint  tlii'ee  coiiiiiii.ssioner.s  to  trvat  witii  an 
coiial  iiiiinhcr  on  the  ^Iux.icaii  side  I't'LjardiiiLj  tenus 
of  suri'tMider.  AVh(;rcii])ou  Scott  ordered  a  ccssatiini 
ol'lhe  liri>,  and  a])pointed  as  liiscoininissioners  ^'eiicrals 
Woi'tli  and  IMllow  and  Colonel  Totten,  who  duriii;^^ 
the  al'tonioon  held  a  nieetiiiijf  with  colonels  (lutieiTc/, 
di!  A'illanueva  and  ^Mi^'Uel  llerrera  and  J^ientenaiit- 
coloiK'l  Kohles,  as  tlic  representatives  of  Landero. 

Some  time  was  lost  by  disagreement  as  to  ternis 
and  in  discussions.  The  ^Fexicar.  commissioners  di- 
mande(l  that  the  u^arrison  should  be  allowed  t(j  niart'h 
out  wiih  till'  hoimrs  of  wai",  r(>taiiiinLr  all  the  arms 
and  stores  l)elon_L;inL!;  to  the  diileixMit  coi'ps,  and  an  al- 
lowance of  artillery  corresponding*  to  its  I'orco,  Scott's 
commissioners  were  instruct<'d  to  demand  the  absolute 
surrender  of  A^era  Cruz  and  San  Juan  de  Ulua,  the 
raiilv  and  tile  of  the  j^arrisons  of  which  placi>s  it  wa  ^ 
desi'rned  to  send  as  iirisoners  of  war  to  the  United 
States,  while  the  officers  would  be  alh^wed  to  retire 
to  their  homes  on  the  usual  parole. 

Nevertheless,  on  the  followiu'jf  day  all  dithcultics 
wore  overcome,  and  a  c(jnvention  was  si'^'ued  late  that 
nig'ht,  by  which  \'era  Cruz  and  the  castle  of  San  Jua;i 
de  Uh'ia,  with  their  armanuMits,  munitions  of  war,  'H'ar- 
risons,  and  arms,  were  surrendered.  The  ]\[e\icaii 
oilii'c'rs  were  allowed  to  rc^tain  tlieir  arms  and  eil'ects, 
and  the  troo[)s  were  permitted  to  retire  to  their 
hollies,  their  otHcers  .i^'iving  parole  that  they  sho;il  I 
not  serve  ai^ain  until  duly  exchan^'od.  The  L]jari"isoa 
was  j)erinitted  to  mai'ch  out  with  the  honors  of  wai', 
and  the  civil  and  reli^'ious  ri;^-hts  of  the  inhabitants 
of  th(!  city  were  sohMnnly  guaranteed. 

The  surrender  took  jtlacc^  at  ten  o'clock  inth<>  morii- 
iiiL""  oi' the  29th,  and  the  American  troops  immediately 


INDIGNATION  AGAINST  SCOTT. 


447 


aftiTward  took  ])Ossossi()n  of  tho  city  and  cnstlo,  wliicli 
w  (  ro  i)lucc(.l  uiului-  the  comuiand  of  Wortli.'^ 

In  tliu  sieii'o  oi'  Vera  Cruz  the  loss  on  the  sid(!  of 
\]\()  Americans  was  insi<^-ni(icant,  belii;^'  only  r.7  iu 
IJJled  and  wounde(l,  ele\en  of  whom  were  kllli'd.'* 
The  ^Mexicans  suffered  much  more  severely,  and  1,000 
i^  perhaps  not  too  low  an  estimate  of  the  killed  alone.'" 
Tlu!  spoils  taken,  a(,'e(»i'dinLj  to  the  ofhcial  statements 
Hiiit  to  the  American  government,  conijirised  .1, 000 
stands  (jf  arms,  400  i»ieces  of  orilnance,  and  a  lai'ge 
([Uantity  of  ortlnanee  stores.'-' 

Scott's  bonduirdment  of  Vei-a  Cvuz  and  his  refusal 
to  yield  to  the  appeal  of  the  consuls  ])roduce(l  in  llie 
country  the  deepest  indignation;  and  in  the  ^lexican 
]iiiI)lications  of  the  day  no  epithet  is  s[»ared  in  (pialily- 
iiig  his  course?  of  ac.'tion  as  harharous  and  inhuman. 
Nor  were  foreign  nations — which  under  similar  cir- 
cumstances would  have  acted  in  precisely  the  same 
maimer — behindhand  iu  condenming  liim.'-"  ]]ut  with 
llie  lapse  of  time  the  matter  has  been  judged  willi 
more  calumess  and  proper  justice,  and  there  are  not 


"Scntt'a  (Icspattilics,  ill  FT.  .*?.  Oort  D><:,  ut  sup.,  p.  219  :iS. 

''■•Sl:  itt'n  rctui'ii,  ill  /'/.,  p.  •_'."iS  .").  Tliirt  iiumlR'r  iiu^liulr.s  the  oasii;iUi("3 
Sii-~tMiiU(l  ill  oiitsido  sliinnislu's.  'J'liu  perioil  exlciulnl  t'l'diu  the  DLli  to  llio 
■-'■Mil  of  Miircli. 

-'"  Liu  Itro  .states  that  .^.")0  of  the  troops  ami  400  of  tl\e  iiihahitaiits  wcro 
kiUrd,  hut  thattlio  muuhcrs  in  uoithor  case  ariicxaft,  a.-  many  d 'ad  — inuchu:} 
LMd;'iVLM\'3— lay  Imricd  in  th  •  niins.  Trihulo  d  la  Vi-rddd,  72.  lloa  jjaivi'-ia, 
st.l'l^^  that  Iho  iininbLT  of  killud  and  wounded  was  cstiniattvl  at  I, ():)(),  iiiul 
tli:it  tlio  valu'^  of  property  de.stroyed  wa.s  helween  !?4,0:):»,0'.)0  and  ^'),();)i),();i ). 
Hi'-.hrdi.'t,  ITS.  The  ininihor  of  .-^hot  and  shi  11  tlmnvii  into  the  eitj' was 
i'i.'X\,  wei','hin'^  4(i,'>,(!()()  lli-i,  while  tlie  projretile^  tired  liy  the  Mexic^ans 
tiiir.unte.l 'to  S,4S!;.  I<l.,  ITS-!);  AV //•;.-,•  7>7-rt/7)/,  .May  I  ■_',  ISlT,  ]).  ."i;  TrVnihyil 
hi  i'lnhul,  T-;  Fiirhrr's  I'o/iuili-.  r,  ~h'>\.  Sco  .also  the  aeeount  in  /:.''  Irin  A's- 
j'li'i  'I,  .Vpr.  T,  1S4T,  1>.  --'{.  Furlier  states  tliat  the  Mi'xieaus  ilid  not  know 
tlieirowu  loss,  and  that  their  caleulations  viirieil  from  1,'_*(K)  to  l,.'iOJ.  Vulna- 
t('<  /■,  .■).")4. 

-'  U.  .S".  Gort  J)n\.  ut  sup,,  ]i.  "J.'iO.  The  mmdier  of  Ljuns  is  thus  made  to 
exceed  liy  more  than  10!)  the  liyjiires  supplied  hy  tlie  minister  of  war  ut  tho 
eliiso  of  thojireejiliuLf  year.  Seott  also  .■^nyso.'lOOjJi-isoners  were  taki'ii.  1\  1:1 
ll.ii'eeua  considers  that  tho  American  i;eiieral  raised  iiis  hguri's  too  hi^h.  !'■  ■ 
f«fr/f)^-,  ISS. 

'■-'I'lie  lioudon  7V/»('.s  of  May  1,  IStT,  denounees  his  aefion  asoppo;eil  to 
the  seuiiinents  (jf  hiunaiiity  and  justice.  .M;iuy  'if  the  luv^ii-^li  ;\uil  I'ri'iich 
rc-idelits,  who  had  siilu-red  severely  d'lving  t!ie  .sie^je,  with  glarin;^'  inconsist- 
ency complained  bitterly  agaiirst  Heott. 


[ 


448 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEDLA. 


!'  1' 


I  ■   1: 


vaiitiiij^  even   Mexican  wrlttTs  avIio  exoncmte   Scott 
iVoiii  the  cIku'l^c  •)!"  iiiliuiiiaiiil^-.''^'' 

Scott  liad  how  obtained  the  best  base  for  his  ad- 
vance  upon  the  capital  that  tlu;  country  aflbnled,  and 
111'  made  liis  preparations  lor  that  niovenient  with  the 
utmost  expedition.  A  delay  ol"  some  liays,  howevci', 
occm  li.'d  IVoni  want  of  transjjortation  means,  durin.;- 
wliich  time  he  ;^ave  his  attc'Ution  to  restoriiit^' order  in 
A'era  Cruz.  On  the  llth  of  April  he  published  a 
jiroclamation,-'  in  which  lu;  informed  the  i)ublic  that 
the  A  inericans  were  not  hostile  to  the  ^[exican  ])e()i>h', 
l>ut  to  their  bad  ruli>rs;  he  reiterated  his  assuran<'e  d' 
extendiii'j'  pi'otection  to  their  i-ivil  riijhts  and  reli'>ioii ; 
and  Invited  the  natives  to  retuiu  to  their  occupations 
in  wlncli  they  would  be  unnu)lestetl  and  meet  with 
just  dcalin;jj.-''  lender  his  j)rovisions  i'or  the  main- 
tenance of  ti'aiHpiillity,  and  by  the  prompt  j)unislimeiit 
of  American  olfenders,-"  conlldence  was  greatly  ri- 
stored,  and  the  inhabitants  who  had  iled  soon  returned 
to  the  town  and  pursued  their  vocations. 


mt 


At  this  time  the  caj)ture  of  Alvarado  was  at  la-t 
achieved.  Alter  the  surrender  of  Vera  Cruz,  Quit- 
man had  been  sent  with  a  brinade  auainst  that  iJurt 
to  cooperate  with  the  licet,  but  on  his  arrival  found 
it  in  possession  of  Lieutenant  Hunter  of  the  Scoioyc, 
to  whom  it  had  been  surrendered  by  the  authorities.-' 

^^  Roa  Baivpiia  writes:  '  Sua  dcbcrcs  do  limnauiihul,  ;'mtcs  (jiio  apiailiiiso 
(Ul  Vfciiuliiiii)  do  Vi'ia  Cniz,  le  oliliguhaii  A  cooiuiiuizar  la  saii;:ro  y  lu3  fatyiu 
do  sus  i)r()pi()S  sdldadus.'  Ji'rcin  riles,  ITS. 

-'Copy  of  wliich  will  bo  found  hiJJl  Irin  Enpai'iol,  21  Alir.,  1847,  p.  •>, 
and  trauslatioii  in  I'.  S.  Ouvt  J>uc.,  (Aiiig.  .SO,  Soh.  I,  II.  Ex.  (iO,  p.  U'.t'. 

'''To  piovcnt  txactious,  liowevor,  a  tarili'of  jirico.s  of  aitiolos  of  food  Mas 
dcciood  iiy  Worth,  A))rd  lut,  after  consultation  with  the  civil  autlioiitics. 
AnK>ng  llieso  I  may  luention  beef,  venison,  and  jMjrk,  each  iL'.j  cents  per  t'.i,, 
mutton,  KS;^  cents,  and  a  1'2-ouiico  loaf  of  bread,  I  "J/,  cents.  /'/. ,  p.  !j;)4.  On 
tlie  .'id  a  taiilfof  duties  was  decreed,  tlio  bloeUado  of  tho  port  Ijoing  raisnl. 
Ji/.,  D.'il.  Measures  for  tho  civil  government  of  tlio  j)lace  were  also  adopleil, 
'Worth  liaving  been  appointed  tcnijjorary  governor  by  Scott.   /(/.,  9;i0-4. 

-"'Several  culprits  were  innirisoncd  or  lined  for  robl)ery  and  other  di'lin- 
(luencies,  and  one  person  was  hanged  for  rajie.  /</.,  iKio-T;  A7  Ifin  Esjutiiul,  -\ 
Abr.,  KS47,  !>.  .S. 

•■  A'(7<,s'  /!(':/.,  Ixxii.  l.'U-'J;  El  Atro  Iris,  0  Xov.,  1S47,  p.  4.  Hunter  li.i.l 
been  stationeil  to  watch  the  moutli  of  the  river,  and  discovering  that  tluio 
•Were  no  troops  in  tlio  town,  demanded  its  surrender.     His  action  was  diaap- 


TL'M'AN  ANI)  TAI'.ASCO, 


•14'.) 


()iiitinnii  ivtiinicd  Apiil  4tli  t<>  W-ra  Cniz,  and  Ptii-iy 
|i|;icL'(l  a  dc'tachiiiciit  ol"  iiiaiincs  in  tliu  place  to  hold 

]l(i->M'SSlOM. 

Shortly  artci'ward,  April  iHth,  Tuxpaii  was  ciip- 
tiircd  hy  the  lleut  alUr  a  f'ei'hlu  rcsistaiico,  and  tho 
miiis  which  l)uloii'L''i'd  to  tho  stranded  Truu'ton  \vci»; 
It  covered.  ^\s  the  |)lacu  was  of  little  importance,  it 
was  ahandoned  al'tei-  the  works  had    heeii  destroyed. 

IV'fi'y  next  tuniL'd  his  attention  to  Tahascij  a^ain, 
and  ahoLit  the  middle  ol'dune,  haviiii^  proceeded  some 
(li>tance  up  the  river,  landed  a  i'orce  of  1, 1 00  men 
and  10  pit'ces  of  artillery,  which  took  the  town  hy 
a-sault  without  dilliculty.  J.)estroyinn'  the  I'ortilica- 
tions  and  transl'erj'in!^'  the  war  material  to  his  shi[»s, 
1*1  rry  left  the  town  in  ])ossession  of  4:10  men.'-'' 
Tahusco  and  the  [)orts  in  the  southern  portion  of  tlu; 
i;ulf  were  held  lor  some  time  by  the  naval  forces, 
Vvhich  ex])erienced  no  other  opposition  than  annoy- 
ances, jjurin^'  the  I'emainder  of  the  war  the  whole 
of  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico  was  under  the  power 
of  the  gulf  s(|uadron. 

When  Santa  Anna  arrived  at  !Matehuala  he  re- 
ceived news  of  the  revolution  pi'omoted  in  the  caj)ital 
hy  the  |)olitical  party  called  the  pa/Los,  and  deci(ied  to 
jiioceed  thither  in  person.  At  San  Luis,  therefore, 
where  he  arri\'ed  March  0th,  he  placed  [Mora  y  Villamil 
in  command  of  the  troops  which  he  left  Ixdiind,  and  with 
a  portion  of  his  shattered  army  hastened  t(j  the  city  of 
Mexico.  His  presence  tended  to  I'estore  ordc^r.  Jle 
assumed  the  presidency  without  o})position,  and  made  a 
tiiumphal  entry  into  the  city  ^larch  2od.  Intelligence 
of  Scott's  descLint  upon  Vera  Cruz  had  reached  theca[)i- 
tal  as  early  as  the  I  Ith,  but  had  not  caused  any  great 

proved  by  Perry,  who  court-martialed  him  and  sent  him  home.  The  president 
liiil  nut  a;j;ree  with  I'ony's  proceedings,  and  comiilimentcd  Hunter.  Sun  nf 
J-ii(//)(((c,  July  .'{,  1S47,  p.  I;  Fiirlu rs  I'oliiiilor,  'tl)'>. 

-■"Oliieiiil  reports,  in    T.  ,S'.  Gnrt  J)oc.,  Con.ir.  .SO,  Ses.  2,  II.  Kx.  I.     Ton- 
snlt  also  L'l  .Ino   //■('<,   Auj;.  !).    1S47,    pp.    •_';!;    L'l   Iiii~.o)iwloi\    IS   .Iimio, 
iSlT,  p.  1;  .V;/'.s'  /.'(./.,  IxxiiT  l;s7-8,  104,  304;  Sue.  Max.  (ku<j.  JJnl'l.,  iv.  •_'44. 
lIlsT.  Mlx.,  Vul.  V.    J'J 


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450 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEBLA. 


alarm,  it  ])oing  confidently  expected  that  thd  place 
Mould  be  able  to  hold  out  for  a  consitlerable  time 
Wlien,  however,  the  news  of  its  fall  arrived  on  the 
30th,  this  illusion  gave  place  to  great  sensation.  A 
large  body  of  troops**  had  been  despatched  from  this 
capital  tlie  day  before  to  the  aid  of  Vera  Cruz,  and 
the  troops  that  had  been  left  at  San  Luis  Potosi^'^ 
were  also  on  the  march  in  the  same  direction.  Every 
exertion  was  now  made  by  Santa  Anna  to  concen- 
trate forces  to  oppose  the  advance  of  the  Americans. 
A  decree  was  passed  April  1st  empowering  him  to 
take  command  of  the  army  in  person,  and  providing 
for  the  appointment  of  a  substitute  as  president  in 
his  stoad,"'^  Having  issued  one  of  his  usual  spiiit- 
stirring  proclamations,  in  which  he  spoke  with  confi- 
dence of  the  ultimate  triumph  of  the  Mexican  arms, 
and  his  own  determination  to  die  in  the  cause,  he  leit 
the  ca]>ital  April  2<1,  and  arrived  on  the  4th  at  his 
hacienda  of  Encero,  about  three  leagues  distant  fioin 
Jalapa  on  the  road  to  Vera  Cruz.  Within  a  f '\v 
days  the  troo[)s  from  the  ca[)ital  and  San  Luis  Poto^i 
successively  arrived,  as  well  as  others  fi'om  diHereiit 
parts.  In  the  movements  and  concentration  of  these 
forces  the  greatest  activity  w;  .splayed.  The 
troops  stationed  at  the  PiJente  K  aial  liaving  been 
unwisely  withdrawn,  and  the  road  to  the  village  dl' 
Pjan  del  Rio  left  open  to  the  enemy,  Santa  Ann.i 
decided  to  take  up  a  position  at  the  pass  of  Cerro 
Gordo. 

Santa  Anna  encountered  great  difficulties  in  making 

Tonsisting  of  the  gronntliors  of  the  guard,  tlic  (5th  regiment  of  infantry, 
tlio  l/iliirlail  and  tlaltaiin  hattaliot.s,  two  S(|iiudrons  of  cavalry,  and  ei;;iit 
pieces  of  artillery,  all  nnder  the  command  of  (Jcneral  Itangel.  Rirmi,  Jli  '. 
Jii/djtfi,  iii.  877;  /'»a  lidrccna,  I'trucrilox,  l'J4. 

•'"  N.iinely,  two  biigades  of  infantry,  nund)cring  4,()00  men,  respcctive'y 
under  LTciicrals  Vaaijuez  and  Auipudia;  one  of  cavalrj',  nund)criiig  l,.")(H),  mnii  r 
(ieiieral  .(ulian  Juvera;  and  150  artillerymen;  in  all  5,UoO  men.  2h.;  J/i.i., 
Ajiiiiif.  llUt.  Ouerrn,  I'il. 

^' 'i'lie  vice-presidency  was  suppressed;  the  congress  appointed  tlioauhsti- 
tutc,  tlie  election  falling  upon  Pedro  Maria  Anaya.  /(/.,  87H;  Duhlctn  and  I."- 
z:iiit\  Liij.  J/c.f.,  V.  2(»4-.'').  Congress  on  March  '28th  had  authorize  I  Sunta 
Anna  to  ruiao  §'20,000,000  for  tlio  proaecutiou  of  the  war.  /(/.,  v.  '2(J'2-3, 


SANTA  ANNA  AT  CERRO  GORDO. 


451 


liis  preparations.  The  government  liad  neirloeted  to 
|iri)vi(lo  for  the  maintenance  and  equipment  of  troojis. 
A  great  portion  of  his  force  wan  composed  of  raw  re- 
cruits, undiseipHned  and  unaccustomed  to  the  use  of 
fire-arms.  Tlie  position  at  Cerro  Gordo  was  without 
water;  intrenchments  had  to  be  thrown  up  and  the 
jirmy  was  without  the  proper  implements ;  the  soldiers 
were  hungry  and  there  was  little  to  cat.  NeNertlie- 
Icss,  this  indefatigahle  leader,  without  money  and  most 
(if  tiie  ordinary  resources  for  military  [)re|);iration,  col- 
li cted  an  army  of  0,000  or  10,000  men,^'^  with  more 
than  forty  pieces  of  artillery.  With  laborers  and  im- 
jili'iiients  taken  from  his  hacienda  he  cut  a  ditch  from 
it  to  Cerro  Gordo,  three  leagues  in  length,  su[)plying 
nbuiidanco  of  water,  and  threw  up  intrenclunents  and 
]:la('ed  batteiieson  half  adozen  imjiortant points.  And 
all  this  was  accomplished  within  twelve  days.  It  is  true 
the  works  were  incom[>lete  and  the  surrounding  ground 
was  not  properly  cleared,  but  he  maintained  that  if  he 
had  had  lifteen  days  more  time,  he  would  have  made  his 
jio.sition  unassailable.^'  He  established  a  (le[)ot,  mak- 
ing himself  responsible  to  a  merchant  of  Jalapa  lor  the 


l'"y 


m 


ent  of  jTfoods  delivered  at  it.     He  caused   the 


'■'It  is  impossible  to  nrrivo  at  the  true  miniber.  Scott  fstiniiitfid  it  'iit 
IJ,Oi)!)()r  iDoiu.'  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  (Jong.  .SO,  Scs.  1,  Suu.  ivx.  I ,  p.  'J.U.  Saul;i 
Aiiii.i,  ill  his  report  from  Orizaba  after  tlie  buttle  of  Cerro  (iordo,  says  tiiat  lio 
li:iil  little  over  (5,000  men,  atliliii;;:  '  No  es  pues  cierto  (nie  so  imbiora  I'cmiido 
alii  una  fiierza  do  12  d  I  l,OtX)  lioiubres  eouio  se  lia  di\  uli,'ado  eon  li^'(.■re;:a  6 
pill'  iiialieia. '  El  liazonador,  'J9  Jiinio,  hSlT,  p.  .i.  A  Mexican  (itiiicr  \v1■itin^; 
iinoiiyniously  in  the  same  periodical — l.'i  Jiuiio,  1S47,  p.  1 — nifili's  the  s.uiie 
s'lati'incnt.  Ijut  no  mention  is  here  made  of  the  cavalry  which  Saiit.i  »Vniiii 
ill  liis  Ajielncioii,  .V),  puts  down  at  l.'iOO.  itoa  IVirccua  liasin\cati'.'atcd  this 
i|U('stion— 7?/r«crt/os,  190 — and  taking  Santa  Anna's  lijjures,  makes  the  niiiii- 
l«r  7,000.  By  assuming  4,000  as  representing  the  number  of  the  infantry 
V  liii-'li  arrived  from  San  Luis  Potosf,  he  increases  these  ligures  to  ,S,()'J.'),  and 
lastly  by  calculations  made  from  J/(>.,  Ajuint.  Ilisf.  (Inrnri,  l'_M,  170-.s;(,  lie 
•«\\i'lls  the  number  to  0,000.  I  must  add  that  many  of  tlie  soldiers  who  ha  1 
lit  N'era  ("rnz  under  parole  were  compelled  by  Santa  Anna  to  reenter  scivioe. 
Mid  were  distributed  in  the  diflcrcnt  corps.  /'/.,  100.  A  writer  in  A7  Mni/ifur, 
-S  Alir.,  1S17,  says:  'No  hay  hoy  quicn  ignore(|uerl  geiui'al  Santa-Anna  tenia 
en  Kii  position  mas  do  diez  mil  hondires.'  (Jamboa,  on  paL'e  ."J'J  of  his  Lii/ni'j- 
i,ni-io  I  (tl  luj'nrmi'  ilcl  Snlof  (iciirrni  Sniif<i-A  iiiki,  wliich  was  written  in  refnta- 
tin:i  (if  the  Apdarion  nl  Ihun  Cr'i/erio  (/c  /os  \iirii>iiiil<  .■<  y  h'</r(iiiii(  rus.  c  ipiei 
tills  letnark,  and  referring  to  Santa  Anna's  statements,  conclud's  that  at  tlio 
le.uil  he  had  S.^OO  men. 

'"'(Juiuce  dias  mas  Imbrion  bastado  para  nu  intcnto.'  Ajiduciuii,  34. 


II 


;  1^^ 


.M  : 


I 


i 


. 


4ff'J 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  I'UEBLA. 


cuttles  on  ^li.s  ostato  to  be  driven  into  ramp,  and  U'A 
his  liuni,'ry  troops  with  meat,  lie  did  overythinLC,  in 
tact,  that  man  could  «lo  to  insure  success.  YetSaiiln 
Amia  lias  heen  accused  of  culpably  losing  the  hattlf 
of  (Vmto  Gordo,  and  1  do  not  suy  ho  way  wholly  wilh- 
out  hiamo. 

A  limited  amount  of  pack-animals  and  other  means 
of  transpoitation  havini;'  bei'U  obtained,  Twigu^s'  (Mvi- 
sion  of  regulais,  the  '2d,  marched  from  Vera  Cru/  for 
.lalapa  Apiil  8th,  and  was  followetl  the  lU'xt  tlay  hy 
two  brigades  of  Patterson's  division  of  volunteers." 
Twiggs  ariived  at  the  village  of  Plan  del  Kio  on  tlu^ 
1  1th  anil  I'licamped  there.  As  yet  he  was  entirely 
ii^-norant  as  to  the  streuixth  of  the  enemv,  and  had  no 
mo)c  rt'liable  information  respecting  it  than  vague  re- 
ports obtained  I'rom  Mexicans,  who  variously  esti- 
mated it  at  from  2,000  to  i:j,000.  On  the  liMli, 
however,  he  made  a  <laring  reconnoissance,  and  disc(»v- 
ei-ed  the  geui'ral  position  of  the  enemy,  and  the  fact 
that  he  was  in  much  greater  force  than  had  been  ex- 
pected. Nevertheless,  he  meditated  attacking,  and 
on  the  i;)th,  having  matured  his  plans,  issued  lii>i 
oi-d(>rs  to  his  own  division  and  that  of  l^attersoii, 
which  had  also  arrived  in  camp,  and  over  which  lie 
assumed  command.  Kis  hastv  proceetlinu's  were  ai- 
rested,  however,  by  the  receipt  of  an  order  from  Pat- 
terson to  suspend  all  operations  until  the  arrival  of 
the  oommandi'r-in-chief. 

j\Ieantime  Scott,  who  had  been  somewhat  betbr 
informed  than  his  generals,"'*  at  the  iirst  intimation 
that  a  serious  contlict  might  bo  expected,  hastened  l* 

"  Lonving  boliin<l  Quitman's  brigade  and  Thomas' Tennessee  horse.  Bri,'- 
nilior-general  I'illow  temporarily  took  eominand  of  the  volunteer  tlivi^in:i, 
owing  to  tiie  illni'sa  of  ratterson.  The  reguhirs  had  hcen  organized  into  Imd 
divisions,  the  1st  of  which  was  nnder  tlie  commaud  of  Worth.  U.  S.  U\>rt 
Jhr.,  Tong.  30.  Ses.  1,  1{.  K\.  00,  p.  9'28-9. 

"-'He  iieard  on  tiio  Otii  tiiat  Santa  Anna  was  at  Jnhipa  with  0,000  nnii 
Hi-  still  believed  tiiat  no  serious  o])position  wouhl  be  met  with  licfoi-e  n:uli- 
ing  .lahipa,  and  on  receipt  of  the  lirat  reports  of  Twiggs  and  I'illow  thon^lit 
4,UiK)  men  an  exaggerated  estimate  of  the  enemy's  foico  iu  the  jHiss  of  ( 'eno 
(.iordo.  W.,  02S-S»,  939-40. 


rUEPARATIOXS  FOll  RATTLE. 


453 


tliii  front,  and  arrived  at  Plan  dol  Kid  on  the  14th. 
He  was  followed  by  Wcjrth  with  his  conmuind,  which 
came  up  at  midnight  on  the  KItli. 

The  American  «ifeneral  ein)tloye(l  two  da^.s  in  recon- 
noitring the  fornndahle  position  of  the  enemy.  No 
view  of  the  fjfround  could  l)e  obtained  from  any  single 
point,  and  the  dispositions  of  Santa  Anna  were  for 
tln!  most  part  hidden  fioin  sii^dit.  The  work,  too,  of 
it'fonnoitiini^  was  «!xtrenu!ly  tlitlicult  and  laborious, 
(iwiiiLT  to  the  labyrinth  of  deep  raviiK'S  and  the  con- 
fusion  of  massive  hills  which  extended  on  all  siiles. 
Xeveitluih'ss,  it  was  successfully  accomplished,  and 
en  tin;  17th  Scott  be^ifan  his  attack. 

Till!  hiufhway  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Jalapa,  crossin 
tlie  Jlio  del   Plan  at  Plan  del  Rio,  at  first  winds  its 
wav  with  a  north-west  trend  through  a  series  of  emi- 


<r 


IICMCCS,    W 


hich,  like  a  Titanic  staircase,  rise  in  succ 


es- 


i-ive  altitudes.  Then  taking  a  south-westerly  direction, 
it  approaches  the  northern  bank  of  the  river  at  the 
base  of  the  hiijfhest  eminence,  called  Cerro  Oordo,  or 
the  Teleirrafo.^  The  ]lio  del  Plan  flows  at  the  bottc.ni 
of  a  ravine  between  four  and  five  hundrid  het  in 
depth.  The  sides  of  this  ravine  an;  j)erpendicular, 
aiiil  present  an  im[)assal)le  bai'riei-  aiifainst  apju-oach 
fiom  the  south.  On  the  north  of  the  line  of  emi- 
nences an  ecpially  impracticable  ravine  extends,  while 
b 'Vond  it  the  mountains  rise  tier  U[)on  tier.      Santa 


Ai 


ma's    dispositions    were    as 


foil 


ows:  On    the    emi- 


nences to  the  south-east  of  Cerro  Gordo,  and  flaid^inLJ 
the  road  on  the  soutli,  four  batteries  were  planted, 
iiioimtini*'  twenty-two  j;uns  in  all.  At  the  appi-oach  of 
t!ie  road  to  the  ravine,  down  which  tlu>  Jtio  del  IMan 
Hows,  was  a  battery  of  si'Veii  guns;  on  tin;  summit  of 
( 'erro  (ironlo  a  fort  had  been   en.'cted,  defended    by 


tour 


liuht 


P' 


eces. 


afterward    increased    to    six;    this 


jiosjtion  dominated  all  the  other  batteries,  which  con- 


'* Americnu  writers  linvo  niisHpplk'd  tlio  latter  name  of  tliis  liill  ti>  n 
iici  ,'liliiiriii;^  cmineiico  lying  to  the  uust  of  it,  the  pi-oiK-T  appellutiini  of  wliieh 
is  l1  AtJiluju. 


H 


454 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEDLA. 


set'utivoly  coiniiiandcd  each  otlior  in  tlie  order  of  their 
iirariicss  to  (V'rro  Gordo.  Tho  main  camp  of  tin- 
jMi'xican  army  was  situated  on  level  ground  at 
tlie  western  base  of  the  Cerro  Gordo,  and  covered  hy 
a  strong  battery  <>n  the  connnanding  slope  to  thf 
north.  Some  distance  in  the  rear  the  cavalry  undt  i- 
tin;  comnian*!  of  General  Canalizo  was  stationed  at 
Corral  Falso.^'  From  Plan  dil  Rio  an  old  road  l.-d  up 
to  the  fortiiications  on  tlie  right  of  the  Mexican  posi- 
tion. ]5v  consulting  the  accompanying  j)lan  the 
reader  will  obtain  a  correct  idea  of  the  battle-tield. 


m:,  -1     ,    ^ 


iu„.i,.ri»„(  >i-:r:-T"^V    "-  ^- &-       • 


.«*->• 


liATlLK-FlELU   OF  CEKKiI   tjoUUO. 


A.  Mi'xican  ramp. 

11.  Mixicaii  ili'fi  iioos  nml  liattories. 

('.  Mi'Xiiaii  lav.iliy. 

I).  Twiggd'  pusitiuud  ou  tlie  17tU  uiiJ  18th. 


E.  Twiirtr^'  mDVomont  on  the  18th. 

F.  rill'iw's  iittaok. 

U.    tiliiuliii'  uj<i>ruiich  on  the  )le.\icau  camp. 


Strong  as  was  Santa  Anna's  position,  lie  made  a 
fatal  mistake  in  neglecting  to  fortify  the  Atalayn. 
To  the  advice  of  his  engineers  and  the  urgent  re[)ii - 

''  The  above  dcscfiption  of  Santa  Anna's  positions  is  dcrivc-1  from  his  report 
of  Miiy  Ttii,  in  AV  liuzoiinilnr,  'JO  Junio,  IS47.  It  corrcspoiuls  in  ovory  ni:iiii 
paitifiil.ir  willi  Scott's  aocoimt  and  hit)  plan  of  the  Itattle-liclil  ua  given  in  L  . 
iS.  Govt  Do'.,  Cong.  30,  Scs.  1,  Sen.  Kx.  1,  p.  'JjO-7,  -01. 


BATTLE  OF  CEHRO  GOIIDO. 


455 


sentatioiis  of  his  generals  on  this  matter  ho  turnocl 
a  (loaf  ear,  telling  the  former  that  not  even  rahhits 
cop.lil  ascend  th<(  heiu;ht,  and  insultiii'jr  the  latter  hv 
)•< 'marking  that  cowards  nowhere  felt  themselves  safe."'" 
A  picket  of  twenty-live  men  was  all  the  force  ho 
chose  to  post  on  the  important  point. 

vScott,  recognizing  the  strength  of  the  enemy's  fi-ont 
]H)sition,  resolved  to  turn  his  left,  and  marke<l  tin; 
Atalaya  as  a  point  on  which  to  plant  a  heavy  battei-y. 
I'litler  the  direction  of  the  topographical  engineers  a 
jialh  was  cut  with  immense  labor,  out  of  sight  of  the 
enemy,  across  the  chasms  and  slo])es  south  of  the 
northern  ravine,  with  the  object  of  gaining  the  Jalapa 
Iiighwa}'  in  the  rear  of  Cerro  Gordo.  This  road  was 
juished  forward  until,  owing  to  the  nature  of  the 
ground,  it  approached  within  tire  of  the  Mexican  lines 
and  was  discovered. 

On  the  morning  of  the  17th  TwIi^iT^s  was  ordered  to 
advance  along  the  new  lino  of  approach  and  turn  the 
enemy's  left  by  occupying  all  the  heights  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Cerro  Gordo^  which  might  be  of  advantage 
in  an  attack  on  that  fortitication.  Having  taken  up 
a  jtosition  to  the  north  of  the  Atalaya,  Jjieutenant 
(lardner,  of  the  7tli  infantry,  was  sent  with  his  com- 
jiany  to  reconnoitre  a  height  immediately  below  it, 
and  presently  became  shar[)ly  engaged  with  a  strong 
force  hastily  pushed  forward  by  Santa  Aima.  He, 
however,  maintained  his  ground  until  relieved  by 
Colonel  Harney  with  the  ritle  regiment,  and  Colonel 
("liilds  with  the  1st  artillery,  who  drove  the  Mexicans 
hack  to  the  Atalaya.  Pursuing  their  advantage,  the 
Americans  pushed  forward  against  the  latter  height, 
and  after  a  spirited  contest  carried  it.      Santa  .Vnna 

'^  '  llicicmlo,  iii  los  conojos  stilicii  pur  ■■iliil  Al.'iiiios  iri'iioralcs. ,  .rcpititTou 
iu'tial  siiplioa  A  Santa  Anna ' — that  is,  that  ho  wmilil  furtity  I'l  Atalaya  -'  (Hiicn 
SI'  iic'.'ii  ilo  niifvo  enojiindoso  y  jiivliriunilo  o-itas  ivproioiifs:  los  cubunlis  cii 
iiiiiL;iiiia  iiiiitf  SI'  consiiloian  sogiiros:  lo  i|Uo  prodii jo  il  ilisirnsto  <|!U!  iloMa  cs- 
iKiaiso'  Triiiifi)  (i  la  Vcidail,  ;{■">.  1'ho  nL';;l(?oc  to  lortiiy  this  point  was  tiic 
tioiuul  of  serious  charges  against  Santa  Anna. 


*":k 


'] 


m 


^ 


4 


4.jG 


SCOTT'S  MAUCH  TO  PUKBLA. 


too  liito  rocojjnlzt'd  liis  niist.'ilvo  in  not  liavin«:j  seonrod 
tliiit  j)< lint,  and  I'ndi'iivorcd  to  roj^ain  it  l>y  thine  times 
directing  a  furious  assault  aj^niinst  it.  IJut  tlie  deadly 
rillo  repelled  oat'li  attack,  and  tho  Atalaya  sunnnii 
roniaine  1  in  possession  of  the  enemy.  Childs'  troops 
in  their  impetuosity  ruslunl  <lo\vn  tho  slope  and  henaii 
to  ascend  tlu?  (  V'rro  ( iordo,  hut  the  re(.'all  was  soundiil 
and  Childs  fell  back,  with  a  loss  of  nine  killed  and 
twenty-three  wounded."'*  Then  from  Cerro  (jionh*  ;i 
deluLje  of  _u^rai)e  was  poureil  down  uj)on  tho  Atalaya, 
but  tho  Americans,  shelterinj,'  themselves  on  ilw 
shelvini^  sides  Of  tho  crest,  sustained  litth;  harm. 
J)uriin4'  the  niji'ht,  with  incredible  labor,  a  'J4-[)oundir 
gun  and  two  24-})ounder  howitzers  were  drai^ged  up 
by  haiul  and  placed  in  position.  A  G8-pounder  how- 
itzer was  also,  with  equal  ditficulty,  transported  Jroiii 
l*lan  del  llio  and  planted  on   the  S(Mith   side  of  tin 


liver, 


)earinif 


ri« 


fht. 


"1 


)on   the  battei'ies  on    the    ]\[exicaii 


On  the  evening  of  the  17th  Scott  issued  his  ordi  r 
of  battle,  which  from  first  to  last  exhibits  his  conli- 
dence  in  beinu:  «'ible  to  driv«>  the  ]\rexicans  from  their 


position; 


4u 


TwiiTirs  was  directed  to  move  forward  aiid 


take  up  a  position  on  the  national  road  in  rear  of  the 
enemy's  position  juid  cut  olf  the  retrt>at.  Two  regi- 
ments of  volunteers,  under  J^rigadier-general  S'mcMs, 
were  ordered  to  be  sent  up  as  a  reenforcement,  and 
Worth's  division  of  regulars  was  ordered  to  follow  up 
the  movcMuent  against  the  ^Fexicans  left  along  the 
route  [)ursued  by  Twiggs.  Pillow,  in  command  of 
Patterson's  division,  was  to  pierce  the  line  of  batteries 
on  the  heights  resting  on  the  ravine  and  dominating 
the  ap[)roach  from  Plan  del  Rio.      lie  was  directed  to 

"Saiitii  Anna,  in  liis  ilespiitclicsof  tlio  same  day,  rcportccl  tliis  ])art  t)f  tin' 
enLi.'iL'f'niriit  as  a  ('i)fnplctu  tiiiiin[ili  on  his  siclc.  'J'rihiito  i!  la  Vvnlnil,  W't;  /,' 
Jl cMiKtilor,  'J'.l  .Innio,  ls47,  p.  "J. 

'"llo  trivi's  jiositivo  dirci'tioiiM  re  'ar.lini.'  tho  pursuit;  states  tliat  tho  army 
will  not  ifturn  to  tlio  onoanipnu'nt  ,it  I'l.in  <lcl  llio;  ami  oi'dcrs  tho  lia^'irai,'!'- 
tniins  to  foHow  in  tho  aftoriioon  of  tlio  ISth  or  early  the  next  niorniiiL.'. 
(iciieral  Orders  No.  Ill,  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  .30,  Ses.  I,  Sen.  Kx.  I,  p. 


nATTLK  OK  CKURO  GORDO. 


437 


1i('L;iii  the  assault  as  soon  as  lio  licard  .'Ijiiiij  on  his 
ri^Iit.  Wall's  fitld-hattriy  and  tlic  cavulrv  were  to 
lie  luld  in  rt'sorvo  on  the  national  road,  out  of  view 
and  raiiLje  ot'tlic  cnoniv's  <ri'.ns. 

.\t  duyl>roak  on  the  18th  the  ^uns  on  tin' 
Atalaya  opened  fire  on  the  hi^jfher  hei^^lit  of  Cerio 
(iordo.  Harney,  who  ()eeuj)i»'(l  tlu^  sunnnit  wilh 
tlie  rifle  rej^inient,  tl.o  1st  artillery,  and  7th  iii- 
)';iiitry,  immediately  organized  an  attack.  Scndiii;^^ 
tlu!  liries  to  the  left,  down  the  ravine,  he  drew  up  tlu; 
.'!,1  and  7th  rei^imt.-nts  for  a  direct  assault  in  fr(»nt. 
This  force  was  sui)ported  hy  the  artillery  regiment, 
Tlic  fortilication  on  Cerro  (iordo  was  surrounded  hy 
all  ahatis  of  thorny  hi'ushwood,  extriMuely  emharrass- 
iiiuf  to  a  stormiiiL?  j)arty.  Harney,  ohscrvinj^  that  a 
lar^o  force  was  movinjj  on  his  h'l't  to  the  suppoi't  (»f 
(tiro  (Jonlo,  innnediately  yave  the  order  for  the 
stiiinincj  colunm  to  advance.  The  first  ol>st.'icle  en- 
ciiiintered  was  a  l>reast\V(»i'k  of  stone,  at  which  the 
Mexicans  made  so  ohstiiiato  a  stand  that  hayonets 
were  crossed.  ])riven  from  this  position,  tlu;  defV'ud- 
(is  a!^ain  attenuated  to  repel  the  enejuy  at  a  lin(!  of 
('hIcucos  immediately  helow  the  main  foi'tilication. 
lliit  their  efforts  were  vain.  The  plunnini^  lire  of  the 
artillery  and  the  heavy  volleys  <»f  musketry — (hiliv- 
ci'cd  hy  inexperienced  hands — passed  over  the  heads 
of  the  assailants,  who,  thoULfh  hreathlcss,  with  a  wil<l 
lush  Upward,  hurst  thioui^h  the  abatis  anil  forced 
their  way  into  the  fort. 

Areanwhile  Twij^'j^s  had  been  moving  forward  the 
other  portion  t)f  his  division  under  a  heavy  fire  from 
Ci  rro  (jrordo,  till  Riley's  brigade,  which  consisted  of 
the  2d  and  3d  infantry,  the  4th  artillery,  and  a  pf»r- 
tii)ii  (»f  the  1st  artillery,"  following  the  guidance  of 
tlie  engineers,  arrived  in  rear  of  Cerro  Gordo.  Oi- 
(Icrs  were  now  issued  to  assault  that  height  in  reverse, 
and    with  similar  succes.s   the  assailants  gained    the 

"  I  notice,  in  tlio  i-otiini  of  killud  and  woundiMl,  three  of  this  regiment 
iiiiioii^'  the  eusualties  of  Uiley's  brigade.   Id.,  [\  'Mo,  '210. 


Hi 


I 


f.  i  a 


4S8 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  TUEULA. 


Binnniit  siinultaiuousl}'  with  Harney 'h  foivo.  Tlie 
jMcxicaiis  ill  panic  lied  down  to  tlic  Julapa  liiLjliway, 
and  tlu'ir  «,Min.s  wcro  iininedialcly  tinned  upon  tlieiii. 

Wliilo  tliis  was  oecurrini;,  tlie  Anierieans,  directiii" 
an  a;  sault  against  the  A[e\iean  left,  sustained  a  seii- 
ous  rovcrso.  Pillow,  owinj^  to  the  dillieulties  of  llie 
^nound,  though  directed  to  make  it  as  close  as  j)ossil)Ic' 
to  the  edge  ol'  the  rivei-,  brought  his  men  in  I'ront  of 
the  L'd  hattery.*'"  The  voluntei'rs  j)ressed  forwai'd  at 
lirst  with  enthusiasm,  hut,  being  enliladed  by  the  bat- 
tery resting  on  the  ravine,  and  being  embarrassed  l>y 
the  dilliculty  of  the  gi'ound,  were  soon  thrown  into 
confusion,  and  after  sustaining  a  severe  loss,  were  ii  - 
pulsed,  )nany  of  the  men  Hoeing  to  the  highway  and 
escaping  to  camp. 

liut  meanwhile  the  centre  of  the  enemy  had  been 
pierced,  and  his  cainj»  takt'U.  Shiekls  had  been  sent 
i'orwaj'd,  and  with  his  command  approached  the  canip 
bv  the  rear  tlirouirh  the  taniiled  brushwood.  Arriv- 
ing  in  Iront  of  the  battery,  his  men  were  severely  cut 
U[),  and  he  fell  dangei'ously  wounded;  but  Colonel 
]iaker,  who  succeeded  him,  di^ployed  his  men  in  skir- 
mishin<jj  order,  and  the  batterv  was  carried, 

Santa  Anna,  seeing  that  all  was  lost,  had  fled;  A'as- 
quez  had  fallen  on  Cerro  (lordo;  and  V^ega,  IMnsoii, 
and  Jarero,  in  spite  of  their  success,  recognized  that 
their  position  was  untenable.  The  howitzer  on  the 
south  of  the  ravine  was  di'opping  its  shells  with  deadly 
accuracy  into  the  batteries,  and,  cut  olF  from  evtiy 
chance  of  relief,  there  was  no  course  left  to  them  i)Ut 
surrender.  A  white  Hag  was  hoisted,  and  Scott,  who 
was  now  on  the  Cerro  Gordo,  dictated  his  term-;. 
A'egaand  his  brother  generals  surrendered  themselves 
as  [)rist)ners  of  war,  and  i?,000  men  laid  down  their 
arms.  Canalizo  with  the  cavalry,  though  Santa  Anna 
oi-dered  him  to  charge  the  advancing  Americans,  ii- 
tired  without  attempting  to  cover  the  retreat. 

The  victory  of  the  Americans  was  complete.     Santa 

"Consult  tho  plan. 


ADVANCK  TOU'AKI)  MKXICO. 


4W 


AiHia  fled  to  ()ri/jil»a,  wlitiv  lu;  collected  altout  .1,000 
(if  his  scattered  troops.*'  Scott,  without  hindei-ancc, 
Inarched  to  .falapa,  and  on  the  'JUtli  entered  the  town 
ill  advance  of  Worth's  division. 

The  lorniidaMe  fortification  of  Peroto,  second  only 
tnSan  .Inandu  l-li'ia,  nextoccnpied  tho  attention  of  the 
I'liited  Stati's<^eneial,  and  there  he  exjuicted  to  meet 
witli  serious  o|)[)osition.     The  j>lace,  however,  was  in 


Kl.i'bk-^  V     I  U  >?    ■^TuT«iMiiwo-""-v^'  ' 


PACrfUOA      „^ 


""V  '"  '-. 


UlUllllM  ^'''V'-V 


Cboliila  /    PUEDLA 
j  I  S    '  8.1. 


itii,«n<lrM     y    ^{r  ,         I     \  , 

JvLinMiigl.  ,?  S  /        }  \    \  I 


^I-ji  Antli:i..l 
S.Juttn  'X^^ 
VERA  ORUZ'^ 


SCUiT'S    M.UUll    Jo   PULIiLA. 

no  condition  to  make  resistance.  Thouujh  a  larnfo 
mnulier  of  omuis  were  in  position,  there  was  a  want 
of  anununition  and  provisions,  and  Canalizo  ordered 

*'Tlio  loss  of  the  Mexicans  lias  never  been  iiscertaincd.  That  sustained 
liy  t!ic  Aiiicrieans  (luring  the  twoilaj'saiiiountoil  to4in  in  killed,  wounded,  ;4ud 
iiii-i-'iiig.  (»;{  of  -whom  were  killed  on  the  field.  About  ;{,(MM)  iirisoneis  wero 
t^ikiii,  between  4,(X)0  and  A.OOO  stands  of  arms,  anil  43  pieces  of  artil'eiy. 
Ouiiii;  to  the  impossibility  of  keepiuj^  guard  over  such  a  number  of  eaptives, 
tliey  Were  released  on  parole,  and  the  small  arms  were  destroyed,  beiii;^  of  no 
value  to  the  unny.   U.  H.  Govt  Dvc,  Cong.  30,  Ses.  1,  !Seu.  Ex.  1,  p.  'lo'i,  'JG4. 


(     J 


4410 


SCOTT'S  MAnni  TO  I't'EBLA. 


Gaotiii,  tlio  t'oinniaiMlor,  t(»  nhaiulon  it  and  rt-tiro  with 
till' •Mirisoii."  Worth  had  hccii  onh.-icd  t'orwani  wiili- 
out  h>ss  of  tiino,  and  took  posscission  tA'  the  castle  mi 
the  li'Jd. 

Scott's  rurtluTadvaiioo  was  temporarily  cmharrassi  ij 
hy  Kariiiiig,  a  few  days  later,  that  the  j^reater  j)orti(>ii 


of  tin;  expeeted  new  levies  had  been  landed  at  IJrazits 
SantiaLTo  with  a  view  to  aid  Ta}lor,  unfavorahle  n- 
)»o!ts  of  whose  situation  had  been  received  at  Wash- 
inj^tou.  This  placed  him  in  a  difficult  position,  as  tiio 
term  of  service  of  the  old  voluntet^rs  was  near  its  e\- 
piiation.  and  the  <lischar<^o  of  seven  ivi^iments,*'  nuiii- 
IteriiiLT  l],000  men  in  an  excellent  state  of  ctficieix  \ , 
Nvas  a  serious  consideration.  Nevi'rtheless,  as  tin  ii- 
time  ex}»ire«l  in  five  or  six  weeks,  and  to  advance  l;ii- 
tlier  from  the  coast  would  expose  them  to  the  neces- 
sitv  of  returninjj  to  Vera  Cruz  at  the  most  fat.il 
seas(»n  of  the  year,  Scott,  on  May  4th,  from  consid- 
erations of  humanity,  issued  his  order  for  them  to  em- 
haik  at  Vera  Cruz  for  New  Orleans,  where  on  th*  ir 
ariival  they  were  lu)n()ral)ly  mustered  out  of  the  ser- 
vice. Patterson,  whom  this  discharj^e  left  without  a 
command,  also  I'eturned  to  the  United  States.*" 

The  American  congress  had  passcillaws  authori/iii;^ 
ilu!  raising  of  fresh  troops,  and  it  was  the  intention  <<( 
the  government  to  inert  se  Scott's  force  to  ai)oiit 
'JO.OOO.  lleeruits  had  befcn  quickly  obtained,  and 
eral  detachments  were  already  in  motion  for  lira/.' is 
Santiago.  At  that  })lace  (leneral  Cadwalader,  with 
about  1,000  troops,  disembarked  early  in  April;  but 
Scott,  on  the  25tli,  instructed  him  to  embark  forA Ci.i 
Cruz  the  new  reginients  as  rapidly  as  they  arrival, 

**  Santa  Anna  srnt  an  oi.dcr  to  Canalizo  instructing  liim  to  (li'fcnd  the  ji'i''' 
until  111'  coulil  arrive  with  rui'iifori'emt'nts,  hut  Canalizo  liuil  alreaily  iiin'r.l 
forward  ti>  I'lichhi.  Kl  lidzoiiailor,  'J'J.Iunio,  1847,  p.  S. 

'■'Thoy  were  llu!  Tennessee  cavahy,  tiio  3il  and  Ith  Illinois  infantry.  '1"' 
1st  and  "Jd  Tennessee  infantry,  the  (ieorgia  infantry,  and  the  Alabama  in- 
fantry.  U.  .'J.  Oovt  Dor.,  Conj;.  30,  .'^es.  I,  H.  Kx.  (>l),  p.  !».")«. 

*"  Few  of  these  troops  were  willing  to  reenlist,  at  which  Seott  express.  .1 
liis  I'cgret.  //(.  They  were  mustered  out  ou  the  last  day  of  May.  I'url)  '•  < 
Voluntver,  014. 


Sr\ 


ADVANCE  IXTO  TIIK  IXTKIIIOR. 


401 


!iii«l  in  caso  tho  lino  of  tlio  Kio  Oraiido  was  sccun\  to 
stttp  tlio  laiiiliii!^  of  troops  at  liiazos  Saiitiaijo,  and  <li- 
iK'tt'd  tlu3m  to  |)i-(H'i'ed  without  delay  to  Vera  Cruz. 
Althouj^li  Scott  n.'co<j[niz('d  the  advauta;j^i'  of  iiiov- 
iii.,'  into  tliu  interior  during  the  ufeiieral  pauie  which 
jpii'vailed  after  the  battle  oi'  Cerro  (Jordo,  the  dis- 
(  harLfe  of  the  volunteL,.s  made  it  doiibtl'ul  whether  he 
(tiiild  reach  the  capital,  i  overtheless,  h«!  deteriiiiii('(l 
\n  proceed  as  far  as  l^uel/ia,  which  town  he  knew  did 
IP  it  hope  to  resist  his  proj^ress.  Accordin<^ly,  on  the 
(iih  of  ^[ay,  Quitman  was  sent  from  .Jalapa  at  IVrote 
with  two  of  his  rej^iuients  to  join  Worth,  wit  was 
ni.lcrcd  to  advance  to  Puehla.  Wortii  hcLjan  his 
iimvi'ment  on  the  8th,  and  arrived  witiiout  iuu-rr-uji- 
tinii  at  Ainozoc  on  the  l.'Jth.  From  this  j  ,.  e,  winch 
was  twelve  miles  distant  from  l^uihla,  ho  sent  in  a 
•  •Miiunuiilc  ition  to  the  ayuntatniento,  reciuesliii!^  to 
nu'i't  its  memhcrs  to  arrange  about  his  ocinj)arion  of 
till  rity.  While  waiting  for  the  reply  a  strong  force  of 
(Mvalry  was  discovered  on  the  1 4th,  moving  thi'ough 
the  hills  with  tho  evident  intention  of  turning  Anio- 
/  "•;  and  as  Quitman's  corps  was  in  the  rear,  Worth  lelt 
^'  'luc  fear  for  its  safety.  He  at  once  sent  Colonel  t  lar- 
laiid,  with  the  2d  artillery  regiment  and  two  guns  of 
Duncan's  battery,  .su})ported  by  the  Gth  infantry,  in 
that  direction.  This  detacliment  presently  came 
within  range  of  tho  IMexiiVins,  and  tho  American 
aitillery,  oj)eniiig  fire,  (|uickly  dispersed  them.  This 
<l(  iiionstration  had  been  made  by  Santa  Anna.  On 
ills  arrival  at  Orizaba  he  re-forn»ed  the  troops  which 
ill'  collucted,  and  having  organized  asystem  of  gU(!rrilhi 
warfare  to  harass  the  enemy  and  interrupt  his  com- 
iiiuiiications,  [)roceedod  to  Puebla.  There  he  en- 
(Itavored  to  encourage  the  inhabitants,  and  excite  in 
t!uiu  a  spirit  of  resistance,  but  his  elibrt  was  vain; 
till'  people  felt  but  little  confidence  in  him,  and  wcie 
iiKliued  to  submit  to  tho  triuniphan.  invaders.^'      lie 

••Scott  says:  '  Puebla. .  .stands  reatly  to  rceeivo  iia  nmiciibly,  '<r  nt  Ic.i.st 
cuu'tuously.'  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  ut  sup.,  p.  Oo4.     Vusiiuez,  tliu  biabop  oi'  I'ucblu, 


%  i 


402 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEBLA. 


i  ! 


tlicreforo  turned  liis  atti  ntion  to  socurlnj]f  the  retreat 
of  his  infaiitry,  and  to  can-yiii'L^  otl'  tlie  artillery  in  F<>it 
Loreto  near  the  eitv.  Thinkiii''  that  lie  would  he  aid; 
to  destroy  Quitman's  coinniand  as  Worth  advaneed  (ni 
Puehla,  he  led  his  cavalry  in  person  a*;'ainst  it,  hut 
when  he  discovered  that  Worth  was  still  at  Aniozoc, 
retired  i'roni  a  contest  which  olfered  no  chance  of  suc- 
cess. During  this  o|)eration  the  Mexican  infantry  re- 
treated with  tic;  artillery  alon<jr  the  luLjhwav  to  Alex- 
ico,  and  Santa  Aiuia  followed  with  the  cavalry  helbre 
dayhreak  next  niorning/* 

Worth  moved  on  in  the  niorninrr  of  the  loth,  and 
was  met  bv  the  avuntamiento  of  l^uehla  three  miles 
outside  the  city.  In  ohedience  to  Scott's  desii'e  to 
conciliate  the  inhahitants,  the  terms  of  ca[)itulatiiiii 
were  made  as  lihej'al  as  possihle,  and  the  cohinui 
quietly  occupied  the  place.''  Worth's  reception  liy 
the  authorities  was  coldly  courteous. 

jNIeanwhile  Scott  on  the  I  Lth  of  ^lay  issued  at 
Jalapa  a  ])ro(,'lamation  to  the  ]\[exican  [)eople,  wliirli 
elicited  the  warm  ap[)roval  of  the  i)resident  of  tlio 
United  States,  and  was  well  received  in  those  por- 
tions of  Mexico  occupied  by  the  Amei'icans.  Tin.; 
tlocument  was  written  in  S[)anish,  at  the  instiij^atioii 
of  Mexicans  of  hiu'li  standim;  and  iniluence,  somt;  ^t' 
them  churchmen,  and  ex[)ressed  sentiments  likely  to 
meet  with  a  friendly  res[)onse,  and  [)romoto  the  cause 
of  peace.  The  ability  with  which  it  was  writteu 
and  the  topics  suii^ijfested  intluencetl  the  approacliiu'^ 
elections  in  ^Mexico  in  favor  of  the  peace  party. 
In  one  point  only  was  it  somewhat  inconsistent 
with  the  policy  of  the  United  States,  and  that  was 

is  ailegcil  to  have  favored  the  occui)atioi»  of  the  eity  by  the  Americans,  lit:, 
V'tilit.  (Ic  Jiinriz,  4".  His  iniluence  woulil  liave  great  coutro!  over  tiie  ))('iipli . 
.S.iiit.i  Anna  say.s  that  the  j)()|uihice  were  cntliusiastio  in  tlieir  ileninnsii.ui'ii 
in  f;ivijr  of  tlel'ence,  hut  that  the  intlueutial  men  were  lukowarin.  L'l  Jrii  !'.<■ 
2i(n)n/,  HI  .N[ayo,  1847,  4. 

'"(.'un.-iult  Worth's  account  in  (1.  S.  Govt  Do/".,  ut  sun.,  p.  n04-.">,  Siinii 
Anna's  (hspatch  in  £1  Iris  L'-^/ninul,  1!)  Mayo,  1S47,  4,  and  El  JittMiunlur,  IS 
.M.iyo,  l,st7,  -2  :i 

*'■'  X  copy  of  the  terms  granted  by  Worth  will  bo  fouad  in  El  Iru  Esijailul, 
C)  J  anil),  I,s47,  3-4. 


!  < 


TRIST'S  MISSION. 


4G3 


ill  Si'ott's  explanation  of  tlio  cause  of  the  war,  wliicli 
WHS  attributed  to  a  desire  to  put  a  stop  to  uiouarehi- 
c;;il  schemes  in  Mexico."** 


lOtU-."),  S.iii.i 
iii'Mini'loi;  i") 


When  the  government  at  Wasliington  received  in 
rjuick  succession  news  of  tlie  victory  at  Buena  Vista 
,111(1  tlie  cai)ture  of  Vera  Cruz  and  San  Juan  de  Uh'ia, 
it  liojied  that  ^lexico  would  l)e(iispf)sed  to  peace;  and 
tliu  president  a]i[)ointed  Nicholas  B.  Trist,  chief  clerk 
(if  the  state  de[)artment,  as  coniidential  agent  at  the 
Ii(';i(l(|uarters  of  the  American  army.  Trist's  principal 
recommendation  as  the  man  lor  such  a  mission  was  his 
devotion  to  the  administration.  Scott  entertained  no 
friendly  feelings  toward  President  Polk,  and  the  at- 
1i  iiil>t  to  a|)point  a  lieutenant-general,  although  unsuc- 
cessful, had  galled  him  deeply.     The  government,  con- 

e  precaution 


-Cl( 


)Us  of  Scott's  sensitiveness,  had  taken  th 


ti)  direct  Trist  to  communicate  conlldentially  to  him 
the  project  of  a  treat}'  with  which  he  was  provided,  and 
which  set  forth  the  demands  of  the  United  States. 
Scott  was  also  to  be  informed  of  the  instructions  which 
had  been  ijiven  to  Trist.     The  commissioner,  however, 


en  Ills  arriva 


1  at  V 


c 


eia  Lruz  m 


the  1 


K'uinmiiif  oi 


yi 


IV 


i'erwarded  to  Scott  a  despatch  lor  the  Mexican  minister 
of  foreign  relations,  sealed  and  not  accompanied  with 
;inv  explanation  reefardimjf   his    (,.vn   mission.     Trist 


ill  th 


q 


e  same 


time  addressed  a  note  to  Scott,  and  for 


wai'ded  one  tVom  ]\Iarcy  directing  the'  general  to  sus- 
peiid  hostilities  in  case  Trist  should  make  known  to 


ii:in 


that 


such  continu'encies 


had 


d 


occurred  as  won 


l.l 


make  the  president  willing  that  military  oj)eratioim 
slieuld  cease.  This  letter  mystified  Scott,  who  could 
only  see  that  the  secretary  of  war  intended  to  degi'ado 
him,  and  on  May  7th  replied  to  Trist,  stating  that  ho 

•'"'Oil  til  is  point  Marcy  writt'.-:  'As  it  (MuM  lU't  Irivo  Ix'cii  ymir  il('.-i.;ii  to 
outer  into  a  full  (U^ciissinn  of  llii'  causes  wliieli  leJ  to  tlio  war,  it  i^  uit  I  >  lio 


t.i 


lis  an  iiiitliDiitatis'o  oxpdsiticm  of  t!io  vious  of  tlio  (-aC'iiUvc  in  tlii^ 


■^peet.'  6'.  .S'.  Ci'oii  D'lc,  ntsiip..  p.  (ITo.     ('o[iies  of  tlio  Sf 


lanelt  iiii 


I  Kn-li-^li 


tiauslatiuu  of  the  ilocnuuMit,  lui'l  other  ]uirticulars,  will  ho  foiiml  in  Jil.,  )>. 
illil  ."i,  i)(iS-74.  In  tho  f;i)iit;>l  tlio  pvoi'laniiition  was  dcayuncoil  as  an  insult 
to  the  iialiun.  El  Ruzonador,  18  .Jnuio,  ISlT,  1  H. 


>*!l 


%l 


It, 


j    I- 


464 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEBLA, 


douKtoJ  whetljcr  ho  couUI  so  fur  commit  the  honor  of 
his  jjfovoriimcnt  as  to  take  any  direct  agency  in  lui- 
uardinj^  the  sealed  despatch.  The  remainder  of  lln; 
letter  exhibits  an  ebullition  of  characteristic  ill  temjK  r. 
This  e!"  -ited  an  insolent  answer,  couched  in  ironical 
terms,  from  Trist,  which  led  to  further  corresponileuru 
that  displays  the  virulent  animosity  with  which  tlusc 
two  pcisonagcs  regarded  each  other.  On  May  14tli 
Trist  arrived  at  Jalapa,  and  uithout  deigning  to 
call  on  Scott,  occupied  himself  with  writing  his  rcplv. 
Neither  took  the  least  pains  to  conceal  his  rancor  iVdiii 
the  army."  This  disgraceful  (juarrel  drew  upon  Kotli 
individuals  rebukes  I'rom  the  government  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Scott,  having  made  dispositions  for  the  subsisteini' 
of  his  army,  left  Jalaj^a  ^lay  21st  and  entered  Puelila 
on  the  28th,  Twiggs  arrived  with  his  division  on  tin- 
I'lillowing  day,  and  the  army  was  again  concentratr.l. 
^leanlimo  Cadwalader  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  a 
large  train,  escortetl  by  Brevet  Colonel  Mclntosli, 
haung  been  assailed  by  a  strong  force  of  guerrillas 
under  Rebolledo  antl  some  loss  sustained,  Cadwaladti', 
on  the  8th  of  June,  inarched  from  Vera  Cruz  uitli 
500  men  and  two  mountain  howitzers,  to  its  assist- 
ance. At  the  Puente  Xacional  a  sharp  action  tnok 
jilace,  in  which  RebolloLlo  was  driven  from  his  posi- 
tion, and  the  train  was  brought  to  Jalapa,  though  in- 
cessantly harassed  by  the  enemy.  Cadwalader  pui- 
sued  his  march  and  entered  Peroto  June  21st,  wlnii' 
he  was  joined  by  Major-general  Pillow  with  l,.n)ii 
men,  July  1st.  The  united  conmiands,  numberiii;' 
3,500  men,  then  proceeded  to  Puebla,  and  Scott  s 
force,    thus   augmented,    now    numbered    10,270,   ni" 


"The  correspondfiiice  on  this  matter  was  publishcil  by  the  governmont, 
and  \vi"  be  found  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Con?.  30,  Scs.  1,  H.  Ex.  (10,  p.  8b'!  ."I, 
9">S-U3,  1)05-0,  97 ."Mi.  Scott's  anger  was  uiibounilcil,  as  may  be  gathered  t:''!ii 
bis  note  to  Trist  of  May  'J9th,  whoso  letters  ho  describes  as  a  'farrago  of  in-'- 
Icnce,  conceit,  and  arrogance,'  and  adds:  If  you  v. re  but  armed  with  an  .im- 
bulatory  guillotine,  you  wouM  bo  the  personification  of  Dautou,  Marat,  mI 
St  Just,  all  in  one.  Jd.,  p.  090. 


SCOTT  VERSUS  TRIST. 


46S 


whom  8,0G1  only  were  effectives,  there  being  no  less 
tliuu  2,215  men  on  the  sick-list."' 

Commissioner  Trist  had  followed  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  army,  waiting  for  an  opportunity  to  enter 
upon  his  mission,  and  finally  sent  the  despatch  for 
xhv  minister  of  foreign  relations  through  the  British 
legation,  the  English  minister  readily  acceding  to  his 
reijuest  in  the  matter.  The  conciliatory  tone  of  the 
despatch  met,  however,  with  no  bettor  result  than 
previous  offers  on  tiie  part  of  the  United  States  to 
negotiate.^*  On  June  22d,  Minister  Ibarra  again 
iiitoruicd  the  government  at  Washington  tiiat  the 
decision  on  the  affair  in  question  rested  with  the 
^lexican  congress. 

During  tiiis  time  no  friendly  intercourse  had  ex- 
isted between  Scott  and  Trist.  To  both  these  otH- 
eers  communications  were  addressed  from  Washington, 
aniinadverting  upon  their  conduct,  representing  that 
the  interests  of  the  nation  required  their  cooperation 
and  urging  a  reconciliation.  But  before  the  receipt 
tit"  these  despatches  Trist  addressed,  June  25th,  a 
letter  to  Scott,"  which  smoothed  the  way  to  more 
friendly  feelings,  and  henceforth  the  relations  between 
the  two  were  more  cordial. 

Ahout  the  time  of  tliis  reconciliation,  secret  agents 
from  Santa  Anna  arrived  at  Puebla.  This  leader,  in 
spite  of  his  disasters,  had  succeeded  in  establishing  his 
autlioritv.  Durinij  the  discussions  in  congress  relative 
to  negotiations  for  peace,  that  body,  to  avoid  the  resj)on- 
sibilitj',  passed  a  resolution  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the 

'•'  Scott's  letter  of  July  2,Jtli.  LI.,  p.  101.'?.  The  arrival  of  T5rigailior-,<.'en- 
eral  I'icroo  from  Vera  Cruz  witli  about  '2.000  more  otloetives  was  expeeted. 
Scott  witli  this  reenforcement  hoped  to  aJvaueu  witli  y,iiOO  men  after  leaving 
a  Lfiiupptcnt  garrison  at  I'uebla.  /'>. 

'' Tiic  despatch  was  from  .Tames  T5nohanan,  tlio  secretary  of  state,  who 
informed  the  Mexican  minister  of  Trist  iuiving  been  sent  as  a  commissioner 
invested  with  full  powers  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace.  U.  S.  Ourt  JJac, 
Coni.'.  30,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  .18-40. 

^*Tlie  contents  are  not  known,  as  the  despatch  conveying  the  copy  was 
never  received  at  the  department  of  state.  6'.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  .Ses. 
1,  11.  Ex.  00,  p.  S.-^O-l. 

Hisi.  Hex.,  Vol.  V.    ao 


i^ 


■  fri 


4G6 


SCOTT'S  MARCH  TO  PUEBLA. 


executive  to  make  treaties,  and  that  its  functions  wore 
limited  to  the  approval  or  disapproval  of  them.  Santa 
Anna's  position  was  embarrassing,  and  he  referred  llio 
matter  to  a  council  of  general  officers,  who,  equallv 
afraid  of  conse(]uenccs,  avoided  more  direct  advico 
than  by  expressing  the  opinion  that  another  oppdi-- 
tunity  should  be  affi»rded  .Mexico  of  gaining  a  victory 
l>efore  proposals  of  peace  should  be  entertained. 
Santa  Anna  adoj»ted  a  course  which  presented  to 
him  a  twt)fold  result — success  in  negotiation,  or  a 
delay  in  the  advance  of  the  enemy  which  would  bo 
favorable  to  his  own  defensive  preparations/'  He  \)v\- 
vatcly  intimated  to  the  American  headquarters  that  if 
$1,000,000  were  placed  at  his  disposal,  to  be  paid  at 
the  conclusion  of  peace,  and  $10,000  paid  down,  he 
would  appoint  commissioners.  In  the  conferenc.s 
^vhich  were  held  at  Puebla  on  this  pro})Osition  Scott 
advocated  its  acceptance.  The  question,  howevir, 
vvhether  the  Unitetl  States  govermnent  would  con- 
sent to  have  recourse  to  the  payment  of  the  million 
as  a  bribe  was  a  difficult  one,  and  long  discusstil. 
Pillow  was  admitted  into  council,  and  raised  objec- 
tions, but  finally  yielded  to  Scott's  arguments.  Santa 
Anna  was  accordingly  apprised  in  cipher  that  his 
proj)Osition  was  accepted,  and  the  $10,000  were  dis- 
bui'sed  from  the  secret-service  money  at  Scotts  dis- 
posal. When  matters  had  gone  thus  far  Santa  Anna 
intimated  that  to  enable  him,  in  view  of  the  existinif 
feelings  at  the  capital,  to  appoint  the  commissiouei.s 
for  Mexico,  it  would  be  necessary  for  the  Amerieaii 
army  to  advance,  and  threaten  the  city  by  carrying' 
one  of  the  Mexican  outworks.  Whether  Scott  had 
full  conlidence  in  Santa  Anna's  promises  or  not,  he 
did  not  for  one  moment  relax  his  preparations. 
Pierce  had  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  Scott,  aceoiil- 
ing  to  his  previous  plans,  was  waiting  for  his  divi-imi 
to  come  up,  which  would  enable  him  to  advance  with 

'^Roa  B;lrccna  considers  thiit  Simla  Anna's  only  object  in  the  procoediiiaS 
to  bo  uanuLcil  was  eiiuply  to  gain  time.  JiixuerJos,  2ai»-7. 


DirLOMACY. 


467 


liip  full  strength.  Pierce  left  Vera  Cruz  on  the  1 9th 
(if  July,  and  by  the  end  of  the  month  the  American 
nt'iural  proceeded  to  put  in  operation  a  new  niove- 
inent.'*' 

'"  These  negotiations  with  Santa  Anna  appear  to  have  terminated  witli  tho 
nihniK'c  of  the  American  army,  liipley  enters  fully  into  this  curious  ]iiecu 
of  (liploniaoy,  which  fully  illustrates  Sauta  z^iina's  cunning.  ]\'ar  icith  Jjcx,, 
ii.  US-70. 


If 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


N 


!  1:  ] 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLEY  OP  MEXICO. 

AcoPST,  1847. 

Scott  Advances — MrsTERixo  op  the  Mexicans — Defences  ok  the  Cai-i- 
TAL— The  Chalco  Rohte— A  Flank  Movement — Valencia's  Ixsuikm;- 
dixation — His  Ambitious  Desions — The  Baitle  of  Padierna  Begins 
— Santa  Anna's  Ixaition — The  Moknino  Sckpkise— Effect  of  \a- 
lexcia's  Defeat — Biuvo  Octflaxked  — Fortificatioxs  of  CHCuriii  si  o 
— Antiqpated  Tactics — Cannonauinq  the  Coxvent — Critical  IVim- 
TioN  of  Shields— The  Tete  de  Pont — Gallantry  of  Rincon  am) 
AxAYA — Santa  Anna  Retreats  within  thk  Gates — Peril  of  thk 
City. 

The  arrival  of  General  Pierce  with  reenforcemcnts' 
enabled  Scott  to  begin  the  long-meditated  march  ujxui 
the  capital.  The  rarefied  air  of  the  table-land  aft'ccttil 
the  men  severely,  and  combined  with  climatic  fevtis, 
dysentery,  and  other  causes  to  swell  the  sick-li^st  at 
Puebla.  The  care  of  these  as  well  as  the  city  itstlt' 
devolved  upon  Colonel  Childs,  with  a  few  hundred 
men.-  This  deduction  made,  left  at  the  disposal 
of  Scott  about  11,200  men,^  witli  which  force  he  set 
out  from  Puubla  between  the  7th  and  10th  of  August, 
en  echelon,  leaving  one  short  day's  march  between 
each  of  the  four  divisions,  under  Worth,  Twiggs,  Pil- 
low, and  Quitman,  respectively.* 

'  Of  2,4-29  men,  with  which  he  had  left  Vera  Cruz  July  19,  1847. 

'  His  report  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  Sea.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  471.  Xemly 
700  of  the  sick  died. 

'  Not  counting  train-men  and  Mexican  and  army  followers,  Scott  assLris 
that  he  left  with  only  10,738  rank  and  tile.  Id.,  384.  The  Mexican  version  of 
Roa  Barcena  enuuierutes  40  pieces  of  artillery,  700  wagons  and  500  luiltu 
mules.  liccuertlos,  299.  Gam  boa,  Imjunj.,  49,  assumes  over  6,000  horses  aiui 
mules,  and  1,100  wagons.  Desertion  assisted  to  reduce  the  force  somewhat, 
as  Manslield,  Mvx.   War,  223,  points  out. 

*Twii:gs  left  on  the  first  day,  preceded  by  Harney's  cavahy  brigade.    His 

(lOtif 


ADVANCE  ON  THE  CAriTAL. 


4G9 


Scott  had  naturally  expocted  to  meet  with  opposi- 
tion in  crossing  the  range  into  the  valley  of  Mexico, 
for  here  a  verv  effective  resistance  couM  have  been 
made  with  a  small  force;  and  he  was  not  a  little 
t,  laled  as  he  saw  further  evidence  of  the  enemy's  neg- 
lict.  "^"hc  route  followed  was  along  the  less  elevated 
llio  Frio,  north  of  the  hoary-headed  sentinels,  Iztacci- 
huatl  and  Popocatepetl,  at  whose  feet  was  verdure 
hi  i;j:ht  with  flowers  of  a  never-ending  sununer.  With 
eiiiiitions  not  unlike  to  those  that  stirred  the  first  in- 
truding Spaniards  three  centuries  before,  the  soldiers 
yirlded  themselves  to  the  entrancing  view  from  the 
siiiimiit  of  the  pass.  The  contrast  with  the  bleak 
lidges  around  lent  to  it  the  glamour  of  a  terrestrial 
jiaiadise,  and,  with  senses  quickened  in  the  aroma-laden 
air,  their  eyes  lingered  on  the  winding  lakes  with 
azure  skies  reflected,  on  undulating  fields  and  mead- 
ows; brijxht  with  blossoms,  on  villajjes  nestling  in 
uKaniinir  whiteness  midst  shadv  groves,  and  beyond 
on  the  checkered  domes  and  fretted  turrets  of  the 
toll  most  capital  upon  the  continent. 

With  far  different  feelings  the  Mexicans  beheld 
the  advance  in  its  tortuous  march  along  the  slopes  of 
voh-anocs,  extinct  or  slumbering  within,  but  girdled 
without  by  a  death-bearing  cestus,  marked  by  a 
hroken  gleam  of  bayonets,  by  the  white-covered 
wagons  and  fluttering  pennons.  !Many  a  patriot's 
luart  beat  hijjh  with  indignation  at  the  sight  of  the 
imaders,  while  others  felt  a  creeping  fear  akin  to  that 
of  the  spectators  of  yore  at  tlie  winding  march  of 
pagan  processions  round  the  temi)le  pyramids,  from 
whose  summits  were  to  rise  the  agony  shrieks  of 
Imnian  victims  and  the  fumes  of  blood. 


n 

r 


-I 


ill 


«f 


i 


With  his  usual  evanescent  energy  Santa  Anna  had 
bestirred  himself  to  meet  the  threatening  danger,  by 

twii  lirijiades  were  commanded  by  Gen.  Persifer  Smith  and  Col.  Riley;  those 
<jt  Wurth  by  cols  Garland  and  Clarke;  Pillow's  by  gons  Cadwalader  an<l 
I'lLMvi';  Quitman's  volunteers  were  mostly  under  Geu.  Shields.  Scijlt's  lirptfi, 
31;  .So»ort««(',  Sept.  17,  IS-i". 


M 

Si 


470 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLK\*  OF  MEXICO. 


V 


Hiiflun'tinii 


Clmi«i  .ie-IMotag-..  - 'V^— <        f       /'~\ 

,     I       (,      -r^    Tiutlhii ^  ^ 

luautillan    O^^  / 


Atisca|>ut%Jt(>iim 

.Utlahuaca  lt**A' 


30 


'i''#;^'5^^^^^;^ 


].frtna 


TDLUCA 


f  illmaya 


I  I      _^y~"/  oMi';™'"-'       ,Tuiion  "Coali'i)ri|fe|j.APON 

S    \  S  lXpchim,lco'C.'^^lf'"""^«Cl^lco 


([V(pi 


Mlliio  Altao 


1^,\  .Tenarigo^  '''"'-..  ^^,^ 

«  TfiPancingo    ■■  ^ 


Kio  ran' 

ztaccihu^iSl 


l»< 


Miillnalcoo 


'■^'xfi      pi 


sCoayciK'olluiliuis        (^Clinlma^      t\ 

CUERNAVACA 


/   ..*' 


r. 


''W»'i"" 


Valley  op  Mexico. 


PREPARATIOXS  FOR  DEFEXCK 


471 


lilrifin2f  ^lexico  in  a  stato  of  dufcnco  as  tlio  oomlnuf 
•  •iiitre  ot"  action.  Ho  reorganized  the  sliattered  Inrco.s, 
drilled  recruits,  tlirew  up  ibrtilications  in  every  direc- 
tion, nianulactured  arms  and  annnunition,  ami,  ini- 
jiarted  life  to  all  and  everything.  Herein  he  shone 
iiideed  as  a  good  genius.  And  nobly  did  th.u  [)eojile 
ivspontl  to  his  a[)[)eal,  with  hardly  a  murmur  at  his 
arbitrary  levies  of  men  and  funds.  It  was  an  impos- 
ing spectacle,  tins  rally  to  the  defence  of  home,  es[(('- 
cially  after  a  long  series  of  disasters  to  their  best 
armies,  with  an  inetficient  government,  a  faction-torn 
(•(ingress,  an  empty  treasury;  with  poor  and  scanty 
aruunuent,  and  hardly  a  single  leader  in  whom  they 
<iiul(l  re[)osc  confidence.  ]More  volunteers  presented 
tlieuiselves  than  ever  before,^  mustering  within  a  short 
time  an  army  of  fully  20,000  elfectivo  men,  and  some- 
what over  100  pieces  of  aiiillery.  Several  thousand 
iiiorc  stood  enrolled,  and  while  not  eijuipped  as  regu- 
lai'  Soldiers,  they  served  as  auxiliaries  in  different 
capacities  to  swell  the  number."  It  was  like  a  gala- 
day  at  ^[exico  as  these  forces  were  reviewed  and  sent 
lurth  to  their  posts.  Flowers  in  festoons  covered  the 
muzzles  of  the  frowning  guns,  and  bright  cockades  the 
hrcast  heaving  in  enthusiastic  rcsj)onse  to  the  cheers 
around,  ami  to  the  blossom  sliowers  and  fluttering 
handkerchiefs  of  senoritas  smiling  midst  their  tears. 
Profiting  by  experience,  Santa  Anna  had  ri-solved 
to  await  t\io  enemv  behind  the  lines  with  the  main 
hody,  while  two  divisions,  under  \'alencia  and  Al- 
\arez,  the  latter  consistinij  of  caxalrv,  and  each  of 
aoout  4,000  men,  advancetl  in  the  direction  of  Tez- 
cuco  and  Chalco  respectively,  [)repared  to  fall  upon 

•'  'V  Ids  l)atall()nca  toiitaroii  Imjo  pus  liainK'ias  mas  .-ioldailos  (jno  cii  cual- 
qiiiiTa  (itra  i')M)i'a. '  A/ninlii  Ill-it.  (Imrrn,  'Jll. 

''A  iniiiisuriul  report  of  Auj,'.  .'JOtli  slinws  a  force  of  20.210,  including  8 
goruials  anil  1,72!)  8iil)or(liiiato  olliccrs.  (JaniKoa,  /»//<(';/.,  r)l-2,  gives  details 
swelling  the  iiiiinber  to  21,r>(IO.  Santa  Anna  reduces  the  artillery  to  !ii) 
pit'ces,  Delii/I,  tl4,  hut  there  were  many  additional  gun  icounted  as  unsi  rvice- 
ahle.  See  also /I'ort  liurcina,  liccwrdoa, '1\){\.  liipley  [daces  the  total  force, 
'according  to  Mexican  accounts,'  at  over  30.00.),  W'ltr  wilh  M'.r.,  ii.  Ilil, 
and  so  docs  Scott,  Mini.,  490,  eti'. ;  which  A/inK/i.t  Hft.  (hin-rn.  20".<,  de- 
chirca  indignantly  to  be  '  niiainiposturu,'  whilo  acknowledging  10 1  useful  guns. 


i'k. 


itsa 


472 


INVASION'  OF  THE  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


tho  flank  and  roar  of  the  assuihints  whonovor  tlicy 
should  attack  tlio  iiitrtMU'lmionts.     Till  then  no  cnn- 
Hiot  was  to  bo  cni^aijod  in,  save  to  liarass  thoadvancr. 
Tho  city  itself  possessed  many  natural  advantaijos, 
which,  with   means   and    prudent  •jceneralship,  mi<;ht 
hav«!   rendered  her  wellni^^h  inipri'gnable.     Thi>  j)iv- 
vailiii'jf  rains  had  transformed  tho  surroundini^  lands, 
formerly  covered  by  the  now  half-drained  lake,  into  ;i 
marsh  which  presented  almost  insurmountable  obsj.i- 
cles,  especially  on  tho  oast  siilo.      A]»|)roach  was  (Ik  ii  - 
lore  confined  to  the  several  raised  causowavs,  notal)lv 
thn  south-eastern  or  Vera  Cruz  road,  tho  southern  to 
Tlalj)am  and  Acap  :ico,  the  western  to  Chapultepec 
and  T<»luca,  and  tho  northern  to  Guadalupe,     lietwct  n 
tlu^se  lay  a  numl)er  of  minor  or  branch  roads,  espi'- 
cially  on  tho  south  and  west,  each  protected  more  oi- 
le.ss    by  barricades,   lunettes,  trous-de-loup,  and  wet 
ditches.     Bevond  rose  a  lino  of  formidable  outworks, 
centring  on  the  north  side  upon  tho  hills  near  (lua- 
dalupe,  with  a  score  of  guns.     The  hill  fortress  of  Cha- 
l)ultepee,  two  miles  oti',  commanded  the  western  roads 
of  San  Cosmo  and  ]^elen,  and  tho  squaro-bastioinil 
citadel    of  tho  city  adjoined    the   latter  gate.     The 
southern  approaches  were  dtifended  by  strong  woiks 
at   Churubusco  and   Mexicalcingo,  nearly  five  niil<s 
from  tho  city,  and  at  San  Antonio,  still  farther  south  : 
while  the  eastern  were  enfiladed  bv  the  impregnalilf 
rock  known   as  El  Peuon,  now  surrountlod    by  the 
overflowing  waters.     The  route  between  the  lakes  of 
Chalco  and    Tozcuco  was  regarded  as  tho  only  oim' 
practicable  for  the  enemy,  and  although  nature  had 
assisted    in   protecting    the    eastern    semicircle,   thi' 
southern  and  south-eastern  outworks  received  special 
attention.     Between  the  southern  and  western  points 
of  the  exterior  line,  however,  lay  a  wide,  open  stretch, 
and  the  corresponding  inner  works  were  of  no  imixu- 
tance;  but  it  was  supposed  that  this  weak  spot  could 
be  readily  strengthened  in  case  of  need.^ 

'  For  additional  details,  with  plans  of  tho  works,  see  Apimtes  Hist,  Ouerra, 


by  til.' 

Likes  i>t 

Illy  ow' 

pre  li:ul 

llo,   tho 

Ispt-'fial 

points 

ktretcli. 

imiioi- 

cuultl 


PLANS  OF  SANTA  ANNA  AND  SCOTT. 


473 


Tlio  2fonoral  plan  of  Santa  vVnna  liad  undoubtedly 
its  (jfooil  features,  but  lie  counted  too  much  on  the 
clHcioncy  of  his  subordinates,  and  on  the  readinesss 
(if  tlu!  enemy  to  fall  into  his  traps.  On  the  other 
li.iiid,  it  was  a  perilous  feat  for  Scott  to  penetrate  into 
tlic  very  heart  of  a  stranjj^e  country  tilled  with  patri- 
otic peoj)le,  cut  off  by  rocky  barriers  and  vast  plains, 
hy  dtsrrts  and  fever-zones;  and  with  the  prospect,  not 
ni'dctisive  battles,  but  of  costly  .assaults  or  proloni^ed 
sic'jfcs,  Ibr  which  his  force  seeined  wholly  insuftiiient. 
Ilut  retreat  appeared  out  of  the  question.  Further- 
more, he  was  governed  somewhat  by  jealousy  of  Tay- 
Imi's  successes,  and  emboldened  by  the  lack  of  unity 
in  the  opposing  generals,  by  his  own  superior  arms, 
jiinl  by  the  prestige  of  victory. 

Traitors  stood  ready  here  as  elsewhere  to  disclose 
by-paths  and  gate-ways,  and  by  the  time  Scott  had 
Ljaincd  Ayotla,  after  a  march  of  five  days,  he  possessed 
MiHicient  information  to  <lecide  him  to  advance  against 
the  western  side  of  the  city.  Reconnoissances  toward 
\]\  IVnon  and  Mexicalcingo  convinced  him  further 
that  to  penetrate  this  outer  line  in  this  direction,  ahrng 
the  narrow  causeways,  would  prove  both  dangerous 
mid  costly;  but  as  the  route  round  the  southern  shore 

•  if  Chalco  was  understood  to  be  too  difficult,  without 

•  [iirstioning  this  supposition,  he  prepared  to  break 
thiough  by  attacking  Mexicalcingo.  At  the  last  mo- 
iiKiit,  however.  General  Worth,  who  had  more  ])ru- 
ihiitly  investigated  the  matter,  produced  a  report 
\\hi(li  changed  the  j)lan  in  favor  of  a  southern 
march,  which  was  bej^un  on  Auu:ust  loth.^     He  took 

'J'>4-'21 ;  Man/</ieM'i>  Mex.  Wnv,  '2.%-41 ;  mpleif^  Warwith  Mex.,  ii.  177-84.  To 
i\>-u.  ItoMus  was  iiiiiinly  dm)  tlic  stic'iij,'tli  iif  El  IVfioii.  Tliu  villa:,'e  of  Santa 
M,irt;i  near  by  liad  Ix'cn  suhinissively  evacuateil  and  ray.ed.  llL'iT(!r.ia.ssisti'd 
Naiita  Anna  as  second  in  command.  The  leading  generals  besides  Valencia 
aii'l  Alvarez  were  Bravo,  holding  the  southern  line  from  San  .Viitniiiu,  Terns, 
i;:in;,'("l,  Perez,  Leon,  Rincon,  Aiiaya,  lately  acting  president,  and  ox-l'resi- 
ilfiit  Salas,  second  to  Valencia.  Means  for  the  defence  were  ohtiiined  partly 
by  forced  contributions,  whereof  Semmes,  Campaii/ii,  201  2,  has  prcNcrved  a 
speiinien  list  of  npiwrtionn'ents.  Of  the  million  and  half  lately  granted  by 
tlic  clergy,  less  than  one  tenth  remained.  Suiiln  Anna,  Ajuf..  !I4. 

''  Scott  and  Worth  had  quarrelled,  and  the  fonuer  felt  therefore  less  disposed 


,    »■': 


v;- 


474 


INTASION  OF  TlIK  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


tlio  lead,  and  reacla'd  Tlalpam  on  tlio  second  d.-iy, 
after  a  Hlii,dit  Hkirniish  with  Alvanz,  wlio  iniL;!it 
readily  have  intlietcul  troul)lo  and  injuiy  hy  liara.ss- 
iiig  the  enemy  alon^  tlie  .several  (h-liles,  eneuniht'icd 
as  they  were  with  heavy  trains,  while  he  possei.xed  a 
llyiri!^  corps  of  fully  4,000  men." 

As  soon  as  Santa  Anna  found  that  the  Americaiis 
liad  changed  their  route,  ho  threw  his  forces  to  the 
southern  side,  and  hastened  to  streiiiifthen  its  defences. 
Valencia's  northern  army,  end)racin<^  4,000  of  the 
most  experienced  scjldiers  in  the  country,'"  was  oi- 
dered  from  its  post  of  observation  at  Tezcuco  to  S;ui 
Angel.  A  preliminary  examinati»)n  cau.sed  A'^altMK  i,i 
to  report  agaii»st  the  occupation  of  either  San  Aiigt  I 
or  l\idierna,  a  point  southward,  h}'  which  the  invaiiers 
might  branch  t>fr  towanl  Tacubaya;  and  as  later  iii- 
dicotions  letl  to  the  belief  that  they  proposed  to  nuu<  h 
straight  along  the  main  road  upon  San  Antonio,  he 
was  ordered  to  fall  back  to  C\)yoacan. 

By  this  time  Valencia's  views  had  expanded,  lln 
had  lately  made  himself  cons[)icuous  by  objecting  in 
timid  defence  operations,  and  boasting  that  he  kiitw 
how  to  crush  the  enemy.  The  bond)ast  pn)ved  ><) 
contagious  as  to  revive  a  proposal  of  investing  him 
with  the  chief  command.    Santa  Anna  became  alarmed, 

to  accord  credit  for  n  discovery  which  exposed  his  own  nej^Iect.  Srott't  Mi  m., 
4(J!).  l$ut  Worth's  friends  show  that  a  council  of  gcacnils  hcKl  on  tiie  1  lt!i 
di'cided  on  tlio  former  phin,  and  dechired  tiiat  the  less  jiracticuble  route  smitli 
of  tlic  lake  should  ho  tried  merely  hy  Wortii's  lighter  division  for  ii  rear  move- 
mcnt.  liiplpi/'i  Waririlh  Mcx.,  ii.  l!)()-'-'02.  1'he  etfort  of  Scott's  friends  to 
explain  tiiis  plan  as  a  mere  feint  is  fiirtl.  r  disproved  by  tiic  testimony  nf 
Semines,  Cam/mi  n,  '2;>9-57,  who  joined  Worth's  exploring  party,  and  apinn'ls 
letters  by  Wortl  Scott,  antl  others.  The  chanj,'e  was  fortunate  fur  the 
Americans,  for  ti  y  might  have  become  involveil  on  the  narrow  and  easily 
obstructed  cause'  ys,  wiiich  alFardcd  no  facilities  for  operations,  while  fnpn 
from  I'.l  I'ennn  e  d  have  liarassed  their  rear.  The  reeounoisaance  rouml 
Mexicalcingo  was  iclared  to  have  been  the  most  daring  feat  of  the  kind  (hir- 
ing the  war.  A  p  oal  movement  was  made  in  this  direction  to  deceive  the 
Mexicans.  P'trrso.  Mil.  J/triis,  ii.  91;  Airo  Iriri,  Aug.  2~y,  1847.  T!io 
northern  route  rou  ,  Tezcuco  Lake  was  declared  ditlicult,  with  its  barren  and 
wet  lands  and  its  f    ong  works. 

"The  Americar^  say  (i.OOO,  while  an  official  report  records  him  only '2,7ii-; 
but  ho  had  many  irregular  followers.  Suiita-Auna.  Jhlnll,  9,'),  IOC. 

"* '  Cinco  mil  veteranos,'  says  Santa  Anna.  Id.,  94.  In  Ajinniirt  Hi-'. 
Oiierra,  2'2S,  this  is  reduced  to  ;{,700,  while  Scott  raises  it  as  high  as  7,W0. 
U.  IS.  Govt  Uoc.,  Conp.  30,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  308. 


PADIEUXA  OR  COXTRKUAS. 


475 


nnd  liasfoncd  to  stMid  liiiu  aside  with  such  forco  ntul 
instructions  as  sliould  restrain  his  andntion.  N'alfiicin 
niituiallv  chafed  under  this  resti'aint.  \t\  i-ccmisidrr- 
\\\'^  tiio  situation,  Im  was  now  in(kiood  to  hlunder  into 
tilt'  very  achnirahli!  conclusion  that  Scott  would  \)Vu\)- 
jihly  not  confine  himself  to  the  narrow  front  pre- 
sciited  by  San  Antonio  and  Churuhusco,  hut  atteni|)t 
at  least  a  Hank  movement  hy  way  of  I'adiei'na.  I>y 
selectini^  a  good  position  hero  Ikj  mii^ht  check  this 
movement,  and  ccrtainlv  distract  the  enemy's  opera- 
tions hy  threateninj^  his  rear.  The  manieuvre  proni- 
i>ed  in  any  case  to  it!"omote  the  main  point,  his  re]»uta- 
tiiin  lor  i;eal,  dash,  and  sai,'acity,  while  even  a  moderate 
success  would  so  buoy  his  schemes  as  to  land  him  per- 
haps in  the  presidential  seat.  lie  accordingly  refused 
to  withdraw  to  Coyoacan.  Santa  Anna's  fury  was 
iiiingled  with  suspicions;  but  as  he  had  not  the  means 
to  enforce  comi)liance,  and  dared  not  remove  him  lest 
he  should  expose  his  own  jealousy  and  lack  of  judgment 
and  |)rovoke  a  mutiny,  ho  had  to  yield." 

Meanwhile  Valencia  had  moved  Ids  entire  force, 
with  22  guns,  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  hill  known  as 
J*adiernaorContreras,whichconHnanded  thedehourjie 
of  the  oidy  direct  route  between  the  roads  to  San 
Antonio  and  San  Angel;  a  route  leading  over  a  })edi'e- 
gal,  or  lava-bed,  lashed  as  it  seemed  into  broken  bil- 
lows of  stone,  and  most  difficult  to  cross.  The  j)()si- 
lion,  by  no  means  the  best,  was  protected  in  front  by  a 
rugged  ravine,  and  by  three  low  breastworks,  with  a 
detached  lunette  on  the  right;  but  it  could  bo  eniiladed 
from  any  direction,  esjiecially  the  summit  of  the  hill, 
which  remained  most  unaccountably  neglected. 

The  objections  which  led  Scott  to  turn  from  the 
eastern  approach  to  ^lexico  a[)[)lied  in  a  measure  to 
an  advance  ah)ng  the  Tlal[)am  road,  for  a  direct  as- 
sault on  San  Antonio  must  involve  a  heavy  sacrilic. 


M 


"  '  Rajo  sii  responsabilulail,'  as  ho  explains,  Aprl.,  97,  although  tho  assent 
is  not  SI)  worileil.  Soo  coiTespoiidoiico  hutwoi'ii  Valencia  aiul  Alcurta,  the- 
laiiiistcr  of  war,  in  AW.  Cuumh,  20  Ag.,  1S47,  13---:8. 


1:11! 


476 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


I-: 


r 


He  th(;ref()ro  resolved  to  turn  this  position  by  crossinc^ 
the  pedregal  and  thus  disconcert  the  garrisons  by  a  rear 
movement,  opening  at  the  same  time  the  way  toward 
the  Cliapultepcc  line,  as  the  weakest.  The  task  of 
making  a  road  was  assigned  to  Pillow's  division, 
guarded  by  Twiggs,  the  former  being  authorized  to 
join  forces  and  drive  Valencia  from  his  position  if  ho 
})roved  troublesome.  The  latter,  who  had  already 
feebly  contested  the  ground  wnth  the  reconnoitring 
party ,^-  was  not  slow  in  opening  fire,  and  Pillow  prov- 
ing equally  prompt  in  accepting  the  challenge,  the 
conflict  began  early  in  the  afternoon  of  August  fOth. 
Valencia's  skirmishers  were  driven  from  the  pedregal 
and  beyond  the  rancho  Padierna  into  the  camp,  and 
two  light  batteries  were  planted  to  cover  an  assault 
b}'  Smith's  brigade.  So  murderous,  however,  was  the 
fire  from  tlie  heavier  metal  of  the  intrenchments  that 
the  batteries  were  practically  silenced,  and  the  bri- 
gade had  to  fall  back  for  shelter.  Another  brigade  was 
sent  to  its  aid;  but  now  occurred  a  diversion  of  which 
the  ^lexicans  took  advantage  for  a  spirited  sally,  dur- 
ing which  they  recaptured  the  rancho,  although  hold- 
ing it  only  for  a  time. 

The  diversion  was  caused  by  the  approach  of  Santa 
Anna,  on  the  road  from  San  Angel,  at  the  instance  of 
the  insubordinate  Valencia,  with  a  force  of  not  less 
than  0,000.^^  Anticipating  some  such  movement.  Pil- 
low had,  at  the  opening  of  the  conflict,  despatched 
Riley's  brigade  to  occupy  San  Ger6nimo,  a  village 
situated  midst  fields  and  orchards  on  a  small  plateau 
one  mile  north-west  of  the  intrenchments.  His  ob- 
ject was  also  to  operate  on  the  flank  and  rear  of  the 
latter;  and  this  soon  occupied  his  exclusive  attention, 

'^  Under  Capt.  Lee,  on  the  18th.  A  simultaneous  reconnoissance  towanl 
San  Antonio  resulted  singularly  enough  in  tiie  death  of  Capt.  Thornton.  'I'Ihi 
otheer  wiioso  capture  on  the  Rio  Urande  had  been  the  proximate  cause  of  war 
was  the  lirst  to  fu'lon  penetrating  to  tlie  heart  of  the  country,  lie  had  hicii 
exonerated  by  tiie  court-martial.   lii/ilfif's  l\'ar  irilh  MiX.,  ii.  210. 

'^  And  .")  guns,  as  admitted  in  Santa  Anna's  despatch  to  Valencia.  A'  '. 
C(i».-at,  "JS.  Burcuua  reduces  the  figures  to  4,000  and  Americans  swell  it  to 
12,000. 


END  OF  THE  FIRST  DAY'S  FIGHT. 


477 


for  Valencia's  cavalry  displayed  great  activity,  espe- 
cially while  led  by  General  Frontera,  who  fell  mortally 
wounded  durinjj  one  of  the  charjjes.  It  was  conse- 
quently  fortunate  for  the  Americans  that  the  failure 
of  the  front  assault  induced  Pillow  to  send  against  the 
rear  another  brigade  under  Cadwalader.  This  arrived 
at  San  Gerdnimo  just  in  time  to  check,  by  a  bold  dem- 
onstration, the  advance  of  Santa  Anna,  who  there- 
upon contented  himself  with  forming  in  line  upon  tho 
rising  ground,  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Cadwalader's 
])osition.  His  evident  course  was  to  promptly  attack 
the  far  inferior  column  before  him,  which  for  that 
matter  stood  between  two  fires,  with  Valencia's  cav- 
alry and  other  available  support  in  the  rear.  Instead 
of  this,  he  allowed  the  precious  time  to  pass,  fuming 
and  sneering  at  the  advices  transmitted  by  Valencia, 
which  magnified  into  overwhelming  victories  the  ad- 
vantages  so  far  gained.  Scott,  on  the  other  hand, 
hastened  to  send  additional  reiinforcements  to  San 
Gor6nimo,  thus  avertinij  the  danger  and  snatching  tho 
jirospects  of  victory  from  his  opponent.  By  this  time 
night  had  set  in,  and  with  it  the  usual  showers  during 
this  season,  which  tended  to  close  operations  for  the 
thi\'. 

A  drenching  rain  caused  Santa  Anna  to  return  to 
tho  quarters  at  San  Angel."  What  his  next  attem[)t 
would  be,  it  was  dilfienlt  to  say;  for  "in  view  of  the 
im})ending  rout,"  be  observes,  "  I  ordered  General 
A'alencia  that  same  night  to  spike  his  guns  and  retreat 
to  San  Angel."  This  niesiaLTo  feached  the  latter  in 
tlie  midst  of  a  general  and  noisy  celebration  of  the 
American  defeat,  attended  by  a  lavish  distribution 
(if  preferments  among  tlio  officers,  Valencia  having 
with  great  foresiijht  reduced  to  documentary  form  a 
glowing  account  of  his  triumph,  well  calculated  to 


'*Ho  had  lal)oreil  from  5  r.  M.,  when  ho  claimed  to  have  arrived  in  front 
of  San  (Jeronimo — otliers  sny  an  hour  or  more  earlier — in  vain  search  for  a 
loutu  liy  which  to  break  through  to  Valencia's  camp.  He  left  tlio  cavalry 
mill  infantry  in  the  field,  ex^wscd  „o  the  '  teinpestad  hoirorosa,'  to  be  rejoined 
ill  the  morning  for  action  on  the  morrow.  Uettill,  98-1). 


fh- 


[i 

s' 


478 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


promote  liis  schemes  against  Santa  Anna.''  That 
simihir  tlesiijns  iniliienced  the  latter  mav  readilv  he 
supposed.  A  council  of  officers  supported  Valencia 
in  an  indignant  refusal  to  obey  the  order  of  the  geu- 
eral-in-chicf,  which  implied  an  exchange  of  victory 
for  demoralizing  defeat,  that  left  the  wav  of  the  en- 
iin}'  open  to  Mexico.  Xo,  they  would  rather  pcrisli 
with  tlie  whole  army.'^  Nevertheless,  the  abandon- 
ment of  his  advantage  by  Santa  Anna  cast  a  gloom 
over  the  hitherto  festive  camp. 

Santa  Anna's  retreat  was  not  observed  bv  tlie 
invaders,  who  passed  the  night  in  preparations  for 
the  morrow.  Persifer  Smith  had  assumed  com- 
mand'' at  San  Geronimo,  and  had  planned  a  niglit 
attack  upon  the  exposed  rear  of  Valencia's  caniji, 
with  three  briixades,  leaving  a  fourth  to  check  tlie 
vanished  forces  of  Santa  Anna,  and  a  fifth  to  mask 
the  movement  by  active  demonstrations  in  front.  Ho 
set  out  shortly  after  midnight,  groping  his  way  in  the 
dark  through  the  forest  and  along  the  slopes,  favored 
to  some  extent  by  the  patter  of  the  rain  and  the 
whistling  wind.  The  need  for  caution  and  silence. 
and  the  difiiculties  of  the  imperfectly  known  route, 
delayed  the  march;  and  it  was  not  till  dawn  that  he 
found  himself  in  position,  just  behind  the  brow  of  the 
neu'lected  summit.  The  brii^ade  in  front  had  alreadv 
engaged  the  Mexicans,  and  protected  by  the  din,  lie 
could  reload  the  wet  arms  and  arrange  for  the  as- 
s'lult.  jNIeanwhile  Valencia  discovered  the  advance, 
and  turned  two  guns  to  assist  in  checking  it;  but  the 

'■'  'El  cnemigo  ha  sufi'iilo  una  iidnlida  espantosa,'  lie  writes.  Text  in  /.'■ '. 
O/^.^u'i,  'J7.  The  liuiil  oi'iler  to  spiko  the  gnus  ai'peavs  to  have  como  aft.  r 
iiiithiight,  a  inxnious  dispatch,  arriving  at  U  r.  M.,  having  vainly  urged  lu;.i 
ti>  join  Siinta  Anna's  forces  in  front  of  San  der^ninio.  Id..  '2S-9.  Even  i;":i 
I'.iirccna,  who  gcnci'ally  seeks  to  shield  Santa  Anna,  cannot  refrain  from 
pointing  out  tiiat  it  was  far  easier  for  him  to  reach  Padierna  than  for  t!io 
other  to  I  reak  tlirough.  lie  Manies  his  conduct  throuuhont  this  transaction, 
and  states  tliat  he  tiegan  the  retreat  at  7  I".  M.  Jic'iierdo!!,  331~G;  'conioakm- 
dono  criminal,' adiis  .I/)i/»/.  Hist.  <iii<  rm,'2-iO.  Americana,  A'i/ »/<')/ '•i  War  trhfi 
jyc.r. ,  ii.  •JlO-l,  and  others,  freely  stamp  the  act  as  savoring  of  treachery, 

''  C'ouceded  l>y  Siiields,  who  ranked  higher. 


MEXICAN  DEFEAT  AT  TATHERXA. 


479 


That 
idily  1)0 
'^alcncia 
he  u'oii- 
victory 
the  en- 
'  perish 
bandon- 
i  gloom 

by   the 
ons   tor 
id   coin- 
a  iiiu'ht 
s  caiu[i, 
eck  the 
to  mask 
[it.     He 
y  ia  the 
favored 
iiid    the 
silence, 
1  route, 
that  he 
Iv  of  the 
already 
din,  lie 
the  as- 
dvanee, 
but  the 


text  ill  /'■  I 
nonio  after 
I  urged  him 

Evon  liOiV 
Ifvain  fii>ii» 
Im  for  tho 
Vausaotiou, 
L'oino  abau- 
ll'dc  u^it^ 

L'hery. 


Americans  lost  no  further  time.  Kiley  took  tho  lead, 
followed  by  Cadwalader  from  the  western  rear,  while 
J^mith  supported  them  by  a  northern  flank  movement. 
On  gaining  the  summit  one  blinding  volley  was  deliv 
ered,  and  then,  regardless  of  the  sweeping  fire  in  re- 
s])onse,  they  rushed  down  the  hill  with  deafening 
sliouts.  Riley's  men  entered  the  camp  almost  in  a 
hodv,  with  bayonets  and  clubbed  muskets  driving 
the  cavalry  in  disorder  upon  the  infintry.  The  con- 
fusion was  increased  by  the  stampede  of  train-mules 
and  the  shrieks  of  terrified  women.  The  soldiers, 
(hsheartened  by  Santa  Anna's  abandonment,  were 
i'tu'ther  demoralized  by  the  sudden  disappearance  of 
Valencia.  With  such  acknowledixment  of  defeat  tho 
less  responsible  subordinates,  many  of  them  enrolled 
hy  force,  could  not  bo  blamed  for  following  so  conta- 
gious an  example.  The  ettbrts  of  a  few  men  like  Ex- 
jtresident  Salas  to  rally  the  fieoing  proved  of  no 
avail  amidst  the  turmoil.  Within  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  the  camp  was  tt)ken,  and  tho  fight  turned  into 
jiinsuit  and  slaughter,  wherein  shared  the  ti'oops  in 
iVoiit  as  well  as  those  at  San  Gen'inimo,  that  blocked 
the  main  exit  from  the  ravines.  The  road  to  Mexico 
was  strewn  with  dead  for  over  a  mile. 

Thus  ended  the  battle  of  Padierna,  which  involved 
the  destruction  of  the  foremost  militaiy  division  of 
the  army,  so  far  as  veterans  were  concerned;  with 
the  loss  of  nearly  700  in  killed,  813  prisoners,  includ- 
ing four  generals,  besides  22  pieces  of  brass  ordnance, 
7i'0  pack-mules,  ami  a  large  (piantity  of  small  arms 
and  stores.^"     The  Americans  sulfered  comparatively 

"Sontt's  ilespatoh  of  Aug.  'iSth,  in  C.  S.  (7nvt  Do,:,  Cong.  ^0,  Ses.  1,  Son. 
K\.  1,  p.  ;U).S.  The  Aiiiuricaus  claim  to  iiavo  lost  coniparativoly  iVw — not  over 
0')  in  Uilk'il  and  womulod  'on  tlic  spot,'  tliat  is,  oxcluding  tlio  casualties  of  the 
jirece.lingday.  Smith  swells  tlio  c.ipturo  to  l.oiKt.  /(/.,|i  :{J!t.  Kna  I'.ircona, 
/','"•'/( r/i/,s,  ;!;{',(,  '■stiiuatos  tlic  Aiiu'vii-an  loss  at  ."^OO.  In  A/unit,  llis'.  Uuirr':, 
'2;!'.I-4'J,  ai'c  addilional  details  of  Mexican  elfmts,  wlierenf  .Salas,  as  i",At  in 
e  nuiiand  to  Valencia,  clainia  his  share  in  a  re[)nrt  of  the  'I'.'mX,  Hi'.  Ciii-a.<, 
'.';i-;i().  Bustrtuuuito  alludes  to  defective  anununition  as  one  cause  of  defeat. 
Mna.  l/ist.  M,.v..  MS.,  vii.  190-4.  •J02-0,  viii.  lit  •_'();  /«/.,  I,ra.^i,v,,  101^-J, 
l0"i-l!):  J>iari(>,  K.vnct.,  M<.r.,  MS.,  47  et  si^j.  Tlie  captiufl  gcn"ra!s  w  (  lu 
Stilus,   Lilauoo,  MeuJuza,  aud   Garcia.     The   leaders   of   the   live   American 


If  1  \l  m 


[ 


iif 


( s 


4S0 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


little,  owing  to  the  rapidity  of  their  movements.  The 
disaster,  moreover,  left  the  way  open  to  Mexico, 
toward  its  weakest  point;  with  the  additional  ail- 
vaiitage  to  the  enemy  of  turning  the  dangerous  south- 
ern outworks,  although  Scott  neglected  this  oppor- 
tunity. 

And  now  for  a  way  among  the  d'acomfited  officers 
to  sliift  the  responsibility  each  fioni  his  own  shoul- 
ders. As  Valencia  prudently  kept  aloof,"  Santa 
Anna  could  direct  the  torrent  of  indignation  against 
him  for  a  time.  Salas  acjain  sought  to  extol  himself 
at  the  expense  of  Torrejon,  the  cavalry  leader. 

Santa  Anna  claims  to  have  been  preparing  to  ad- 
vance towaril  Padierna  when  fugitives  brought  him 
news  of  the  disaster.  He  at  once  fell  back  on  Churu- 
busco,  ordering  Bravo,  who  commanded  the  line  at 
San  Antonio,  to  retire  also  toward  the  capital.  Those 
movements  were  timely,  for  the  Americans  were  com- 
ing up  in  hot  pursuit.  Worth's  division,  which  had 
occupied  Coapau  a  short  distance  in  advance  of  the 

brigades  were  Smith,  Riley,  and  Cadwalader  in  the  rear,  Pierce  in  front, 
and  kShields  at  San  Ger6uitno.  Senunes,  Campni;iii,  '2lil(,  'J70,  condemns  the 
fight  on  the  19th  as  a  needless  waste  of  blood,  and  attribntes  to  Smith's  pl:ui.s 
and  execution  tlie  victory  of  the  '20th;  and  Ripley,  War  with  Mcv.,  ii.  J'.'.i, 
.SOo,  etc.,  claims  for  Pillow  the  chief  credit,  while  objecting;  to  Scotts  oi-iUrs 
for  roiid-making  in  face  of  the  intrenchnients.  Their  quibbles  rest  on  inade- 
quate reasons,  iiowcver.  It  appears  conceded  tliat  the  pedrcgal  had  to  lio 
crossed,  and  evidently  by  the  path  followed,  in  order  to  avoid  a  costly  frmit 
attack  on  the  soutiiern  outworks.  This  crossing  became  the  more  necessary 
after  Sant;i  Anna's  advance,  so  as  to  prevent  a  junction  of  Mexican  forces  in 
the  rear.  The  crossing  leil  unavoidably  to  a  conllict  with  Valencia,  wliioh 
again  demanded  the  movement  to  liis  rear  conducted  by  Smith,  but  for  wlii.ii 
Kiley  had  paved  the  way  on  the  preceding  afternoon.  As  for  the  Mcxioau 
plans,  Valencia  undoubtedly  took  the  riglit  course  in  seeking  to  check  t!.o 
tiank  movement  by  Padierna;  but  this  does  not  excuse  his  disobedience  and 
many  blunders,  sucii  as  neglecting  his  rear,  the  summit  of  the  hill,  the  pediv- 
gal  with  its  excellent  skirmishing  ground,  and  so  forth.  Still  the  cause  fir 
defeat  lies  primarily  in  Santa  Anna's  retreat.  Maustield  shows  tliat  tlio 
actual  conflict  began  at  G  .\.  m.  and  lasted  17  minutes;  by  8  A.  m.  pursuit 
was  over.  Mcv.  War,  'Jo.1,  200.  Scott  asserts  that  4,500  Americans  were 
engaged.  Mem.,  ii.  4S1.  See  also  Gamboa,  Impwi.,  41-7,  condemning  Santa 
Anna:  J!(ii/o>i,  Asclio,  30-1 1'J;  jjlcc.  rnir.,  x.  ioi)-i;<,  etc.;  Mix:  War,  '"/ 
i:iiiili.<h  Soldi<  r,  •j;{4-r)0;  ./(/iWH.s'  M,x.  War,  334-73;  Jlarrisou'.i  Bat'k-tuld<, 
374  '.10;  McShi-rnj,  El  Pwhro,  7I-S1. 

'•Santa  Anna  tlireatened  to  shoot  him.  He  collected  some  fugitives  iiud 
issued  frcMi  Toluca  a  partial  defence,  lioa  Burceiui,  ubi  sup.,  341--. 


BATTLK  OF  CIirRUBUSCO. 


481 


lieaclquartcrs  and  depot  at  Tlal{)am,  and  was  tlienco 
iliruatc'iiin*'  San  Antonio,  recoivod  orders  to  oarrv  it. 
A>  a  direct  attack  would  involve  a  heavy  loss  of  moii 
;;inl  time,  Worth  resolved  to  turn  it  In'  a  sweep  to 
ih.'  lei't  through  the  eastern  fringi'  of  the  pedregal. 
This  was  executed  hv  Clai'ke's  hrii-ade,  and  so  i-aitidlv 
that,  although  J3ravo  was  already  retreating  in  obe- 
il'kiice  to  orders,  the  .\niericans  gained  ii[)on  him 
and  cut  his  colunm  in  two,  compelling  the  rear  part 
to  ai)aiidon  the  narrow  causeway  and  seek  safety  across 
th  >  meadows,  eastward,  with  the  loss  of  several  guns 
oil  the  way  as  well  as  at  San  Antonio.  Beyond,  tow- 
ard Churultusco,  all  was  confusion — cavalrv,  infantry, 
artillerv,  all  rushing  onward  midst  the  rumble  of 
trains,  the  mad  plunge  of  spurred  horses,  the  yell  of 
drivers  and  arrioros,  the  frantic  shouts  ami  gesticula- 
tions of  officers,  and  the  groans  of  the  wounded;  while 
behind  pressed  the  foe,  halting  only  for  a  moment  to 
take  more  deadly  aim,  and  then  ])ressing  forward  over 
tluMJead  and  dying  to  swell  the  horrid  lieai^. 

,\reanwhile,  the  other  divisions  were  pursuing  the 
fugitives  from  Padierna  alono;  the  road  throuy'h  San 
Angel  and  Coyoaean,  driving  Santa  Anna's  columns 
into  the  midst  of  Bravo's  retreating  men,  and  so  in- 
crrasingthe  disorder  upon  the  causeway  near  Churu- 
husro  that  a  large  amount  of  war-stores  had  to  be 
aliandoned  in  order  to  let  the  trooj^s  pass,  the  aban- 
«l"n((l  trains  serving  to  some  extent  for  shelter.-'^ 
I  lie  ])romptness  of  th.e  Americans  in  following  up 
the  advantage  at  Padierna  proved  of  value  to  them, 
I'lr  thev  nt)t  oidv  made  inroads  on  ^Mexican  artillerv 
ainl  anmumition,  and  Ijrokc  one  of  then'  columns, 
I  lilt  intei-rupted  defence  preparations  at  the  next  scene 
of  action.  Foremost  among  the  pursuers  was  Clarke's 
>ixth  regiment  of  infantry,  which,  at  1  I  a.  m.  on  Au- 
ijust  ilOth,  bcLran  the  battle  of  Churubusco. 

'■' 'S;inta  Anna  pre  vino  no  pasara  por  d  PiK'nto  nin;;iin  oarro,  liasta  que 

1"  viiilicaso  la  tnipa,  .  . y  csto  dio  liiLjur  A  la  pOnlida  dv  tautas  niiinii.ionc3,'ub- 

M'.vcs  the  A/Hiit.  y/i,</.  1,'iKi-ra,  'J-t."),  as  one  I'eature  of  the  luul  arrauL,'onient. 

I'ilic.v  turueil  fnini  (_'uvi>acan  e:'.stwaiil  to  assist  in  cutting  olV  Bravo's  retreat. 

Ui»T.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    ol 


-n 


482 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLFA''  OF  MILXICO. 


V\ 


m 


Thi.T  v.'as  the  name  of  a  small  village  on  the  soutli- 
ern  fauseway,  lyinij  on  si' ^^litly  elevated  ground  about 
1,200  feet  south  of  the  streamlet  Churubusco,  Avhicli 
Hows  eastward  into  Xochimilco  Lake.  Its  central 
i'cature  was  the  massive  stone  convent  of  San  Pal)lM, 
nearly  square,  ^vith  crenellated  walls  for  nuiskuti y 
and  unfinished  paraj)ets,  surrounded  hy  an  outer  wall 
which  constituted  a  regular  iicld-work,  with  embra- 
sures and  platforms  for  cannon,  and  especially  strong 
toward  the  south.  It  was  held  by  General  Kincou 
with  about  1 ,400  men  and  seven  guns."^  Intent  mainly 
on  the  inner  line  of  the  capital,  Santa  Anna  ordered 
llincon  to  maintain  himself  at  this  point  to  the  last, 
keeping  back  the  enemy,  while  he  sought  refuge  with 
the  main  army  across  the  river,  deploying  a  portion 
to  the  left,  and  the  rest  behind  the  artificially  elevated 
banks,  which,  with  their  rows  of  maguey,  offered  an 
excellent  rampart.  At  the  bridge  by  which  the  higli- 
»vay  crosses  the  river  was  a  scientifically  constructed 
Avork,  well  bastioned  and  curtained,  with  wet  ditches 
and  platforms  for  heavy  metal;"*  but  the  lino  in  front 
was  obstructed  by  the  stalled  trains,  which  served 
the  enemy  for  a  screen.  The  total  strength  of  the  de- 
fenders at  and  behind  Churubusco  v  is  estimated  at 
from  0,000  to  27,000.-=^ 

Santa  Anna's  plan,  as  wo  have  seen,  was  to  let  the 

'"  Twiggj'  report  claims  to  have  capture;!  M'ith  Rincon  104  officeis,  1,1.)') 
nioa,  and  7  guns,  17.  S.  Gov!  Dk.,  C'jng.  .30,  Scs.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  ;j'2^  "i,  to 
v.hich  must  Ije  added  dead  and  fafjiLivcs.  lu  tlio  Aimtit.  Hist.  Gto'irJ,  'J.'il  '2, 
t!:ii  bravo  force  is  classed  aa  0.j'j  liatlly  armed  peasants,  willi  G  picoes  of 
metal,  lloa  Barcena  gives  its  composition,  nc-itcrtlo.^,  333,  a.s  chicily  guaniia 
n:!'jional  do  ludcpeudcncia  and  ]5ravos,  witli  some  American  deserters,  cii'. 
Seiiime?,  Citm/)a'ip),  "JSt,  leaves  the  imprcs.jion  that  only  3  guns  wore  phuitrd 
inside  tlic  walls;  while  in  niplc!/\-i  IVitrwUh  J/ta'.,'2j0,  the  San  Antonio  ruiul, 
it  is  said,  could  ho  swept  by  its  7  pieces. 

-'-'  Five,  says  Apuiit.  Illst.  Guerra,  ?.o2. 

^'  Americana  say  that  rCk^nforcemcnts  camo  from  the  city,  while  Santa  Anna 
find  Others  intimate  rather  that  troops  were  sent  into  it.  Scott  estimates  the 
Mexican  forces  round  Churubusco  at  27,000.  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  ubi  sup.,  p.  UK). 
Ito.a,  liireena,  holding  to  liia  first  basis  of  '20,000,  and  deducting  the  losses  !iy 
V;ilcncia  and  Bravo,  estimates  that  the  force  could  not  have  exceeded  O/'JO. 
Ji'i'vitprdos,  375-0.  But  wo  have  seen  that  a  large  number  of  irregular  tioops 
at  kast  can  bo  added.  The  Americans  ho  placed  at  not  less  than  8,000,  after 
iledueting  the  men  left  at  Padierna  and  at  the  depOt  of  Tlalpam.  Sec  note  5, 
thi3  chapter. 


SCOTT'S  di:fe'jtive  tactics. 


4S3 


0  south- 
itl  about 
3,  which 

oontral 

1  PabLs 
uiskctrv 
iter  wall 
I  cmbra- 
y  stron;^- 

Rhicou 
it  mainly 

orcltTocl 
tlic  last, 
ii'jce  with 
[I  portion 
•  elevated 
){fero(l  an 
the  hi '-h- 
iistructcd 
it  ditches 
3  in  front 
li   served 

r  the  dc- 

iiatod  at 

lo  let  the 

['.Beers,  1,155 
p.  ;]-21-5,  to 
it('rnt,-'>\--< 
G  pieces  of 
lieily  guaviliii 
Vscrters,  etc. 
Ivoro  planted 
Intonio  loail, 


!  Santa  Anna 

Istiiuatis  tiic 

Biip.,r-  •'"-^• 
|lic  losses  !iy 
pctk-a  0,0)0. 
nilav  troops 
I  8,000,  after 
Sec  note  5, 


onciiiy  CKlianst  themselves  by  buttiiiL;'  a;.;'alnst  tiio 
cutworks  of  the  cai)ital.  Althouo-h  the  .stronjn'st 
joints  had  boon  turned,  aeeidont  assisted  him  in  (haw- 
iii'j;'  them  toward  his  best  remaining  stron-^^lndds;  and 
Scott,  adhering  evidently  to  the  long-ex[diKled  taeli-s 
(if  never  leaving  a  fort  in  the  rear,  allowed  himself  lo 
1)0  carried  away.  Ho  should  have  called  to  mi:;d 
Napoleon's  maxim  to  avoid  doing  what  the  eneii.y 
desired.  The  victory  of  Padierna  had  opened  the 
way  toward  Tacubaya  and  to  several  intermediate 
roads,  unprotected  by  outv/orhs,  and  with  weak  inner 
defences.  Scott  was  sufficiently  well  informed  of  this 
to  venture  in  all  confidence  to  avoid  the  isolated  out- 
woi'ks  of  Churubusco,  so  far  from  the  capital,  esjie- 
ci:illy  as  he  did  not  need  or  intend  to  use  the  road 
v/liich  it  protected.  Thio  acquisition  of  Churubus"o 
v,"as  valueless,  and  the  expenditure  of  time  and  blood 
upon  it  a  Avaste."'  It  must  bo  conceded,  however, 
that  the  details  of  the  attack,  left  mainly  to  the  judg- 
ment of  subordinate  generals,  were  v.'ell  outlined  an-l 
managed,  with  slight  oxcoptions. 

The  task  of  cnGT-ming  and  carrying  the  convent  was 
assi',nied  to  TvviLTG^s'  division.  AVorth  v;ts  left  to 
])ursao  his  advance  along  tlio  southern  road,  leading 
to  the  river  lino  defended  by  the  main  army,  and  por- 
ti ms  of  Pillow's  and  Quitman's  divisions  v.'ero  sent  to 
cooperate  by  a  movement  against  Santa  Anna's  rear. 
Twiggs  directed  the  brigades  of  Smith  and  Ililey  to 
occupy  the  ground  in  front  and  to  the  left  oi'  the 
convent  respectively,  assisted  Ijy  a  field-l)atterv.  The 
position  could  have  been  improved,  for  it  left  them  ex- 
posed to  a  galling  fire  that  o])ened  Vv'ido  ga[)s  in  the 
ranks  and  obliged  the  battery  to  retire  al't(.;r  a  wiiilo 
with  heavy  loss;  vet  the  infantry  maintained  its 
gfoimd  well,  even  within  seventy  yards  of  the  con- 
vent, sheltered  to  some  extent  from  the  incessant 
lusilkule  by  obstructions  which  proved  of  no  a\ail, 

^'Iloa  BArceua,  lieciierdos,  317-S,  points  out  some  of  these  blumlera  oa 
Scott's  part. 


"■its 


484 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLKV  OF  MEXICO. 


i-'iii 


liowever,  against  the  licavic^r  inctal.  The  convent 
seemed  a  very  volcano,  enfolded  in  a  dense  cloud,  and 
ruinl)lin<j'  with  the  roar  ot'aftillerv  and  rattle  of  nius- 
kcti'V,  the  warning  tones  of  messengers  speeding  loiih 
on  hloodv  trails,  midst  ilashes  of  tire  that  liiihted  the 
scene  as  lightning-rays  the  storm.  Beyond,  along 
the  distant  hills  rolled  the  eclioof  the  thunder,  n-vei- 
heratiu'*'  in  ever-fetjhler  accents  until  it  died  in  whis- 
jtered  nioans;  fading  like  the  broken  canojiy  of  smoke 
that  drifted  in  lazv  indillerence  toward  the  ic\-  sum- 
mits  of  Iztaccihuatl. 

Although  the  convent  figured  as  centre  point,  tlio 
main  ell'oit  of  Scott  was  directed  against  the  lon-es 
l)ehin(l  Jiio  Churubusco,  in  front  and  rear.  The  lat- 
ter important  movement  was  intrusted  to  the  brigadrs 
of  Shields  and  Pierce,  which  passed  from  Coyoacaii 
north  toward  Portales,  to  turn  the  right  tlank  of  the  re- 
serve; but  it  was  not  undertaken  wMth  sufficient  force,'"' 
for  here  stood  the  Hower  of  the  ^lexican  army,  with 
the  advantage  of  position.  Santa  Anna  responded, 
moreover,  by  a  prom[)t  counter-advance,  directing  the 
cavalry  to  outflank  the  Americans,  and  ccMupelliiig 
them  to  cliange  the  mancouvro  to  a  more  direct  at- 
tack.  This  broke  against  the  firm  lines  of  the  ^lexi- 
cans,  who  sent  the  columns  back  staggering  and  in 
disorder.  They  quickly  formed  anew,  however,  to 
charge  again  and  again.  But  in  vain;  their  opponents 
repulsed  every  effort,  and  inflicted  a  terrible  havoc 
with  their  steady  lire,  the  Palmetto  regiment  alone 
leaving  half  its  number  on  the  field.  And  now  the 
Mexicans,  elated  with  success,  pressed  closer.  Tla' 
situation  was  becoming  critical,  and  Shields  sent  a  hur- 
ried appeal  for  aid.  Just  then  a  cry  of  alarm  rose  to 
the  rear  of  Santa  Anna's  position,  the  prelude  to  a 
new  phase  of  battle. 

Worth's  two  brigades  under  Clarke  and  Garland, 
assisted  by  Pillow's  brigade  under  Cadwalader,  had 

'■■The  direct  opiwsiiici  force  l>-ing  4,000  iufautry,  s-.pportcil  by  3,000  cav- 
alry.  Maii,y/i(.'lil'^  Mcv.   H'ar,  -07. 


BATTLE  OF  C1IURU15USC0. 


485 


Ih'011  direotiiiu'  tlioir  attuntioti  inainlv  to  the  river 
(likes  with  their  teto  <lo  \nn\t,  soon  recognized  as  tho 
kev  to  tho  position.  The  sixth  rei^inient  tried  at  tho 
outset  to  lollow  Santa  Anna's  retreating  men  into 
this  strongliold;  and  it  might  have  succeeded  hut 
I'or  a  well-directed  cannonade  I'roni  the  convent  side, 
which  made  it  recoil  in  confusion.  Sui)port  was  near, 
however;  and  now  began  more  cautious  o[)erations;  lor 
tlie  hatterics  of  the  tete  de  pout  stood  })repared  lo 
hold  their  own,  under  the  management  too  of  the  San 
Patricios,  composed  of  Irish  deserters,  who  sought  in 
religious  sym[)athy  an  excuse  for  turning  traitors. 
The  stalled  trains  atibrded  a  protection  against  their 
rakiu'jf  vollevs,  however,  and  enabled  Cadwalailer  to 
jteiietrate  to  a  point  between  the  bridge  and  the  con- 
vent, and  cut  a  valuable  connection,  while  the  other 
hfigades  deployed  to  the  right  and  along  the  dikes. 
After  nearly  two  hours  of  inellectual  tiring  and  chaig- 
iiig,  a  part  of  Clarke's  force''^*'  managed  to  cross  the 
river  some  distance  east  of  the  tete  de  })ont  and 
iail  u})on  its  rear.  At  the  same  tinu^  another  section 
made  a  dash  across  the  ditch  in  front,  and  climbing 
over  the  wall  jiell-mell,  without  ladders,  carrie<l  the 
works  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  A  stream  of  men 
now  [H)ured  over  the  bridge,  driving  the>  foremost  lines 
in  disorder  upon  the  main  columns  of  Santa  Aima. 
Without  an  attemj)t  to  press  the  atlvantage  gaint'd  on 
tho  right,  and  without  an  eilbrt  at  a  rally,  the  latter 
al)andoned  resistance  and  turned  in  liight  toward  the 
city  walls,  with  the  Americans  in  close  i)ursuit,  among 
them  the  lately  ahnost  overwhelmed  brigades  of 
IShieldsand  Pierce. 

l>ut  there  are  stancher  ofFicers  than  Santa  Aima, 
who  know^  how  to  join  patriotic  soldiers  in  redeeming 
the  national  lionor.  The  convent  still  holds  foith  in 
stern  defiance,  its  stout  handful  at  bay,  single-handed 
against  superior  numbers,  and  even  venturing  on  fuiile 
!>allios.     But  the  flight  of  the  reserve  precipitates  its 

*"  L'mler  capts  HolYiDun,  Wiilker,  ami  Brooks. 


''Ifl 


r  M 
1 


I 


486 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


fall.  Leaving  pursuit  to  others,  soino  of  Worth's  imii 
liasttMi  to  dirciit  aixaiiist  the  convent  the  liL-avy  i-uiis 
at  the  tete  de  pout  IVom  which  tln'y  had  suiiered  si» 
severely,  together  with  a  hitherto  silencetl  hatteiy  tit' 
their  own.  This  sudden  attack  fnjni  the  side  least 
protected  has  a  startling  effect  on  the  garrison,  al- 
ready disheartened  by  their  ap|)arent  abandonment 
fur  sac-riiice,  and  by  the  lading  ammunition,  which 
is  causing  a  sensible  abatument  in  the  cannonade.'-' 
llincon  and  his  second,  Anaya,  lately  acting  president, 
observe  the  danger,  anil  rushing  forward  midst  the 
men,  they  cheer  them  on  to  fresh  efforts,  joining  per- 
sonally in  directing  tlie  artillery,  regardless  of  the 
I'uking  cross-lire.  But  the  brigades  in  front  and  on 
the  left  take  advantage  of  the  diversion  to  renew  their 
exertions,  and  soon  Smith's  men  follow  up  with  a 
charge  which  gains  the  parapet  and  holds  it.  Another 
bound,  and  on  to  slaughter.  Just  then  the  white  lla;.;' 
is  raised;  the  futility  of  resistance  is  admitted.  In- 
stantly there  is  a  hush,  as  the  smoke  hfts  and  dis^i- 
pates  in  curling  wreaths.^^ 

The  conthct  still  rages  in  the  distance.  The  pur- 
suers have  reached  La  Candelaria  btyond,  slashing 
and  thrustinu"  at  the  stra<j<j:lin»j:  mass  of  funitivcs. 
They  already  apj)roach  the  battery  protecting  tli  ■ 
gates  of  San  Antonio  Abad,  so  close  upon  their  heels 
as  to  be  prepared  to  enter  with  the  Mexicans.  Ju-t 
then   is  heard  the  bui>'le  soundinii"  the  recall.     Tluv 

-'The  Ap-iiit.  IIi<t.  Gnrrra,  '2'<7>-<),  doclarcs  that  \>y  tlic  tiino  of  siirrcuuin- 
tlio  v;uiis  (^oulil  not  l)o  siipiilieil  at  all.  The  chiirge^  is  iiwulv,-  uf  trea.'-cni  in  cf;a- 
noutioii  with  tlio  inaniifat'tiu-o  ami  siipplj-of  ainiiiunitioii,  Soiiiiuciattr.liatcj 
till!  Btoi)paL;u  to  the  artillerists  bcin^  driven  from  their  post  hy  the  liriag  iu 
tlic  rear.   <  'amii^ihju,  "JOO. 

-■"'i'he  fight  here  hal  lasted  from  10.4.")  A.  M.  till  3.30  r.  M.  lioa  Ddr'-'-nd, 
I'rciK  rdos,  o(!S.  Twenty  miuiitcs  after  the  tetc  do  pout  fell,  adds  Sciitt. 
Mciii.,  -lyO.  Twiggd  reeciveil  the  s'lrrciuler  of  3  gciitrals,  Itineou,  Aiiava, 
and  ArcUaiia,  101  other  oilio^TS,  l,l,"i.->  men,  7  guns,  and  o'Jier  material.  /'.  v 
O'l't  Dot-.,  Cong.  33,  Ses.  I,  Sen.  I'^x.  1,  p.  324-5.  Tiie  dead  nnmhered  l.'iCi  ami 
tlie  wounded  !)1),  ineladiiig  most  of  the  artillerists.  L'oa  Jtdrdua,  AV. •»')■(/'•-.•, 
3i).").  The  San  I'atrieio  deserters  arc  said  to  have  'pulled  down  the  white  lla^' 
of  suirender  no  less  than  three  times.'  Letter  in  Xc''  Yorl:  ( 'oiirlrr;  M'tus- 
J:  Id'.-i  ihx.  War,  '207.  Capt.  \.  M.  Smith,  who  led  the  assault,  aeeordinrio 
Irjott.  him--elf  nnfiirlcil  t!io  white  flag  a:id  stayed  his  incu  on  aceing  toe  eea- 


di.ioa  oi  a;ri.ir.s.  .1, 


/..s,'.  (i, ((',•/•>•(,  •St,. 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  MEXICANS, 


487 


'til's  nu'ii 
ivy  <j,'uiis 
iiV'Tod  sit 
attory  «4' 
("ule!   lea:t 
risoii,  al- 
idoiiiueiit 
111,  which 
luoiuuh'.'"' 
ircsidunt, 
iiiclst  the 
uiiiL^  pcr- 
,s    ot"   the 
it  and  (111 
now  their 
ip  with  a 
Ant)th(  r 
white  lla;.;- 
:tcd,      lu- 
aiid  disbi- 

Tho  pur- 
shishiiiL;- 

fuij;itivcs. 

■tinu'  tho 
icir  heuls 
IS.  Just 
L     Thry 

of  siirrcuil''r 
l^■;l^■(lll  ill  c::i- 

liho  liriiig  111 

\ioa  Bdiri''!'!, 
:uUU  Scult. 
Loii,  Aiiava. 
lU'ri.il.  /'.  ■■. 
Im-oiI  l")(j  ;'i:'l 

lie  white  Ihi^' 

],vVr;  :!/'•  ^■• 

lu'conliii ;  'lO 

ill'-'  tlio  lOii- 


lialt  and  yield  the  vantan'!',  all  save  a  Cow  Minded  l>y 
excitement.  It  is  a  sinall  hand  of  drai^ooiis,  led  hy 
( "aptaiii  Kearny.  The  l>attei'y  opens  upon  them, 
hut  they  liecd  it  not.  "^IMiey  spring  from  tlu'  saddle 
aii<l  across  the  ditch;  the  Mexicans  turn,  and,  hall' 
t  in    pieces,  the   baiul    falls    back.      The    battle    is 


cu 


over 


Us  result  was  a  demoralization  amonjjf  tho  defenders, 
with  the  teni[)orary  (hsorganization  of  their  army, 
placing  the  capital  lor  the  time  at  the  mercy  of  the 
victors,  Scott  places  the  ^lexican  losses  at  4,000 
killed  and  wounded  and  15,000  cai)tives,  including  "J  I  .'5 
otHcera,  among  them  eight  generals,  of  whom  two  were 
ex-presidents;  also  ,'J7  pieces  of  artillery  and  a  large 


amoiiii 


tof 


dl 


small  arms  am 


I  st 


ores. 


For  1 


us  own  side 


/(J 


he  admits  l;5'.)  dead  and  87G  wounded,  inchidii  _ 
ollicers.'"'  These  casualties  include  the  losses  at  I'a- 
dieriia,  Scott  embracing  the  day's  o[)oratioiis  under  live 
victories,  Padierna,  San  Antonio,  Churubusco  Con- 
vent, the  teto  de  })oiit,  and  Shields'  charge — a  rather 
I'aiiciful  elfort  with  which  to  draw  attention  from  his 
several  blunders,  notably  al'ter  the  actual  battle,''^ 

It  is  affirmed  by  Santa  Anna  that  the  victors 
might  liavo  taken  the  capital  by  following  up  their 
advantage  during  the  })ursuit  or  I'or  some  time  alter, 

-■' Ko.'iniy  lost  an  arm,  iiiul  Major  Mills,  a  volniitinr  on  this  occasion,  fell 
as  hi'  readied  the  j^ate.  Scaft'.i  Mem.,  -liJO.  In  A/niiif.  Hi  t.  (Inrrii.  '-'47. 
r.'.i  otiicer  is  allowed  t  )  iieiietrato  on  Iiorsel):icU  tliioii;,'!i  un  opening;  ill  the 
wall;  and  Santa  Anna,  Pda.!!,  101,  relate.i  that  an  ollicer  was  eaptiireil  and 
treated  with  great  consideration  hy  liiiii  liecaiisc!  of  hii  valiant  res. tlutioii  t) 
t:ikeS:>nta  Anna'alife  or  die.  A  moKuiiientw.MKtilxeijiiently  erected  at  (,'hnrii- 
Ij'.i-eo  over  tiie  remains  of  Pefnifmri  and  .NLirtiiie;',  do  ( 'astro,  who  had  dis- 
tin^'iushed  theniHelveMat  t!u>  convent,  and  ])cn:Uons  and  honor;!  were  iicstowed 


oil  iJnicon  s  valiani 


liaml. 


See  liirthc 


llii.-il'i 


M,-in.  IJist.  Mr.,:,  MS. 


vii.  'JKI  -17,  viii.  ;{,")-4:{;   7-/.,  In 


SI -8;  M<i 

(III,  Ast (III 


.MS.,  14:5-7;  McS/i,rn/,  JJl  I'm- 


y  '■  •>• 


M,'r.  A:.hi\,  i.  li'.IO  !);  l\nz,  JJicc,  i.  493-7,  ii.  4.VJ-U7;  J! 


'4-112,  i;4J-(;4;  il.„rjihz,  ]),: 


1-8. 


'LI- 


<l  .ilUe-i.SOIIH 


h  (ir  p-i 


th  M, 


iiiisyjir,'.  IJ'.  S.  dovt  Ihir. ,  as  above,  p.  ,"^I.V14,  :?84,     Ripley, 


CX\,   11. 


dsi  a  list  of  Icidin''  otli 


cers. 


AVort: 


ill'ered  most. 


his  ea.siialtics  heiiiL'  !)1!),  althoiv_;'i  Shields'  loss  of  "JIO  wa<  i-elatively  highest; 


T\vi'_".,'s  had  uhoiit 'JOO  liorj  de  eonihat  and   I'ilhj 


p"i<j,i,  -I'M,  -I'M.     Koa  r>.ir 


/.'. 


■avly  'JiJO.  S(  i:iiiii'.i'  ('am- 


■(/ov,  371-4,  od'ers  no  iinpi>rtant  ohjee- 


ti'in^,   nor  do  other   Mi^xican  writer:-.     Si.nta   Anii;i,  iMn:!,    lul,    vaLjucly 

iilhidc 

artill 


s  to  the  loss  of  more  than  one  third  of  tlic  army  and  half  of  tho  best 


e-y. 


^  liie  I  limes'  Campaijii,  293. 


Ui 


488 


INVASION  OF  THE  VALLKY  OF  MKXICO. 


for  no  orfjanizod  rosiHtanco  could  liavc  heeii  oft'cied; 
all  was  disordci'  ainoiit;  tlio  soldiers  as  well  as  citi- 
zens.'"' The  Aineiican  j^eneral  eturned  most  uncon- 
cernedly to  the  lieuiKiuarters  at  Tlali)aiu,  surrender- 
ing^ his  advantages  and  giving  Santa  Anna  time  to 
recover  himself.  Scott  explains  his  extraordinary  con- 
duct by  saying  that  ho,  us  well  as  Tiist,  **  had  been 
atlnionished  by  the  best  friends  of  peace  against  pre- 
cipitation: lest  by  wantonly  driving  away  the  gov- 
ernment and  others,  dishontired,  he  might  scatter  the 
elements  of  peace,  excite  a  spirit  of  national  despeia- 
tion,and  thus  indefinitely  postpone  the  hope  of  accom- 
modation."^'* He  also  pleads  humane  considerations, 
which,  if  sincere,  are  creditable  enough  to  the  man, 
but  hardly  to  the  general,  in  his  precarious  position, 
to  sacrifice  one  tenth  of  his  small  force  for  an  object 
of  questionable  value,  and  then,  neglecting  to  secure 
the  prize,  to  be  compelled  to  do  his  work  over  again. 

" '  Si  el  cnemit,'o  repito  an  ataquc  coido  yo  lo  caperaba,  acsjurainento  ocupa 
la  capital  sin  imicha  rnsi.sti'iiuia.'  Ami  Soott  writes  tiiat  after  tlie  Mt'xiciiti 
army  was  beaten  at  Ciiunibusuo,  '  the  feebler  defences  ut  the  gates  of  tiic  city 
—four  miles  oil'— could  not,  us  was  well  known  to  both  parties,  delay  the  vic- 
tors an  hour.'  Report  ',i'2,  in  If.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Van^t.  30,  Sea.  I,  Sen.  Ex.  1, 
J).  ,380. 

^^  Id.,  p.  ."JH.  Ho  adds  in  his  J/Vw.,  408,  an  explanatory  note  that  an  as- 
sault on  till)  city  by  <lay  would  have  involved  a  loss  'dangerously  great ' 
which  is  contradictory  to  his  oliicial  report — and  by  night  the  carnage  aiiioiiL; 
tho  citizens,  their  women  and  children,  would  have  been  frightful,  as  well  as 
pillage,  for  tho  soldiers  could  not  bo  controlled,  and  time  could  not  l)e  Inst 
m  making  prisoners.  Mansfield  commends  this  christian  nuignaniuiitj'.  Life 
Scott,  43;{-4;  but  Ripley,  Semuies,  Ivendall,  linttlcs  of  Mtx.,  and  others,  natu- 
rally coiulcmu  him  from  a  military  standpoint.  Semmes  claims  for  liis  fa- 
vorite, Worth,  tho  chief  glory  of  tho  victory,  by  carrying  tlio  tetc  de  pout, 
which  led  to  the  defeat  of  Santa  Anna  and  tho  fall  of  the  convent;  bui;  lie 
also  says  that  Worth  called  tic  halt  at  La  Candelaria,  when  tlie  city  might 
have  been  carried  by  following  up  the  advantage.  Campaujii,  290-1. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

FALL   OF   THE   CAPITAL. 

AutJirST-SEi'TEMBKIl,  1847. 

rvNio  AT  Mexico— SfOTT  is  Lprek  into  an  Akmistice — Deli-sivk  Peace 
Neootiatidns- Patuiotic  Sfntimexts— Santa  Ansa  MAN(Ervui.N(i 
TO  (Jain  Time  — Mi  tial  Reciuminations — Molino  dee  Rkv— ('APTcia; 

AND  liECAl'TlKE  OF  THE  JJaTTEUY  -.SoME  MEXICAN    IIeKOES  — A  liAKHEN 

TuifMi'ii — Inner  Defences  ok  the  Caitiai. — Tiie  Hill  Foutke.ss  oe 

ClIAIM  LTEPE''   -BoMIiAltDMENT  and   .StoUMINO    OE  THE  (.'asTLE    -WoKTII 

Cauuies  the  Gate  of  San  Cosme— Qiitman's  Ui-eiiations  AiiAiN.>T 
Belen— Santa  Anna  Evacuates  the  City — Entky  of  Scott — A  Pa- 
TuioTic  Uprising. 

Within  the  walls  of  Mexico  all  was  panic;  and  con- 
fusion. The  very  stillness  following  the  i)attle  had 
(•;ist  an  ominous  chill  upon  the  people,  which  spread 
\\  itli  the  creepinj^  shades  of  night  and  the  threatening 
clouds— a  fitting  pall  for  the  scattered  slain.  Xone 
know  but  that  the  Yankees  niii^ht  be  stealing  up  in 
the  darkness,  or  lurking  beneath  the  walls;  and  the 
buu'le-sound  of  the  retreatintjf  bands,  now  ijrowintj 
I'ainter  in  the  distance,  niiLjht  I'all  with  startlin<>"  blasts 
before  the  coming  dawn.  There  was  relief,  therefore, 
ill  the  patter  of  the  rain,  in  the  calls  of  stalking  sen- 
tries, and  in  the  excitement  of  preparations  for  de- 
fence, with  the  hurrying  adjutants  bearing  orders,  the 
tiaiup  of  marching  regiments,  and  the  bustling  noise 
of  sapper  parties.  Santa  Anna  was  the  guiding  spir'it. 
With  all  his  blunders  and  failures,  he  was  still  the 
only  one  to  whom  the  people  could  turn,  with  his 
energy  and  tact,  his  resolution  and  ability  for  pro- 
viding Uioans  and  organization. 

(489) 


I 


ii  'i 


(i. 


1/  y 


k 


% 


!   :  ■  i 


490 


FALL  OF  Tin:  CAPITAL. 


The  following  inorniiijn^  saw  the  enemy  moviuij;- 
toward  the  south-west,  Worth's  division  occupj'ii)^- 
Tucubaya,  Pillow's  Mixcoac,  and  Twiggs'  San  Ai)g(  1. 
Quitman's  still  remaining  at  Tlalp'am,  where  it  had 
obtained  a  share  in  the  success  by  checking  the  cav- 
alry division.  The  orders  to  its  leader  were  to  cut  thu 
American  lines,  tvnd  he  hastened  to  execute  them  l)y 
an  imposing  demonstration  at  a  sufficient  distance  1  > 
avoid  the  disorderly  etFect  of  bullets;  and  under  covei 
of  this  another  less  valuable  officer  was  sent  with  a 
small  body  to  taunt  the  garrison  with  a  bold  thoug'i 
momentary  sweep  at  nearer  range,  which  involved  tlio 
expenditure  of  a  certain  amount  of  powder.  Thc^' 
closer  approach  of  the  Americans  reminded  Sant  i 
Anna  of  tho  absolute  need  for  a  suspension  of  hostili- 
ties in  order  to  recuperate;  but  after  having  by  his 
inefficient  manoeuvres  added  to  the  list  of  disasters, 
he  naturally  feared  to  expose  himself  still  further  bv 
app'iaring  as  a  supplicant.  He  had  already  induced 
among  others  the  British  consul-general  to  sound 
Scott  concerning  the  proposal  made  at  Puebla;  and 
this  official  willingly  accepted  the  task,  influenced 
thereto  by  his  jeahnisy  of  the  Americans.  He  found 
it  easy  to  play  upon  the  w'^aknesses  of  a  stubborn  an! 
conceited  general,  and  convince  him  that  by  pressing 
his  advantage  he  might  drive  away  the  government, 
rouse  national  despair,  and  dispel  the  prospects  for 
a  near  and  glorious  peace.  Already  predisposed  in 
favor  of  some  such  measure,  Scott  sent  a  proposal  t;i 
open  negotiations.'  This  pleased  Santa  Anna;  for 
it  left  his  opponent  in  the  ap[)arent  position  of  bil- 
ging for  an  armistice.  His  spirit  rose  accordingly, 
and  Minister  J^.lcorta  received  instructions  to  .siu^niiV 
in  a  tone  of  condescension  that  the  president  would 
liisten  to  the  proposal.''^ 

'  A  modificntiou  of  ix  liarshcr  note  prepared  during  the  preceding  evciiiii:, 
demanding  the  surrender  of  the  capitiil.  Hauta  Anna,  on  liis  side,  liad  .1- 
luwtd  his  representative  to  urge  an  armistice  for  burying  the  dead — but  only 
in  non-committal  verbal  form. 

-Nauta  Anna  fails  not  to  reproduce  this  documentary  proof  of  his  clever- 
ness, in  Ditall,  lOJ-1. 


AX  ARMISTICE. 


491 


Santa  Anna's  hc.<^itation  was  proof  in  itself  of  the 
popular  fooling  against  ]jeace,  in  tlio  country  if  not  at 
the  capital.  He  himself  was  guided  wholly  by  the  \)o- 
htical  vane,  swayed  especially  now  by  party  agitation; 
and  ho  stood  prepared  for  anything  that  could  pro- 
mote his  own  ambitious  schemes,  regardless  of  stip- 
ulations and  rules,  however  solemn.  Ho  boasted 
loudly  that  the  suspension  of  hostilities  was  accepted 
b}'  him  merely  to  prepare  for  fresh  combats,'^  and 
tliat  he  would  willingly  serve  in  a  subordinate  capacity 
for  the  defence  of  his  country.  In  short,  he  stood 
ready  as  hitherto  to  sacrifice  his  life  upon  its  altar. 

The  conditions  for  the  armistice,  arranged  on  iVugust 
22(1*  prohibited  as  usual  either  army  from  strongthen- 
ing  its  position  or  force,  permitted  the  Americans  freely 
to  obtain  supplies,  save  in  arms  and  ammunition,  and 
])rovided  for  an  exchange  of  prisoners  on  equal  tenns.^ 
This  was  ratified  on  the  following  two  days,  greatly  to 
the  chagrin  of  the  majority  in  the  American  army: 
some  moved  by  a  thirst  for  spoils,  others  by  a  de- 
sire for  glory,  wdiile  a  more  rctlecting  class  regretted 
the  surrender  of  evident  military  advantages,  with- 
out a  single  guarantee  to  bind  a  man  so  wily  and  un- 
scrupulous  as  Santa  Anna.*'    Even  Mexican  opponents 

'  Sco  intercepted  correspoiulcnco  jvith  the  cx-iiiinister  Rejuu,  wlicfcin  i-i 
a Mcil  that  tlio  jiistico  of  tliJ  Mexican  eausj  ilciiian  led  that  ovorturcj  hIiouI  1 
bo  liotcir.'il  to.  Scmmei'  I'umjxiiiii,  .'502-1.  Ripley,  H'nr  iri'h  . ][>'.:.,  ii.  ',\:]2, 
liL'.icvos  ho  (lersonally  (Icdired  peace  See  also  U.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  Goiv^.  ;)<.>, 
Scs.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  05,  p.  44."j. 

^By  generals  Mora  y  A'illa'uil  an'  'v^'iijiino  ^^^  Mexico,  and  by  the  Amer- 
ican'generals  Quitman,  Smith,  riiid  I'lcr  o. 

•'Art.  oat  Vvii  »i  Mnandcd  tii' cvajiuition  of  Chapnltcpcc  as  a  guarantee, 
Imt  Seott  wai  Induced  to  yield  th,' ]ijint  t:)  Mexican  pride.  Americ.in  icii- 
cleat.i  ^vero  allowed  to  returii  to  theii'  l)u  iiiess.  Intcrc  )urse  with  Vera  <"ru/ 
had  to  1)0  piMtocted  by  Mexico.  Art*  1 1-1 4  provided  for  Mexican  rights  i.i 
place •>  o.'cii])icd  by  Americans;  and  l.")-l(i  for  tlio  ra.ilication  of  the  armi.itiee. 
/'.'.,  II.  Ex.  I,  p.  .TiO.  An  acoiiuntdf  f<ira.;in;x  it  !,'iven  by(ieu.  L:i:ie,  MJ.dlant 
Joe,'  hiin.self,  in  his  Antohloi,!.,  I!)-."),  a  valued  MS.  on  my  uhclf,  fall  of  inter- 
taiin','  canii  aign  details  and  a.ieed  )tc.s. 

•^I'lUow  -iiuong  others  had.  at  (ir.;t  opposed  any  armistice;  Worth  had 
demand  .  least  the  surrender  (f  <"!iapaltepcc;  and  (V.ijtman  and  I'ier.-c 
lield  out  a  »,-]iilc.  Scott  himself  had  laid  down  rules  for  Taylor  t  )  LTiant  n  » 
armistice  without  receiving  sullicicut  rjuiirantec  of  good  faith;  ami  in  cerre- 
s[)ondeuco  with  the  war  department,  /(/.,  no.  00,  p.  1)(jO-"J,  he  h,'  1  all'.uleil  to 
tl;c  Tiecd  for  caution,  yet  a  short-sighted  infatuaticm  is  after  all  allowed  t  ■  ]..■■■ 
vail  in  a  quostion  of  ruieh  (jravo  impjrtau/:e,  involving  the  ..aicty  of  tiio  army 
and  (ho  aim  of  the  expcdillou. 


;;. 


492 


FALL  OP  THE  CAPITAL. 


■i  ! 


to  this  chief  soujLfht  to  decry  terms  which  j^ranted 
respite  to  a  toe  ssinall  in  niimbcrs  and  in  want  of  suj)- 
phes;''  but  it  is  undeniable  that  his  diplomacy  here 
gained  a  triumph  that  saved  the  capital  for  a  time. 

Commissioner  Trist  now  hastened  to  open  negotia- 
tions for  peace  by  urging  an  early  meeting  with  Mex- 
ican connnissioners.  The  selection  for  the  latter  fell 
upon  generals  Herrera  and  Mora  y  Villamil,  and  the 
able  lawyers  Couto  and  Atristain,  the  first  chosen 
for  his  prominence  as  late  president  and  chief  of  the 
peace  party,  one  whose  influence  would  sustain  Santa 
Anna's  attitude,  and  divide  the  brunt  of  responsibil- 
ity. Couto,  distinguished  also  as  a  writer,  was  con- 
ceded to  be  the  diplomatist  of  the  party.^  They  met 
first  at  Atzcapotzalco  on  August  27th,  and  subse- 
quently at  a  less  distant  place.  Trist  lost  no  time  in 
the  customary  haggling  and  browbeating,  but  came  at 
onco  to  the  point  by  presenting  the  project  brought  from 
Washington,  which  in  article  four  demanded  from  Mex- 
ico the  cession  of  all  territory  beyond  a  line  following 
the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  alon<j  the  south  border  Of 
Xew  Mexico,  and  up  its  western  boundary  to  the  first 
brancli  of  the  River  Gihi,  thence  along  this  tributary 
and  main  stream  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  River, 
and  along  the  centre  of  the  gulf  of  California  into 
the  ocean.  It  further  required  free  transit  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  and  offered  in  return  a 
sum  of  money  to  bo  agreed  upon,  besides  abandonin;;- 
all  claims  for  war  expenses,  and  promising  to  pay  all 
private  claims  against  Mexico  on  the  part  of  citizens 


tl 

I'c 


'  See  eliarctca  in  Santa  Anna,  Informe  sabre  Acusacionea  Oamhoa;  C7amboa, 
Impui).,  40-51. 

*Atrist;iiu  hail  financial  tact  and  Englisli  sympathies,  and  Mora,  rogarilod 
rather  as  consulting  engineer,  favored  peace  "ii  toda  costa,'  Ainnit.  liift. 
Gucrra,  2ti!).  Herrera  liad  at  iirst  declined  on  the  ground  that  lii;i  former 
peace  olTorts  had  caused  his  removal  from  tlio  presidency;  hutvhilo  excusing' 
tlio  two  associates  Ih-st  proposed,  A.  F.  Monjardin  and  A.  (iaray,  Santa  Anna 
insisted  on  retaining  him.  Correspondence  in  Diario  Gof>.,  Aug.  '2Ci,  1S17, 
etc.  At  Iirst  their  power  was  limited  to  merely  receiving  and  reporting  on 
American  proposals,  but  when  they  threatened  to  resign  on  Aug.  30th,  it 
was  anipLiiied. 


DE>rAXDS  r.'  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


403 


of  the  United  States,  as  recognized  by  conventions  of 
ISni)  and  184J^  or  still  pending." 

It  will  be  observed  that  this  demand  was  for  half 
the  territory  of  the  republic;  and  there  were  many 
who  thought  that  more  should  have  been  claimed  at 
I'lvst,  if  only  to  hasten  Mexico  into  readier  acquies- 
reuce.^"  The  commissioners  undoubtedly  recognized 
the  forbearance  that  left  them  some  soil  to  call  their 
(iwn,  and  the  generosity  that  abstained  from  charging 
lor  the  trouble  and  cost  of  appropriating  the  remain- 
dor.  They  required  three  days  to  deliberate,  less 
|)erhaps  for  fully  grasping  this  lesson  in  modesty  and 
magnanimity  than  to  sound  once  more  the  public 
Pooling.     And  this  was  not  slow  in  assertinor  itself. 

As  for  the  people,  their  impulses  were  lofty,  de- 
tennined.  They  deemed  it  disgraceful  to  yield  to  a 
handful  of  enemies,  when  all  tlio  country  stood  pre- 
jared  to  rise  at  the  call  of  a  worthy  leader,  even 
Vv  ithout  a  clear  prospect  of  success.  But  they  had 
hcon  blinded  to  the  true  condition  of  affairs,  the 
superior  enginery  and  manoeuvres  of  the  enemy,  the 
desolation  of  war,  the  threatening  uprisings  and  dis- 
memberment, the  absence  of  united  action  on  the  part 
(if  their  genera's.  Those  who  pondered  on  these  things 
wore  sure  that  past  lessons  nuist  have  taught  better 
tactics,  and  trained  superior  officers;  for  during  the  war 
of  ii.dep^ndence  their  fathers  had  triumphed  over  far 
giv(er  !  uuibers.  It  was  cowardly  even  to  listen  to 
t!  0  uii'uiont  demands  preferred;  it  was  base  treachery 
('>>uvn'iiJer — nay  to  sell — their  northern  countrymen 
to  til?  I  e  Under  such  taunts  and  pressure  prudence 
liad  to  give  way  to  a  false  patriotism,  inspired  by  men 
.i;ui(led  by  base  personal  motives  and  aims,  and  who, 
caring  nothing  for  the  people,  misdirected  their  efforts, 
and  sacrificed  them,  apparently  not  realizing  what  they 
Wore  doing."     They  belonged,  of  course,  t(j  the  party 

'  IT.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  .30,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Ey.  .'52,  p.  85,  etc. 
'Ho  '  shoiilil.  have  deniainlcd  more,  iiml  not  come  atonco  so  ncartlic  iilti- 
vr.--..!.,'  ;«ys  Itipley,  War  vUh  Mix. ,  ii.  a49.     But  Trist  wished  to  lose  no  time. 
''  '5    ■iiteusc  grow  the  cxcitouicnt  at  Mexico  that  the  K'pcroa  uttaukcd  the 


i 


494 


FALL  OF  THE  CAFITAL. 


out  of  powor,  whicli  looked  with  envy  on  tlio  one 
in  possession;  and  thcro  were  men  w'ho  resolved 
that  as  they  could  have  no  share  in  the  millions  so 
temptingly  tendered,  the  government  should  not  be 
permitted  to  obtain  such  means  for  fortifying  its 
position.  Vattel  and  Perreau  were  flourished  with 
recliless  learning;  pamphlets  and  proclamations  were 
scattered  broadcast;  and  so  effectual  was  the  rodo- 
montade as  to  intimidate  or  drown  every  other  out- 
cry. But  the  governors  and  local  authorities  thought 
it  their  duty  to  protest  against  listening  to  overtures; 
and  it  was  <  nsy  for  remote  states^as  yet  free  from  the 
ravages  ut  •  '  join  in  the  cry.  The  state  of  Mex- 
ico even  three.  .d  to  separate  from  the  union.  Con- 
gress behaved  no  better.  When  called  upon  to  express 
the  national  will  in  the  pending  issue,  which  w'as  of 
such  importance,  its  members  evaded  the  responsibility 
under  various  excuses,  notably  the  unsafe  condition  of 
the  capital.  The  change  of  meeting-] )lace  to  Queretaro 
served  to  stimulate  them  but  slightly."  Among  the 
army  otHcers  the  most  incapable  were  loudest  in  their 
bluster,  as  the  only  means  of  covering  their  blunders. 
The  peace  party  saw  the  futility  of  their  efforts,  but 
in  order  to  gain  time  for  Santa  Anna  the  connnis- 
sioners  continued  the  negotiations,  arguing  against 
the  cession  of  territory  beyond  Texas  proper  with  tho 
Nueces  for  the  boundary.  Taking  the  cue  from  tho 
party  in  the  United  States  which  denounced  the  war 
as  unjust,  they  put  certain  leading  questions  concern- 
ing the  motives  for  the  war,  and  the  demand  for  terri- 
tory — questions  which  Trist  prudently  evaded,  whilj 
conceding  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California.  Softened 
by  the  bland  tone  of  Couto,  he  moreover  distinguished 

Atncrioaii  trains  as  tlicy  came  in  on  the  27th  to  obtain  supplies,  killing  oiio 
in:iu  aiul  wounilini;  sjwral.  Henceforth  supplies  were  transported  to  \\a: 
caaip  during  tho  ni,'ht.  Some  Iieliovc  lliat  Santa  \nna  insti..;atod  th?  +uai;!l'. 
in  oi'der  to  ligure  as  patriot,  and  to  hide  from  Anierioaus  his  defence  preji.i- 
rations,     llcrrer.a  hnively  interposed. 

'■'Otero  and  Gainboa  clamoring  with  the  rest  for  war,  and  the  latter  apeiil- 
ing  his  main  cHbrts  in  abuse  of  Santa  Anna.  iSee  Roa  Bdrceiia,  liecucrdo-', 
410-18. 


NEGOTIATIONS  FOR  PEACE. 


495 


n 

'tures; 

mi  the 

'  Mcx- 

Con- 


hiinselC  by  ofTering  to  refer  his  proposals  to  Wasliini^- 
toii,  to  which  cml  the  armistice  would  naturally  have 
to  be  prolonged  lor  about  six  weeks.  His  judgment 
ill  making  such  an  ofter  may  be  questioned  in  i'ace  of 
the  ixrowing  sick-list  among  the  United  States  troops, 
scattered  in  unhealthy  villages,  remote  from  reen- 
lorcements,  while  their  opponents  were  daily  gaining 
strength.*^  To  the  jMexicans  the  proposal  seemed  so 
extraordinary  that  they  began  to  suspect  a  lurking 
design  to  gain  time  for  reenforcements;  and  being  now 
readv  to  resume  the  contest,  thev  resolved  to  break  off 
[negotiations  by  presenting  a  counter-project,  known 
to  be  inadmissible,  at  least  by  Trist  with  his  limited 
[^owers,  and  even  b}  Mexico,  for  that  matter,  under 
the  changed  aspect  of  affairs,  for  it  offered  to  surren- 
der  all    territory  beyond    the    Nueces    and   latitude 


Ol 


li 


Scott  had  been  duly  warned  that  Santa  Anna  was 
not  opIv  infrinujing  the  terms  of  the  armistice  by  de- 
fence  operation^l,  but  displaying  an  attitude  in  common 
with  the  leaders  of  public  opinion  that  could  not  be 
misunderstood;  he  was  urged  to  resume  hostilities  ere 
the  enemy  grew  too  strong.  But  his  suspicions  were 
lulled  by  the  aforesaid  neutrals,  duly  instructed  by 
the  chief  at  Mexico.  Perhaps  he  was  ashamed  to  ac- 
knowledge openly  that  he  had  been  duped.  The  final 
turn  of  the  negotiation,  however,  woke  him  from  his 
dn^am.     He  now  gave  vent  to  his  anger  in  a  sharp 

"  Ho  pleads  the  wish  to  commit  the  Mexican  government  to  yielilinff  a 
part  of  the  uatioii.il  <lo!uain,  an;l  llio  p-ospoct.  of  butter  weather  in  OeiLilier 
for  lighting.  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  ;iJ,  Sl's.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  02,  p.  192.  But 
t!ie:;e  were  doubtful  gains. 

"The  line  to  follow  the  eastern  border  of  New  Mexico  to  ^7°,  and  along 
this  parallel  to  the  Facitie,  the  territory  between  the  Xueees  and  Uiu  (irando 
to  remain  neutral  ground.  The  money  offers  of  the  U.  S.  were  accepted.  Si.o 
(L  S.  Govt  J )oc.,  Cowi;.  ^0,  Sis.  1,  H.  Ex.  40;  Mrx.  Trcniies,  vii.  pt  ">,  as 
above,  and  Ajni  <f.  IliM.  Giicrra,  280- G,  with  a  note  from  the  commissioners, 
condemning  the  war  as  unjust,  and  giving  the  reasons  for  not  ceding  more 
territory.  See  also  Herrcra,  Contest,  al  C'omin.,  1-3G;  Condst.  eiiire  Sup.  Goh., 
I  liG;  Me.r.  Pamphlets,  iii.  pt  3,  iv.  141-384;  liai/on,  A-^edio,  112-2.'),  :Wa-40; 
IHano  Exact.  Mex.,  1-OS;  Arco  Iris,  Sept.  1,  20,  1S47,  etc.;  Soiioreiise, 
liiario  Gob.,  and  other  journals,  and  notably  the  later  chapter  on  final  peaoo 
treaty. 


"%\ 


496 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL, 


note,  September  Gtli,  to  Santa  Anna,  accusing  liini 
of  violatini;  the  armistice,  and  declarins;  it  at  an 
«'nd  by  noon  on  the  following  day,  unless  a  satisfue- 
t'lry  answer  was  given.  This  came  the  same  even- 
ing in  an  unequivocal  denial  of  the  accusation,  with 
counter-charges  against  Scott,  preferred  in  a  tone  of 
well-feigned  grief  and  indignation,^®  and  concluding 
with  the  bold  declaration  that  he  would  repel  force 
v>ith  force.  And  now  the  alarm-calls  burst  forth 
within  tlie  city,  announcing  the  speedy  recommence- 
ment of  hostilities.  Fresh  panic  and  confusion  ensue; 
and  from  the  gates  north  and  west  flow  streams  of 
refugees,  especially  women,  children,  and  foreigners, 
to  hide  before  the  impending  storm. 

Theio  were  sufficient  grounds  for  charges  on  both 
sides,  although  Santa  Anna  had  shown  less  scruple 
in  secu'infj  advantages  from  the  cessation  of  hostili- 
ties,  by  strengthening  the  fortifications  of  the  city, 
calling  in  troops,  enrolling  and  organizing  fresh 
ibrces,^"  Scott,  on  his  side,  had  taken  care  espe- 
cially to  obtain  supplies  for  nearly  three  weeks  in 
advance,  forage  alone  being  scanty.  His  artillery 
had  received  a  valuable  addition  by  the  capture  of 
heavy  metal,  hitherto  lacking,  and  so  essential  to 
siege  operations;  but  his  force  had  diminished  under 
casualties  and  sickness  to  h;ss  than  9,000  effective 
men,  and  the  efficiency  of  several  corps  had  suffered 
somewhat  from  the  sudden  interruption  to  active  ser- 
vice and  the  enfoi-ced  idleness.  It  was  thought  nee- 
issary,  therefore,  to  improve  the  morale  of  the  army 
l>y  dealing  severely  with  the  captured  San  Patricio 

'■'Text  in  Sanfa  Anna,  Apel.,  104-G. 

'"Tlieso  ami  otlier  points  arc  noticed  in  the  Diario  Gob.,  and  other  periodi- 
cals, from  Aug.  21st  into  >Sept.  Horrera  was  appointed  comandante  gen- 
t;al  at  Mexico,  and  Bravo  at  Chapultcpec,  with  l^con  for  second.  The  dif- 
ferent Ihiea  (if  the  city  were  intrusted,  tlio  north  and  north-west  to  Palomino 
and  M.  Martinez;  the  western  and  south-western  to  Lombardini  and  M. 
IVrez;  the  southern  at  lirst  to  Leon,  subsequently  to  Juan  N.  Perez;  and  the 
eaytcrn  to  Carrasco.  Auaya  antl  other  prominent  ofBcers  were  accorded  their 
liberty  by  Scott,  in  return  for  American  prisoners.  The  Prussian  minister 
oii'crcd  Ilia  sympathy  and  mediation  in  behalf  of  Mexico. 


HOSTILITIES  KESUMED. 


497 


deserters.  Fifty  were  lianged,  and  the  rest  laslied, 
l)i'aiided,  and  iniprisoiicd.^'  The  military  depot  and 
hospitals  were  tranoterrcd  from  Tlalpam  to  Mixcoae, 
and  orders  issued  approximating  the  ccn-ps  in  antici- 
pation of  a  general  assault  on  the  capital,  Riley's  bri- 
r-ade  adv^aneing  to  Xalvarte,  and  Pillow  dividini'  his 
I'orces  between  San  Borja  and  Tacubaya. 

Scott  had  been  infcnnned,  perhaps  at  the  instance 
o^  the  astute  Santa  Anna,  that  at  Molino  del  Hey, 
King's  Mill,  a  mile  from  Tacubaya  and  near  the  west- 
Lin  foot  of  Chapultepec  hill,  a  cannon  foundery  was 
ill  operation.  Worth  received  orders  to  make  a  night 
descent  on  the  place  between  the  7tli  and  8th  of 
September,  and  destroy  the  machinery,  seizing  the 
jtowder  stored  near  by.  A  closer  examination  by 
this  officer  revealed,  if  not  the  full  stren<'"th  of  the 
{•osition,  at  least  that  the  task  would  prove  more 
llian  he  could  accomplish  in  the  proposed  raid.  His 
fi)rce  was  accordingly  increased,  and  fearing  entanglc- 
iiient  in  the  dark  aniongf  unknown  buildinijs,  lie  was 
permitted  to  postpone  the  attack  till  dawn,  and  to 
have  the  help  of  the  artillery.  He  also  ])roposed  to 
(h-aw  o'reater  advantasje  from  the  ti<2flit  than  the 
destruction  of  a  probably  imaginary  foundery,  by  fol- 
Inving  it  up,  if  successful,  with  an  assault  on  Cha])ul- 
tepec;  but  Scott's  views  had  not  yet  risen  to  the 
great  importance  of  this  fortress,  intent  as  he  was 

''  The  latter  being  saved  by  the  mitigating  circumstances  of  having  tic- 
sorted  liufoi'o  tho  war  l)e_';ui,  etc.  Hitherto  deserters  had  been  driven  oiF  in 
disgrace  or  lightly  punished.  d/rof/fVA/'-i  .l/(.e.  Il'iir,  "JSO-l.  Ind/i.i'.  U'(ti\lii/ 
ll'i'jlish  Soldier,  -o5,  is  an  allusion  to  maltreatment  by  oflieois  as  a  cause  foi- 
desertion.  Jlcxican  writers  naturally  condemn  the  execution  as  l)arl>;'.rous; 
\  t  greater  strictness  in  their  own  army  would  undoubtedly  have  im[iro\vd 
its  value.  To  the  pleading  of  tlie  clergy  and  influential  resitlents  in  behalf  of 
tlie  deserters,  Scott  replied  that  the  5lexican  government  was  to  blame  for 
tiiiipting  them  to  desert;  yet  he  enroUeil  guerrillas  to  raid  upon  their  coun- 
t! ymen.  A  striking  account  of  the  execution  is  given  in  the  fourth  number 
of  the  American  Star,  Sept.  28,  1847,  a  journal  brought  out  at  Mexico  by  the 
followers  of  the  invading  army.  See  also  Arco  Irin,  Sept.  1"J,  Nov.  4,  7,  I^i47; 
(■'"'.  of  Lib.,  Oct.  10,  1847.  Their  form  of  organization  is  recorded  in  JA'.r. , 
Col.  Ley.,  1847,  lSl-'2;  Correo  Nac,  Nov.  30,  1S47;  Sonortiise,  Sept.  10,  1S47. 
Hhi.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    32 


Mil 


f 


m 


i: 


488 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


on  attacking  the  southern  front  of  the  city;  hence 
he  objected.'** 

Mohno  del  Rey  consisted  of  a  range  of  massive  stone 
buildings,  with  crenellated  walls  and  parapeted  roofs, 
co!ninanded  by  the  plunging  fire  of  Chapultepec  at  a 
distance  of  some  3,000  feet.  A  smaller  but  equally 
solid  building,  the  casa  mata,  stood  1,500  feet  t) 
the  west,  surrounded  by  a  quadrangular  bastioned 
tield-work.*'  Between  these  two  points  rose  a  bat- 
tery of  three  small  guns,  and  in  front  extended  a  lint; 
of  embankment  with  ditches  and  patches  of  maguey, 
screening  the  Mexican  force,  which  numbered  sonu- 
what  over  4,000  effective  men'^'^  under  Leon,  the  next 
highest  officer.  General  F.  Perez  occupying  the  casa 
mata.  To  these  must  be  added  the  cavahy  corps  of 
Alvarez,  nearly  4,000  strong,  which  occupied  tin; 
hacienda  de  los  Morales,  a  mile  westward,  with  orders 
to  support  Leon  by  Hank  operations.^*  The  force  at 
Molino  was  nmch  larger  on  the  7th;  for  Santa  Anna 
believed  Chapultepec  to  be  the  next  objective  point, 
and  proposed  to  personally  defend  it,  but  deceived  by 
the  well-directed  demonstrations  of  Scott  along  the 
southern  line  of  the  city,  he  retired  with  a  large  pro- 
portion of  his  forces  to  strengthen  this  line,  and  let'b 
the  mill  without  recognized  head  or  distinct  plans. 

"This  assertion  liy  Ripley,  Semmes,  and  other  less  friendly  writers  in 
partly  continno.l  by  Scott'3  own  (Icspatoli,  with  his  ideas  modified  by  expt'ri 
once,  whorcia  lie  still  thinks  thiit  the  capture  of  the  hill  castle  may  not  bo 
necessary.  '  Wo  were  not  entirely  ready  '  to  take  it  on  the  8th,  he  adds.  C 
S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  3jj.  Yet  his  biographer,  Jfitii-- 
/itld'n  Mcx.  War,  'J81,  writes  that  he  determined  on  this  occasion  to  att;u!; 
'the  defences  of  Chapultepec' 

'"The  southern  part  of  the  molino  was  a  wheat-mill,  the  northern  tlio 
foundery,  formerly  a  powder-mill.  Their  total  length  was  about  1,400  I'ei't. 
T>vo  main  entrances  existed  on  the  south  and  west. 

'-"  Including  the  garrison  of  the  buildings.  Roa  B;lrcena  estimates  tlu'iii 
at  exactly  4,000,  including  40  artillerists,  liccuerdon,  4'JG-8.  About  the  siiiiiL' 
in  Apiintes  J/ist.  Giierra,  3!)2.  Worth  swells  the  number  to  14,000,  incluil 
ing  the  reenforuements  that  arrived  after  tlie  l)attle  was  practically  ovir. 
U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  as  above,  p.  .SOo.  Mansfield  has  'at  least  ten  thousand; '  ami 
4  guns  ai'c  assigned  to  the  battery. 

'•"  Sauta  Anna,  JMall,  108-9,'places  his  force  at  4,000,  other  Mcxic.iiis 
incline  to  3,0;K).  While  luring  Scott  into  a  dangerous  movcn)ent  against  tlio 
mill,  Santa  Anna  was  in  his  turij  deceived  by  the  feint  against  the  south  lino 
of  the  city. 


OPHRATIOXS  ABOUT  THE  CITY. 


403 


t!!]!!S39ti9is^;]S.^8s;f:p;^;:^;:=s»p.->j»p.j.,..- 


5  r    ^ 


'11 


^■3 


-)  J  .4 -fl  >:  r  > 'J?  a  n -.  2 1 T  ri 


-3     Is?' 

?t     C'i  i 


Si 


a.       I 

> 

i 


4 


Mexico  anu  Vicinity. 


,! 


1 


I 


m 


coo 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


Worth  maclo  dispositions  for  a  vit^orous  assault  on 
tlio  ^lexicau  centre,  to  bo  followetl  by  attacks  on 
either  flank;  and  to  this  end  assigned  the  centic. 
lacing  the  Mexican  battery,  to  a  storming  party  nf 
500  men  under  Major  Wright,  GarUmd's  brigade  with 
two  light  pieces  taking  position  on  the  right  to  threaten 
the  molino  and  cut  t)ii' support  rrt)ni  Chapultepec,  and 
to  sustain  two  twent^'-fbur  pounder  battering  guns  on 
his  left.  Clarke's  brigade  under  Mcintosh  with  three 
light  pieces  faced  the  ^lexican  right,  which  rested 
on  casa  mata,  and  still  farther  to  tlie  left  a  troo{)  of 
cavalry  was  stationed  to  observe  Alvarez,  while  Cad- 
v^alader's  brigade  stood  in  reserve  behind  the  centre. 
This  force,  reaching  3,500,'''"  moved  forward  during  the 
night  and  took  position  along  the  clear  and  gently  de- 
clining ground  in  front  of  ^lolino  del  Rey,  watching 
lor  the  dawn.  With  its  first  faint  gleam,  the  battering 
guns  open  fire  on  the  mill,  and  a  whistling  of  balls 
and  crashing  of  masonry  follow.  Yet  not  a  sound 
rises  from  the  Mexican  lines;  the  place  might  i)L' 
deserted.  Wright's  storming  party  forms  and  rushes 
toward  the  point  marked  for  the  central  battery.  Its 
j)ositi()U  had  been  changed,  however,  and  as  they  ad- 
vance it  bursts  upon  them  at  an  angle  with  round  sliot 
and  grape.  They  pause,  startled;  but  only  for  a  mo- 
ment, and  then  turn  upon  it  with  the  cry  of  '  Forward  I' 
Once  more  a  shower  of  shot  that  mows  its  bloody 
swath,  disabling,  of  offii'ers  alone,  eleven  out  of  seven- 
teen. There  is  no  further  halt,  however.  The  rem- 
nant gains  the  batteries.  A  brief  struggle,  hand  to 
hand,  and  the  guns  are  seized,  ready  to  be  turned 
aijainst  their  own  lines.  It  is  now  daylight.  Coloiul 
Echeagaray  of  the  3d  light  infantry  observes  tlif 
danii'er;  the  garrison  discliaro-es  a  withcrin<]f  voile v 
on  the  storming  party,  and  then   with  a  stentorian 

''^Worth's  field  return,  wliich  Ron  Bdrcenn.  Rceiienhit,  420,  accepts,  yet 
iiicveasiiig  the  guns  to  !(  or  10.  Apiiiit.  J/i-it.  Giierra,  '2'J3,  about  the  hiauic. 
Mixusliulil  reiluces  the  force  to  3,ir)4. 


MOLIXO  PEL  RFA'. 


501 


'A  cllos!'  ho  pounces  from  out  the  sinoko  and  hiwln 
tluiii  back  in  disorder,  reoccupviug  tlio  hattcrv/'^ 

Worth  is  equally  pronijit.  Ho  orders  forward  tlireo 
companies  of  the  light  battalion  and  a  part  of  the 
irservo  to  sustain  and  rally  the  shattered  column, 
(larland  on  his  side  moves  from  under  the  pluny^in.,' 
Wvc  of  Cliapultepec  upon  the  ^[exican  tlank,  while  liii 
liattery  runs  forward  to  enfilade  the  reca})tured  [)oi:i(:. 
( )nce  more  the  Americans  charjjo  sinudtaneouslv  from 
centre  and  risjfht,  under  a  rakinuf  voilev  of  balls  aud 
Itullets,  especially  from  the  roofs.  Numbers  and  im- 
petus prevail.  Again  the  disputed  batti-ry  falls,  and 
iKiw  its  deadly  vomit  turns  upon  the  mill.  The  light 
concentrates  in  the  reentering  angle  of  the  Mexican 
lines,  which  had  been  quickly  recognized  as  the  weak- 
est. The  heavy  cross-Hrc  from  the  azoteas  prevents 
concerted  action  amou','  the  assailants  for  a  while;  but 
soon  a  company  finds  shelter  under  a  bank,  and  begins 
to  pick  off  one  marksman  after  another,  with  steady  and 
fearful  precision.  The  men  on  the  roofs  quail  as  they 
heboid  the  widening  gaps.  Their  fire  slackens,  and 
no  sooner  do  the  assailants  observe  it  than  on  they 
rush  toward  the  mill,  driving  back  the  bn^ken  rem- 
nants of  the  front  lines.-*  Thev  reach  the  very  walls ; 
and  covered  by  the  well-directed  fusillade  in  their  rear 
and  flank,  they  commence  almost  unmolested  to  bat- 
ter the  gates  and  shoot  into  apei-tures,  widening  at  tlie 
s;unc  time  the  breaches  already  made.  The  southern 
portal  3'ields,  and  some  spring  in,-''  while  others  dim!) 
the  roof  and  assist  in  jxainimj;'  the  north-western  en- 
trance.  The  jMexicans  stoutly  dispute  the  passage, 
under  the  valiant  lead  of  General  Leon;  but  a  l)ull'.L 
stivtches  him  low,  and  now  they  waver  and  fall  baik. 
Colonel  Balderas  steps  forward  to  encourage  them. 

"^  The  Americana  charge  that  here  and  I'lsewhero  Mexicans  bayoneted  the 
wounded. 

'•"General  Ramirez  is  accused  in  the  Apiiiif.  Ifisf.  Otwrra,  '20."),  witli  iiej,'- 
It'oting  to  hoUl  the  centre;  but  the  main  lUfoct  must  bo  sought  in  Sanui 
.Vima's  withdrawal  of  troops  on  the  preceding  evening. 

-'  Led  by  Major  Buchanan  and  Capt.  McKenzie,  of  the  4th  infantry  and  '2d 
artillery. 


?*!l 

m 


m 


m 


A  J..  I. 

■4. 18  i 


ii  11 


m  ■  m 


602 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


His  inspiriiij^  cliocr  is  taken  up;  tlioy  rally  nnd  r 
upon  thu  advancing  fbc.  Ono  more  oft'ort  and  tiu; 
point  is  gained;  but  Baldcras  also  falls;'"  and  now 
without  another  such  noble  head  they  retreat,  though 
slowly,  step  by  step,  closely  pressed  by  the  enemy. 
]>alderas'  regiment  is  cons])icuous  for  its  firmness 
under  the  onslaught.  A  rush  is  made  for  its  banner, 
but  Suazo,  one  of  the  officers,  tears  it  down,  winds  it 
round  his  body,  and  fighting  his  way  through  the 
lines,  reaches  the  cypress  grove  at  the  foot  of  thu 
castle  hill,  covered  with  wounds.  To  this  spot  the 
rest  of  the  mill  garrison  has  also  retired,  save  a  body 
of  700  which  is  cut  oft',  and  has  at  last  to  hoist  the 
white  flag.^" 

The  casa  mata  had  played  an  equally  stirring 
though  less  important  rAle.  After  a  preparatory  can- 
nonade with  Duncan's  battery,  Mcintosh  rushed  to 
the  assault  of  what  he  regarded  as  a  couunon  field- 
work;  but  was  met  by  a  fusillade  so  withering  as  to 
almost  level  entire  platoons,  like  gusts  of  fire  sh'  fi- 
ling all  before  then).  Mcintosh  full,  mortally  wo»  1 ; 
Scott,  the  next  in  command,  was  struck  dead;  au^  so 
along  the  line.  Still  they  struggled  on,  and  still  the 
bullets  poured  down  in  unabated  fury  till  nearly  one 
third  of  the  force  was  disabled.  It  seemed  madness 
thus  to  enter  the  jaws  of  death.  They  wavered.  And 
now  the  Mexicans  sallied,  with  shouts  of  triumph, 
and  turned  the  check  into  a  hurried  retreat;  but  in- 
stead of  following  up  the  advantage  by  pressing  the 
disordered  column  and  perchance  utterly  routing  it, 
Perez,  the  commander,  hastened  to  turn  the  flank  of 
the  assailants  of  the  mill,  only  to  be  effectually  stopped 
by  a  buttalion  of  Cadwalader's  reserve.  Even  now 
the  Americans  might  have  been  worsted  if  Alvarez' 
cavalry  had  performed  its  duty.  It  had  advanced 
from  Los  Morales,  and  stood  on  the   level   ground 

-'  Another  account  removes  him  ^Kjfore  Leon. 

''  Santa  Anna  intimates  that  the  molino  was  lost  through  the  sally  of  a 
part  of  the  defenders,  which  found  it  impossible  to  return.  Detail,  109;  but 
Jioa  Barcena  denies  it. 


AnouT  ciiAi'ULT;:i'F.c 


flOB 


iihout  liiilf  a  luilcj  wost  of  the  easa  niata,  prepared  to 
ailvaiice,  j)urtly  hy  the  main  road  to  the  inoliiio,  nar- 
rowed by  a  bridg(?  at  a  small  intervening  ravine,  partly 
l>y  a  dear  swee[)  round  it  to  the  left.  Alvarez  .Si.»v 
liis  opportunity  as  ^Iclntosh  prepared  to  assault  the 
easa,  and  ordered  a  charjLje  by  front  and  Hank.  But 
his  seconds  bungled  and  dallied  till  Duncan,  for  tlu' 
time  unable  to  fire  on  the  easa  niata,  was  able  to 
hiin:^  up  his  guns.  A  few  shots  sufficed  to  throw  the 
advancing  body  into  disorder,  of  which  the  voltigeur 
i»<' intent  took  advantage  for  a  vigorous  assault  that 
jurced  a  retreat."^  Duncan  was  relieved  just  in  time 
t  >  renew  his  cannonade  upon  the  easa,  and  this  time 
w  ith  such  effect  as  to  seriouslv  trouble  Perez.  Tho 
f.rt  was  a  powder-magazine.  By  this  time  the  mill 
had  fallen,  and  seeing  that  soon  the  brunt  would  oon- 
cijiitrato  upon  him,  he  determined  to  retreat  in  time. 
The  pursuing  Americans  captured  loss  than  two  score 
of  his  men. 

At  this  moment,  when  the  battle  was  practically 
(vor,  reenforcements  appeared  along  the  road  skirting 
tho  northern  side  of  Cliapultepec,  under  the  direction 
of  Santa  Anna,  as  if  to  retake  tho  mill;  but  the 
Americans  quickly  brought  up  and  mdimbered  their 
^uiis,  assisting  the  infantry  to  repulse  them,  with 
tho  loss  of  a  field-piece.  Nevertheless  the  proximity 
•  if  the  commander-in-chief  with  additional  troops  re- 
stored a  certain  degree  of  confidence  amoncj  those 
who  had  retreated  into  the  grove,  and  assisted  indi- 
roctly  the  retreat  of  Perez.  A  combined  movement 
nii'j^ht  therefore  have  been  undertaken  with  good 
prospects,  but  for   the   approach   of  reenforcements 

''  Alvarez  accuses  Aiulrade,  who  should  have  crossed  the  hridge,  of  in- 
subordination as  well  as  cowardice.  Letter  in  Sanfa  Anna,  Apel.,  1"20-31. 
-Major  Sumner  crossed  tlio  bridge  under  a,  scathing  tiro  from  tho  easa,  and  ns- 
sistcl  with  his  body  of  dragoons  to  enforce  tlie  retreat,  and  a  twenty-four- 
p  >under  was  brought  up  to  support  him.  lloa  Bdrccna,  /iecuerdo'^,  44.")-0, 
li'.anics  Alvarez  for  not  removing  Andrade  earliei-  than  he  did  and  leading  ia 
liTson.  Correo  N«c.,  Nov.  4,  1847,  hints  at  cowardice  among  ofBcers.  Tho 
ri'truat  of  one  division  involved  the  other,  Semines  points  out  that  tho  lack 
of  organization  and  tho  lightness  of  tho  horses  made  the  cavalry  worthless  for 
fi'out  operations.  Campa'gn,  .329. 


■:ii 


504 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


under  Pillow,  wlio  on  noticiniLj  that  the  battle  had  bo- 
oonio  serious  hastened  to  the  relief  before  Scott  sent 
him  orders.'^  Still  intent  on  his  project  to  follow  up 
the  advantage,  and  flushed  with  victory,  Worth  urged 
Pilhnv  to  aid  him  in  carrying  the  hill  fortress;  but 
this  officer  would  not  infringe  the  distinct  instruc- 
tions  of  his  superior.  Perhaps  he  also  objected  tt» 
assist  in  plucking  another  laurel  for  a  rival  general. 
Worth  had  no  alternative  save  to  pick  up  his  dead 
and  wounded  and  fall  back  on  Tacubaya  in  face  of 
taunting  dcmonsti'ations  from  the  Mexicans,  to  v,  jioiii 
he  thus  abandoned  the  field,  and  under  the  boom  of 
the  castle  artillery  which  sounded  like  trup.i[)et-l)Iasts 
of  victory.  Indeed,  Santa  Anna  assumed,  and  not 
without  reason,  that  the  objective  point  of  the  enemy 
was  the  fortress,  and  that  his  opportune  arrival  frus- 
trated their  plans  and  compelled  them  to  retreat.  At 
all  events,  he  caused  to  be  sounded  a  peal  of  triumph 
iVom  the  city  bells,  and  spread  throughout  the  country 
a  glowing  account  of  his  achievement.^^ 


•/  111 


So  ended  a  battle  which  takes  rank  as  perhaps  tlie 
most  strongly  contested  of  any  during  the  war,  and, 
proportionately,  the  bloodiest;  for  out  of  the  Ameri- 
can force  of  barely  3,500  men,  the  casualties  ruim- 
uered  787,  among  which  were  IIG  killed,  the  officers 
suffering  exceptionally,  to  the  extent  of  nearly  one 
third    of  those    engaged.     The    Mexicans    also    lost 

'*  Roa  B;lr'"ena  blames  Scott  for  this  tardiness. 

'"  As  instanced  in  (S'o«oce;i,sr,  Oct.  1,  1847,  and  other  country  journals.  In 
a  sul)sc(juont  defence  ho  modilics  the  claim  somewhat.  'A  no  prcsentaniie 
eu  estcs  momentos  con  la  cohinina  ([uc  (.eiuliicia  des'lo  ia  Candelaria,  se  liu- 
l)icra  tal  vez  pcnlido  cao  dia  ■■l  Cli.-.pultepi:?. '  Yet  he  finally  succeeded  in 
forcing  the  enemy  to  retreat.  Jhtall,  100-1 L  Other  Mexici.n  writers  rfco^'■ 
nize  the  intent  of  the  A'uericana;  and  in  yipniU.  Hist.  Giierra,  30-,  tlii' 
battle-field  ia  yielded  lu  tliem,  Santa  Anna  'iing  blamed  for  his  tardy  arrival 
at  !).,S0  .v.  :>i.  General  Pcna  led  the  movements  of  tho  recnforccnients.  K'i:t 
iJarcer.a  thiidvs  that  the  Americans  would  have  gained  in  honor  and  advan- 
tages by  retaining  possession  of  Molino  del  Rey.  Tiieir  feint  against  the 
south  lines  of  the  city  saved  then,  by  keeping  back  Santa  Anna.  l{ecuerd<<-', 
4ri0-;{.  The  retreat  left  the  moral  effect  of  a  defeat,  and  the  impression  that 
the  castle  was  stronger  than  it  seemed.  Santa  Anna  did  not  rooccupy  tlio 
mill.  ^lansfield,  Mer.  War,  285,  'JSi),  considers  that  the  holding  of  tiie  mill 
would  have  entailed  u  needless  exposure  +o  the  Chapultepcc  lire. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  BATTLE. 


rm 


heavily,  notwitlistanding  tlieir  intrcncluMl  position,  and 
tiny  had.  co  surrender  about  G'JO  prisoners,  four  ;j;uns, 
and  r.iuch  ammunition.'**  As  for  the  result  aehit'VtMJ, 
this  was  reduced  to  tlie  destruction  of  a  few  old  can- 
non moulds,  and  a  furnace,  the  only  vcstiLTcs  of  the 
joundery,  and  the  weakening  and  demorahzation  of  the 
^lexican  army;  but  the  moral  ellect  was  about  eijual- 
i/ed  by  the  exultation  of  the  people  at  the  appai.Mifc 
n  jtulne  of  the  Americans,  and  by  tlie  dissatisfaction  in 
the  invading  army  at  the  narrow  escape  from  defeat  and 
the  enormous  sacrifices  for  such  barren  triumphs,  when 
>■)  uHieh  direct  work  still  remained  to  be  done.  Scolt 
iidniitted  by  the  stdjsequent  operations  his  mistake  in 
neglecting  to  pursue  the  advantage  gained  at  the  mill. 
The  capture  of  jSIexico  seemed  as  remote  as  ever,  and 
many  officers  spoke  despondently  of  the  necessity  to 
intrench  themselves  and  await  reenforcements,  believ- 
ing, in  common  with  many  Mexicans,  that  the  cost  of 
I'urther  achievements  by  their  reduced  number  would 
luin  them.^^  Notwithstanding  their  defeat,  the  ^tex- 
icans  can  point  with  pride  to  the  bravo  resistance  of 
their  sokliers  at  the  casa  and  molino,  and  to  the  nol)l(' 
clforts  of  leaders  like  EcUeagaray,  Ualderas,  Gelaty, 
and  Lcon.^* 

"  Wortli  places  their  casualties  a;,  tiic  round  figure  of  3,000,  besides  2,000 
will)  (Icsui-tcd  after  the  battle.  For  a  list  of  his  own  losses,  witli  naiiios 
of  (iliieers,  sec  his  reports  in  (J.  S.  Govt  J.>oc.,  Consj.  .SO,  Ses.  1,  Sini.  Ex.  1,  j>. 
li.i.")-7;{.  Over  100  horses  were  killed  and  woundeil.  WJiiie  admitting  the 
li.avi'ry  of  the  Mexicans,  I'ipley,  Sciiiincs,  and  others  exalt  the  Amerioans,  on 
the  ground  that  they  captured  an  almost  unknown  intrenclied  position  with 
iutViior  numbers;  for  to  the  garrison  of  over  4,000  is  naturally  added  tlu 
.'{,011!)  or  4,000  cavalry,  aiul  the  heavy  reinforcements  that  came  too  late  f)r 
anything  but  a  skirmish.  Soiwifti'  Campiilin,  .3.31.  A  largo  stock  of  powder 
Was  carried  away  by  tiio  victors  from  *^^ho  casa  mala,  the  remainder  being  blow  n 
up  witli  tlio  building,  but  so  carelessly  as  to  kill  a  dozen  men.  Roa  Ij.iii'iiia 
1  laims  that  this  was  done  by  shell  from  the  castle. 

■'■The  chief  accusers  of  Scott  arc,  as  before,  Riley  and  Senmies.  He  nny 
111  excused  somewhat  on  the  ground  that  the  strength  of  MoHiio  drd  Key  was 
unknown;  yet  Worth  warned  him  that  lie  e.-pectcd  a  severe  tight.  Willi 
I ailier  reenforcements  it  might  have  been  a  con.narativcly  easy  task  to  drivt; 
auil  follow  the  defeated  mill  garrison  into  t)io  castle. 

^''  Eclieagaray  'aiin  vivo,'  says  Roa  Bilrcena,  Iiccuerdo/<,  ATrl.  Promotion'^, 
ui'dals,  and  nionuments  were  freelv  bestowed  by  agrateful  countrv,  ;:;<  show  n 
li.v  decrees  in  Mix.,  Col.  Let/,  y  Dec,  1847,  207-70,  1853,  iv.  :t4.')-(i;  Mr.c. 
l.'vU.  Mej.,  2")3,  019--21,  18.")(!,  111-14;  Archivo  Max.,  Col.  Lnj.  y  iMr., 
>)1U.     For  additional  details  concerning  the  battle,  I  refer  to  Diaiio  Cob., 


s 


^' 


50G 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


i  I '? 


1 ,1 


One  effoct  of  Uie  (Iffeat  was  a  marked  increase  in 
desertion,  and  a  declininix  confidence  anions;  tlu' 
(•:)rps,  due  greatly  to  the  glaring  lack  of  unity  anil 
energy  among  the  leaders.^*  This  in  itself  compelled 
Santa  x\nna  to  confine  himself  more  than  ever  to  dc- 
lonsive  operations  along  the  inner  lines  of  the  capital, 
with  their  walls,  embankments,  and  ditches,  and  tiieir 
c\'A\t  ffaritas,  or  gates,  each  forming  an  intrenched 
fort,  which  in  times  of  peace  served  for  custom- 
houses.^' Owing  to  the  marshy  nature  of  the  sur- 
rounding  land,  during  this  the  rainy  season,  the  a[i- 
jiroach  was  practically  restricted  to  the  corresponding 
roads,  five  of  them  main  causeways,  whereof  the  two 
i^\i  the  west,  and  the  others  more  or  less,  were  ob- 
structed by  cuts  and  barricades.  The  western  roads 
were  commanded  to  some  extent  by  Chapultepec,  tlio 
only  outwork  now  enterino*  into  et)nsideration.  The 
increased  demonstrations  by  the  enemy  along  the 
south  front,  marked  bv  the  location  of  a  batterv  at 
]jtx  Piedad,  only  one  mile  distant,  and  the  advauce  of 
^\>veral  corps  toward  it,  led  naturally  to  the  belief  that 
this  was  their  objective  line.  Aware  of  its  weakness, 
as  formerly  explained,  Santa  Anna  at  once  directed  a 
large  force  to  throw  up  a  line  of  intrenchments,  ex- 
tending from  Nino  Perdido  diagimallv  to  the  exterior 
birricade  of  San  Antonio  Abad,  and  provided  with 

^iopt.  1847;  Correo  Xac,  Sept.,  also  Nov.  'J7,  1847,  Jan.  3,  Aul:.  i,*?,  Oct.  10 
-IV,  1^48;  liuzoiwilor,  Nov.  17,  1847;  Ai\-o  Iri-i,  Deo.  .'?,  1847,  etc.;  l\a>i"ii, 
A-cilio,  li2.")-r)7;  Bitiitamante,  ^[t'ln.  Jlist.  .Vix.,  .M.S.,  vii.  'j'21-0;  U'lario  Ev- 
ii/.,  MS.,  Oa  ct  seq.;  Taylor  mil  A/.i  SlmF,  ll.'?-20;  Scoffs  Mem.,  im-r, 
p,'<rsou\i  Milit.  Jhroi'>,  ii.  114-'20;  IlarrUon'o  n.tt!!cjiili.U  3!)l-402;  D-.j.^i's 
Pit.  U'tst.  Mcx.,  5ol-7o;  Perez,  Dice,  ii.  407-73;  Jciikim'  ^fe.c.  War, 
;i.a-97. 

^' Bravo  declares  that  lie  had  to  watch  liis  men  to  prevent  further  loss. 
H'li'amaiitc,  Mem.  HUt.  Mex.,  MS,,  viii.  '27  ct  seq.  Governor  Olaguibel  I'f 
M  ':;ico  brought  in  a  body  of  several  hundred  recruits,  Apunf.  lliH.  Oiierra. 
:?l:i,  and  cannon  were  sent  from  Acapuleo;  but  these  gains  were  small.  Ciani- 
b  >;i  still  assumes  a  defence  force  of  17,000,  Impwj.,  52,  from  which  Roa  IJ.u- 
cj.ia  ilodncts  desertion  and  losses  at  Molino  del  Key. 

^■' At  San  Antonio,  10  pieces  of  artillery;  at  NiAo  Perdido,  2  pieces;  Siui 
( '.)sme,  '2  pierces;  Bolen,  '■^  pieces,  commanded  by  Crcneral  TerrtSs.  The  othi  r 
gates  had  no  artillery,  but  couhl  obtain  men  and  armament  in  case  of  need,  ii 
tlio  front  should  change  from  the  south  and  west,  where  intermediate  works 
existed  with  from  1  to  4  pieces.  Details  in  Aptmt.  HiM.  Ouerra,  JOD;  A'uet 
Bdrcena,  IkcucnlO'',  4j0. 


SCOTT'S  rilEPARATIO^^S. 


507 


throe  batteries,  of  eleven  guns,  strong"  curtains,  and 
wot  ditches;  in  addition  to  which  the  main  canal  was 
(lit,  flooding  nearly  the  whole  front,  the  south-east 
h  ing  unapproachable.  Scott  had  been  reminded  that 
it  was  easy  to  stop  this  work  by  cannonade.  Instead 
(if  doing  so,  liowever,  he  wasted  his  time  with  slow 
disposition  of  troops  and  reconnoitring.  A  strong 
attack  at  any  time  beforo  the  11th  of  September 
might  have  readily  gained  this  front,  and  with  it 
tlic  city;^''  but  when  Scott  awoke  to  the  reality  the 
i::ti'enchments  were  finished.  At  the  council  now 
li,  Id  the  opinion  of  most  officers  appeared  still  to 
favor  an  attack  on  the  south,  rather  than  against 
the  com]iaratively  unknown  lines  on  the  west,  which 
(! 'inanded  a  preliminary  and  probably  costly  reduction 
(if  Chapultepec.  The  lately  completed  defences,  how- 
ever, decided  Scott  for  the  western  approaches,  and 
(.'specially  for  the  hill  fortress,  to  which  ho  assigned 
a;i  undue  importance,  believing  that  its  capture 
V. Muld  materially  hasten  that  of  the  capital."'^  Twiggs 
v,as  accordingly  ordered  to  continue  the  demonstra- 
ti  >iis  from  La  Piedad,  against  the  south,  with  two 
batteries,  supported  by  Riley's  brigade,  while  Pillow 
and  Quitman,  supported  by  a  portion  of  Worth's 
i'aces,  marched  during  the  night  to  take  up  position 
t  )  the  W(.'st  and  south  of  Chapultepec,  and  erect  lour 
batteries  with  which  to  open  fire  upon  the  castle  at 
daybreak  on  the  12th.  One  was  located  within  the 
M  'lino  del  Roy  to  cover  the  west  approach  to  the 
castle,  anotIi(^i' immediately  south  of  the  mill  building; 
the  third  midway  between  Tacubaya  and  the  castle, 
fiiviiiLj  its  south-west  auijle;  and  the  fourth  on  the 


w 


'■'The  approach  was  good,  as  shown  hy  a  (lying  reconnoissanoc  of  somo  cuv- 
al;y  hcadea  by  Sa(it;i  Anna,  which,  niirrowly  ou'iipoil  injury  from  a  niaski-.l 
l'i;;oi-y.  Even  if  Scott  had  intended  to  occupy  the  south  front  merely  with 
f  ::its,  it  was  a  mist  ke  on  his  part  to  let  the  opponent  strenjjthen  it,  and  so 
ii"!  I  it  with  a  sina \er  fococ. 

■ '  Mexican  olBcers  rej^ardcd  it  of  less  value,  owing  to  its  merely  pl((nginL; 
fill',  and  to  the  shelter  otlercd  by  the  miuediicts  leading  to  the  city.  A/ndit. 
Hi'!.  G  'crra,  ,118,  etc.  Twiggs  sided  with  Scott,  and  the  vacillating  ollicerji 
wcio  overruled. 


1 ; 


li       ^ 


.  ?! 


o08 


FALL  OF  THE  CAFITAL. 


Tacubaya  road,  direoted  agairist  the  cnstlo  front  and 
the  battcrv  at  its  south-t'a.st  foot.  The  hitter  con- 
taincd  three  of  tlie  eight  pieces  of  artillery  here  dis- 
tributed.^' A  fifth  battery  was  placed  to  the  west, 
with  some  dragoons  and  infantry,  to  check  any  move- 
ment on  the  part  of  Alvarez,  who  had  advanced  a  fiw 
hundred  feet  from  his  former  position,  toward  the 
casa  mata. 

Chapultepec  is  a  picturesque  mound,  famed  far 
back  in  the  dim  traditions  of  Aztec  migrations,  and 
later  consecrated  to  royalty.  Montezuma  and  his 
predecessors  there  sought  distraction  from  adminis- 
trative cares,  and  comnmned  with  dryad  oracles  in 
the  hallowed  grove,  whose  majestic  ahuehuete  cedars, 
furrowed  by  the  sweep  of  ages,  have  since  inspired  a 
long  line  of  noble  viceroys  and  democratic  presidents, 
and  shaded  the  play -ground  for  the  rising  generations 
of  successive  races.  The  north  side  is  inaccessibly 
steep,  and  the  east  and  south-east  nearly  so,  leaving 
a  practicable  slope  only  toward  the  west,  besides  a 
triangular  road  along  the  southern  acclivity,  protected 
at  the  knee  by  a  bastion.  At  a  height  of  IGO  feet  tlio 
.summit  extends  into  a  terre-plein  GOO  feet  in  lengtli, 
surmounted  along  the  northern  edge  by  a  heavy  3't.'t 
not  untasteful  building,  erected  in  1785  for  a  vice- 
regal palace.  Republican  rulers  converted  it  into  ;i 
college  and  citadel,  and  matched  the  dome  and  colon- 
nade adornments  with  ungainly  flank  projections,  para- 
pets, and  bomb-proofs,  with  adjoining  bastions  and  out- 
houses, the  whole  enclosed  by  a  parapet  wall  tapering 
westward  in  a  cremaillero  line  to  a  priest-cap,  and 
protected  by  ten  serviceable  pieces  of  artillery,  st  v- 
eral  of  heavy  calibre.  The  slopes  were,  moreover, 
provided  with  walls,  and  ou  the  west  with  ditches, 
mines,  and  a  midway  redan.  Along  the  south  base 
ran  a  wall  1,600  feet  long,  protected  on  the  soutli- 
east  by  a  barricade  with  artillery  across  the  Tacubaya 

"*  Including  one24-pouiul!r,  three  IS-poundera,  ami  four  mortars.  The  first 
two  batteries  were  nut  erected  duriiij{  tlie  night. 


BATTLE  OF  CHAPULTEPEC. 


009 


road,  and  a  similar  work  swept  the  road  skirting  the 
acfueduct  along  the  north  base.  The  exterior  fringe 
of  the  grove  at  the  western  foot  was  shielded  by  an 
oiiibanknient  with  ditch  and  redan,  facing  the  Molino 
(1(1  Rev.  General  Bravo,  of  independence- war  fame, 
cimmanded  here  a  garrison  reduced  by  desertion  to 
aliout  800  regular  troops,  of  which  250  were  posted  on 
the  summit  and  the  rest  in  the  grove  and  batteries.^^ 


Pillow  takes  possession  of  the  unoccupied  mill  at 
dawn  on  the  12th,  under  an  ineffective  fusillade  from 
the  grove,  and  at  the  same  time  the  southern  batteries 
open  lire.  Blazing  fuse  and  balls  whirl  fast  and  furi- 
ous against  the  castle,  crushing  throuixh  the  walls, 
and  scattering  dust  and  debris  upon  the  defenders. 
The  monumental  frame  begins  to  gape  in  ruins,  and 
even  the  girdling  j^arapet  is  torn  by  noisy  shells.  But 
like  a  lion  at  bay,  it  rises  in  defiance  and  roars  in 
prompt  reply,  a  counterpart  to  the  song  of  battle.  It 
is  a  music  of  the  spheres;  but  death  wields  the  baton 
beneath  a  lurid  cano[)y,  wherein  Valkyries  chant  the 
dread  refrain  while  watching  for  their  prey. 

The  aim  of  the  assailing  batteries  is  becoming  fear- 
i'lilly  precise  for  the  garrison  pent  up  abo^c  within 
the  narrow  space,  the  artillerists  suffering  so  severely 
that  toward  noon  several  of  the  cannon  are  silenced. ^'^ 
llut  the  din  and  crash  do  not  diminish,  for  Pillow 
s'izes  the  opportunity  to  place  the  battery  just  south 
of  the  mill,  so  far  held  in  check  by  the  summit  fire; 
and  now  the  bombardment  grows  fiercer  still,  through- 
out the  afternoon,  till  darkness  interferes. 

•"Ilis  list  eiinmerates  832  men.  I?n>joii,  .4.>y'(?(0, '205-8;  to  wliich  must  be 
aMt'd  cadets  and  irregulars.  Uescrtioii  luitl  roiUiccil  the  Toluca  battalion 
alone  from  4r>0  to  '27.  Jin^'amaiiti',  Iimt-fion,  M.S.,  12(5-;$.').  Santa  Anna  iii- 
i leases  the  foree  to  1,000  abovv;  and  500  in  the  grove.  Detail,  112-b'{;  Apuiit. 
lliM.  Gmrra,  307-8.  Anierieans  estimate  it  at  from  2.000  to  0,000.  For 
il  scriptions  and  views  of  Chainilteiicc,  consult  lUvira,  Mcx.  /'inf.,  i.  208  et 
Ni  q. ;  X..".  Me.r.  Gco(h  Dokt.,  viii.  lO.VO:  M  n.t<  o  .)r<.v.,  iii.212:  Ward's  Me.v.,  ii. 
-■'iil-2;  Muldciipfurdt,  M<x\,  ii.  3.*)3-t;  ^fal/(r'.1  .lA  .r.  (n  It  U'/i.<,  l.V)-7;  Klfoii'-i 
\yih  French,  3(J-42;  Kol'oiiilz.'^  Court  Met:,  18(i-94;   //«//"s  /.;/;■  Mer.,  14.')-7. 

*"  Uravo  states  that  he  had  only  three  pieces  left  with  which  to  reply. 

I  bi  ■<lip. 


'  ■fit) 


•I 


n\ 


510 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPFrAL. 


Despite  the  damage  inflicted,  the  enemy  had  gained 
httle  by  his  day's  work,  save  in  keeping  the  adversai  y 
in  doubt  as  to  his  real  intent.  Santa  Anna  there fuiu 
remained  inactive,  unwilhng  to  hazard  a  field  move- 
ment with  the  reserve.  Later  in  tlie  day  he  visit*  I 
the  castle  and  made  some  dispositions,  swelling  tlio 
force  in  the  grove  to  500  men."  Night  brinj^s  ,i 
cessation  of  hostilities,  but  no  repose.  The  noise  n[' 
[^reparations  for  the  portentous  morrow  resounds  (ni 
both  sides,  and  the  soldiers  rest  on  their  arms  watcli- 
ing  for  the  dawn.  Scott  has  issued  orders  for  an  a- 
sault  both  by  Pillow  and  Quitman,  led  by  two  pick*  I 
storming  parties  of  250  men  each,"  while  Worth  ai!- 
vances  in  closer  support,  and  Twiggs  throws  out 
Smith's  brigade  to  his  left  to  check  reenforcements 
from  the  city.  Early  on  the  13th,  the  batteries  bur-t 
forth  anew  in  lively  cannonade  along  the  south  front  oi 
the  capital  as  well  as  against  the  castle.  Meanwhil  - 
the  infantry  moves  into  position  for  the  fray.  Bra\  ) 
now  becomes  convinced  of  the  enemy's  object,  an  I 
sends  a  warning  message  to  Santa  Anna,  pointing  out 
the  need  for  supporting  the  hill  fortress;  but  the  lat- 
ter holds  aloof  with  other  views,  deceived  to  some  ex- 
tent b}'  a  feint  against  the  south-western  city  gates. 

Suddenh''  at  8  a.  m.,  the  roar  of  artillery"  ceases 
and  a  significant  silence  intervenes,  the  prelude  to 
another  struggle.  A  voltigeur  reyjiment  is  seen  to 
rush  from  the  crumbling  precincts  of  the  mill  and  llit 
along  the  southern  wall.  Its  goal  is  the  redan  i;i 
a  breach  of  the  wall  at  the  southern  end  of  the  in- 

*'  Leaving  all  in  good  condition,  as  he  claims,  while  boasting  of  the  risk  !  ,■ 
ran  from  bombs  and  shells  during  the  trip.  DelnU,  112.  This  is  snoen'd  :  : 
in  Apitnt.  Ifi.it.  Giwrra,  .311,  which  points  out  the  lack  of  a  head,  'creadn;  i 
organizadora,  directora.'  Bravo  claims  that  he  was  ordered  to  withu^-aW  in  a 
from  the  grove  to  the  summit,  but  overruled  so  bad  a  disposition.  DuMamaii'' . 
M(^m.  Ilht.  ^kx.,  MS.,  viii.  29  et  seq.  He  further  asked  for  other  troops  il«  • 
flaring  tlio  garrison  so  demoralized  as  to  be  worthless;  but  Santa  Anna  it- 
fused  to  cram  more  men  into  so  small  a  space, 

"  Chosen  resiiectively  from  the  veteran  divisions  of  Worth  and  Twig  :<. 
and  headed  by  McKcnzio  and  Casey.  Tills  efTort  failed  to  be  made  on  t.i' 
evening  of  the  12th,  because  the  preparations  were  not  complete.  Scoti's 
report,' in  U.  S.  Gort  Doc,  Cong.  .30,  Sci.  I,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  377-SO. 

*'^  A/iunt.  Hint.  Guerm,  loo.  cit. 


CHARGE  ON  THE  CASTLE. 


511 


oraincd 

,'crsarv 
erefoi'i.' 
inovi'- 
visitf  I 
ng  tlio 
[•iiigs  a 
:i()ise  nf 
inds  oil 
watcli- 
r  an  a-- 
I  pickcil 
)rth  atl- 
i\vs    out 
cements 
Bs  bur-t 
front  of 
lanwliilo 
Bravo 
pet,  and 
Iting  out 
the  lat- 
|omc  c\- 
o-atf-. 
cease  s 
lude  to 
[seen  to 
land  Hit 
idan  i.i 
.the  ill- 

Ithe  risk  ho 
Isueen'il  :.t 
'crca*lon 

hUi-a\V  IIKIl 

luata'n'-tK'' , 
]  troops  (.U  ■ 
Auua  ro- 

Id  Twiggy 
Icle  on  tlio 
Scoti's 


tronchments  that  fringe  the  western  slope  of  tlie 
oi'ove.  So  quick  is  the  advance  that  ere  a  second 
volley  can  be  delivered  the  voltigeurs  are  springing 
uver  ditches  and  paraj)ets,  and  falling  in  the  rear  of 
the  intrenched  line,  whose  defenders  are  occupied  by 
a  simultaneous  front  attack  by  the  fellow-regiment. 
Thus  surprised,  there  is  no  alternative  save  to  fall  back 
among  the  .sheltering  trees,  where  they  hold  f(^rtli 
a  while  against  the  ever-growing  numbers  brought 
u})  by  Pillow.  General  Perez  fldls  in  covering  the 
retreat,  but  Colonel  Xicotencatl,  worthy  descendant 
of  the  famed  Tlascaltec  chieftain,  rallies  +his  over- 
whelmed band  to  fresh  eftbrts  till  he  also  succumbs; 
and  then  they  break  at  the  foot  of  the  hill."  Now 
the  hill  batteries  direct  their  fire  into  the  very  srove, 
and  shot  and  shell  come  crashing  throuiifh  the  brandies, 
scattering  splinters  in  all  directions,  and  shaking  the 
heavy  nK»ss  that  hangs  like  stalactites,  or  even  felling 
some  ancient  ahuehuete  that  for  centuries  had  mutely 
jireached  the  nothingness  of  man. 

The  fire  from  the  hill  is  becoming  unendurable,  and, 
as  the  storming  party  is  still  delayed,  Pillow  orders  the 
trt)nt  line  to  take  its  place.  A  few  rounds  of  canis- 
ter and  a  fusillade  to  clear  the  way,  and  up  charge  the 
veltigeurs,  seekin-x  what  shelter  they  can  from  bowl- 
dels  and  projections  against  the  galling  rain  of  bullets. 
Several  officers  fall;  Pillow  himself  is  wounded;  and 
maddened  by  the  loss,  the  men  rush  blindly  on,  chang- 
iii'4  the  cry  of  *  Forward'  into  a  wild  veil  of 'Vengeance!' 

'    '  i/  I/O 

Ah!  the  beastliness  of  war!  Good  men  killing  good 
men;  patriots  hewing  down  patriots  as  if  each  re- 
garded the  other  as  poisonous  reptiles,  when  indeed 
there  is  no  personal  issue  between  them.  Fools  all, 
they  and  their  masters- -blinder  than  bats,  more  sense- 
less than  donkeys,  thus  to  feel  obliged  to  butcher 
each  other  a  while,  before  settUng  down  to  an  adjust- 

*'  Some  leave  the  impression  that  he  fell  on  the  summit,  but  he  coMmamleil 
the  reenforccmcnt  left  by  Santa  Auua  L"  i  "  grove.  A'oft  Bdrcena,  li'ecuenlon, 
4a3. 


u\ 


^  m\ 


\ 


t." 


612 


FALL  OF  Tlir:  CAl'ITAL. 


iiioiit  of  cliireroncos  on  some  plan  within  tlie  domain 
ul' reason!  But  what  have  wire-pulHn;^  pohticians  to 
tlo  with  right  or  rea.son?  What  care  olfice-seekors, 
men  who  s[)end  their  Hves  in  their  elForts  to  supplant 
others  and  gain  for  themselves  a  better  place — what 
do  they  care  who  and  how  many  are  killed  or  manulod 
and  buried  in  the  ditches  ? 

Xumbers  and  impetus  prevail;  the  redan  is  car- 
ried, and  so  closely  are  the  defenders  pursued  that 
the  otHcer  charged  to  lire  the  saucissons  of  the  mines, 
just  beyond,  waits  for  a  moment.  That  moment 
saves  the  pursuers.  He  is  disabled;*'^  the  saucisson^ 
are  destroyed,  and  the  rush  continues  to  the  crest  o[ 
the  hill.  Here  the  enemy  have  to  pause,  however, 
at  the  foot  of  the  parai)et,  from  which  grape  aiil 
bullets  now  pour  upon  them,  tearing  wide  gaps  in 
the  ranks. 

While  waiting  for  ladders,  they  crouch  back  behind 
rocks  and  into  hollows  which  have  been  neglected  hv 
the  engineers,  and  thence  begin  to  pick  off  artillerists? 
and  sharp-shooters  with  a  precision  so  terrible  as  soon 
ti)  silence  the  artillery  and  force  the  evacuation  of  tlie 
bastion  at  the  knee  of  the  front  ascent.  By  this  time 
Cadwalader,  who  had  replaced  the  wounded  General 
Pillow,  brings  up  the  ladders  and  fascines;  and  now 
there  is  a  rush  across  the  ditch  to  plant  the  ladders. 
The  musketry  fire  redoubles,  and  down  come  the  first 
climbers,  dead  and  disabled,  and  so  the  next  daring 
stormers;  but  assailants  cluster  thick  and  eager  at  the 
foot  to  take  the  vacant  places,  and  finally  they  gain  ;i 
foothold  on  the  j)ara]:>et.'"' 

A  resistless  nuniber  follows  across  the  vacated  priest- 
cap  and  into  the  precincts  of  the  yard,  joined  by  aii- 

*^  Bravo,  who  appears  too  ready  in  his  report  to  charge  subordinates  \vitl\ 
cowardice,  says  the  olBcer,  Alanian,  couUl  not  be  found  when  required;  liut 
American  accounts  state  that  lie  or  his  deputy  was  disabhnh 

^'^  Pillow  reports  tluit  Col  Johnstone  led  the  voltigeurs  foremost  up  the 
hill.  LicutsSelden,  Ilogers,  and  Smitli  were  iimoag  the  lirst  to  climl)and  Kill. 
Cant.  Barnard  was  the  tirst  to  plant  his  color.)  in  the  works,  and  so  on.  SiO 
U.  S.  Oc  ;t  Doc,  as  above,  p.  400  et  acq.  Fossey,  Jlrxlque,  IS'S,  claims  th.;t 
a  French  volunteer,  Dargonvillo,  pLiutcd  the  lirst  colors. 


FALL  OF  CIIAPULTEPEC. 


J13 


other  party,  M'hose  ascent  along  the  soiitli  side  has 
\irc\\  facilitated  by  a  top  tire  upon  its  hastion.  Li^ht 
lh)\\itzers  and  captured  guns  are  turned  Ujion  the  cas- 
llf  and  the  raised  terrace  along  the  eastern  vcr-jfc, 
miii'ding  their  thunder  with  the  sharp  ring  of  ritlcs, 
driving  the  defenders  from  the  windows  and  roofs 
and  foi'c'in<jf  them  over  the  walls,  while  coverin-jf  the 


ciiti'ance  o 


f  tl 


le  s 


tormers.     A  chance  shot  strikes  tl 


le 


>[a\\\  antl  the  castle  flag  bends  over;  but  the  next 
iiioinent  it  is  righted  again  by  sturdy  hands,  and  Ihit- 
tiis  forth  defiantly.     The  assailants  press  closer,  ho 


w 


(;\i 


r.  and  are  alreadv  in  hand-to-hand  conllict  within 


OSS   Ol 


t'.ie  citadel.  The  excitement  of  battle  and  the  1 
(Miiirades  seem  to  have  frenzied  them,  Ibr  thcv  I'a'^e 
v.ith  a  ferocitv  never  before  displaved  durin>_>'  the 
v.ar/  granting  little  or  no  quarter.  And  few  ask  it. 
Tlie  very  cadets,  mere  boys  of  fourteen  3'ears  and  up- 
wai'd,  tight  with  heroic  daring,  and  cheer  their  eldi'rs 
111.  as  thev  stand  at  bav  to  sell  their  lives  dearlv,  ban- 
idling  sombre'  premonitions  and  quailing  not  at  death. 
The  blooil  of  striplini>-  and  graybeard  mino-le  in  their 
ll  i\v.  and  l>ear  the  mournful  tidings  in  the  retl-tinged 
waters  of  the  aqueducts.  Finally  a  ]iarty  gaii^.s  the 
roof  and  strikes  the  Hag;  and  as  the  banner  of  the  in- 
vaders rises,  midst  deafening  huzzas,  a  change  sets  in. 
The  authoritative  voice  of  the  otHcers  prevails;  the 
^'laughter  stops;  the  vanquished  yield.  Bravo  surr^Mi- 
ders,  toijfether  with  four  o'cnerals  and  100  oth'.  r  -.f- 
liceis,  the  total  number  of  [)risoners  captured  on  and 
r.iund  the  hill  being  placed  at  800.*' 

Uililcy  attributes  it  to  the  killing  of  wounded  Amcrit'.Tiis  at  Moliuo  dvl 


;'y,  aftor  the  first  ropnlso  liy  Mi'siuana. 
*Aiid  tlio  total  of  Uilk'il,  wouml 
tiniatcd  O.OOl.).     riUow's  los.s  for  tin' 


ir. 


.-•'/,  JA 


ii.  4-: 


d.  and  prisiiiRTs  at  1,MX),  oat  of  the 


>'.  <,\,rf   Dm-.,  as  . 


later  notes. 


The  U 


p.  408. 


)lc  ilay 


IS  uivoti  a 


t  14: 


i; 


See 


list  in  '  'itrnn 


Xi 


'enerals  were  Monterde.  Noriei 


Do.- 


iOt  ia  /'. 

n;,  ISIS, 


IV. 

:iniantes,  anii 


Xi 


la.     Cano,   tl 


le  enuTineer 


it  the  woi 


k,   fell.      For    1 


louiM's  jii'eorile 


d   t: 


■iiteiuvitl  and  his  hraxo   .San  Ulas   hattali 


M, 


Co'.  I.I  I/.  1/  Ih 


is":i,  V.  •_'! 


IS;   /.';■(  /. 


J  irriiitt.  uin  sun. 


Santa 


la  eliar'.'e-  that  llr; 


hid 


1"  lore  the  close  of  the  iKittle,  and  was  found  in  a  diteli,  A)h  ,  1  l.'v,  'lUt  iioiio 
V.  ill  helieve  this  of  tlio  old  hero,  famed  for  his  hravory  arid  magnanimity  dur- 
ing the  war  of  1S10-'21.  He  was  certainly  vindicated  before  the  council  of 
war,  Gdinlnn,  [mpiii/  .  " 

Uui.  Mls.;  Vol.  V.    J3 


it,  < 


V       'Ml 


IK  n 


!! 


514 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


(}uitiiiaii's  division  and  storniint^f  P''iJ'ty  luid  also  ad- 
vanced to  tlic  assault,  aiming"  I'oi'  the  south-cast an^lc 
of  tliu  castlo  enclosure.  This  was  jirotocted  hv  a 
stroni^  hattery  under  the  conunand  oi'  llani^el,  who 
opcnei!  so  gallinj^  a  cannonade  and  fusillade  as  to 
break  the  lines  and  drive  them  for  shelter  undei-  sonic 
buildings  midway  to  the  i^'oal.  These  proved  of  little 
avail,  however,  against  the  heavy  metal  that  caiiic 
crashing  and  plunging  down  upon  them,  and  Icl't 
them  exposed  to  a  llank  lire  from  the  reserve  on  the 
causeways.  The  volunteer  regiments  in  sui)j)ort  wcic 
thereu})on  directed  to  cross  the  meadows  to  the  Kii 
and  c'ain  the  enclosure  through  the  southern  wall, 
while  Smith's  brigade  made  a  sweep  to  the  rigid  to 
check  the  causeway  troops  and  threaten  to  fall  in  the 
rear  of  Hangers  position,  two  of  the  boud)arding  bat- 
teries resuming  lire,  with  a  view  to  silence  the  oppo- 
nents in  some  degree  and  to  prepare  the  way  \^>y  a 
iresh  advance.  Smith's  mana;uvre  had  a  good  ellcct, 
and  the  volunteers  ii'ained  the  wall,  althoiiu'h  not  with- 
out  being  severely  cut  up  by  the  cross-iire.  Xow  the 
storming  ]>arty  made  another  rush,  followed  by  it> 
su]){)ort,  to  be  once  more  checketl  by  scathing  volKys; 
but  only  for  a  moment.  Pillow's  party  had  already 
cleared  the  terre-plein  of  the  hill,  and  was  beginniii;^' 
to  lire  on  the  rear  of  Rangel's  lines,  creating  a  divcM- 
sion  which  enabled  the  stormers  to  enter  the  battcrv. 
The  defenders  still  held  forth  in  gallant  fight,  at  close 
quarters,  with  bayonets  crossed  and  rilles  dubbed. 
But  the  rear  fire  grew^  heavier;  Bravo's  men  were 
spriiminu  and  slidinnf  down  the  eastern  declivitv  in 
disorderly  ilight,  closely  pursued,  and  Pefia  y  Barragan 
was  already  in  retreat  along  the  northern  road,  ])ressed 
by  a  considerable  force  from  Pillow's  and  Worths 
divisions,  whose  progress  had  been  facilitated  by  the 
summit  fire  on  the  barricade  in  this  direction.'"'    Thcie 

**Tlic  first  adxTincc  against  this  barricailcliail  bcon  checked  in  nearly  assf- 
vcrc  .1  manner  na  Quitman's.  IJotli  these  assaults  proved  ii  waste;  of  hlonj; 
fur  the  eapturc  of  the  costlo  by  Pillow's  division  involved  the  fall  of  the  bar- 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  BATTLE. 


51i 


("I 
I'll 


was  no  altcrnntivo  save  to  retreat,  and  this  Kann\l 
illectecl  in  atlniiraMe  fornialoii!;'  tlieA'eroMica  avenue, 
cuvciini^  at  tlie  same  time  tlie  retroufrade  movement 
of  Santa  Anna,  who  as  usual  appeared  witii  reentoree- 
iiieiits  when  too  late.  The  commander-in-ehiet*  made 
iij)  lor  tardiness  of  movement,  however,  hy  a  hrisk 
xolley  of  virtuous  indignation  aujainst  the  'inlanious 
iiduct'  of  those  who  had  iiermitted  the  eastle  to 
11.  The  cavalry  leader  was  too  far  away  to  reeeiv*; 
Ills  share  of  com[)limonts  in  all  their  fresjiness.  lit; 
v.as  besides  absorbeil  just  tiuMi  in  an  elaborate  pirou- 
clto  on  the  enemy's  left,  sutliciently  bevond  ran-'e 
to  combine  safety  with  healthful  exercise. 

Worth  and  Quitman  halted  merely  to  re-form  their 
columns,  and  then  hasti-ned  onward  in  pursuit,  the 
foi'incr  alonuj  the  Veronica  cause" wav,  the  other  on 
ihe  Uelen,  supportetl  by  Smith  and  subse(]uently  i)y 
rierce.  Both  approaches  presented  a  double  road- 
way, ilivided  by  an  aqueduct  of  strong  masonry,  with 
open  arches  and  massive  abutments  tliat  ati'orded  slu-l- 
trr  against  missiles,  es[)ecially  to  the  pursuers.  Scott 
(!i's])atclied  heavy  ordnance  to  both  (hvisions,  partly 
fidin  Twiggs'  line,  which  gradually  ceased  its  can- 
nonade. The  heaviest  recnforcemeuts  were  sent  to 
Worth;  for  the  San  Cosme  apjjroach,  as  farther  from 
the  scene  of  l)attlo,  was  regarded  as  the  least  protected. 
And  this  was  verified  already  at  the  works  covering  the 
junction  of  the  Veronica  and  San  Cosme  roatls,  which 
possessed  not  a  single  gun.°"  Beyond,  however,  rose 
a  barricade  from  which  Worth's  advance  was  driven 


J  s'fi 


ricMck's  ami  batteries  below.  Quitman  claiina  to  luivo  obtained  7  cannon, 
1,000  nuisketa,  and  5")0  prisonerH,  including  100  olHcers,  in  the  works.  IIin 
iriioit  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  ubi  sup.,  p.  41.'?.  Sec  also  \Vorth'.s  report,  /(/.,  p. 
.'>'.i|-'J.  Semuics,  Cdmpai'jii,  ',Ui,  i)ays  a  triliute  to  the  bravery  of  the  norib 
s-iilc  parties.  The  reports  of  ll;iiigel  and  SaiiUi  Anna,  Ihlall,  1 14,  etc.,  sliow 
that  Quittuaii  did  not  carry  the  battery  till  the  top  lire  drove  the  delenders. 
i;aiij,'erH  conduct  is  praised.  Apuitt.  Hint.  diifiTd,  .'lUi. 

•'"At  this  point,  S.anto  Tonia.s,  Col  Raniiro  rallied  a  force  and  aon^'ht  to 
capture  Magruder's  battery,  which  was  in  advance  of  its  support,  but  Ma- 
j-iuder  unlindiered  his  pieces  in  time  to  save  tbcni  with  a  decisive  volley. 
A^'iiiit.  Jlkt.  (Juerra,  320. 


i    ^W'\ 


mi 


510 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


back  and  kopt  in  clierk  till  artillerv  could  1)0  l)rouL,dit 
lip.  With  this  and  the  iiniskcti'v,  so  lively  a  Htv  was 
tht'rciijxin  opened  tVom  the  harricade  and  houses  as  to 
eonipK'tely  swi-ej)  the  I'oad,  and  prevent  even  the  plac- 
iiii^  of  cannon  at  the  abandoned  works  near  the  junr- 
tioi).  'I'o  ])iish  onward  seemed  iiiij)ossible;  but\Vortli 
ordered  the  l)ii;4'a(les  of  Clarke  and  (Jarland  into  the 
buildiiiLCs  which  lined  the  road  on  either  side,  and 
made  them  hew  their  way  throun"h  the  walls  witli 
l>ick  and  (•i-()wd)ar.  When  the  men  were  sutticieiitly 
advanced  tor  a  tlank  fire,  a  howitzer  was  hoisted  to  a 
I'oot' and  broui^ht  to  bear  ui)on  the  barricade,  com[)'l- 
]'iu<^  its  evacuation.'^  Some  of  the  retreatiuLi^  troop-; 
jH'iietrate  duiinj^'  the  contusion  into  the  city,  but  San1  i 
Anna  appears  in  time  to  rally,  and  i-cturniiiL;'  \vit!i 
them  to  the  n'ate  he  atones  somewhat  for  his  ])rovious 
nejulect  by  ]irompt  dispositions  and  aid.  The  assail- 
ants mine  their  way  with  ini[)unity,  however,  main- 
taininn"  from  windows  and  a/oti-'as  a  fu^il'.adt'  of  terii- 
ble  volume  and  accuracy.  Hy  five  o'clock  they  have 
burrowed  their  way  almost  to  the  gate  fortress,  un- 
st'cn  vet  not  noiseless,  for  midst  the  din  and  excite- 
ment  can  bt;  heard  the  dull  thud  of  battering  bea!ii<. 
Mith  the  cracking  of  timber  and  the  crunil)rmgof  wall-. 
Now  a  light  gun  is  advanced  to  the  cajitured  barricade, 
at  a  run  through  the  bullet  shower,  ond  then  ]^n\\v< 
against  the  szate  the  responsive  roar  of  tin 


;"ee  nu'ce 


one  located  as  if  in  mockery  upon  San  ( "osme  chui'cli. 
While  attention  is  thus  centied  on  the  iVont,  the 
roofs  of  the  adioininu"  buildinirs  suddenly  heave  with 
a  living  mas.s.  The  next  moment  comes  a  witheriii''' 
discharge  from  a  line  of  rities  on  either  tlank,  uiuler 
cover  of  which  storming  parties  rush  at  a  signal  from 
their  retreats.  So  rapid  is  the  movement  and  such  the 
onslaught  from  different  sides  that  the  works  are  scaled 
nnd  lines  formed  l)efore  the  defenders  recover  iVcin 
the  shock.     The  reserve,  however,  is  still  j)repared  te 


"  Hangel  feared  a  flauk  movement  from  cross-roads.  Tcrccra  Brhj.,  4,  etc. 


•WORTH,  QflTMAX,  AND  TF,nn!':>!. 


517 


dispute  furtlu'r  prci^'-i'css,  and  falls  into  jtositidii  i*^  ri\\\y 
tlic  lirokuii  raidcs.  .)iist  thru  a  luij^dc  sound  is  iK-ai'tl, 
iiitt'iidt'd  to  ri-rall  oiu- of  llu,- corps  fVoni  an  exposed 
puint.  It  is  inisinterprt'ted,  and  tin-  wliolo  jnu.ss  i-o- 
cfdi's,  cjuickcni'cl  l»y  rakiiiu  volleys  iVoni  the  lost  i^uns 
\\nw  tui'iied  upon  it  hy  the  vietors.  Santa  Anna  hapt- 
ens I'orward  with  retinroi'eenicnts;  hut  it  is  too  late, 
and  he  can  only  direct  the  movement  toward  the  cita- 
drl/'^  The  aj)pi'oachinL;'  darkui'ss  tends  to  stay  the 
pursuers,  ami  Worth  estahhshes  his  heatl»juarters  just 
iii>ido  the  u'ate."* 


(Quitman's  division  liad  distiui^uishod  itself  hy  a 
mure  i-ap'o  pro<^'ress,  the  cost  of  which,  however,  tar 
outueighed  the  result.  Although  his  orders  were  to 
advance  cautiously  with  the  main  ohjcct  of  keeping 
up  a  diversion,  he  allowed  himself  to  he  impetuously 
Kil  onwartl.  J le  received  his  first  chei-k  at  l*uente  de 
I' IS  Insurgentes,  a  I'edouht  forming  part  of  tlu-  in- 
ticnched  line  toward  San  Cosnie;  hut  an  opjvoi'tuni; 
llaidc  fire  by  Worth's  division  enahled  him  to  ci'oss  it 
and  push  onward,  his  men  s[)ringing  from  arch  to  arch 
under  the  acjueduct,  and  seizing  every  opportunity  to 
deliver  a  volley.      As  they  approached  the   foi'tilied 


ate  of  J-)elen,  (jrcneral  Terr 


es,  wlio  commaiK 


led  1 


lei'e, 


hi iiiight  them  to  a  momentary  halt  with  a  succession 
el'  lound  shot,  gra|)e,  and  nnisketry,  which  cut  terrihly 
into  all  who  wei'e  not  sheltered."'  J)uring  the  intei-- 
vals,  however,  they  crej)t  nearer,  and  shortly  al'ter  oi 


i(> 


II  lioeR 


th 


le  u'ate  was  carried  bv  a  simultaneous  am 


It; 


eNcrwhelnumr  rus 


h.      T 


ei-res 


fell    1 


)ack  wi 


th  1 


lis  smal 


I'li'ce,  raked  by  one  of  his  own  guns  now  tui'iied  upon 
liiiii,  aiul  so   closely  pressed   that  it   was   feared  the 


thei 


pursuers  would  push  their  way  with  his  own  men  into 


th 


'-'M;ni!,'Ll  is  not  lilamcil  eitlie 


O.hl,    J,'. 


■do 


i'lcll- 


'ov,  r)0"J,  or  liy  Siuitii  Ai 


r  111  .l/iiiii 


t.   H\st.   ( 


iHiri-K,  ,VJ:J.,  Ill 


I!.,.  I  n 


UK! 


]>i:t(ill,    118,  who  i)i\ii»c's  liim,   'la 


I.  .  .sostiiiiii  con  valor.'     Kaiigcl  plcad.s  iii.suiiiciciicy  of  troops.  Ti 


I^ri;/..  ]-[).     Oi 


Twiiri.'-;"  iniua 


lu  gnu  was  taken  ali 


ulo  Ik'Iiij,'  ortlcMVil  t;)  join  linn 


'''  A  corps  was  al.io  moved  out  to  ilulivcr  a  tlank  lire  npon  them  from  the 
JiUh-west,  but  this  received  a  prompt  cheek  from  their  artillery. 


j-rf 


■Jfi 


w 


!i:  i 


.:  I 


51S 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


the  citadel.  Just  then  Santa  Anna  appeared  on  the 
scene  with  reenforcements  drawn  from  other  points, 
and  rallied  them.  '  Coward  I'  he  cried  to  Terres,  and 
wrought  up  by  excitement  he  pounced  upon  him, 
struck  his  face,  and  tore  off  his  insignia.^''  Guns  were 
quickly  planted  on  thepaseo;  the  citadel  was  strength- 
ened, and  troops  took  position  around,  directing  sd 
withering  a  discharge  upon  the  invaders  as  to  compel 
Jiem  to  recede,  shattering  the  captured  works  and 
silencing  its  artillery,^®  yet  not  attempting  to  drive 
Quitman  beyond  the  gate. 

The  firing  continued  till  nightfall,  when,  under  cover 
of  darkness,  the  enemy  hastened  to  plant  a  heavy  bat- 
tery with  which  to  shell  the  citadel  on  the  morrow. 
Worth  did  the  same,  while  preparing  to  push  into  the 
heart  of  the  city  with  the  first  gleam  of  morning. 
His  battery  being  quickly  in  line,  he  resolved  to  ini- 
jircss  the  inhabitants  witli  a  sense  of  the  impending- 
danger,  by  sending  into  their  midst  an  instalment 
of  shot  and  shell.  It  was  a  severe  but  salutary  les- 
son. A  whole  city  followed  with  awe-stricken  faces 
tlie  flight  of  the  portentous  missiles  as  they  tracked 
the  sky  with  trails  of  fire,  and  sank  behind  the  dented 
fringe  of  buildings  to  scatter  desolation  and  blend  tht'ir 
verberatinGr  ramble  with  acronizino;  shrieks  of  startled 
women  and  bereaved  families.  Tlie  effect  proved  de- 
cisive. 

At  eio^ht  o'clock  a  council  of  war  was  form i no-  n.t  the 
citadel  to  discuss  the  situation.  Santa  Anna  showed 
that  the  army  was  wholly  demoralized,  partly  from  laek 
of  amnmnition  and  other  means,  and  because  of  overdue 
wages  and  insufficient  rations.     The  force  had  greath' 

Tij  Xcrn's  explains  that  Santa  Anna  had  most  unaccountably  loft  hiiu  a 
force  whollj'  insuiUcient  for  the  <l)fcncc;  but  in  Apuiit.  JlUt.  Giterra,  li'JO, 
ho  is  iicoiisod  of  liavinLj  al)an(l(incil  tho  gate  before  the  enemy  entered  it,  ami 
Santa  Anna,  says  that  lie  compelled  his  subordinate,  Argiielles,  to  abandon  it 
aijainst  hia  will.  He  also  asks  how  he  became  a  prisoner  after  tho  battl(\ 
A/kI.,  117.  CJamboa,  '  •i/nnj.,  5o-(j,  shows  tliat  TcrriVs  was  absolved  by  a 
later  council  of  war,  ana  (loa  Bdrccna,  I'cciicrdoi^,  49."),  adds  that  fSanta  Anna 
repaired  hia  injustice  in  183.1  with  rank  and  pension. 

''"Several  details  of  gunners,  aa  weli  aa  Drum,  tlioir  commander,  bcini; 
killed.  Quitman's  report,  in  if,  S.  Govt  Doc,  loc,  cit..,  p.  41j-10. 


THE  AMERICANS  ENTER  THE  CITY. 


619 


diniinishccl,  without  prospects  of  filling  the  gaps.  The 
citadel  would  soon  be  batti^red  down,  and  perhaps  the 
entire  city,  to  bur}''  in  its  ruins  thousands  of  in- 
nocent victims.''^  It  was  accordingly  resolved  to 
evacuate  the  capital.  The  cavalry,  numbering  4,000, 
was  at  once  despatched,  and  5,000  infantry  I'ollowed 
lifter  midnight,  the  militia  and  irregulars  being  dis- 
solved." 

About  ane  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  14th  a 
doj)utation  from  tiie  city  council'''  presented  itself  at 
Worth's  headquarters,  and  being  directed  to  Scott  at 
Tacuba^'a,  demanded  of  him  guarantees  for  life  and 
property."'  Scott  refused  to  bind  himself  to  any 
terms,  except  h'jch  as  were  imposed  by  honor  and 
customary  usage's,"^  and  Worth  hastened  to  affirm 
possession  by  advancing  at  dawn  to  the  alameda, 
while  Quitman,  after  receiving  a  wliite  flag  from  the 
citadel  and  occupying  it,  marched  to  the  central 
s(]uare  and  hoisted  over  the  palace  the  stars  and 
stripes,  the  first  foreign  colors  to  Haunt  within  And- 


"Ile  as  usual  cliargcs  loudly  cowartlico  and  insubordination,  and  adds  that 
tlic  men  had  no  food.  '  En  aqucl  dia.  (juc  no  habiau  probado  alimcnto;  (juo 
til  ouatro  auterioio3  sc  los  ilouian  loa  .--ooiirros.'  Detail,  ll!)-"2().  (ianiboa  du- 
iiics  thu  lack  of  food  and  aniniunition,  and  shows  that  (rdvernor  Ola^'uibul 
sii.'^cstc'd  that  the  views  of  ministers  and  citizens  should  lie  consulted  hoforo 
!io  ;,'ravo  a  st<!p  as  evacuation  should  bo  resolved  uiioii,  in  face  of  an  enemy 
inferior  in  number.  Im/ni'j.,  oT-i).  Carrera,  commanding  tlio  urtilleiy,  be- 
heved  a  defence  to  bo  useless,  and  so  did  generals  Aleoita,  i'erez,  and  Lombar- 
dini,  allliough  the  latter  objected  at  first.  Fuvtiior  diseussiim  was  stjivpcd 
liy  Santa  Anna  declaring  for  evacuation.  Aptiiit.  //int.  Giwrra,  3'J.'l-4.  Tlie 
Bcliolar  Ramirez  mentions  a  curious  incident.  Wliile  making  historical  ex- 
tiucts  a  bomb  fell  upon  his  liouse  and  interrupted  him  at  p.  SO  of  the  .MS., 
Ii:)uiid  by  me  in  tiio  collection  Diir.,  Doc.  Jlist.;  on  pp.  02-70  are  marginal 
notes  bearing  on  tliese  war  operations. 

•''"And  a  portion  of  the  gairisou  at  the  remote  gates  was  forgott'jn.  Some 
of  the  militia  objected  to  such  passive  yielding.  tJamhoa  points  'mt  that 
Santa  .Vnna  had  still  13,001)  or  14,000  men  at  his  command,  incli.ding  proba- 
lily  tlie  militia.  Iloa  Barcei;a  condenms  thu  abandonment  before  guarantees 
hacl  liecn  sought  for  the  city,  limwrdoi^,  r)0l{-4. 

'''Names,  etc.,  in  Monitor,  Sept.  US,  1847. 

""With  tlio  safety  of  their  institutions,  and  the  privileM  for  the  ayunta- 
iiiirnto  to  control  tlio  revenue,  maintain  armed  patrols,  and  float  the  national 
Hag. 

'''  'And  the  spirit  of  the  ago,'  on  the  ground  '  tliat  the  city  had  been  virtu- 
ally in  our  possession  from  the  time  of  tho  lodgments  elFected  by  Worth  and 
Quitman.'  ScotCs  Itcport,  383,  loc.  eit. 


if!  II 


m 


) 


C20 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


Kii 

ll 


I 


I 


huac's  capital  since  Cortus  planted  his  banner  upon 
the  ruins  oC  Tenochtitlan."" 

Scott  nuule  his  cjntry  during  the  forenoon  at  the 
head  of  a  brilliant  suite  and  an  imposing  force,  niid.Nt 
a  dense  gathering  of  sj)ectators  who  lined  the  streets 
and  azoteas  and  lilled  the  balconies,  in  some  of  whieli 
Were  white  Hags  and  foreign  colors,  in  protestation  of 
peace  and  protection.  Yet  even  along  this  main  line 
of  the  march,  houses  with  closed  shutters  stared  t!io 
invaders  coldly  in  the  face,  as  did  many  a  quarter  of  thi> 
city  with  its  bleak,  deserted  aspect.  And  no  welcome 
glance  or  cheering  sound  mingled  with  the  music  of  the 
march.  All  around  was  chilling  silence,  emphasizeJ 
in  i'rigid  or  frowning  looks,  and  relieved  here  and 
there  only  by  glances  of  curiosity  or  a  j)assing  gleam 
of  admiration  at  the  imposing  figure  and  benevolent 
mien  of  the  victori(His  general.  J  n  this  lay  more  tliaii 
mere  sillenness,  which  in  itself  tended  to  rouse  a  coun- 
ter-irritation among  the  invaders,  with  an  unpleasant 
disnlav  of  ar;'ogance  and  lirunken  disorder.  The  Ie<l- 
ing  became  marked  as  the  soldiers  dispersed  in  sear'/li 
of  quarters,  and  every  insolent  act  or  gesture  added 
fuel  to  the  lire,  till  it  burst  I'orth  in  a  det<.'i'mined  u])- 
rising  of  the  Mexicans,  prompted  especially  by  (h-^- 
banding  militiamen.  The  lirst  shot  \\'as  aimcvl  at  a 
crowd  of  ofticers  clustering  round  General  Worth. 
This  was  followed  by  a  scatteriiig  fusillade  in  ditfei'eiit 
directions,  and  by  slK)Wei.s  of  stones  from  the  rools. 
The  onslaun'ht  resulted  in  stn'cral  deaths  and  a  lar  >■  > 
number  of  wounded  for  the  invaders.  Scott  rerog- 
nized  the  danger  of  allowing  sucih  a  movement  to  gaiii 
strength  in  a  large   and  populous  city,  where  every 

'■^  Worth's  adherents  cluirgo  Scott,  not  alone  with  niisqnotint;  th(:  ivimrt 
of  their  favorite  iuordtr  to  lessen  hU  aejiieveinent,  hi'.i,  mil  hitterlj*  at  tlu 
pi'cfurenee  j,'i\e:i  to  Q.iitnian  on  this  oeeasion,  when  \\  orth  hail  a  \muv  ri^'lu, 
Ijy  \  iituo  of  his  capturing  the  central  ;;ato  wliici;  left  tho  city  at  his  nierey, 
while  (^tiiitnian  hail  l)i^en  icinilsel  ami  kejit  !il  i)ay  before  the  citadel.  Sciii- 
nios,  (''iiiijinii/.i,  ;{4!)  oj,  is  anvi^'  W,,;  Lhsadlierents,  tjuitnian  could  claiiaa 
certain  ri,i,'ht  liy  his  eaily  eaptnreof  IJeleii  gati\  Theijuestion  readied  the  con- 
gress, and  is  fully  ('onsidereil  in  lliMonj  of  Nais'iii'i  the  Fl(  ;i  id  Mixiro;  IIoik- 
toil's  lii-jHirt;  r.  S.  (I'oi-f.  JJc,  Cono'.  30,  iScs.  1,  Sen,  llcpta  31;  /(/.,  Coug.  30, 
ties.  1,  Sen.  liu^ita  SU8-10. 


FIGHTING  IX  THE  CITY.  521 

building  formed  a  stronghold,  with  a  redoubtable  gar- 
ris<»u  ill  every  family.  The  .sinallness  of  his  I'oreo 
eouijielled  him  to  take  j)rompt  and  severe  measures. 
Artillery  was  at  once  brought  out  to  sweep  the  dilfcr- 
ciits  streets  with  gra[)e  and  canister,  and  to  hatter 
down  houses  from  which  missiles  came,  while  troo[)s 
charged  the  crowds  and  stormed  the  dwellings. 

The  long-feared  horrors  of  a  siege  had  come  at  Inst 
ii)  .<  ^gravated  form,  intensified  by  outrages  on  tlio 
])art  of  criminals  whom  Santa  Anna  had  released 
before  his  departure,  with  a  view,  as  many  declared, 
(if  occupying  the  enemy  and  retarding  pursuit.*^  The 
contusion  was  swelled  to  a  panic  by  alarmed  families 
who  hastened  to  leave  the  city,  or  who  crowded  the 
churches  to  imi)lore  protection  from  the  virgin.  Santa 
Anna  sent  some  trt)ops  to  give  direction  to  the  out- 
break, but  they  were  too  few  to  effect  anything. 
The  Mexicans  wasted  their  valvar  in  barren  achieve- 
ments, that  stood  relieved  for  a  moment  by  noble  gal- 
lautrv,  onlv  t;)  sink  the  ni.'xt  into  oblivion.  All  day 
the  city  trembled  before  the  roar  of  cannon  and  the 
flash  of  musketry,  which  changed  from  one  (piarter  to 
another.  Night  brought  no  respite;  tV)r  altliough  the 
battle  lessened,  darkness  magnified  the  din.  now  swelled 
by  the  tramp  of  noisy  soldiers,  while  bandits  crept 
within  the  sliadows  of  the  walls  upon  their  kindred 
errand.  Ivirlv  on  the  lath  a  tow  enthusiasts  bej^au 
anew  the  conflict;  but  the  earnest  proclamations  of 
the  ayuntamiento  had  their  effect,  sustaineil  by  t'.ie 
imposing  demonstrations  of  Scott  to  carry  out  his 
threat  of  razinn'  every  l)ui]din<'-  that  revealed  a  bos- 
tile  movement.  With  the  risiuuf  of  the  sun  the 
struL'U'le  ceased. ''' 


'"'  Hut  Scott  w;is  too  weak  to  risk  tlic  daiiLjers  of  a  pursuit.  Ho  twtiiiKites 
the  ix'k'ascil  ciiniiiials  at 'J, 00;),  who  wore  iutout  on  phuulcr  ihiriui,'  tlie  tumult 
roused  liy  imjielliiig  national  liatreil.  V.  S.  Gorf  JJm\,  ji.  .'I'S;!  t,  ubi  siip. 
Zaiiiacoi.i  deuioa  tliat  Santa  Auua  reloasetl  convicts  for  tlio  purpose  imlicatcd. 
//'-^  Ml  J.,  xii.  844  .').  Ro;i  iJareena,  I'lrinrilun,  5()7,  avows  tliat  patriot-) 
.stirred  tlie  tuuiult;  I'oused  l)y  tliu  ar'pL.aucc  of  tlie  victors,  .i-i  explained  i.i 
A/):iiit.  Jli^f.  Udcrrii,  Itjij-T,  tlie  promoter  Lein.,' Col  Carbajal  of  the  guardia 
nacimial.     (Jarland  wa:<  woundi'd  l)y  tlie  first  shot. 

"Suvcii*!  wiiteid  eoudcmn  tlu  proui^uaood  cU'orta  of  tlic  wealthy  to  check 


I 


V 


|IM    ; 


522 


FALL  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


The  valley  campaign  was  eiulod,  at  a  cost  to  tlio 
victors  of  more  than  2,700  killed  and  woundeil,  be- 
sides the  sick.  This  h(^avy  inroad  upon  a  force  of 
11,000  speaks  well  for  the  resistance  of  the  Mexicans, 
as  do  their  losses,  estimated  by  Scott  at  over  7,000.''^ 
Their  lack  of  success  must  be  attributed  first  of  all  to 
bad  generalship,  which  permitted  the  unchallenged 
advance  of  Scott  across  the  range  and  round  Chalco 
Lake;  whicli  depended  too  much  on  certain  positions  in 

the  popular  outburst,  and  their  offeusivc  display  of  flags  for  protection. 
Others  cxug;;erate  the  cruel  conduct  of  tlic  invaders,  while  admittin;^  th:,t 
the  worst  outrages  on  their  side  were  committed  by  renegades  from  i'uebl.i 
who  tore  along  witli  rcd-baniled  hats.  A/iiinl.  i/M.  Giurra,  ',i'2S—i'2.  Koa 
Baicena,  however,  applauds  Scott's  attitude  as  really  humane  under  the  cir- 
cumstances, llcciifnlof,  611,  and  believes  with  Zamacois,  IliM.  M'j.,  xii.  Sl!>, 
that  another  army  might  have  behaved  worse.  Even  the  permission  by  Scoic 
to  ravage  hostile  localities  was  acted  upon  with  great  limitation.  Rlplrii'H  Wur 
trith  Mcjc.,  ii.  414.  Peterson  points  to  the  deeds  of  the  English  at  Badaji/ 
and  Sau  Sebastian  as  horrible  compared  with  the  worst  isohited  cases  lure. 
MIL  //i  rocs,  ii.  \'2(i.  Stragglers  continued  to  be  killed  by  hiwlcss  ^Icxicans. 
Scmines'  Camp<ii>jii,  355;  Mex.  War,  bi/  Ei><jli,<h  Soldirr,  'JOl-'J.  Adtlition:d 
details  in  Monitor,  Sc])t.  15,  1847,  etseq. ;  Arco  Iris,  Sept.  'JO,  1S47;  (<V'(.  ../' 
Lih.,  .Sept.  '25,  1847;  Sonoreiixe,  Oct.  1,  1847,  etc.,  whicli  speak  of  plunder- 
ing leperos,  of  girls  cc '.'  .'Cting  stones,  etc. 

6i  Together  with  3, 7."iO  prisoners,  one  seventh  being  officers,  including  l;> 
gonerals,  among  them  3  ex-presidents.  The  capture  embraced  more  than  '.'i) 
colors  and  standards,  75  pieces  of  ordnance,  besides  57  wall-pieces,  'JO.OJ.t 
sni.ill  arms,  an  immense  (piantity  of  sliot,  shells,  powder,  etc.  His  rep,)-  is  ia 
6'.  S.  Oovl  Dor.,  Cong.  30,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1,  p.  384-5.  Yet  the  report  of  tho 
inspector-general  adds  only  1,330  military  prisoners  to  those  taken  bctore  St'jii. 
7c!i,  whereof  S23on  tlie  I3th  and  14ih.  /(/.,  p.  430-1.  For  list  of  captured  (liii- 
cjrs,  see  Arrhivo  Mix.,  Actaf,  ii.  374-89.  Some  accounts  i)laee  Scott's  lo.ss 
in  the  valiey  at  4,Gi)0  rank  and  lilo,  i)3-100  otticers,  and  about  1 ,000  sick.  Xn- 
ci-ji'd/,  Bolvtlii  and  Soiion'n.<r,  tho  latt^'r  of  Nov.  I'J,  1847.  Scott  gives  iUe 
casualiies  among  liis  oiUccrs  at  383,  an<l  tiic  losses  on  the  13th  and  14th  :'.t; 
SoJ.  Ivoa  15;ircena  assumes  that  300  of  his  men  sutlered  from  the  tuinilt 
alone.  See  also  reports  in  (J.  S.  Gont  Doc,  t'ong.  31,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  Ex.  1 1 ;  Id., 
MfM.  and  Doc,  1817-4S,  ii.  app.  l-'23lj.  Details  and  comments  in  linxhi- 
inuiU',  Inviin-tion,  MS.,  87-152;  Id.,  Mom.  Jlint.,  vii.  1  -'2,37;  viii.  27-35,  the  ;;u- 
tograph  records  by  this  venerable  historian,  wlio  witnessed  many  of  the  seenr;. 
J).(trn>  K.vact.  Mex.,  MS.,  (jl-5,  gives  a  diary  of  occurrences  in  tlio  eapi:al 
during  t!ie  siege;  and  Itayon  adils  many  valuable  facts  from  a  military  staud- 
poiat,  \n  Asi'dio  !/  D('f(ii.i<t,  157-2ti8,  with  orders  and  correspoudence.  A'.sk 
Iiin  ni,  ///>/.  Jalapii,  iii.  1)34-50,  iv.  5  (;t  seep  Observations  by  medical  men, 
i:i  Vniidci-  Linden,  HeL;  Id.,  Mem.  Siiiid.  Mil.,  pt  3.  Oihcial  reports  of  the 
c;:[)ture  of  Mexico,  in  vl)-co  /r/.i,  Sept.  10-10,  Oct.  3-4,  U),  15,  Nov.  18-2J. 
Dec.  II,  1847,  with  estimates  of  losses;  ( 'orcro  A^ftc ,  Dec.  10-11,  1847;  A''- 
c );((((/oc,  Nov.  24,  1817;  Oen.  Lib.,  Oct.  10,  1847;  aho  ^fonifol•,  F<i/cndi'<l'i, 
L\hi:  I'lih.  Moreliano,  Sonoren.ie,  and  other  journals;  S<:eiU'.->  Me)u.,  50S  IT; 
J/,'.9/jinv/',<  I'uchcro,  103-'20;  Jen  lei, is'  Mr,-.  War,  427-31;  Addei/'.i  MeCli  l/a,i, 
31-85,  giving  tho  share  of  tliis  rising  ollicer  in  tlio  campaign;  Front's  I'i'l- 
Hid.  J/r'.r.,  570-90;  Jlai/er's  Mex.  A:Jer.,  i.  415-10;  tSemines'  Scrrice  Atlvii, 
400 -7i>;  Vonn'f.'i  Hid.  Me.i:,  534-7;  Zamarols,  Hid.  MeJ.,  xii.  S08-4(};  //<• 
vera,  Gob.  Mvx.,  li,  332-7;  Perez,  Dice,  ii.  473-85;  llilbotin,  Jurasioii,  120. 


ERRORS  OF  THE  MEXICANS. 


523 


tlio  blind  hope  that  the  enemy  would  fall  into  traps; 
which  manifested  itself  in  the  insubordination  and 
neglect  of  Valencia,  the  inaction  of  Santa  Anna  at 
Padierna  and  his  lack  of  firmness  and  provision  in  sub- 
sequent encounters,  and  in  the  remissness  of  Alvarez. 
Other  causes  are  found  in  the  defective  orsxanization 
and  rawness  of  the  troops,  mostly  composed  of  inex- 
perienced recruits  and  militia,  and  sup[)lied  with  infe- 
rior arms,  circumstances  that  swell  the  glory  of  the 
defence  at  Cliurubusco,  Molino  del  Rev,  and  Chapul- 
tcpec.'^« 

'"'  Scott's  victories,  while  brightened  by  the  stanchness  and  moderation  of 
his  iirmy,  iire  somewhat  iliiuincil  by  costly  sacrilious,  duo  to  dilatory  inovo- 
iiifiits  ami  neglect  of  opportunities,  and  by  allowing  an  astute  02>ponent  to 
circuuivent  him, 


i 


■ 


CHAPTER  XX. 

END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 

1847-1348. 

Santa  Anna's  Admim.stration — Anaya's  First  Tehm — Fkdf.rai.  ('()\?<ti- 
TUTioN  Restdkki) — Static  of  (IrEUKEuo — Sania  Anna  RKSKiNs— 1'uks- 
iDF.NT  PeSa  and  ms  Ekeori's  for  Peace — Invader's  Rule  and  Oi'eu- 
ATioNs — Santa  Anna  Deprived  of  Command — Anaya  Again  President 
— PeSa  Srt'CEEDs— I'eace  Policy  Continped— Internal  Distiiumncks 
— War  of  Races  in  Yi  catan — Treaty  with  the  United  Spates,  wmh.-k 
Forces  Evacuate  Mexico — Gains  and  Losses — Evils  of  the  War— 
Paredes'  Revolution — End  of  PeSa's  Administration, 

Soon  after  Santa  Anna  a,ssuinecl  the  executive 
office,  he  f'ornied  what  may  properly  be  called  a  sciui- 
parlianientarv  cabinet,  the  inini.ster.s  beino-  Manuel 
Baranda,  of  relations;  Josd  Ignacio  Gutierrez,  of  wai' ; 
Juan  Kondero,  of  the  treasury ;  and  F.  Suarez  Iriartc, 
of  justice.  Coni^ress  authorized  him,  under  cei'taiii 
restrictions,^  to  borrow  twenty  million  dollars.  T\\o 
Farias  law  of  January  lltli  against  clerical  property 
was  revoked. 

Santa  Anna's  sta}"  at  the  capital  was  short;  with 
the  authorization  of  the  legislative  body  he  took 
command  of  the  national  arnis,  (General  Pedro  ]\taria 
xVnaya  being  named  his  substitute;,'^  and  taking  charge 
of  the  presidency  on  the  2d  of  A))ril.^ 

'  lie  was  not  to  sell  any  portion  of  the  luitioiiiil  territory,  neither  Wca*-  lie  t) 
levy  t'oreud  loans,  nor  sei;:c  priviito  pi'opei'ty  witliout  compensation,  nor  cm;  r 
into  caiitnicts  for  foreign  colonization.  J/r.f.,  Cn}.  Liij.  y  jMr.,  1847,  4I(-."il; 
A/'inil.  //i.4.  (iiorni,  l'Jt-7;  XUch'  AV;/.,  Ixxii.  'iU-Ui. 

-  This  was  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  April  l.st,  suppreasing  tin.' vicc- 
presideiicy,  authorizing  the  app ointnicntof  asulxstitutc  for  tlie  (iresidcnt  when 
alisent  or  unahUi  to  act,  and  Uxing  the  l.")tli  of  May  prox.  as  the  date  for  the 
states  to  elect  the  president  of  the  republic.  J/c'.c,  Co!.  Lri/.  y  !)<<■.,  ifvlT, 
fill-.");  Mayi-ni'  Mcx.  Azirr.,  i.  ,S(i!(;  Diihhni  ami  Lozauu,  Li'(j.  Mij\,  v.  "iOt-li; 
liwlnmaiiti',  Mnn.  IllM.  Mcx.,  MS.,  vi.  HtO-l. 

*  The  ministers   tendered  their  resignations,  which  were  not  accepted. 


AXAYA  AXD  SANTA  ANNA.  5'25 

Anaya  was  Viorn  in  Huicliapan  in  1705,  and  began 
liis  military  caivcr  in  June  1811,  as  a  cadet.*  In 
isiM  ho  joined  Iturl)i<lo's  movement,  and  niarclied  to 
(iuateinala  under  (Jreneral  Filisola.  In  IS'J."]  l\e  was 
iiiadf  a  major  of  cavalry;  lour  years  later  a  lientenant- 
cnloiicl;  and  in  the  short  time  from  April  to  June 
is:;;)  a  colonel  and  briixadicr-ijeneral,  lor  his  faithful 
su]  port  of  federal  institutions.  In  later  years  he  held 
hLVtral  civil  offices. 

The  whole  attention  of  the  government  v/as  now 
( iignged  in  the  war.''  The  capital  was  placed  under 
iiiiirliid  law,  and  the  executive  clothed  with  extraor- 
dinary ])owers.' 

On  Santa  Anna's  return,  ^lay  20th,  Anaya  sur- 
](iH lured  the  gov(>rnment  to  him,  and  went  to  the 
fioiit."  Santa  Anna's  measures  after  this  were  wholly 
military,^  excepting  one  on  the  2lst  of  May,  when  ho 
.swore  to  cai'ry  out,  and  did  publish,  the  Acta  Consti- 
lutiva  y  de  Keformas,  passed  on  tlie  18th  by  tlio 
ciiiistituent  congress,  the  third  article  of  which  de- 
clared that  the  acta  constitutiva  and  federal  constitu- 
linii,  sanctioned  respectively  on  the  3lstof  January, 
and  •24th  of  October,  1824,  formed  the  only  political 

J;i:irtL'  wiis,  liowever,  succpcded  in  the  (Icpartineiit  of  jiistico^Iay  l">tli  l>y  Luis 
lA-  l;i   llu-iii;  ;iii(l  (JiiticiTt^z,  in  tluit  (jf  war,  -May  --'1,  l>y  Lino  .losi';  Alfoita. 

'  liis  ])i'ouioti()n.s  were  so  .slow  that,  having;  taken  part  in  "21)  actions,  lio 
<iiily  liucanio  a  eajitiiin  early  in  ISIO,  and  still  held  this  rank  in  IS'JI. 

■'Several  important  measures  wefc;  adoptecl,  namely;  or^'anization  of  the 
iintional  guard;  a  law  for  tho  punishment  of  deserters;  and  one  of  general 
iiianesty  for  all  politieal  oU'ences  from  the  time  Mexieo  heeanie  a  nation. 
Aiicitlii  r  to  the  sami' etleet  was  issued  Juno  1-Jtli.  J)i(hlaii  :iml  Lozmio,  Li  i/. 
M'j:,  v.  -JliS-',),  •JS4-."). 

'^'I'he  aet  is  dated  Apiil  "JOtli.  He  was,  however,  forhiddeu  to  make  peace 
\.itli  tin;  U.  S.,  to  eiaielude  ne,i,'otiatioiis  with  foreign  jiowers,  or  to  sell 
national  territory.  Art.  .">  declares  it  liiirh  treason  for  any  one  to  enter 
into  iioaties  with  the  U.  S.  Jiiisfdinnnfi',  Afoii.  Hist.  Mix.,  'MS.,  vi.  ■J'JS-!); 
Mir.,(\,l.  Li'ij.  y  I >('<•.,  1,S47,  (iO-'J;  Diihhni  and  Lo-jtuo,  /.«</.  .l/,j,'.,  v,  -JO:-^. 

'in  theilefenec  of  tlu;  ea))ilal,  -Anaya  was  take'u  prisoner,  hut  during  tho 
iniuistiee,  was  uneonditionally  released. 

•*  Ills  ministers  .at  tJH^  time  weie:  of  relations,  ^I.  I'aranda  to  17th  .Tune, 
1'.  llarra  to  (ith  .Inly,  .los.'-  J{.  Tiielieeo  to  Sept.  Kith;  of  justice,  .1.  M. 
I'liran  to  .lunc  17th,  V.  Itomero  to  Sept.  Hith;  of  the  treasury,  .luan  Uon- 
dcii)  to  Sept.  7th,  and  F.  .M.  J.,oml)ardu  to  Sept.  llith;  of  wiir,  1.  (Jiitier- 
1'  z  to  May  '2-2d,  L.  J.  Alcorta  to  Sept.  llith.  iMcx.,  Mem.  JlackiaUi,  KS70, 

lot;'.. 


■ 

i 

■  ■     ^^- 

'  ^'^^ 

■    ^' 

S26 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


constitution  of  the  republic  with  the  reforms  now 
adopted  in  tliiity  articles.  The  sixth  article  declares 
to  he  states  of  the  federation  those  which  were  named 
in  the  federal  constitution,  and  such  as  were  made 
afterward.  A  new  state  was  created  to  hear  the  name 
of  Guerrero,  mainly  comprising  the  old  province  of 
Tecpan,  and  the  city  of  Mexico  was  given,  wliile  it 
continued  to  be  the  federal  district,  a  vote  in  the 
election  of  president,  and  the  privilege  of  chooaiug 
two  senators." 


r- 


G?£RK£RO. 


Hi 


Under  the  reformed  constitution  the  state  of  Guer- 
rero was  to  be  organized  from  the  districts  of  Aca- 
pulco,  Chilapa,  Tasco,  and  Tlapa,  and  the  municipality 
of  Coyuca,  the  three  first  named  being  taken  from  the 

•  One  of  tho  reform  articles  prescribed  that,  besides  the  senators  chosen  liy 
the  states,  there  should  be  an  equal  nunilxir  to  that  of  the  states  chosen  on 
tiio  nomination  of  tlic  senate,  of  the  supreme  court  of  justice,  and  of  the  lioiiso 
of  deputies,  voting  by  deputations.  The  persons  obtaining  tiiesc  three  sutlVa^'es 
to  be  tho  elect,  and  tho  ciianiber  of  deputies,  voting  by  persons,  was  to 
iianie  the  rest  to  complete  the  nunil)er.  The  olFico  of  vice-president  was 
suppressed.  Art.  30  declared  that  on  the  pul)lication  of  this  law,  all 
the  public  authorities  were  to  confonri  thereto;  tiie  legislative  power  con- 
tinuing vested  iu  tlio  present  congress  till  tlio  assembling  of  tho  first  constitu- 
tional chamber.  The  states  were  to  continue  observing  their  respective  con- 
stitutions, and  in  conformity  with  them  renew  their  authorities.  Me'x:,  Col. 
Lc;/.  Fund.,  237-300;  M(<x.,  Col  Ley.  y  Da:,  1847,  7G-157;  Dublan  and  Lo- 
zano,  Le<j.  Mext,  v.  375-83. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CHANGES. 


527 


state  of  Mexico,  tlic  fourth  from  Piicbla,  and  the  fifth 
from  Miohoacan,  [)rovi(Jeti  these  .status  j^avc  tliuir  as- 
sent within  three  months  to  the  detachment  of  ter- 
ritory proposed.'"  Owing  to  the  obstacles  in  the  way, 
•some  delay  occurred  in  carrying  out  the  law,  hut  the 
t^tate  was  tinallv  constituted  in  1849. 

In  order  to  provide  against  the  possibility  c)f  his 
being  killed  or  captured  by  the  enemy,  Santa  Anna 
issued  a  decree  .September  7,  1  847,  apj)ointing  his  sub- 
stitutes, which  he  sent  to  Manuel  de  la  Pena  y  IV'ha, 
juesident  of  the  supreme  C(mrt,  to  be  held  in  reserve ;'* 
and  in  accordance  with  a  congressional  act  decreed 
that  the  supreme  government  miglit  reside  in  any  part 
of  the  re|)ublic,  should  the  requirements  of  the  exist- 
ing war  demand  a  change  of  location.  On  the  IGlh 
of  Septeml^er  he  held  a  ccjuncil  (jf  war  at  Guadalu[ie 
and  resigned  the  j)residency  ad  interim,  and  clainiiisg 
powers  under  the  D7th  article  of  the  constituti<jn,  de- 
clared that  thencefortjj  the  supreme  executive  author- 
ity should  be  vested  in  the  president  of  the  supreme 
court,  with  generals  Ilerrera  and  Alcorta  as  his  asso- 
ciates, the  latter  taking  the  place  of  Bravo,  who  was 
now  a  prisoner  in  the  enemy's  hands."  But  this 
pi'ovision  was  rejected  as  unconstitutional  by  the  pres- 
ident of  the  supreme  court,  ^lanuel  de  la  Peha  y  Pena, 
who  forthwith  repaired  to  Toluca,  and  next  to  Quere- 
turo,  where  he  assumed  the  office  of  provisional  pres- 
ident of  the  republic  on  the  2Gth  of  Si'ptember,'^  with 
]^uis  de  la  Rosa  as  his  sole  minister. 


'"  Olijections  having  been  raised  by  Putbla  and  Michoacan,  some  delny 
occuueil.  Congress  allowed,  in  Aug.  1848,  further  time  for  the  states  ii)tt-i'- 
ested,  and  they  Jinally  consented.  Jfe'x.,  Col.  La/.,  1848,  i.  'JS-J-.S;  /'/.,  dJ. 
Li  I/,  y  Dec,  1848,  307;  Id.,  Lv(ii4.  Mvj.,  1848,  30J;  iJuliiinixml  Lozano,  L  y. 
Mi.:.,  V.  4;{8;  Rifra,  Voh.  </■■  'M(x.,  ii.  .SoO,  3(31). 

"Art.  I  substituted  the  president  of  the  .supreme  court,  associated  with 
generals  J.  J.  do  Herrer.i  and  Nicol.ls  Bravo;  art.  '2  said  that  this  decree 
should  remain  in  force  till  congress  assembled  and  proviiled  otherwise. 

''Art.  2  of  that  decree  provided  that  the  supreme  authorities  should,  for 
the  time,  and  till  otherwise  ordered  by  the  national  legislature,  reside  in 
l^uerOtaro. 

"  The  nation  was  witiiout  a  head  from  the  17th  to  the  25th  of  Sept. 


?i\ 


628 


END  OF  THE  UXITKD  STATES  WAR. 


From  tho  iunm(3nt  tlie  city  of  Moxio  was  evacu- 
ated, (Icsortioiis  on  a  large  scale  (ioiistantly  occurred 
in  the  Mexican  army.  At  Guadalupe  Santa  Anna 
resolved  to  let  <^o  all  officers  and  men  that  were  un- 
willinij  to  follow  him.  On  the  march  of  a  part  of  the 
force  under  lierrera  toward  Queretaro,  the  desertion 
M'as  such  that  only  hy  great  efforts  was  a  complete 
dispersion  prevented.'*  Santa  Anna  marched  with 
his  demoralized  force  oia  tho  IGth  of  September  for 
Puehla,  reaching  its  suburbs  on  the  24th.  He  hoped 
by  the  aid  of  Genend  ll"a,  who  had  been  besieging; 
the  place,  to  effect  its  caj>ture,  which  he  considered 
an  easy  undertaking,  and  thus  cut  off  Scott's  connnu- 
nications  with  Vera  Cruz.  The  United  States  force 
holding  the  town  under  Cohmel  Childs  consisted  ui' 
500  effective  men,  well  armed  but  otherwise  unpro- 
vided, and  1,800  invalids.^"  According  to  Mexican 
accounts,  Santa  Anna  had  2,000  infantry,  2,000  cav- 
alry, and  a  good  sup[»ly  of  siege  artillery,  but  his  o|)- 
crations  availed  notluDg.  He  raised  the  siege  on  tho 
1st  of  October,'^  and  marched  to  El  Pinal,  hoping  to 
cut  off  a  valuable  convoy  escorted  by  General  iiane. 
He  was  aufain  unsuccesslul,  the  convoy  entering  Hua- 
nuintla  on  the  9th,  a  few  hours  after  his  departure 
from  the  place,*'  and  continuing  the  march  to  its  des- 
tination. Some  fiijhtin<»:  occurred  on  the  9th,  the 
foreign  invaders  having  serious  casualties;*^  but  tho 
Mexican  army  was  now  reduced  to  a  skeleton,  and 


*'  Discipline  was  at  an  end.  The  men  would  laj,'  behind  to  seize  food  .nul 
other  necessaries  at  the  haciendas  and  small  towns,  liiccra,  Jl'tst.  Julapn,  i\. 
C,  6. 

^=  JUplr;/''^  War  with  ^fe.v.,  ii.  401. 

'"See  Apuiit.  Jiixf.  G'lin-nt,  .'JU-?. 

"  It  is  said  tho  iiiva<lLrs  pliuulured  the  place  and  committed  outrages. 
liod  liilrcciia,  licnurdo^,  510. 

"■Jiiploy  ways  tlic  Mexicans  liad  i">0(J  lancers  and  some  infantry  in  JIn;i- 
mantUi,  when  Lane  entered  tlie  place,  and  tiiat  the  invaders  lost  tlicre  1.1 
killed  and  11  wounded,  L'npt.  Walker  of  the  rillemen,  a  distinguished  olhcei', 
being  among  tlie  t\)rmer.  id  la  Ixhcjua,  J!<'Cji>:nlo't,  .">  1  !)-'23,  does  not  agree  willi 
him  in  ciliier  particnlar.  The  latter  adds  that  Lane's  casualties  from  Santa 
Amia's  attacks  on  his  rear  were  10.)  killed  and  'J-l  prisoners.  Lane  iias  ai- 
knowledged  that  the  fight  was  a  bloody  one,  'the  Mexicans  coni))ated  their 
assailants  with  the  energy  and  lnry  of  despair.'  Auluhlo<j.,  Mtj.,  70-8. 


AMERICAN  IIULE  IN  TIIE  CITY. 


620 


Lane  entered  Puebla  unmolested.     Santa  Anna  re- 
turned to  liuuniantla  on  the  10th. 

After  the  fall  of  the  eapital,  Scott  republished  on 
tlie  17th  of  September,  with  im[)ortant  additions, 
his  orders  of  February  I'Jth,  deelarin<^  martial  law.*' 
The  next  day  ho  [)rescribed  the  distribution  and 
(juartering  of  the  troops  in  the  city.^^  Tiie  colloe- 
ti(jn  of  customs  or  duties  at  the  gates  of  the  city  by 
the  civil  authorities  was  to  be  continued  till  inodilied 
by  the  civil  and  military  governor,  to  which  olHce 
General  John  A.  Quitman  had  been  appointed."*  At 
lirst  it  was  hoped  that  harmony  would  be  maintained 
bttween  the  Mexican  civil  authorities  and  the  foreign 
niihtary  rulers;  but  as  it  turned  out,  there  were  alnwjst 
daily  causes  of  dissatisfaction.^^  The  most  serious  dif- 
liculty  was  about  providing  quarters  tor  the  troops. 
Angry  correspondence  followed,  and  the  ayuntamiento- 
was  deposed.  A  municipal  assembly  was  then  chosen 
under  the  auspices  of  the  conqueror,  and  given  powers 
to  etfect  reforms,  provided  tliey  met  with  his  sanc- 
tion.^^     These  men,  who  had  thus  lent  themsel  ves  to 

'^  liy  tho  15th  art.  of  hia  regulationa  the  city  with  its  religious  buiklings, 
iiiliabitants,  and  property  were  placed  uiuler  the  special  guard  of  the  I'aitli  and 
honor  of  tiie  U.  S.  ariny^au  iujuuctiou  tliat  was  not  fully  carried  out,  at  least 
as  respected  the  treatment  of  the  inhahitauts.  As  a  consideration  for  the  pro- 
luctiou  thus  tendered,  a  tax  was  levied  on  the  city  of  .S  100,01)0,  payalde  in 
Weekly  instalments  of  $1)7,500  each.  The  ayuntainiento  was  char^^ed  with  its 
ejUcction  and  payment,  to  eti'jct  which  it  laised  a  loan  at  l.j  per  cent.  Apuii/. 
Hist,  iliwrra,  3lio;  Itoa  lidrccua,  Jiecticrdon,  ."ill- 13. 

■-"  Xo  private  property  was  to  he  occupied  without  the  owner's  consent,  or 
sjiocial  orders  from  general  headquarters.  U.  S.  O'ovt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  .Ses.  1, 
.Sen.  i:x.  1,  p.  389-90. 

'-'  The  Mexican  civil  authorities  were  of  course  suhjoct  to  the  governor. 
JUldci/'.i  War  vith  Mex.,  ii.  533-4;  Mayer's  Mix.  Aztec,  i.  4l'0-1;  Btutn- 
taantc,  Mem.  Hist.  Mex.,  MS.,  viii.  1-35. 

'■-The  Mexicans  complained  that  the  U.  S.  military  authorities  inflicted 
the  penalty  of  Qoggingon  tho  lower  class  of  nopulation  lor.slij,'ht  oU'ences,  and 
were  answered  that  it  was  in  accord.ance  with  military  law  and  usa;^e.  There 
was  no  safety  for  life  or  property,  the  city  i)eing  at  the  mercy  of  rol)l)crs, 
tiiiitorous  counter-guerrillas,  and  drunken  volunteers.  Theayuntamiento  re- 
iiKinstrated  without  obtaining  satisfaction.  Run  lidrcena,  Ji'eeiterilun,  513; 
A/iUiil.  i/ist.  Gnerra,  300;  El  I'azonador,  Nov.  0,  1847.  'lipley  .acknowl('(l;,'es 
1'iat  tlie  discipline  among  the  troops  had  after  a  wlule  become  much  relaxed, 
ami  vice  was  rampant.  A  fruitful  cause  of  outniges  was  the  vices  openly 
permitted  by  tho  governor  and  gcneral-in-chief.    W<ir  with  Mex.,  ii.  ."idO. 

■''  The  members  were  most  of  them  persons  of  no  stimding.  The  president, 
Francisco  Suarez  Iriarte,  was,  however,  a  man  of  ability,  had  been  a  nunister 
of  state,  and  was  at  this  time  a  deputy  to  the  national  congress.  They  carried 
Hi8i.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    34 


\\   ^y 


680 


END  OF  TIIR  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


'} 


act  as  tlio  oonciucror'H  tools,  round  tlu;ins((lv(>M  in  jiii 
iinonvi!il»lo  position  us  .soon  as  tlio  iic^^otiations  lor 
pcaco  wore;  initiated. 

Durin;^  that  poriod  scnoral  niiwspapi'ts  wen;  puh- 
lislied  at  the  cajtital,  hoth  in  lOnj^lish  and  Spanish,  thi; 
lonncr  of  which  IVucly  vented  tliuir  wnitli  on  the 
Mexican.s.'''' 

Soon  after  tljo  coniniandi'iuf  jr<'iieral  liad  conipleted 
liis  study  of  the  riivcnue  systeni,  he  prepared  an  ordci' 
fi.KJlijjf  the  amount  of  the  (hrect  taxes,  and  the  (hitiivs 
to  1)0  collected  on  the  precious  metals.  This  or»U'i' 
Avas  promulijjated  on  the  JUst  of  J)ecend)er,  1847,'^ 
and  the  first  step  toward  its  execution  was  to  despatch 
Colonel  Withers  with  the  i)th  iiilantry  to  Pachuca; 
the  next  was  to  station  Cadwalader's  hriijfade  at  [\\>- 


1 


uca:  a 


few  weeks  later  a  detachment  was  sent  ti 


Cuernavaca.  The  number  of  troops  beiiiLj  too  i^reat 
to  be  (Conveniently  acconnnodated  in  the  city  of"  Mex- 
ico, Kiley's  brigaihs  was  stationed  at  Tacubaya,  Pat- 
terson's division  nt  San  Angel,  and  a  portion  of  J^iit- 
ler'.s  at  jMolino  del  liey. 

The  annoyances  of  the  Mexican  guerrillas  caused 
the  sending  of  a  colunui  of  newly  arrived  troo[)s  in 
January  to  occu[)y  the  towns  of  Cordoba  and  ()rizai)a, 
where  the  guerrilla  chieftains  had  held  their  <|uai- 

tlieir  obsoquiousnesa  to  the  pitcli  of  t^ivini,'  a  baiuiuct  to  the  conqueror,  Scott, 
in  tlio  luiiutifiil  spot  calk'tl  El  DcsiiTto,  on  tlio  "Jlltli  of  .Iiiiiuary.  It  1ms  lurii 
jisscrtoil  that  on  that  oewision  toasts  wim-o  tlruiik  in  honor  of  the  victory  of  the 
U.  S.  arms  in  the  valley  of  Mexico,  and  the  desire  expressed  for  the  aiiin\- 
ation  of  all  Mexico  to  the  U.  S.  Iriarto  was,  after  the  Mexican  governiucnl 
reoccupied  Mexico,  l)rou,L;ht  to  trial.  Jlo  made  a  very  ahle  (lefeiice;  In: 
M'as  kept  in  prison  several  months,  jind  on  account  of  ill  health,  allowed  to^io 
to  his  estate,  wliere  lie  dieil  .soon  after,  llua  Udrcvna,  Ji'entcrilo'i,  [mO— I;  Zdina- 
(•oi.<,  I  list.  Mvj.,  xiii.  100--'. 

"The  Anil  rii'aii, Star  und  the  Xorth  American.  The  first  named  had  hi'ou 
originally  published  in  I'uchla.  It  \\;;-j  tilled  with  abuse  of  the  Mexicans, 
])articularly  of  Santa  Anna  und  the  Mexiciin  troops,  though  still  leaning  ia 
favor  of  peace.  The  other,  sustained  by  ollicers  of  the  invading  army,  advo- 
cated the  annexation  of  Mexico  to  the  U.  S.  It  liad  some  able  Spanish  arti- 
cles snpposed  to  have  emanated  from  Mexican  pens.  The  Spanish  p:ipii;i 
were  L'l  Monitor,  which  went  as  far  as  it  (hired  in  defending  Alcxico's  caiiJ'<'; 
iiV  AVo  </i /( 'oydcmo  advocated  peace  und  the  union  of  parties;  and  El  ('ii<t- 
(/njo,  which  abused  the  ruspectublo  classes,  occasionally  giving  aoiuu  evidem^s 
of  wit. 

«  ir.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  30,  Ses.  1,  H.  Ex.  CO,  p.  1003. 


DISSENSIONS  OF  TITK  Vlf'TORS. 


fi31 


trrs.-"  Tlicro  were  giUTiilla  j)artic's  roustaiiily  ntuiuy- 
iii<r  tlie  invaders,  and  oi'tuii  strikini;  serious  Mows, 
Those  un<ler  Ilea  in  PiusMaliad  ke|»t  Childs  ('(»nfiMcd 
to  narrow  limits  in  tiiat  eity,  eaptuiiii'Lf  Ids  mules,  jiiid 
int<!roe|)tin;^  Ids  supplies.  Jn  N'era  C'riiz  tlit>  j»artirs 
were  under  diflerent  eldef's,  the  most  notahle  hein;^ 
i'^ather  Jarauta  and  J.  C  Kebo!le«i«.,  eomprisinj,'  in  all 
)d)out  400  men,  mostly  ran(;heros.  'I'he  enemy's  trains 
riqnired  to  he  stroiiyly  <(uard(Ml  hy  infantiy,  cavalry, 
inid  artillery,  and  even  tlusn  t!iey  did  not  always  es- 
cape uns(;athed.'-^  The  guerrillas  of  Tamauli|>as  were 
under  CJanales,  Urrca,  and  Romero,  haviuLj  some  cav- 
alry officers  of  the  re_L?ular  army  under  them.  The 
United  States  military  authoi-ities  finally  adopted 
stringent  measures  to  check  de[)redations,  and  even 
shot  a  nund)er  who  had  violated  their  parole. 

During  the  progress  of  the  events  already  related, 
various  occurrences  took  place  in  the  Calitornias,  New 
AFexico,  and  on  the  western  coast  of  Mexico,  w  hich, 
though  having  but  little  effect  on  the  main  fpiestion 
of  the  war,  were  still  j)arts  of  its  history,  and  had  a 
direct  herring  on  pea(!e  negotiations.-*' 

Public  attention  was  soon  called  to  dissensions  among 
the  generals  of  the  invading  army.  An  accusation 
having  been  made  against  Scott,  a  (,'ourt  of  intjuiry 
was  ordered  by  his  government.  He  was  dei)rived 
of  his  command,  Butler  succeeding  him  on  the  18tli 
of  February,  1848.^'  Leaving  tliem  to  their  quarrels, 
let  us  continue  the  thread  of  Mexican  history. 

The  prominent  man  now  was  President  ^Fanuel  do 
la  l*enay  Pona,  born  at  Tacuba  on  the  lOtli  of  Mar(,'h, 


''•  Piirticulara  on  those  movements  in  Iiijifi'i/'s  IVar  v!>h  ^f<•x.,  ii.  "iT-'i-O; 
ElArro  Trh,  Feb.  2,  181S;  /Vcr  Am.,  Fch.  17,  l's48;  J''iil:!,is'  M,:r.  War,  4s:{. 

'^'Oncc  they  attacked  a  convoy  at  Toloine,  captiuiiig  14  watrDiis  ami  up- 
wanls  of  400  loaded  mules,  and  killini,'  100  men.   A/'Hiit.  l/i.if.  (,'wri-'i.  .''ST. 

'^^Soe  Hist.  <'al.,  v.;  I/isf.  North  Mi'X.  S/a'<'i,  ii.,  this  .series,  f|iviiig  tlio 
military  and  naval  operations  on  the  Paciliu,  and  (len.  Price's  canipaigu  in 
Ciiihuahua. 

■^^S'r•o«'(^  <1/p?n.,  ')S3-9o;  niplpi/'a  War  with  Mvx.,  ii.  585;  Xilen'  Re(j.,  l.\xiv, 
■1-5;  El  Uaxonador,  Feb.  '20,  1848. 


632 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


I 


Hi 


1780,  of  a  good  family  though  in  reduced  circum- 
stances. Ho  earlv  ijavo  evidc^nce  of  talents,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  on  the  IGth  of  December,  1811.'^" 
The  executive,  after  Iturbide's  I'all,  made  him  an  oidor 
of  the  audiencia,  and  on  the  'iotli  of  December,  1824, 
he  was  elected  l)y  a  majority  of  the  states  to  fill  a 
justiceship  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  republic,  from 
which  date  he  was  connected  with  that  court  nearly 
all  the  time  till  his  death. 

Pefui  also  held  other  important  offices,  namely, 
minister  of  the  interior  in  18;37,  and  member  of  the 
poder  conservador,  in  wliich  latter  office  he  achieved 
prominence.  He  was  {)rofessor  of  law  in  the  univer- 
sity, and  tt)ward  the  end  of  184 1  pai'ticipated  in  framing 
the  bases  orgilnicas.  In  1843  he  was  made  a  coun- 
cillor of  state  and  senator,  and  to  the  latter  offiv-e  was 
reelected  in  1845.  He  had  the  portfolio  of  relations 
under  President  Herrera,  and  at  the  fall  of  tha^ 
administration  returned  to  his  position  in  the  su])reme 
court. 

Peila's  course  in  upholding  the  constitution  doubt- 
less saved  Mexico  from  the  evils  of  anarchy,  which 
would  necessarily  have  tbllowed  if  any  heed  had  been 
)aid  to  Santa  Anna's  pretension  to  dictate  who  should 
JO  his  successor  as  prc'sident.  The  new  government 
was  unhesitatino'ly  recoi«-nized  and  con<jfratulated  hv 
several  comandantes  generales  and  governors.  It  in- 
sisted on  the  elections  of  members  to  the  national  coii- 
gress  being  efi'ected.  President  Pena  was  thoroughly 
convinced  that  the  war  could  not,  for  the  want  of  v^- 
sources,  be  prosi-cuted  any  longer,  but  would  not  at- 


'''  In  ISn  Iio  wa^  siiiilico  of  tlic  •■lyuntaniiento  of  N  xico,  an  offioc  tliat 
he  tilleil  so  alily  that  tlu'  kiuj,'  iH)poiiitiil  liiin,  at  tho  oijiicst  of  many  rc- 
ppoctalilo  anil  inthu'ntial  pui'.sjnsj,  an  oiilor  of  tliiMuiilicn  ia  of  <^uitu  in  jiloiia- 
(lor,  \vhi('li  lio  iliil  not  accept,  rerpi'stini;  to  be  omployei  in  New  Spain.  Bj' 
tlie  time  tlii:3  was  deeiiled  tliu  iai  api^iiiic'i  .)  liad  been  consnnii.ated,  wiien 
roi'ia  swore  to  Hnp|)ort  it,  and  wa>  given  a  h'v^h  posit  i  i  in  the  territorial 
audiencia  of  Mt.'xico,  wliicii  lie  reta.ned  till  the  '2\At  of  Oi'tohcr,  lS"2i2,  when, 
l)(in^'  already  a  eouneillor  of  .state,  he  was  appoinced  by  the  emperor  minis- 
ter to  L'otnmbia,  which  appointment  iiad  n'l  eileet,  tiie  enipire  I'.av  ini^  ceasul 
soini  after.  Ho  had  also  conferred  on  him  the  cross  of  tiie  order  of  Guada- 
lupe. Ii'lvtra,  Gob,  dn  Mix.,  ii.  3J1-"-'. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  COURSE. 


circuni- 
likI  was 
1811.'^ 
in  oulor 
V,  1824, 
;0  fill  a 
ic,  from 
b  noai'ly 

namely, 
;•  of  the 
iclncved 

univer- 
framlnu: 

a  couu- 
ftiv-e  was 
relations 

of  tha^ 
supreme 

u  doubt- 

whieh 

uid  been 

o  sliouUl 

orument 

a  ted  bv 

It  iii- 

)nal  cou- 

roLi^hly 

it  of  V^' 

not  at- 

oflTu'o  that 
If  iiumy  if- 
I to  ill  kcii;i- 
jspiiiii.  Hy 
la  toil,  Nvlu'U 
teiTitoiial 
ls-2'J,  wlun, 
|ijrul'  iiiiiii^- 

of  G inula- 


tempt  to  solve  sueb  an  important  question  on  his  uu- 
siijjported  judij'ment.^'  * 

Santa  Anna  was  ordered  to  surrender  the  command 
of  the  army  to  IMamiel  liincon  or  Juan  Alvarez. 
Sonie  bitter  co'  respondenee  passed  between  the  cx- 
pi\,;;ident  and  the  present  ineundient,  through  ]Minis- 
ttr  La  Rosa,  who  told  the  former  that  orders  for  \\Ia 
trial  had  been  issued  because  it  was  necessary  to  bring 
the  army  under  disoii>line,  and  to  energetically  repress 
insubordination  and  cowardice.  Santa  Anna  was  also 
severely  rebuL'cd  for  the  disrespectful  tone  of  his  com- 
munications to  President  Pena,  He  obeved  the  oi'- 
der,  delivering  the  conunand  to  his  second.  General 
Reyes,  wlio  was  to  lutld  it  till  the  arrival  of  the  com- 
mander desiufuated  bv  the  i>'overnment.^^ 

Santa  Anna's  late  militai'}'  efforts  had  failed,  partly 
through  the  lack  of  morale  among  his  troops;  it  had 
been  beaten  out  of  them  by  constant  revolutions,  or 
if  not  by  these,  certaiidy  by  their  defeats  in.  the  north- 
ern campaign.  But  the  blame  falls  also  upoi.  his  own 
blunders  and  shortcomings,  his  uneven  capacity  and 
instability  of  purpose,  manifested  especially  in  tlus 
battle-field.  He  redeems  himself,  on  the  other  hand, 
with  many  a  diplomatic  triumph,  and  shines  with  his 
eneriifv,  in  risimif  indomitablv  after  everv  disaster,  in 
creatin'jr  resources,  formin<jf  armies,  directing  a  num- 
bor  of  admirable  mra  ures,  and  inspiring  all  around 
with  zeal.^^ 

^^ The  governors  v ^lo  rcqucstod  to  suggest,  in  the  event  of  their  not  fa- 
vciiiiig  a,  coiitinuation  of  tiio  war,  the  l)e,,t  nioJo  of  conuii.tiiig  it  for  the 
iiatiimal  safety  and  iionor. 

•'-Santa  Anna  went  to  rcsiih;  witli  his  family  in  Tehnaoan,  whore  he  nar- 
rmvly  escaped  capture  liy  Lane  on  the  "JIM  of  January.  Karly  in  ISIS  he  oh- 
tallied  a  <iass]iorc  to  go  ahi-oad,  and  witii  a  safe-eonduet  of  tiie  U.  S.  forn  s 
eiii1i,iiked  at  La  Antigua  on  the  Spanish  h^i^'  I'ljti/n.  l^arly  in  1S.")0  he  wu'it 
til  ('art';j,'ena,  and  fixed  hisi'eHiiieiieein  Turhaeo.  Suhauquent  politieal  evt  nt.s 
ill  -Mexico  recalled  hin^  to  his  eiiuntry. 

"•' liesides  the  defence  of  his  e"ndi.iet  issued  in  Api'/nrion,  ^Tex.,  1SI',>,  71 
niid  1st  pp.,  which  civers  the  I'litiie  campaign,  and  in  ])(taU  (/c  /'(■:  0/'(  /'.,  I 
4S,  relating  to  the  defence  of  the  eapit^il,  Santa  Anna  appf  aletl  also  to  tl.i^ 
puhlic  iu  Miiiiif.  Mcx.,  1S18,  l-l'.',  and  (  ninimir.  OJir.,  (.:<n:\A.,  1S1*<,  III; 
J'i'/i.  Vcti\,  xcix.,  ptj  17-1 S;  and  through  joui  iials  like  Arrn  Ir'n,  ll'i'mimliji-, 
N'\..'1,  f),  1847,  Jan  1.  1S|^,  etc.  Ho' was  the  mos*;  I'lduiinent  lighter  of 
M'  Aico  iu  the  war  of  1840-8.  lloa  Bdnxna,  Ro-.utnliK^,  ooo. 


i« 


I  ■  111  J 


,1*^-13 


634 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


1,1  •     , 


Pcna  took  upon  liis  shouklers  tlio  res[)()nslbility  of 
entering  ui)()n  prcliniinaiy  negotiations  for  peace.  He 
Avell  knew  that  liis  resolution  woukl  be  a  tlestructive 
weapon  in  the  liands  of  the  nioderados,  among  whom 
was  l*aredes,  who  was  summoned  to  Queretaro,  and 
rcliised  to  go."* 

Congress,  having  assembled  at  Quert'taro,  decreed 
that  a  president  ad  interim  shoukl  be  chosen  on  the 
Dth  of  November,  upon  which  date  Pedro  ^l.  Aiiaya 
was  elected  with  the  expn.-ss  condition  that  liis  i'unc- 
tions  should  cease  on  the  8th  of  January,  1848,"''  and 
if  congress  was  not  then  in  session,  the  otHce  should 
devolve  on  the  per.son  designated  by  the  constitution. 
A  \  ote  of  thanks  was  awarded  to  Pena.  The  latter 
on  the  12th  of  Xovembcr,  at  a  very  cr-itical  time,  sur- 
rendered the  executive  authoi'ity.^"  It  may  be  said, 
however,  that  the  presidential  chantje  was  merel  -  in 
name,  as  Pena  at  once  took  charge  of  the  portfolio  of 
relations,  and  his  policy  was  continued.^' 

The  government's  hands  were  tied  by  the  scarcity 
of  resources.  The  loss  of  the  capital  had  evidently 
disheartened  the  })eo[)le.  Indeed,  it  was  impossible 
to  rouse  the  enthusiasm  of  a  pe()})le  who  had  neither 
arms  nor  ammunition,  nor  even  the  means  of  sustain- 
ing life.  The  states  that  had  not  been  brought  under 
subjection  by  the   invading   enemy  s[)read   the  false 

"IVfia  caused  to  l)u  I'oloascd  on  parole  idl  prisoners  of  the  ciiouiy,  an  I 
adopted  .several  measures  directed  to  the  correction  of  abuses. 

•"  liis  election  was  formally  announced  on  the  lltli  of  Nov.  Mrx.,(\il. 
Lii/.  II  Dec,  lSt7,  -14-10;  J>uh!an  mu\  J.oziiito,  Lcij.  Mcx.,  v.  ;iO.')-ti. 

^''Several  attempts  at  revolution  in  (iuanajuato  had  somewhat  occujiied 
the  governnicnt's  attention.  El  Conro  Xarioiial,  Oct.  '_'i),  1S47;  hi  Arri^  //•('<, 
l)eo.  fi,  1S17.  A  revolt  had  been  successful  in  Oajaca;  large  iiodies  of  men 
luul  giithered  in  the  sieria  of  (Jueretaro,  whoso  aim  was  to  prey  upon  tliu 
lounlry;  in  Chiajias  a  faction  was  working  to  reannex  her  to  (iuatemala.  tli:it 
faction  (.  laiming  that  the  people  were  tired  of  Mexico's  misrule  and  nigli'it 
(/f  tiieir  interests.  Jliicia,  lliM.  Jalapu,  iv,  '1',];  Id.,  Out),  tie  Mix.,  ii.  ;{H; 
Tnh..  Man:/.  ilvUloh.,  1--J0. 

^'  His  colleagues  tlii'u  were,  Luis  do  la  Ixosa,  in  treasury  and  justice;  and 
lunaciu  de  Moray  Xillaniil,  in  war  ami  navy.  Jft.v.,  Col.  Lii/.  ij  />('(•.,  1SI7, 
•JKi;  Mix.,  Mi  hi.  Iliti'hnihi,  1S7(*,  1()4().  'i'he  most  important  measures  of 
\\w  new  a<lininistration  were:  granting  pardnn  to  deserters  re|virt.ing  them- 
selves  with  their  arms;  reorganizing  the  army;  and  demanding  from  tho 
.slates  an  extraordinary  contingent  of  10,000  nieu.  al/tu\,  Due.  2din.  (Juerra, 

i-i;}. 


ANAYA  AND  PE5;A. 


535 


ibility  of 
ce.  Ho 
jtructiv(3 
ig  whom 
;aro,  and 

,  decreed 
I  on  the 

'..  Anaya 
liis  f'uiic- 
48,''  and 
e  should 
ititutiou. 
he  lattri' 
:iine,  sur- 
be  said, 
uerel^^-  in 
rtfoli)  of 

3  scarcity 
pvidently 
npossihlo 
I  neither 
"'  sustain- 
lit  undrr 
[the  false 

eiK'iiiy,  au  I 

.   Mr.r.,  (\l 
.Vt). 

Iiiit  oecnpiiil 
I'.l  Arco  li'i't, 
tclii's  of  iui'i> 
ley  upon  tliu 
ptoiiiiila,  tli:it 
ami  m"j;l''L't 
\hx.,  ii/;Ul; 

Ijiistice;  aii'l 
Dec,  IStT, 
liuoasni'vs  lit' 
liilinj,'  thi'iii- 
lij,'  from  the 
Vlin.  (Jnfifni, 


7'ei)ort  that  the  o-overnuient  was  neijotiatinof  a  treaty 
to  sell  the  Calilbrnias,  Chihuahua,  Xew  ^[exieo,  and 
a  part  of  Sonora.^'  The  governors  of  states  neai'e«t 
to  Queretaro  who  could  easily  come  there  had  been 
invited  by  Peua  to  hold  conferences  on  the  10th  of 
XoVLiuljer.  Those  of  Puebla,  Queretaro,  ^Nlichoacan, 
(inanaji'ato,  San  Luis  ]'oto.si,  and  the  vice-goxernor 
of  Zacateeas  canif.  Jalisco  accredited  a  commissiioner. 
"^riie  jj^ovcrnor  of  Mexico  failed  to  appear.  Those 
m)vern(.rs  closed  their  conference  in  the  middle  of 
1  )ecember,  declaring  that  they  would  sustain  the  fed- 
eral government  in  tlie  fulfdmeiit  of  its  duties.'" 

Annya  surrendered  the  executive  ollice  on  the  8th 
o['  January,  1848,  to  the  [)erson  designated  by  the 
constitution,  namely,  the  president  of  the  supreme 
court,  Peua  y  l*eua,  and  took  charge  of  the  portfolio 
(if  war,'*"  ever  a(;ting  in  accord  with  his  successor,  who 
•  •ontinued  his  labtjrs  to  secure  a  p»eace.*'  He  ear- 
I  jstly  ui'ged  tlie  assendjlinir  of  congress  without  delay, 
Jio])ing  that  the  deputies  would  not  forsake  their  coun- 
try's interests  at  this  time  of  tribulation.  The  gov- 
einors  were  asked  to  coo[)erate  to  that  end,  and  were 
assured  that  the  administratit)n  M'ould  endeavor  to 
avert  the  military  occupation  of  the  states  yet  free,  by 
negotiating  a  ti'caty  of  peace  which  shoul<l  not  tarnish 
the  national  Jionor  and  dignity.  With  all  these  exer- 
tions, on  the  ilth  ot'  January  only  eight  senators  and 
'1(\  deputies  had  come  to  Queretaro. 

''^  AVIiat  gave  riso  to  siicli  a  report  was  tliat  tlie  ;,'oV(.'niiiK'iu"s  (.■orri'spoinl- 
(iui.' with  its  eoimiiissidiieis  in  Mexico,  Mi^'ucl  Atristaiii  ami  .Iiiaii  Ilierro 
-Maliloiiado,  to  treat  of  pi'ace,  was  iiiteieejiti'd.  Tlie  governor  of  San  Luis 
I'litosi  wanted  the  war  to  emitinne,  ami  protested  against  any  peace.  The 
K:.'ishitnre  of  Mexico  demanded  that  the  (pies'Joii  of  p. ■;»•<'  .should  notln;  acted 
11,  on  without  (irst  ohtaining  tlie  s;inctioii  of  tiie  intej;r.".l  jiarts  of  tlie  repnlilie, 
jir 'posing  that  each  .--honld  accredit  two  deputies  fully  iiistnicted.  JUnrn, 
lii.<'.  .I'i'hipti.  iv.  ;{(!  7. 

'■'' Kn  la  extension  y  forma  presei  itas  piu-  la  eoustitiieion.'  Umi  li'n-niia, 

/e  i-ili  rilox,  .">((7    S. 

^"  ills  colleagues  were  Luis  de  la  ]!nsa,  of  lelations  and  treiisury;  J.  .M. 
I'l.ran,  of  justice.   Mi.r.,  L,;/.  .!/<;/.,  1S4S,  S. 

"  Aiii.ya  was  again  seeret.iry  of  warundir  Arista;  serving  in  Celiallos'  ad- 
luiuistiation  three  days.  On  Simla  AiUia's  I'estoration  he  was  made  postmas- 
tcr-gcucral,  and  held  this  oliice  at  his  death  on  the'Jlst  of  March,  l.'S.)4, 


'Hi 


PI 


|S  "I'M 


636 


END  OF  THE  UXITED  STATES  WAR. 


'lit 


r! 


'( h  I 


Tlio  Gfovernniciit  not  onlv  found  the  greatest  diffi- 
culty  l>y  reason  of  scanty  i-esourees,  but  had  also  to 
struggle  against  revolution  which  now  showed  its  head 
in  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  threatened  to  invade  other 
states.  An  anarchical  plan  was  proclaimed  by  the 
vice-governor  on  the  12tli  of  January,  to  the  same  ef- 
fect as  that  whicli  Deputy  Zubieta  once  moved  in  con- 
gress, and  was  formally  rejected.  It  was  the  resump- 
tion of  autonomv,  and  a  I'evolt  against  the  national 
sovereignty  at  the  same  time  that  its  authors  pit;- 
tended  to  respect  that  sovereignty.  The  governnunit 
at  Queretaro  was  now  in  a  most  difficult  position. 
Fortunatelv  the  revolution  was  strangled  at  its  birth. 
The  vice-governor  resigned  on  being  iin})risoned,  and 
the  legislature  sensibly  disavowed  his  seditious  plan." 
Other  seditious  attem})ts  were  initiated  elsewhere, 
whose  object  was  t(^  u[)set  the  government.  In  tli" 
Sierra  Gorda  revolution  liad  become  chronic,  and  was 
getting  to  l)e  more  and  more  bloodv  cvei-y  day.  It 
could  not  be  sto[>ped,  thougli  a  heavy  force  was  sent 
there  to  check  it.     Crimes  wt're  of  daily  occurrence/' 

Fears  were  entertained  that  disorderly  and  plunder- 
ing parties  would  aj)pear  in  several  ])laces,  particularly 
in  the  regions  thickly  populated  by  Indians. 

The  condition  of  Yucatan,  suffering  from  a  war  of 
races,  caused  gi-eat  alarm,  there  being  good  reason  to 
apprehend  that  the  insurgents  would  be  successful  in 
destroviiig  every  vestige  of  Euroiiean  civilization. 

The  I'ebellion  of  1847  had  its  origin  in  the  unap- 
peasable hatred  of  the  Mayas  toward  their  rulers  from 
the  earliest  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  In  re})uli- 
lican  days  their  chiefs  had  often  been  invited  to  aid 
one  [)arty  or  another  in  the  civil  wars  so  constantly 

^''^ Tlio  ONcc'utivo  of  that  state  wanted  tlic  war  to  contimic  at  all  Ikumii'. 
and  orj,Mnizi'(l  tronps.  It  was  said  tliat  (loverndr  Adanio,  if  that  plan  liaa 
Biu.'ttMlfd,  Would  lit!  the  prusiili'iit,  and  eviii  those  who  would  be  hid  niinis- 
ti'is  were  s|i(iki'n  of. 

^■' 'l'h(!  rehcls  niarandiii;:  in  thesien-a  dc  Ifucjntla  asUcd  aid  from  the  I'.  S. 
conuuandois,  whitli  was  refused  them.   Ulnrd,  Ul'<l.  Jalajia,  iv.  07. 


TROL'BLES  IX  YUCATAN. 


537 


lo  his  minis 


scourgini^  the  land.  It  was  tlms  tliat  tlie  cliiefs,  or 
(•aei(|ues,  Manuel  Aiitidiio  Av,  Cecilio  Clii,  and  An- 
tonio Pat.  as  well  as  many  others,  iii-quired  experieiieo 
in  warfare  and  the  use  of  lire-arms.  They  liail  taken 
part  in  an  emcute"  whieh  the  government  allowed  to 
go  unpunished.  It  was  probably  this  impunity  that 
stinmlated  them  to  plan  a  conspiracy  to  deluge  the 
country  with  blood,  and  to  sow  devastation  tluough- 
out  its  length  and  breadth.  They  foi;nd  a  ready  cuo[)- 
erator  in  the  notorious  murderer,  Bonifacio  Novelo 
of  Valladolid.  The  fii'st  meetinijf  to  treat  of  the  in- 
siu'rection  on  behalf  of  the  independence  of  their  7'aco 
v>as  in  the  rancho  Xihum,  about  sixteen  leagues  from 
Tihosuco,  and  as  many  from  Valladolid.  Ay  and  Chi 
attended  it,  but  there  is  no  certainty  that  Pat  did." 
Their  plan  became  known  to  the  government.  Ay 
was  arrested  and  executed  at  Valladolid  on  July  2Gth. 
(/Ill  and  Pat  were  not  captured,  but  many  (jthers  fell 
into  the  government's  hands  and  were  harshly  dealt 
witli  as  conspirators  against  the  white  race. 

Chi  struck  the  first  blow,  falling  upon  the  town  of 
Topich  on  the  30th  of  July,  when  the  inhabitants 
were  asleep,  and  pitilessly  murdering  all  the  mestizos 
and  mulattoes.  Only  a  few  women  were  for  the  time 
spared,  to  satisfy  their  lust.  One  man  escaped,  how-^ 
ever,  who  carried  the  tidinn's  to  Tihosuco. 

The  rebellion  soon  spread  tin'ough  the  south  and 
cast.  Several  bloody  encounters  took  place,  in  which 
the  white  men  and  their  alHeswere  victorious,  but  no 
decisive  results  were  gained.  The  mea^ulres  of  the 
government  against  the  natives  were  severe;  indeed, 
tliev  formed  an  inhuman  svstem  of  iiersecution,  which 
eiily  helped  to  swell  the  ranks  of  the  insurgents,  and 
lu  increase  th,eir  animosity. 

I  have  no  space  to  enter  into  details.  The  insur- 
rection became  so  general  that  the  whites  and  mixed 

*'Jan.  1"),  )S47.    Bnq'i''ir<\  E'l^'ijio  Ifist.,  iii.  ap.  !)S-l(ll. 

^'C.iiwaa  tho  TriN'st  l)iiM»il-thirsty.  Ay  til. mu'lit  their  t'liuiiiicsfnuM  he  sii!>- 
(liiril  witliuut  s)niiiing  nuK'h  hl'toil.  Pat  waiitoil  \\'\a  race  to  liu  ahmu  all 
utihi-^,  ami  to  r*iM;  but  he  liad  uo  tlo:iiiT  to  exteriniiiate  or  expel  the  whites. 


mM 


,ftii 


538 


EXD  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


:^1 


breeds  Lad  to  abandon  their  homes,  and  seek  refuL,'c 
on  the  eoast  from  their  relentless  foes,  with  whom  tho 
»4'ovennnent  eonld  no  longer  eope.'"'  At  last  in  tliis 
time  (  f  an^ui.^h,  1il'1[)  eame  i'rom  an  unexpeeted  (|Uartrc, 
in  the  form  of  arms  and  ammunition  sent  tliem  hy 
the  authorities  of  Cuba.  Some  Spanish  war  vessels 
also  lendered  assistance  in  conveying  families  to  [)lacL's 
of  safety. 

In  1(S48,  after  peace  had  been  conchuhid  betwcL'U 
]\[(jxico  and  the  United  States,  Connnodo)-e  Pony 
was  requested  by  the  citizens  of  Laguna  de  Tcrniiiins 
not  to  evacuate  the  island  till  ^Mexico  could  atl'oid 
them  pi'otection,  which  was  acceded  to.*' 

Finally,  through  the  good  olHces  of  the  curate 
A'cla,  i\  treaty  was  entered  into  with  Jacinto  I'at;'' 
but  being  several  times  violated,  it  soon  ceased  to 
]iavi>  any  value.  The  rebels  were  never  short  of  arms 
or  amuiunition.''''' 

In  1849  a  l'»reign  I'egiment,  with  most  of  the  nuii 
from  the  United  States,  was  organized,  but  was  dis- 
banded soon  after. ''^'  The  state  government,  having 
to  provide  resources,  gave  h;ave  in  Marc.'h  of  that  year 
to  take  to  Cuba  or  Vera  Cruz,  as  co(jlies,  such  Indian 
prisoners  as  were  willing  to  gcj  there.'^  The  ^[exicau 
government  di.sippro\ed  of  the  measure,  but  after  a 


"  /}/r-7o,  Kstail.  !,'<},.  M,x  ,  iii.  pt  1,  2(j:?;  Mayer'sMvx.  Azter.,  i.  429;  XA  / 
licij.,  l.wiii.  f). 

"Tliioo  luuiilrud  jiiiil  fifty  ineii  were  left  till  relieved  by  a  Moxiean  force. 
It  is  a.sscituil  tlmt  tliu  f^ovciiiDi'  tciidereil  tliu  sovcfcij^iity  over  yiuiitiiii  to  any 
nation  tliat  W(jnld  assuiiio  its  jirotuutiijii.  /lit'/ni  ir^i.  A'//.""'/'/  Hi  t.,u.  Hill  :i, 
.STl-li,  .Si)4-40.'!;  Aiiroiia,  U'lst.  Yiu:.,  iv.  lOf!,  l(i!/j  Xaiioniijn,  Hfl.  M('j.,  \V\\. 
171 --',104. 

*'"  A  most  oininoiis  and  luimiliatiiii;  one,  inasMiucli  an  it  stiniiliitcd,  (inin:i,' 
other  tiiinL^^s,  tliat  tlie  Indians  .sliould  retain  their  urnj.s,  an<l  all  (li/if  liail  hi ni 
taken  fniui  thoni  should  he  restoreil.  .Mignil  Barliachaii",  for  wlioin  l'.(t  liil 
a  .speriaj  jii-eddeetion,  was  to  he  governor  of  Viuatan  i"i  life,  and  rat,  .  ii  f 
t)i- goveri'  r  of  tiio  Indians,  also  for  life.  I'ersonalan  1  di-^l  i'iiig  (axis  weie  lu 
he  aholisiied,  and  ecelesiastieal  fees  niueh  rediieed.  ISnqn' ii  ,  l-',ii<iti)i)  lli^L, 
ii.  4();!-14. 

^'••riuro  i.s  ahundant  evidence  of  their  hei/i/  sii]iplied  hy  tliu  truih  rs  ol 
liritisii  llniidnras.   J!i/i-.r,  Viir,  h'.ytoi.  (Joli.  (  V,  ./(/,;>•,  !(S-I()_'. 

■"'.V//rs'  A',;/.,  Ixxv.  -JO."). 

■"'it  was  said  tliat  they  went  willinijly;  hut  tiris  \t  rather  donhtful,  as  the 
guveniineiit  received  a  huiuia  of  ijio  per  head.   Ildrliachaiio,  JJinctiri^i),  'M  l. 


YUCATAX  AFFAIRS. 


030 


reconsideration,  it  was  carried  out  with  the  consent 
of  the  latter. 

Ait'air.s  in  Yucatan  ht-i^an  to  assume  a  more  prom- 
isiuL;'  as[)o(.-t  early  iu  1850,  when,  after  some  important 
victories  by  the  government  forces,  the  Indians  saw 
the  necessity  of  an  arrangement."^  Tlie  state  goverii- 
iiKMit  then,  on  tlie  2(1  of  February,  1850,  issued  a  de- 
cwi  intended  to  induce  the  ^layas  to  acce[)t  jieacc, 
mrantiuL,'"  [)ardon  to  all  who  had  been  concerned  in 
the  roi^ellion.  The  ho[)es  of  a  peaceable  solution  were 
not  lealized,  however,  the  war  still  continuin;^'.  In 
1851  the  rebels  established  their  head(piarters  and 
sti'onn'hold  in  Chan  Santa  Ci'uz.  General  \"o^a  made 
.strenuous  efforts  to  brin*''  them  under  subiection,  sev- 
eral  exi)editions  to  Santa  Cruz  meeting  with  consider- 
able success.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  made,  or  at  least 
an  understanding  was  arrived  at,  in  1853,  with  the 
cliief  Tzuc,  through  the  good  offices  of  the  superin- 
tendent of  J>elize.  The  arrangejueiit  was  drawn  U[) 
ill  Spanish,  and  Maya  and  several  <^ther  native  lead- 
ers accepted  it  afterward.  Under  it  Chichanja  and 
otiier  towns  of  that  region  laid  down  their  arms, 
thfUiLch  without  submittinn'  to  tlu;  ufoveriinient  of  Yu- 
<"itan,  in  which  anomalous  and  precarious  situation 
they  have  remained  to  the  present  day. 


the  tiii'h  rs  i>t 


[^resident  Pena  never  lost  sight  of  fhe  groat  point 
of  se.'uring  peace  with  the  United  States.  Negotia- 
ti'iiis  having  that  object  in  view  were  r(M)[)ened  by  the 
United  States  eoininissioner,  Nicliolas  1^.  Trist,  who, 
though  his  jtowers  had  been  withdrawn  by  his  gov- 
eniiiieiit,  continued  exerdsing  them  on  tiie  suj>]»ositioii 
that,  [Kjace  being  desired  by  th';  United  States,  any 
ti'iaty  hoiKJi'able  to  the  kitter  woidd  be  ratili<  1  with- 
out a  t(K)  rloNt;  iiupiiry  as  t>  the  authorit\-  under 
which  it  haul  been  ac-oniplished.  Al'te-r  si'Xtr'al  con- 
lereiiees'^^  held    between   liiin  and   tlic    A[e\icaii  eoni- 

•'■Tlii'ir  ;      p.).s;il>i  iiuiy  l-c  seen  in  %'imaro-^,  llixl.  M' j..  xiii.  .'{"iS-lit. 
*'TIk'  pidiiosicioa  was  uuulc  to  'Wul  Ly  tli'    .Mexican  coiniiii.s^ioufrs  tlwi* 


C40 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


i 


i  Mj 


inissioncrs,  l^eriiardo  Couto,  jNTii^ucl  Atristaiii,  and 
Lui.s  G.  Cuovas,  a  treaty  was  liiially  coiicliulcd  and 
signed  by  tlicni  at  Cluadalupo  Hidalgo,'^  on  the  -Jd 
of  Fcl)ruaiy,  I  S48,  consisting  of  twcnty-threo  aitic-ks, 
and  an  additional  and  secret  one  extending  the  terlii 
stipidateil  for  the  excliango  of  ratilications.  The 
cliief  stipulations  embraced  in  the  treaty  were  those 
contained  in  articles  5,  0,  12,  13,  and  14. 

Article  5  fixes  the  future  boundaries  between  the 
two  re|)ublics,  and  under  it  Mexico  ceded  to  the 
United  States  Texas,  Ncnv  Mexico  with  all  the  terri- 
tory then  belon<xint>"  to  it,  and  Alta  California.  Tmo 
limit  between  the  latter  and  Baja  California  Mas  made 
a  straiufht  line  di'awn  from  the  middle  of  the  Rio  (Jili, 
where  it  unites  with  the  Colorado,  to  a  point  on  thu 
coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  distant  one  marine  league 
due  south  of  the  southernmost  point  of  the  port  nf 
San  Diego,  according  to  l*antoja's  map  of  1782.  Tlio 
article  also  stipulates  for  the  future  running  of  tlio 
boundary  line  between  the  two  nation.-;.  ArticL^  'I 
gives  tlie  United  States  and  their  citizens  a  free  and 
uninterru[)ted  {)assage  b}'  the  gulf  of  California  and 
by  the  river  Colorado,  below  its  confluence  with  (he 
(lila,  to  and  from  their  possessions  north  of  the  boun- 
dary line  defined  in  tlie  |)receding  article.  Article 
12  stipulates  that  the  United  States  shall  pay  Mex- 
ico, in  consideration  of  the  extension  of  boundaries 
actpiired  by  the  former,  tifteen  million   dollars,  and 

an  nrmistico  ami  cessation  of  arms  slionM  l)o  (Mitored  into.  Tvist  laid  it  1"- 
foro  (Juii.  Scott,  Ijiit  tli<!  latter  for  ,i;in)il  rea.sDiis  would  not  tako  upon  liiiii  ■•  It 

the  respunsiljility  of  granting,' a  second  arniistiee  till  a  treaty  had  bcci .i 

fact.  This  was  verbally  luaiic  icnown  by  Trist  to  tlie  commissioners  of  Mi  \- 
ico,  whose  government  then,  after  due  consideration,  resolved  to  seeuii'  .lu 
arran!,'einent  of  tlio  (juestions  at  issue  between  the  two  countries,  by  sei  h  t 
negotiations,  and  witliout  an  .armistice,  leaving  tlic  latter  to  bo  entered  into 
when  the  arrangement  should  have  been  completed.  Couto,  one  of  the  M'  \- 
lean  commissioners,  wrote  I'cMa  on  the  ;!d  of  Doc.  that  Scott,  though  unwill- 
ing to  formally  agree  to  a  cessation  of  arms,  promised  not  to  prosecute  lin;^- 
tiii,ies.  He  fullilled  his  promise,  contenting  himself  witli  thu  occupation  df 
two  i,v  three  new  ]ilaces,  when  he  might,  had  he  chosen,  have  freely  invaded  tho 
central  states.  Jkoh  /JdrrciKt,  A'. 'virn/os',  .IDD-i;  Apitii/.  J  fid.  Giicrra,  DO-'. 

'''It  has  been  stated  that  'I'rist  himself  c!iose  the  place,  because  of  tho 
veneration  felt  fur  it  by  the  Mexicans,  liou  iidrccna,  Ikcuerdon,  007. 


TREATY  OF  GUADALUPE  HIDALGO. 


nil 


tain,  and 
Luled  and 
n  the  -Jd 
0  articles, 
tlio  tcrin 
ins.  The 
^erc  tliobo 

bwcon  the 
d    to    the 
the  terii- 
nia.     Tmo 
was  made 
Rio  CJila, 
nt  on  the 
ino  lea,L;'nc 
ho  port  lit' 
r82.     The 
iniT  of  the 
Articlt^  n 
la  freo  and 
'ornia  and 
with  the 
ho  bonn- 
Arth'le 
iay  Mex- 
onndaries 
lars,  and 


ist  bill  it  1m- 
iipoii  liiiii  •■  If 
lail  hecDiiii'  a 
)iiors  of  Mi'N- 
to  sooure  Jiu 
'ic3,  by  soiitt 
cntcroil  into 
e  of  the  yi  \- 
lOUgll  uuu  ill- 
irosccuto  li'i-'- 
occupatiiiii  I'f 
y  inviiiicil  tlio 
•crra,  DO-. 
Icoausc  of  the 
007. 


specifies  two  modes  of  payment,  one  or  the  other  of 
which  the  ^lexiean  j^overnment  is  to  dcsiufnate  at  the 
time  of  ratifying  the  treaty.  Arti(de  l;}  hinds  the 
United  States  government  to  assume  and  ])ay  to  its 
chiimants  aguuist  j\le\ico  idl  amounts  due  them,  and 
tliose  to  bec<yme  due  them  hy  reason  of  claims  li(iui- 
(hited  and  decided  against  ^I(.'\i(-o  under  tlie  con- 
ventions of  Aj)ril  il,  18;>'.),  and  January  .'50,  \^\:). 
Article  14  exem])ts  ^Mexico  IVom  all  claims  not  de- 
cided against  her  which  havi."  arisen  pi'evious  to  the 
siu'iiinuf  of  the  treaty,  the  United  States  assunnng 
their  })ayinent,  the  full  amount  not  exceeding  three 
and  a  (juarter  million  dollars.  Article  2."]  provides 
that  the  treaty  shall  he  ratilied  agreeahl}'  to  the  con- 
stitutions of  the  two  countries,  and  the  ratiiications 
exchanged  at  Washington  in  four  months  from  the 
date  of  signing,  or  sooner  if  j)racticable.  The  addi- 
tional secret  treaty  allows  that  the  time  of  exchange 
ol'  ratifications  may  be  extended  to  (;ight  months, 
should  the  [)olitical  condition  of  the  ^lexiean  repul)lic 
so  demand  it.'"'' 


■'■'Arts  1  to  4  rolato  to  a  firm  peace  in  the  future,  and  stipulate  the  sufjpcn- 
siou  of  hostilities,  ee.ssation  of  lilockaile.s,  evacuation  of  Mexican  (ei-i'itory, 
smTcuilci'  of  eastles.  plans,  and  i)iililio  pf(»[ierty  hy  V.  S.  forces.  Art.  7  j,dvc3 
the  riilit  of  naviL'.'itin.;  the  river  (ilia,  ami  the  part  of  the  jlio  Hravcj  del  Xorto 
hil  i\v  the  southern  bouni'ary  of  New  Mexico,  to  the  vessi'ls  and  citizens  of 
hith  countries.  Art.  Sg'.'e.s  to  Mexicans  established  in  territories  formerly 
hi  li)n;,'in!,'  to  .Mexico,  and  wishing  to  remain  in  tle-m  in  future,  the  I'i^'ht.s  of 
U.  S.  citi/enship,  iniless  they  should  si^nify  within  one  year  their  preference 
for  .Mi'xicau  citizenship,  witii  which  character  they  might  also  remain,  and 
hold  property,  which  would  be  respected.  Art.  '.)  secures  am[)le  guarantees 
to  all  ecclesiastic  anil  religious  cijrp  irations  or  oonimunities  in  the  territories 
Hcquired  l)y  the  U.  S.  under  this  treaty.  Art.  17.  'riie  treaty  of  ,\pr.  .">,  IS.'U, 
ijctween  the  two  countries  is  leviveil  for  eight  yeans  in  every  particular  not 
iucoiuiiatihlo  with  the  stipulations  of  this  treaty.  Arts  '-M  and  '22  prescribe 
the  niaiuier  of  avoiding  hostilities  in  the  future,  the  privileges  of  mei'chants, 
mode  of  alleviating  the  fate  of  prisoners,  etc.  Full  texts  of  the  tivaty  may 
lie  found  in  Mcx.,  Di'nrho  Iii/crn.,  l-it|it,  ]It:{-22ii;  Man.-ilii Id's  M( .c.  ]\'ar, 
3:)2  1.-);  Mux.,  Col.  Lnj.  ij  lhi\,  ISIS,  ;i()-'J,-);  .l/e.r.,  /,r-/;</.  j/,-/.,  ISIS,  2S  <•:!; 
AiVrs'  llcj.,  Ixxiv.  4:i-.">;  Voini'/'n  lli^t.  .l/i  j-., . "),■'(!)  (17;  DiihlanixnA  Lir.tito.  I.nj. 
Mil.,  V.  ;id7-S();  Riidii/s  War  inlli  Mi.r.,  ii.  .isl-.'i.  rur.suant  to  the  terms 
of  the  treaty,  Mexico  and  the  U.  S.  api)ointed  coiumissiouers  to  run  the  bnun- 
ilarien.  The  former  also  made  provision  to  bring  into  her  territory  .Mcdcan 
f.iiuilies  residing  in  the  ceded  territory  and  desirous  of  couiing  to  Mexico. 
Diihln,  and  Lozaiiu,  Liij.  Mu-.,  v.  4;!S-H.4!»I;  .lAc.  Di nrho  lull ni.,  I^t 
pt,  2.")")-S;  Milx.,  Col.  lAy.  1/  Dec,  l6iS,  ■J07-14;  Mcx.,  Ljlil.  Mcj.,  1S48, 

yo:.-i2. 


m 


m 


:iM 


?s 


S42 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


.r'l 


Oil  tlio  ()tli  of  D"'cl)niiirv  the  trt'aty  was  officially- 
aniioiiiKX'd  by  ^liiiistor  La  liosa;  on  tho  '2'2d  of  tliu 
hamc  iiioiith  it  was  laid  by  l^resideiit  ]*olk  hcfoi'o  the 
senate  of  the  LTiiited  States,  hy  which  body  it  was 
eontiriiied  with  some  aiuendiueiits.^*'  The  reasons  lui- 
such  aniendnvents  were,  at  subsequent  conferi'iiccs, 
explained  to  Minister  La  Kosa  by  the  United  States 
connnissioners  Ambrose  H.  Sevier  and  Nathan  Clif- 
I'ord,  and,  being  deemed  sufficient  and  satisfactory,  the 
j\Iexican  Ljovernment  acce[)ted  them,  and  at  once  rati- 
fied tlie  treaty  with  such  amendments,  and  itwascon- 
hrmed  by  a  large  majority  in  the  jMc'xiean  house  of 
dej)uties,  and  by  33  to  5  in  the  senate."  The  Uiiitcil 
States  commissioners,  on  the  IDth  of  June,  officially 
iiotllied  the  secretary  of  state  that  the  treaty  was 
comjilete,  and  President  l*olk,  two  years  and  two 
months  from  the  commencement  of  the  war,  issucfl  his 
])roclamation  to  his  peo[)le,  announcing  that  peace  now 
reigned  between  the  United  States  and  ]\[exico.  The 
treaty,  indeed,  put  an  end  to  a  war  that  never  .should 
have  been  undei'taken;  a  war  begun  by  one  of  the 
parties  to  it  without  any  justification,  and  accepted 
by  the  other  with  a  remarkable  lack  of  foresight  and 
indilference  to  results.  Without  means,  in  the  midst 
of  ])olitical  confusion,  and  after  thirty-six  years  of 
constant  civil  disturbance,  the  JMexican  republic  un- 
dertook to  measure  its  strength  with  a  young  nation 
full  of  life  and  vigor,  with  abundant  military  and 
naval  elements.  7\.nd  yet,  unhappy  as  the  results 
Were  for  it,  one  must  acknowledge  that  its  honor  was 
maintained.  The  treaty  represents,  indeed,  its  great 
misfortune,  but  does  not  involve  perpetually  ignomin- 
ious stimulations,  .such  as  many  another  natiou  has 
submitted  to  at  the  will  of  a  conqueror.     The  United 


''" 'I"ho  modifications  wore  in  the  Otli,  10th,  iind  l'2th  articles.  Tlio  lulili- 
tional  and  scoot  iirticlo  was  expunged  entirely. 

^' A  (juestion  on  the  constitutionality  of  the  treaty  was  raised  l)y  a  niiiii- 
her  of  deputies,  hut  tlieir  ohjections  were  oveiruled  hy  tlic  supremo  eouit. 
Bidvo,  /m/)iiiiii.,  l-'JO;  Max.,  Col.  Ley.  y  Dec,  1848,  i.  084-708;  Lkcwja, 
Adic.  y  J.'iclif.,  331-52. 


DHPAItTURi;  OF  TIIK  I  WADERS. 


MS 


States  was  in  tho  wron;^^;  all  Wxo.  world  knows  it,  all 
lioiiost  American  citizens  acknowledge  it.  Tiie  Me\- 
ii;in  rupnljlic  lost  a  lai'Lje  portion  of  its  tei'ritoiy,  and 
with  it  many  citizens,  hut  i-etained  its  natlonahty  and 
independence,  with  an  inniieiise  extent  ol'  country, 
more  than  enough  to  render  it  ha[)i)y  and  poweiful 
in  the  i'uture. 

Soon  after  the  signing  of  the  tnvit}'  of  Guadalupe 
lli(hdgo,  a  convention  was  concluded  on  tlie  I'Dth  ot 
l'\  hruary  hy  generals  Woith  and  Smith  on  the  i)art 
(if  the  United  States  army  of  occuj)ation,  and  generals 
Mora  and  Quijano  on  the  part  of  Mexico's  militaiy 
authorities,  for  a  provisional  suspension  o{'  hostilities, 
which  was  ratiiied  by  Greneral  l^utler,  and  hy  Anaya, 
the  Mexican  minister  of  war,  on  the  (5th  and  7th  of 
IMarch,  It  contained  seventeen  articles,  and  the  (tl>- 
ject,  as  it  implied,  was  a  cessation  of  arms  i)ending 
tlie  exchange  of  ratilications  of  the  aforesaid  treatv, 
and  i'urther  to  enable  the  ]\[exican  authorities  to  ivstoro 
constitutional  civil  government  in  the  [»laces  occuj)ied 
hv  the  United  States  forces.^'*  Bv  virtue  of  the  ar- 
inistiee,  and  under  the  special  appointment  madi-  by  the 
])icsident  on  the  Gth  of  March,  of  Juan  ]\[.  Flores  y 
Tcran  as  governor  of  the  federal  disti'ict,  tlie  latter 
restt)red  the  ayuntamiento  of  1847,  regulated  the  col- 
lection of  munici[)al  taxes,  and  called  tlie  jieople  to 
choose  deputies  and  senators  to  tlie  national  congress, 
as  well  as  to  (>lect  a  jiresident  of  the  re[niblic. 

The  [)reparations  for  the  departure  of  the  United 
States  trooi)s  had  beijfun  about  tlie  middle  of  ]\Iav; 
and  on  the  exchange  of  ratilications  of  the  treatv  of 
peace  being  published  by  their  general-in-chief,  the 
dctaclnnentsat  Toluca,  Cuernavaca,  and  Pachuca  were 
retired.  Patterson's  division  left  Mexico  fi>r  Vera 
Cruz  (  1  the  30th  of  May;  the  other  divisions  ilei)art- 
ing  in  the  tirst  days  of  June,  and  on  the  1 2th  of  tliat 


M 


*r 


''Text  of  the  convention  in  J/e'x'. .  Derrcho  Inkm.,  1st  pt,  ioO— t;  .l/i'.r., 
T.<:i;.-<L  Mcj.,  1S4S,  IM-IOI;  Mcx.,  Col.  Ley.  y  Dec,  164S,  'M-W.i;  JJtMaii. and 
Lozciiw,  Leij.  Mex.,  v.  .'Uo-8. 


*>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


fM  ilM 

Ins 


1.4 


2.2 

1.6 


V] 


<5^ 


-T^ 


rf- 


^,V 


%  >y' 


/A 


''W 


'/ 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


i 


544 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR, 


month  the  United  States  guards  were  reheved  by 
Mexican  troops,  the  United  States  flag  was  hauled 
down,  and  the  Mexican  hoisted  upon  the  national 
])alaco  and  saluted  by  the  artillery  ot*  both  armies. 
Worth's  division  was  the  last  to  abandon  the  city,  and 
after  its  departure  the  president  and  his  ministirs 
entered  the  capital.*"  The  retiring  troops  spent  a  few 
days  in  Jalapa  waiting  for  transport  ships,  and  on 
their  arrival  repaired  to  Vera  Cruz  and  embarked. 
The  evacuation  of  the  northern  line  was  also  effected 
rapidly  and  in  good  order,  excepting  a  little  dilatori- 
ness  on  the  part  of  Sterling  Price  at  Chihuahua. 

In  Vera  Cruz,  where  the  custom-house  had  been 
restored  to  Mexican  officials  on  the  llth  of  June,  the 
surrender  of  the  city  and  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  do 
Uliia  took  place  with  the  usual  formalities  and  salutes. 
(Jn  the  same  day,  the  last  remaining  force  of  the  in- 
vaders reembarked,  and  the  Mexican  people  breathed 
free  again. 

And  now  let  us  consider  the  results  of  the  Mexican 
war  for  the  United  States,  wliich  may  be  sunnned 
up  in  three  items,  namely,  loss  of  life,  loss  of  '"  ley, 
and  gain  of  territory.     Of  the  first  item,  ac(  »gto 

official  returns,  the  actual  loss  in  the  field,  b_)  battle 
and  sickness,  was  15,000  men;  in  battles  alone  5,101. 
This  was  not  all,  however.  Many  on  their  way 
to  join  their  regiments  in  Mexico  fell  sick  and  died, 
without  having  appeared  on  the  rolls  of  the  actual 
force.  Many  died  after  being  mustered  out  of  ser- 
vice. It  n)ay  therefore  be  said  with  truth  that  the 
loss  of  life  was  not  less  than  25,000  men.*'  Wluit  it 
is  for  25,000  men  to  be  killed,  God  knoweth;  it  was 
nmch  to  them,  howsoever  little  to  the  magnates  at 
Washiu'jfton.     Aecordini;  to  a  Mexican  account,  tlic 

*•  A  cU'scription  of  tlie  events  appeal's  in  a  contemporaneous  narrative, 
wliicli  is  copictl  in  /'on  Jiiircpiia,  Jtrriwrdo!^,  G"28.  The  otlicial  anuoinu'''iii('iit 
of  the  rcocciipation  of  the  capital  by  the  Mexican  governincnt  appoars  in 
Mer.,  Col.  Ln/.  1/  /M'.,  1818,  i.  70-2.  In  September  next,  honors  were  puiil 
to  tiio  Mexiuan  victims  of  tlie  war. 

^  Mniutjilirn  .Ufj;.  War,  347,  350  05;  Ron  Diircfna,  lieruenlon,  .'):?7-S. 
Livernioro  sets  'J0,000  as  u  very  moderate  computation.    Wartoith  Mvx.,  HO. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  WAR. 


0tf 


number  of  killed  of  the  Mexicans  in  the  several  bat- 
tles was  almost  5,000  men.  It  is  not  easy  to  ascer- 
tain what  was  the  actual  loss  of  life  sustained  by  Mex- 
ico during  the  war."'  The  cost  in  money  to  the 
United  States  has  been  estimated  at  $1GG, 500,000. 
The  loss  ill  money  to  Mexico  will  never  be  ascertained. 
The  gain  of  territory  by  the  United  States  was  im- 
mense, comprising  a  surface  of  upwards  of  650,000 
s(|iiaro  miles. 

The  total  strength  of  the  army  employed  by  the 
United  States  in  Mexico,  from  April  1846  to  April 
1848,  consisted  of  54,243  infantry,  15,781  cavalry, 
1,782  artillery,  and  25,189  recruits,  making  a  total  of 
!K),'.)i)5  men.  From  the  foregoing  list  have  been  ex- 
cluded several  companies  called  out  in  Ohio  and 
Louisiana,  but  that  did  not  go  to  Mexico.  If  in- 
cluded, the  total  number  called  out  by  the  govern- 
ment would  exceed  100,000  men.  The  number  that 
actually  served  in  IMexico  exceeded  80,000,  not  all 
called  out  at  the  same  time,  but  in  successive  periods. 
At  the  closing  of  the  war,  according  to  the  adjutant- 
general's  reports,  there  were  actually  upwards  of 
40,000  in  the  field. 

The  war  of  the  United  States  against  Mexico  is 
fraught  with  instruction.  Ahoiw  had  been  cherished 
by  the  friends  of  peace  among  some  nations,  that  in  a 
l»ure  republic,  where  the  people  rule,  a  warlike  spirit 
could  not  be  fostered.  Here  and  elsewhere  it  has 
proved  otherwise.  The  spirit  developed  by  free  in- 
tstitutions  nmkes  the  republican  a  most  formidable 
soklicr  when  he  is  not  swayed  by  moral  scruples.  In 
the  United  States  sectional  rivalries  and  interests,  antl 
the  eagerness  to  gain  distinction,  had  fanned  the  flame 
of  passion  for  war,  and  tlie  battle-field  was  looked 
to  as  a  good  arena  for  deciding  the  pending  issues  as 
Well  as  for  competition.  Social,  political,  commercial, 
or  industrial  interests  are  but  broken  reeds,  as  man 

^^  llernnmlfz,  K.^tml  M>'j.,  234;  El  Arco  Iris,  Feb.  9,  1848. 
UlBl.  Mgx.,  Vol.  V.    Jo 


646 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


will  not  give  up  the  gratification  of  his  passions,  even 
though  by  so  doing  he  may  make  a  profit.  Civiliza- 
tion has  done  away  with  niany  of  the  old  barbarous 
])raotices,  but  unless  supported  by  a  truly  christian 
spirit  will  not  afford  the  adequate  remedy. 

The  so-called  improvements  of  warfare  in  the  opinion 
of  men  justify  the  continuance  of  war,  on  the  ground 
t  at  the  destruction  of  life  and  tlie  infliction  of  suf- 
fering have  been  much  diminished  by  the  new  devices, 
(jiod  save  the  mark!  Killiny:  men  is  not  a  trade  siis- 
ceptible  of  improvement;  the  experience  of  the  jMcx- 
ican  war  shows  that  neither  side  dispensed  with  the 
horrors  of  ancient  practices.®-  If  the  injustice  of  all 
war  was  never  before  established,  it  was  made  clenr 
by  this  contest  between  the  two  republics  of  North 
America.  The  saddest  lesson  to  learn  by  the  citizens 
of  the  United  States  is  that  the  war  they  waged 
against  their  neighbor  is  a  signal,  example  of  the  eni- 
l)l()yment  of  might  against  right,  or  force  to  compel 
the  surrender  by  Mexico  of  a  portion  of  her  teiii- 
tory,  and  therefore  a  blt)t  upon  their  national  honor. '^•' 
The  United  States  had  an  oj)p()rtunity  of  displayiii;^' 
magnanimity  to  a  weaker  neighbor,  aiding  her  in  the 
experiment  of  developing  republican  institutions,  in- 
stead of  playing  the  part  of  bully. 

President  Polk  recklessly  waged  a  devastating 
war,  and  yet  pretended  to  be  sighing  for  peace.  His 
supporters  in  the  press  advocated  the  bombardment 
of  .Mexican  cities,  and  an  inhuman  destruction  <•!' 
Mexican    life."*     Those    barbarous    sentiments    wciu 

"-' '  riiindcring,  massacres,  cruolties,  tlio  killing  of  tlio  woumlcil  on  the  ticM 
of  buttle,  1111(1  even  in  some  cases  burning  alive  at  the  stake,  have  lueii  ic- 
coriled,  on  the  highest  oliicial  authority,  us  aiiart  of  tlie  history  of  theAIexic.iu 
war.'  Linrmuir'n  War  with  ^le.r.,  '2(i.'J. 

"•'  'A  cunipounJ  of  the  crime  of  the  liighwayuian,  who  puts  his  pistol  :it 
your  head,  ami  cries,  "  Deliver  or  die!  "  and  the  truckling  of  the  pedlei-  wiiu 
trades  in  small  wares,  and  chuckles  over  his  hard-driven  bargain  after  it  is 
ninde.'  Livcrmorc's  War  with  Me.c.,'2G'>. 

'"  '  Destroy  the  city  of  Mexico,  level  it  with  the  earth  on  which  it  stands, 
servo  Puebla,  Perotc,  Jalupa,  Saitillo,  and  Monterey  in  the  Si-imc  way,  nw\ 
then  increase  our  demand,'  says  one.  'Unless  we  distress  the  Mexiciiis, 
c:iiry  destruction  and  loss  of  life  to  every  fireside,  nn<l  make  them  feel  .1  r  «l 
of  iron,  tliey  will  not  respect  us.'saya  another.     I'ho  Union,  Polk's  organ,  in- 


GENERAL  REFLECTIONS. 


547 


(;:) 


tlu' 
iu- 


lis 

iK'Ut 
of 

L'll    If- 

;tnl  ilt 

ir  wlio 
r  it  is 


ai^'t^ravatod  h}"  iho.  false  pretext  on  whicli  tlioy  wove 
uiui'd,  iiaiiu'lv,  tliat  ^Icxico  luul  provoked  tin;  wai-. 
It  was  President  l*olk's  aetion  in  orderiiijj^  troo[)s  be- 
Vdiid  tlie  limits  of  the  United  States  an«l  into  Mexican 
ti  I  ritory  that  hrought  on  the  war.  It  was  an  aswuinp- 
tinii  (»n  his  part  of  powers  not  vested  in  him  hy  law. 
The  war,  thou'jrh  reeoonized  by  conjjress  after  hostili- 
tics  had  bei^an,  was  in  fact  the  device  of  l*olk  and 
liis  nartv.  He  had  no  riixht  to  involve  his  country  in 
will',  and  the  house  of  representatives  told  him  so."" 
Th(^  four  days'  homharthnent  of  Vera  Cruz  was  no 
(louht  effected  according  to  the  laws  of  war;  but  this 
dors  n(jt  tend  to  increaoe  our  respect  I'or  war  laws, 
for  it  was  horrible  and  wholh'  uiniecessai'v  work."" 
Add  the  ille'jfitimate  barbarities  connnitted — often 
witli  impujiity — by  an  undisciplined,  lawless  rabbk-, 
stich  as  a  large  portion  of  the  United  States  forces 
was  composed  of — unfortunately  too  well  authen- 
ticated, and  retaliated  for  as  they  often  were  by  the 
Mexicans,  especially  the  guerrilla  parties — and  we 
liav((  acts  of  atrocity,  whosoever  were  their  author^, 
evidencing  a  depravity  of  nature  as  appalling  as  it  was 
disgi-aceful."^ 

The  United  States  could  have  secured  peace  by 
ceasing  to  a.s.sail  the  Mexicans,  who  wx're  ti<>hting  oid\' 

(lul;^i's  ill  tlic  old  Clirist-like  loyii':  'Henceforth  we  must  seek  peaci',  ;:iul 
citiipil  it  l>y  inUictiiig  on  our  enoniies  all  tlie  evils  of  war.'  )>o(i  Jity'.-i  Jirr. 
J/cr.  War,  •_'.")'.». 

''  I'ulk  well  knew  that  eongrcss  woulJ  not  authorizo  his  invading  .Mexico 
to  ciiiii(iel  tlic  payment  of  an  alleged  debt. 

"■'•Tlie  foreign  consids  wrote  (Jen.  Scott,  March  24,  1S47,  of  'the  frightful 
risiilts,'  The  New  York  Ilirahl  said  tliat  the  homh.inlnient  i>liieed  tlie  town 
ill  niius,  'under  which  great  nuniheis  of  uon-conihatants,  men,  women,  and 
ihililicii,  were  buried.'     Many  heart-rending  descriptions  might  be  (iiiiitr.l. 

'■'  Sucii  cases,  almost  witiiout  nundicr,  might  be  given  here,  not  only  iv  I'.a 
ooiitciiiporancous  correspondence  of  reputable  journals  sucli  as  the  ('h<trh.<'  m 
M'-rriir;/,  LnuisriUe  Joiirmil,  Xcic  ()r/raii'<  Plrniiune,  Saint  Lniii.i  lii'/iuhlu-tiii, 
U'lifoii  JJditi/  Timffi,  El  Arco  Inn,  a  Mexican  newspaper,  and  niinicrousotlu  is; 
Imt  Hki'wiso  from  ofTicial  reports  to  the  war  department  at  Washington,  in- 
I'luiliiig  the  spirited  remonstrance  of  May  10,  1847,  by  (len.  Mora  y  Vilhiniil, 
at  S;in  Luis  I'otosf,  to  (Jen.  Taylor,  in  which  he  uses  these  words;  '  Tlie  trea.li- 
I'l'iHis  assassinations  of  Agua  Nueva,  Cataria,  and  Maiin  have  not  been  tlie 
(iiilyonis;'  tlic  'ruin,  devastation,  and  conflagration  of  towns  mark  (  vci-yulurti 
the  in.ircii  of  the  invading  army.'  Such  outrages  also  oei-nirecl  on  the  lino 
fi'iii  Vera  ('ruz  to  Afexico.  f>.  .V.  Oort  Dnr.,  Cong.  W,  Ses.  I,  11.  \]\.  (iO, 
p.  'JlO-14,  ll-M-4-2,  117S;  Sen.  '-'0;  Miscel.  7:5,  78;  Sen.  J'-',  :i47. 


048 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


ill  Holf-ilefi^iieo.  But  the  so  much  dcsiivd  pcaoc  tiny 
were  rosolvod  so  to  secure  by  war  that  a  barjLrain, 
which  was  iiotliing  bettor  than  barefaced  robbery, 
should  be  sccuretl.  The  coveted  acquisition  was  se- 
cured, and  President  Polk  boasted  in  his  message  to  tli*; 
United  States  senate  of  "the  mairnanimous  Ibrbeit- 
ance  exhibited  toward  Mexico."  All  this,  as  eveiy 
intelligent  American  knows,  was  j)ure  humbug.  In 
was  not  magnanimity  but  policy  which  prompted 
Polk  and  his  fellows  to  pay  IMexico  about  twenty 
million  dollars  when  she  was  at  the  cotupieror's  mercy. 
It  gave  among  the  nations,  howsoever  Almighty  (lo<l 
regarded  it,  some  shadow  of  title  to  stolen  j)ropcrty."' 

The  negotiation  of  a  treaty  to  bring  poaco  to  dis- 
tracted Mexico  was  the  source  of  great  trouble  in  tlio 
country,  caused  by  those  who  used  it  as  a  pretext  tn 
]>romote  their  own  aims.  A  revolution  broke  out  ;it 
Aguascalientes,  whose  chiefs  were  (Governor  C'oski 
and  the  guerrilla  leader  Padre  Cenobio  Jaraiita. 
With  about  1,000  men  they  drove  out  of  the  city  tlio 
comandante  general,  Manuel  Arteaga,  who  liad  rc- 
luseil  to  join  them. 

Jarauta,  in  accord  with  the  garriscm  of  Liigos, 
]>ublished  in  June  the  plan  of  the  discontented  in 
live  articles,  the  chief  points  of  which  were  to  igiieic 
the  existing  government,  and  that  the  states  sIiduU 
i'»;assum(!  their  sovereignty,  and  {provide  means  for  (ho 
constitution  of  another.  j\[eantiine  tiie  coinmaml  "f 
the  forces  was  to  be  vested  in  the  general  oflicer  of  tin' 
highest  rank  who  had  accepted  the  plan.    This  arraiigr- 


*^  Lh'frmorc,  Ah]d  Ahltot.  Thi'  Wnrm/h  Meriro  li'-riewKl.  Boston,  !'>■"<'. 
Sin.  8',  .'110  i)p.  'J'liis  work  was  iiitoiiiled  l>y  tlio  autlior  to  be  a  nviiu  .t 
tlio  Mexicim  war  on  tho  priiiciiilus  of  cliristiuiiity,  uiul  an  enlighti'neil  stutrs- 
iiianuliip.  A  conmiittoonf  auanl,  conniosetl  of  tliroo  of  tho  uio8tili8tiii^;in^li"l 
(liviui's  in  tlio  U.  S.,  proiionncetl  it  tlio  bent  us  yut  writtt'ii  on  the  siibjcii.  ;il- 
liiuing  liini  tho  prL'iniutii  ollori'd  by  tho  Aniorii-an  poaco  socioty.  It  in  lull  "f 
faotH  on  thoovontu  of  tho  war,  which  is  oxhanstivoly  treated  in  a  jiliilcsoiilil- 
oal  and  christian  spirit,  deprecating;  its  coniinonceniont,  and  tho  ciiiiHis  ilwt 
leil  to  it,  tho  niudo  of  its  pruscculiou,  both  in  its  logitimuto  aud  illej^iUiiiaU 
beariuga. 


PAREDES'  CAMrAir.N. 


M9 


iiiont,  tho   secret  work  of  Paredes,  was  signed  by 
seven  men, 

Pn redes  left  Aguasealicntca  Juno  12,  1843,  joined 
.I.irauta  and  his  eonjpanions,  ami  marched  on  Gnana- 
juato,  which  seconded  his  views  on  tlie  ISth.  Thegov- 
nnor  was  deposcMJ,  and  ]\[anuel  J)ohlado  appointed  in 
Ills  place.  I)ol)lado  issned  a  stirring  address  to  oilier 
iL,f(tvernors,  hut  they  paitl  no  further  notice  than  to 
strongly  disaj)prove  it.®'     Pared»'s  met  with  a  similar 


^JKCoruBM    A„,„^^ 


,„J 


CkUUero 


Pakkues'  Last  Campaiun. 

rehnff  from  General  Anastasio  l^nstamante,  who  was 
<lis|);it(!hed  with  a  large  force  to  attack  him.  ISfuch 
liard  li<jfhtin<x  ensued,  hut  the  most  imi)ortant  action 
MMs  on  the  I8th  of  July,  when  the  town  was  assaulted 
;ui(l  Jarauta  taken  prisoner,  conveyed  to  Yalenciana, 
and  shot.'"    His  death  disheartened  the  rebels.     'J'he'ir 

••"/.'Hvm,  UM.  Jnlnpn..  iv.  94-100;  M,<x.,  Co'.  Loj.,  IS48,  i.  104-rt.  Tlio 
rifnsuls  and  comlomnatioii  of  several  gDVoruors  ore  seen  in  El  L'orrcn  A'ac, 
Juiic  .•to  to  AiifT.  3,  184,S. 

'"  Tlie  uxfuutiou  %''ui  pursuant  to  urtlurs  from  thu  guvurnincnt.     Arraiigoiz, 


(■  lit 


m 


-  It,- 


i     I   »: 


AM 


KND  OF  TIIK  UXITKH  STATIvS  WAR, 


chief's  jn'ott'udcd  iiiucli  resolution  to  conliiiiie  fi;4litliiL,', 
Imt  it  was  ji  nu'ic  ruse  to  oajn  tini(\  Indtod,  in  the 
iMoiniiii;  of  tl»«j  i'JtIi,  PaiLclcs,  l>(»l)la(!o,  aiitl  thu  nst 
L'scajfcil.  Tlic  city  then  sunviulcrt  d.  Thc^  cliii  f 
leader,  l*aredos,  went  to  Kuro[)e.  All  tho  iinplicatud 
were  finally  pardoned.'' 

In  the  midst  of  the  confusion,  the  election  for  pres- 
ident of  the  I'ejiuhlic  took  place,  and  Jose  .Joaquin  dc 
lleri'ei'a  was  reelected  and  assumed  his  duties,  and 
Peiia  returned  to  his  post  of  president  of  the  supreiiu' 
coui't  on  the  Dd  of  June,  1848. 

Kx-president  IV'fuv  was  the  author  of  several  lec- 
tures on  iurisj)rudence,  which  are  hii^hly  valued  hy  tlic 
lcL;id  profession  of  Mexico.  ]le  had  the  reputalimi 
of  l>ein<^  an  excellent  husband  and  father,  a  loyal 
friend,  and  uprii,dit  judi^^e.  JIc  was  <^reatly  respected 
and  beloved,  thoU!j:h  there  were  n(jt  wantin|jf  soiue 
who  called  him  a  traitor  for  the  treaty  with  tho  United 
•States  that  he  advocated  as  chief  magistrate  of  tin; 
republi*'.  Jlis  death  occurred  on  the  2d  of  January, 
ISfiO;  his  I'emains  were  accompanied  to  tho  grave  l)y 
rich  and  pool-,  and  all  classes.'^ 

MtJ.,  ii.  'JO.'),  says  .lurauta  was  nllowefl  only  half  aii  hour  to  prepare  for 
«l.':illi.  Aocoriliiig  to  llii.sUuimntc'.s  rcijort,  liu  was  hIioI  tlirco  lioui-.s  iiftcr  caii- 
tiirc.  .liiruuta  \\tin  ii  Iriar,  and  had  hucu  a  carli.-tt  loader  in  Spain  ia  favor  <>f 
ii)).si)liitisiii.  It  is  clainied  tiiat,  tiiou^rh  not  a  Mexican,  ho  li.id  dom;  gooil  sit- 
vici3  to  Mexico,  and  wliatevor  his  political  faults,  he  should  have  boon  siuircil. 
Ziiiinrui.i,  I/i.if.  Mdj.,  xiii.  KIS-'JO'J.  Tho  fact  is,  that  in  his  guerrilla  \v:ir- 
fiuo  ho  was  hardly  hotter  than  u  highwayman,  plundering  both  friend  and 
fou  without  much  discrimination. 

''  i:t  //./•«/'/(),  Nov.  'JO,  184S;  A7  H'lmh.  Jaliickase,  July  20,  1848;  .I/-.-., 
Lif/lsl.  M(j.,  \S')\,  1UJ-1,S;  J)iililnn  tuul  l.ozaito,  Lnj.  Me.c,  vi.  -Ki-T,  >*-. 

"^  'I'lie  eotlin  wan  carried  on  tlie  shoulders  of  tho  ser).;(!ant.s  of  tho  ,<i  vcial 
riJL'inicnts,  and  the  pall-bearer:?  represented  the  anny,  the  treasury,  anil  llie 
university.    Itirini,  lluh.  dc  Mix.,  ii.  .S,')4. 

Anurican  writers  on  the  war  with  Mexico  arc  numerous;  and  many  <.f 
tlieii'  i)roduction.s,  owins^  to  extravagant  oxatj^eration,  or  to  tho  fact  that  tiny 
ar;?  Micro  compilations  witho\it  any  originality  or  rcllcetion,  are  worthless  to 
the  historian.  Apai't  from  ollicial  dooiimcnts,  the  most  import^mt  of  Annil- 
e.n  autiioritics  for  a  history  einl)racing  the  wholj  var  is:  A'.  .S'.  Ilijiliii,  Tint 
U\ir  irii/i  MrxifO.  8vo,  "J  vol.,  pp.  T).'!,  (i.")0.  N^-w  V",k,  1S49.  The  iiiitlidr 
Was  a  brevet  major  of  the  V.  S.  army,  and  firttlieutof  tho '2d  reginniit  of 
artillery,  and  his  work  possesses  merit,  not  (Mly  on  account  of  tlie  aliihty 
duplayoil,  but  .also  owini;  to  the  advantages  f-osscs-sed  by  the  writer  for  ci|. 
k  'ling  matoriiil.  A  personal  oltservatioii  .)i  both  tho  principal  routis  of 
(iper.ition,  his  intimate  aeijnaintanco  with  many  American  oliicers,  and  liis 
iniercuurau  with  Muxicuii  ulliccrs,  together  with  his  acueusto  the  ollicial  i>ab- 


AUTIIOniTIKS  ON  TflK  WAR. 


Ljl 


lin.iti:)ns  of  tlio  twi)  uovoriiiiii'iits,  oupplictl  liiin  with  cxui'lK'nt  iiieuna  of  pro- 
ihiiing  nil  inipailial  liiMloiy  <if  tlic  uai-.  'I'lii.'*,  Iir  ntiitcs  in  liis  |H(faco.  w.m 
liisaiiii;  ali<l  it  iiiioit  lie  inliiiiltcil  l!iat  In*  lias  HUt'Ciiilt'd  ii.i  lar  uh  all  rcusoii- 
alilc  (  xpic-talioii  couM  liivsiix-.  Tin!  wmk  toiitaiiif'  an  ui'L'ijiiiit  (pf  all  tin- 
ii|ii'fati(iiis  liurinj,' till' war,  down  to  tin-  time  <if  tlie  cvacuatinii  nf  Mcxii'o, 
jiii'dilid  liy  an  introiliictDiy  cliaptci'  nn  .Mexican  irlations  witli  the  I'.  S. 
jifcvjims  t(»  the  l)rcaliin';-imt  nf  hostilities.  Iiijili  y  eiiti(ises  tlie  militaiy 
liioveinunti  of  tliu  (lillereiit  j;eneraU  on  either  Hide,  his  ob.servalions  hei.i;; 
made  with  leferi'uee  to  the  approved  inaxinis  of  f;reat  iiiilitaiy  men.  I>i>;!i 
Si-ott'»aiicl  Taylor's  errors  in  generalship :ireexiiosed,  as  well  as  tliuse  of  their 
(ipponi'iits.  At  times  the  author  is  Honiewhut  prolix,  lie  MU])i)liL's  ^'ood  plans 
lit'  all  tJKs  principal  liattlu-lields. 

Snitt'/<  Mfiiioir^.  8vo,  '2  vol.,  pp.  xxii.  <i."i.S.  New  York,  1S(!I.  Tlie  lii>t 
xuliiiiK!  is  devoted  to  the  early  life  of  the  iiiito1iio;.;rapher,  and  to  his  earerr 
w'lile  Kerving  in  the  U.  S.  army  in  Canada,  and  diiiini,'  the  ( 'hipitewa  and 
lllark  Hawk  wars.  Ahoiit  "J.")!)  pa^'es  of  tin;  heeond  volume  are  occiipied  wiLh 
the  .Me\ican  war  anil  matters  eoiiiRctecl  witii  it.  IJiit  little  iiiloriiialion  ii 
(ihtaiiied  from  llii^  general's  n.irrative  additional  to  tliut  fiirnisheil  in  ids  own 
desjialehes,  which  he  freipiently  reproduces  in  the  .Meinoir.s.  He  give.s  winm 
ucciiiiiit  of  his  dillercnces  with  the  U.  S.  govirnmeiit  and  'I'aylor,  wiiich 
eon  d  he  of  viUil  importance  to  no  one  Imt  himself.  Hi;  enters,  moreover, 
into  an  expliinatioa  of  his  ipiarrel  with  'I'rist  p]).  .'(Td-SO  attrihiiliiig  its 
i;i  lialion  to  feelings  of  mutual  dislike  that  accideiilly  arose  lietweeii  them  at 
\\'.i->'iinL;ion,  and  to  his  own  lielicf  tliat  the  eommissioiier's  known  ])rijiidic:' 
against  him  had  much  w'ei.;lit  in  his  appointment.  Tlii!  oU'ensivc  tone  of 
'ri'i.-.l°s  lelti'i's  isattriiinted  to  ill  health;  iScott  Mpeaks  of  him  as  a  most  anii.ililu 
eoiiipanioii,  and  regrets  tliat  he  wa.s  afterward  neglected  liy  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment. 

Jt'i/ihiiil  SftiiiWM,  Si'frirr  Ajhmt  runt  A-^hnn-  ihiriiiij  tlir  .)f(  rii-iin  Win:  Svo,. 
pp.  471).  (Jineiiinati,  IS.")!.  The  autiior  was  Hag  lient  of  the  V.  S.  home 
.sipi.tdron  operating  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  After  tlie  capture  of  Vera  ( 'lu/, 
ji  •  v.as  desp.-itcheil  to  the  seat  of  the  .Mexican  government  to  treat  al).)Ut  the 
cxciiaiige  of  prisiineis.  In  the  prosecution  of  lliis  mission  he  joined  the 
Amci  ic.m  army  at  .l.ila|»a,  and  was  atlaciii.'d  to  Scott's  stall' as  ii  volunteer 
aiilc-de-cam|).  From  this  time  he  followed  tliat  gcnet-.il  till  hiseiit-y  i::to  the 
Mi'xican  capital,  and  had  ample  opportiiiiilies  not  only  of  obiaiiiiii'^  maienal 
for  a  history  of  that  campaign,  hut  also  of  niaUiii:;  !iims"lf  fafidiar  with  the 
Irihits  and  cuMtoms  of  the  .Mexican  pcoiile.  His  work,  wliicji  from  its  tille 
w  p;i!d  lead  the  reader  to  suppose  it  conlincd  to  naval  ami  military  operations, 
i  laigely  taken  up  with  descriptions  of  the  jie  iple  and  coiinlry  and  .Mexiiaii 
lii-toiy,  the  poi'tions  of  it  devoted  to  the  war  heiiig  coiiiparat  i\e!y  .small. 
'I'.ii'  Work  met  with  .so  favor.ahle  a  reception  liy  tlic  jiuMio  that  wit'.iiu  a  year 
a  :-ie<'ond  edition  was  issued.  This  induced  the  luihlisliors,  in  the  alisciic  'of  the 
aallior,  to  issue  an  iihridged  form,  omitting  th'isi;  portions  not  directly  con- 
11  •  teil  with  the  eainpai^;ii  under  Scott,  win  was  then  ;ie:indiil.ite  for  tlie  iiresi- 
iliucy.  The  title  assumed  for  this  smaller  S\o  of  ;{,J7  p.i'.'cs  is:  '/'/ic  Cnm- 
j"t';iii  of  (liiii'Tnl  ScoU  ill  Ihii  Viilliif  of  Mcxiro;  hy  Lieut  Itiiphael  Senimes,  L'. 
S.  .\.     ('iucmnati,  IH.'i'J. 

IJIintrd />.  MiiiiMjhll,  Tlic  Mcjurnn  War:  A  Uiston/ of  ifi  Ori'iin,  awl  a 
Ihl'uliil  Arrtiiiiit  of  the  Virtnr'f'i,  etc.  Svo,  pp.  ,'{;J.'>.  New  Vo;k,  1S|;). 
'I'lii*  work  is  valiiahle  as  lieiug  hased  chielly  upo:i  pnljHc  documents,  copies 
of  which  occupy  a  large  portion  of  it.  Its  piiiiclpal  I'liar.iC.eristic  i<  an 
uliseiico  of  prejudice,  and  an  evident  desire  f  ir  im;ia;tiality.  ');i  pa\'  s  I  i'.i  ■ 
I'rJ  will  he  found  a  translatio.i  of  Santa  .Anna's  account  of  the  lialtle  "t  lim  ii  t 
Vista.  The  author  rom.irks  in  hi  (  preface  that  he  has  'felt  no  iili':isiii\>  in 
tracing  the  causes  whioli  led  to  this  war.'  Only  a  rapid  .sketch  is  given  of 
the  events  connected  with  New  Mexico  and  (J.ilitoriiia.  Man-ilicl  1  w.i^i  a 
gialuateof  the  IT.  S.  military  acrideny.  paring  the  time  of  Sci't'.i  cindi- 
Jatc  ihip  MiUiariuId  publi:jhud  Lift:  uwl  iScivia  ,i  of  (Jvwral  U'iiijic'U  is'ud.    Svo, 


ss-j 


552 


EN'D  OF  TIIK  UNITED  STATES  WAR. 


i- 


! 


lip,  'iHO.  Aul)iiin,  1852.  Tliis  work  imtiiriilly  incluilcs  Scott'n  cnmpai;,Ti  in 
Mcxi>'(),  liiit  this  |iart  i.i  only  an  ulil)ivvi!ili>>n  nf  tlio  i>i'evioiis  ]iriMiurliiiti. 

0'(  (//•(/'■  ( '.  Juirl/cr,  'J'Jic  Tii'fhr  Muutk-i'  I'lihiuli'i  >•;  or  Jucrhul  ij'  a  l'rirnii> 
ill.  the  'J'(iiiu/ii<rc  JtiijiineiU  of  Ciivulri/,  etc.  l.aij;i' ^vo,  pp.  MO.  V\iuii\ii\:i[\, 
ls.'i(».  'J'liDugh  'a  c'Diiiplcto  history  of  liio  war  willi  Mexico' is  iiifhiduil  in 
tiiis  production,  i',  aehls  little  rc^ardingni.iin  <;vi'nt8.  Nuvtrthcloss,  ithastlu! 
luiTit  ot  hrin;,' ori^;imil  in  thu  j,'ri'atcr  part,  and  is  intcri^sting  to  tiic  );cnL'ial 
reader  as  containing  uocoiints  of  the  aniiiaeinents,  duties,  and  hardships  of  a 
Boldier's  lift!  in  camp.  The  anlhor  liasnot  eonfined  himself  to  inciilentanf  tlu! 
war,  a  larye  portion  of  the  vohime  heinj^  descriptive  of  the  .Mexicjn  niiinncis, 
customs,  and  religious  ceremonies.  l'"urhereontinn<Ml  I'liiliji  Vouny's  ll'is'unj 
oj'  M(  .fico,  hrr  (icil  \l'itri  (iml  I'oloniiil  iiiiil  III  I'llnliimunj  AmifU",  lai'f^e  Svo, 
pp.  Orili,  Cincinnati,  1S.">0 — wliicii  terminates  with  the  capture  of  \'era  ("ni/ 
— and  carried  it  down  to  the  treaty  of  peace.  In  this  production  he  has  con- 
iincd  himself  Htrictly  to  liistorical  events,  und  lius  produccda  lurguaniount i>f 
ilocumentary  evidence. 

JJruii/z  Alai/i  i;  Mrxiro  an  It  IIVw  ami  as  It  In.  Svo,  pp.  .100.  New  York, 
liS44.  Tlie  author  of  this  intcrivUing  hook  on  Me.xieo  «as  secretary  to  the 
U.  S.  legation  to  tiiat  country  in  lS4l-'_',  and  possessed  all  theipialitics  neces- 
sai'y  for  the  production  of  fjood  work.  To  a  power  of  close  oh.-ieivatioa  ho 
united  a  line  imagination,  ami  with  his  niiml  alive  to  all  interesting  matters, 
he  was  indefatigahlo  in  his  researches  and  examination  of  the  pcculiariiies  of 
the  country.  !So  versatile  wen?  his  Uilcnts  that  he  was  at  homo  <iii  any  sidi- 
ject,  ami  in  tlie  volumu  under  discussion  he  occupies  himself  vitli  i(pial  ywA 
und  ability  on  ullairs  of  tiic  eliure!i  and  political  matters;  on  thoantiiiuitijscif 
the  country  ami  the  general  govcrnme  it;  on  commerce,  agriculture,  ai;d 
manufactures;  on  coinage  and  mines;  and  on  the  habits,  customs,  and  s.>ci.d 
condition  of  the  natives.  Moreover,  having  travelled  extensively  in  .Mexico, 
lio  gives  pleasing  <le.scriptions  of  the  i)liysical  features  of  tho  country.  Never- 
theless owing  to  lirantz  Mayer's  views  reganling  the  working  of  the  liinriu 
catholic  religion  in  Mexico,  ho  has  not  escaped  severe  criticism.  In  .Man  !i 
1844,  shortly  after  tho  publication  of  his  work,  a  long  article  devoted  to  iis 
dissectiop  appeared  in  The  Uiiilcd  Sliitct  (kUliolic  MajirJiw  and  Montldii  //<  - 
v'aiij.  la  tills  review  it  is  declared  that  tho  jiroduclion  can  confer  no  real 
benefit  on  society;  Mayer  is  charged  with  prejudice,  and  with  having  dis- 
torted facts  both  past  and  present;  and  with  injustice  to  the  .Mexicans.  The 
reviewer  considered  it  his  duty  to  vindicate  tho  people  of  Mexico  from  tins 
unfounded  imputations  of  a  writer  whoso  pen  got  the  better  of  his  juilgment. 
Mayer  may  have  been  too  inisparing  in  his  descriptions  of  the  nioro  disagni - 
al)le  aspects  and  propensities  of  tho  .Mexicans,  and  in  his  condemnation  of 
I'l-eloss  institutions,  to  suit;  tlieir  pride,  or  tho  tasto  of  such  advocates  of  con- 
!  ;rvatisn)  as  tho  reviewer;  but  his  production  doubtless  represents  a  truthful 
picture  of  Mexico  at  the  time.  Ills  work  is  profusely  illustrated.  A  third 
edition  was  published  in  riiiladelphia  in  1.S47.  In  I84S  lirant/,  Mayer  pub- 
lished simultaneously  in  New  York  and  London  his  IliMonj  of  the  War  l,t- 
tweeii  Mexiro  and  the  Unitnl  Slates.  This  smaller  production  proj)crly  eoiu- 
mcuces  with  a  preliminary  view  of  the  origin  of  the  war,  in  which  tho  author 
devotes  some  pages  to  a  rai)iil  glance  at  tho  laws  and  system  introduced  by 
tho  .Spaniards  into  Mexico,  and  then  considers  tlic  ellect  upon  tho  populatinu 
by  b.ad  administration,  as  bearing  upon  modifications  of  national  character. 
la  hi.j  narrative  of  events  after  hostilities  had  broken  out,  Mayer,  though  fni- 
lowing  principally  the  American  otlicial  reports,  does  full  justice  to  the  hero- 
ism of  tho  Mexican  .armies  on  tho  field  of  battle.  ]5ut  by  fcir  the  most  im- 
portant of  Brantz  Mayer's  productions  is:  Mexl'o,  Aztee,  Spaiiinh,  and  /'ejnili- 
lii'iiii.  Svo,  2  vol.,  pp.  4.")."]  and  3'.)!).  Hartford,  IS.'),"?.  For  tho  prepuratimi  uf 
this  work  ho  consulted  a  large  nutnber  of  excellent  authorities,  and  sidij^ins 
a  list  of  tho  principal  ones — more  than  80  in  number —to  his  preface.  Tlic 
first  volume  contains  tho  history  of  Mexico  from  thts  coiKjuest  down  to  tlie 
termination  of  the  war  with  the  U.  8.,  including  a  sketch  of  the  .\ztec  cmi)!!  e 
aud  civilization.     lu  this  history,  tho  first  complete  account  of  tho  viceregal 


I 


AUTIIOrvITIES  OX  THE  WAR. 


n:..! 


]•>(  liod  jiuMishod  in  English  wns  prosriitcd  to  tlio  puMic.  Tlic second  volume 
i.i  ilc'votcd  tu  <i  t'onHiilci'utiiiii  of  ISIcNJcd  (luiiii;^  the  tiiiu*  »t  wliuli  llu^  aiahor 
viotu.  Its  ;;c()luL;iunl  (inil  goograiiliii'al  Rtnicture;  its  coninicrci!  and  indiis- 
tiics;  its  lawn  and  cunHtitutiuns;  und  itap(>litic:d  and  natioiinl  condition — am 
SI  vf rally  discussed.  Then  follows  a  dcbcription  of  tlio  in(livi<liial  stulci  and 
ii'iiitoriea,  and  tliuir  diU'crcnt  nnticpiitics,  ])roductiona,  and  cliaracti'iislics. 
'i  III!  work  concludoH  with  similar  notices  of  Now  Mexico  and  Caliiornia  as 
]i:iits  of  the  U,  S.  Mayer,  (luring  lii.s  residence  in  Mexico,  obtained  eo[iies  of 
a  luinilier  of  important  documents  liled  in  tlio  general  arcliivo  in  tlic  c:ipilal. 
1  Ikivo  l)een  fortunate  enough  to  olitain  posnession  of  'M  of  tlieui,  rangin;;  in 
elite  from  lOS!)  to  ItSl'J.  Tiiey  comprise  royal  orders,  viceroy's  i'e]ii)r.s,  and 
ihL'nunls  of  expeditions  to  and  events  in  'J'exas,  Caliiornia,  and  \i\v  Mexico. 
J  have  liad  them  hound  into  one  larj^e  folio  volume,  ami  catalogued  it  under 
the  title  of  Mni/rr'/i  MSS.  Mex-raituH, 

( 'oiixidi  rarinii  Kohre  la Sitiiririoii  I'olU'ira  y  Social  tie  la  /(rpulilira  Mrrkaiin. 
Mexit'o,  1!S48.  hvo.  pp.  .'">(».  Tliis  anonymous  pamphlet  u  sigu<(l '  Varios  Me:;- 
iiaiioH.'  It  gives  a  leview  of  the  general  condition  of  the  country  in  L>17, 
e  iiiaidered  in  a  military,  clerical,  otlicial,  and  social  point  of  view,  in  order 
tn  explain  the  ruinous  result  of  the  war  with  tiie  U.  S.  Tiie  langna_L'e  u.:ed  is 
fiie,  the  Mexicans  hcing  di'serihcd  as  a  nation  without  nationality,  full 
of  corruption  and  vanity,  and  lacking  any  signs  of  Bcriousness  or  eneriry. 

Antmio  Lojirz  ih  Saiila  Aiiiki,  A/jrlurioii  td  Jhn'u  Crilcrio  dc  /o.x  Xacuuahii 
y  ll.-itraiKjiros.  Svo,  pp.  7 1  and  LSI.  Mexico,  KS4!).  On  the '.'7lii  of  August, 
I>I7.  the  deputy  llanion  (iamhoa  laid  lieforo  congress  a  series  of  charges 
a.'aiust  Santa  Ann.i  relative  to  his  conduct  of  th<!  war,  accusing  hiui  of  treadi- 
I 'V.  After  the  fall  of  the  capital,  Uand)oa  amplilied  his  aeeusati>in-i,  and  on 
Niiv.  l."(th  presented  tliem  to  the  chamber.  (Santa  Anna  in  ISH,  having 
olitaineil  a  passport  and  safe-conduct  from  the  American  general,  left  Mexico 
in  April,  und  proceeded  to  Ivingston,  •lamaioa,  whence  in  Feb.  Is  11)  ho 
ail.Iris.scd  the  above  defence  of  iiis  conduct  to  the  president  of  the  grand  jui-y 
ill  Mexico.  In  it  he  reviews  his  career  from  tiie  commencement  of  ids  eam- 
1  ;;i  ,11  in  Texas  down  to  liis  departure  from  Mexico,  und  endeavors  to  lefnto 
(;„iai;oa'H  charges.  He  naturally  re[iudiate.s  the  accusations  of  bad  geiieral- 
s'lip  and  treachery,  and  enters  into  exphinations  of  what  ho  considered  tho 
t;u.scs  of  the  disasters  which  attended  the  Mexican  arms.  He  supports  jiis 
ni'.'iii.ictit  by  a  number  of  otlicial  documents,  which  occupy  tlio  last  IS  I  [lages 
el  tlie  Apelacion. 

liiisirnnuidr.  Invasion  de  Mfxiro  jmr  las  An<jlo  Amfriranof,  MS.  This 
inuniiscript  of  17-  folios  was  one  of  the  last  efforts  of  theautliDr  at  prodiu.'tion, 
i;u  !  is  a  revision  and  continuation  of  LI  Xitfvo  Jicnial  JJiaz.  of  wliicli  1  Ikivo 
already  taken  notice,  ilanyof  thepagesr.ie  in  Btistamante's  own  liand.vriting, 
liut  the  greater  portion  of  the  work  is  written  by  an  amanuensis.  Jt  earrii'S 
oil  the  narrative  of  the  invasion  from  tho  time  of  .Scott's  departure  from  I'uebla 
to  Uio  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  wliich  15ustaniantc  thus  stigniat  izos: 
MKupacion  indecento  y  coi)ardo  de  Mexico,  por  el  ejurcito  Anglo  Americano 
iiiauiiado  por  el  General  Scott  por  causa  de  la  infame  traycion  y  eobardia  do 
Au'.iiiiio  Lojiez  do  Sta  Anna.'  f.  148.  Many  other  matters,  political,  intern.il, 
!ui  1  military,  occupy  the  attention  of  I!ustamanto  in  this  production,  i)csidcs 
the  ojierations  in  the  valley  of  Mexico.  His  usual  want  of  order  in  arrange- 
iiit'iit  is  observable. 

For  additional  authorities  on  tliis  and  three  preceding  chapters,  consult 
.V,.r.,  A/,u)den  lliM..  Oiifrm,  01,  11.VJ7,  ir»l-:i4.'},  3C.2-10.'i;  Diihfau  and 
l.i'Miio,  Leg.  Mex.,  v.  passim,  vi.  40-7,  8'2,  379-83,  40'2-.'),  530;  liiintniiKud'; 
Mnn.  Jli.-it.  Mix.,  M.S.,  iv.  •20'.},  '230-7,  ~'>0,  v.  l-'24,'),  vi.-vii.  passim,  viii.  I- 
4'!,  7;);  /</.,  Mcr.  en  1S4S,  MS.,  ,-{-44;  Id.,  i\nero  linnial  Din,  ii.  .")4-2;!:.:  /•/.. 
J'  m-:ioii  de  Ion  Amcr.,  M.S.,  12-13,  37-9,  51-0,  01-73,  87-lo'2;  Id.,  CnwjKiua 
f^'n'  <!/iiria,  .■?-4,  0-37;  Ifamsei/'n  Ol/u r  Side,  passim;  llort  lii'tri  eun,  J,'eciiii-ifi>i>, 
]<-^-'m\;  Mcj:,  Col.  Ary^v /•««(/., '287-300; /</.,  Lo/ixl.  .]/<].,  1S4S,  4S.  'JS-IOS, 
11-'  3,  l»,-.-7,  30.V12;  1849.318-19;  1850,3-8,  42,  00-'2,  ll.'J,  121-3,  lSO-1, 
l^i  90,  '200,  •21'2-14;  1851,  110-18;  1852,  122-3;  1853,  GlU-21;  1850,  111-14; 


y 


i 


\\ 


f.:i4 


KM)  or  TIIK  rXITKI)  STATKS  WAR. 


/./.,  i'i)l.  l.'iivM  y   It,,:,  |s|7  S,  piisHiin;   )H."i(».  <l-  i:i,  :il.  s:.;   1,1.,  (',,1.    I.ni,.,  ,, 

Jh'i'.,  isiH,  i.  7  i!»,  7i»-:t,  III*  0,  r.'.s  ;»,  i;.:mi, '.'.^-i;."..  -.'vj  .1,  tis»  7os;"  /,/.', 
Col.  I.ii.,  /),,:  1/  «)/•-/.,  is.d  I,  i.  ;;-(•.,  '-'s  i»,  .f.'  ;i.  7."  s, },;!  <)(i,  ill  iii,  ij; 
;{.',  11:!   I:  Ih;.;i,  iv.  I'C.  7.  'M  I,  .">I  '-'.  <»<l,  ;[»."•  tl,  v.  .s7.  -JIT   IS;  /."'('<'«,  />«./. 


j: 


/' 


M, 


ill.  1st  |it,  •liV,\;  /,'ii;ni,  (U,li.  itv  M, 


;w.\  '.\'-l.  KU.  I-.".'.  .»"l(i,  .VJI;  1,1.,  Ui>/.  Jii!,iim,  iii.   iv.  luixNim;  /./.,  M,  .v.  I' 


ii.  '-MS,  :i:is)  10,  ;i,-,j.  :;.-,7  m, 

ml.. 


i.  ■_•!  (t.  Id  ."il,  '.•().■>  Ii,  li.  '.Vis  (i..,  .i:h»  I;  (;,„i„,  T,-,ii,i,i„  ,/,•  /• 


I     IS;    .1, 


//' 


1 1  lit. 


/.'..-'/<..  i'jiin.  Ai.r.    isili,  '.M    l(»,  no  7ii;  .Ma.v..  Islli  AKr.   I.s..(>,  S  IJ, 
•-'.)  7,  7t>,  10,-.  (i,  l.-.l  •_•,  IH.-.  li(>,  '.••.'s,  •.'.-.'  :i,  '.'iKi  7:'//'>/'.'/'i  >y<ir  trill,  M,.,., 

i.  ii.  |Missiih;  Siiiild  .iiiiiii,  I  '•■illist.  <>li,'ii),  I  I'J;  1,1.,  <  'umiiiiii-  <{li,'.,  I  I  I ;  /•/  , 
Mum/.,  1  l'_';  /(/.,  l>,!iii,ili,l,',  I  '.M;  /</.,  .!//(/.  «/  Im,  ii  <  r,liriii,  |iii«sim;  /7., 
A   xi'i"  <;iiiii„it.,  t\,  \H;  1,1.,  1 1,  lull,  I    l.s;  .liniHi:,   11  fit.  !/  rr,,,,.,  •J7I  ".m;; 


/./. 


.!/< 


•-Mil    »:   .l/ia, 


//(.-/.    Mij.,   V.  N7ti  .S;    ll,tii,j,l,    T< 


I'.riiiiulii,  I   !»;   J>,r,,li,t  liilvni.  M,x.,  1st  j)t,  I'.U-'-'.kS, 'Jd   \,i,  1(17  !»;    AVd/,, 
A  I, till  !i  />'/.,  :i-'.'(>H;   Arniiiiiii'r,  .\lij.,  ii    •J7'.l- !».'»,  iiji.  .'1  (I;  /'.  S.  Ilm-t  fi,, 


(  ''illu'.  •'<<•,  •'^''n. 


Srli. 


Sin, 


licpt 


|>ts,  ]ll 


11.  i:.\.    I,  ■»(»,  TiU,  .V.»,  (i'.l;  /./ 


»  ..Hi.  :iit,  S.s.   •_',  II.  Kx.  •-';   /'/..  ('oii;<.  :U,  Sis.  I,  S.ii.    II;    II.    l'.\.   •-'1;  A.>< 
iiihl    Itf.sc.l.,  J).    I-.M;   /-/.,  t'l'li;,'.  .'t-*,  Sea.  I,  .Sou.  .'.I;  Siii.   Uc|.t,  •JS;   II.  .I.mm,, 

IM:  1,1.,  «'i)iin.  ;m.  SfM.  I.  Sill.  !Mi,  io;{;  Si:n.  Ki'pi,  ;t.';  /./.,  r.iii;,'.  ;i.-i,  Srs.  i, 


S,  M. 


.lour  ,  .'i,),!;   /i/. ,  ( 'nil','.    -Jli.^^rs.   '..',  Si'ii.    Mi.sf.  71;    /'/.,  .Mi'is.  iiiul    hii 


1^17  S.  ii.  !»I',I~.V.»,  i:{():{  Id,  111.]..  1 -•.•;«!,  iihlcx.  '-Ml  (>;  Mcc,  .Mem.  IhirX, 
|s7d.  -j.s;!,  '.".17  d.  I(U»  7;  /'/.,  .l/<w.  /.''/(/'•.,  IMS,  ;i.-.  .S;  |sid,  I    17;  /-/.,  .1/.  ..<. 

J:,.-,!.,  I.S.VJ,  ((7:  /./.,  .'/.  '/(.  i!ii,i;-<i  ij  M,li:,  ISld.  S  IJ;  /,/.,  A/'iiim  /'.//ii'/..  li. 
l:i;  /,!.,  Iiirii,:t  Lihsln  h'li'i'liil.,  Isl7.  I  ."JS;  J, I.,  ttr.ir  /,ii/>ii,i„.,  I  '20;  1,1., 
<\ml,Ml.,  \-:\V,;    /,!.,  <',„li,in    /'iiiiiL,    I    dJ;   /./.,  Conlnilii  Armiuii.,    I   ;!7;   //., 


J)l'-t,i 


I 


/./.,  Al  l'i>,l,l»  .U,.,:,  I   :!(!;  /,!.,  Ihrr.  ,!,•  IH  ,!,■  Di,:,  \   7:  /■/. 


J>,',-r.  Mhihl.  (Iiivrni,  1    i;i;  /i/.,  A'syio.i.  ]>,tr  Im  ,fiii'  jiniiiti;iii,  I   '_7;  /</.,  Mmni'. 

N'/yi.    yV/V).  (lit,  mi,  .'US;  /'/.,  Hi-jliim.  ('orso,  i   Jit;   /(/.,    Triitml,)  ,!<■  J'lt.,  I 

Tm;    /-/.,     Tnif,i'l,>   (III, I, I.    /liililliln.    I    -JS;    /i/.,    l'i;,ii,:lo    /,,(/,     I     IJI,    ;j   hIiIs 


J/ 


,:.li<-o  III   l.'<',l)  1/   /.s;,-,   I    10;   /.'.^^o/o   .l/'iy/r   tir.il.  I'.jn:,  IS;   A's/.   // 


././ 


S,iil',    l.iix  \,'liii  !■•(,  I    I  J;   i^^lniihi,  l>,f,iiMt,  1    ,'(J;   I'dilivfn,   /;'.i-jiiis.   il,l 


M,iiUt,;>   lt,lu,-.,  I    -Jd;    Dun'', 


/. 


'fr  •<   liiiiiiiiiii',' 


A,/,;  •»',);    .l/;x.v/.    /,i.-ti:   IJ   Al 
I'vl  dS,  ii.   'J(id-,S'J;  Ciliiiiii,  Jiii/tii'iii.,  rj;   lloil,  nlioinili'.i  ,.""'  /)i;i,ioiiii.i,  Wt.'t 
ll'll,i;  /!ii<iii  in  .l/('.i-.,  "JS/i  7;  Annriiyi,  J'iif.  Ilitt.  ni',  jit  ii.  (iS   100,  pt  iii. 
h,    ».'t-,'iO;    Wih.^tir'x    .S/,,,  rh,'-;    ()l,',n,    (' 


"In;'    A'r;/i)''.     J)ilil 


/linn. 


I   I.': 


Jiiiirio  h'.viift.  .)/,.!•.,  .MS.,  I  lis;  li„l,l.,l,-  Aiiil,:,  A|>r.  S,  II,  |;v|7;  Az/ilr 
(■.)(/<■;/()  I^.iiniiij,,  I."i0-S.">;  '>/(•.(  ;•(•((!■.  I'iir,r,r  h"nn;il,  I  "Ji;  Aliriin,  .l/i.c.  », 
J/»r.  Zii^hliiile,  7-   SI;   <'(irlitoii'.i  I'mtllf  of  Jim  nil   ^'i.^t,l,  iilip.  "JI."!  lij;   /'(  n 


J>i 


".I- 


lot;   10.  -Id:!  7,  ii.    r.'  -JS,  •IIJ-SS,  (iSl  7'»1;   /Innluiml,  /. 


A'o.'d'.,  'JS;  Otiriihl,  ('((//■/(, 


'«':/'- 


i;i:{;  Ihriiiin,!,'.,  K.itii,      M,  /'.,  'Jlil  ."i;  /■'«/•/,, 


lo/zn/rr./-,  :tJd  :{J,   I.M-ii,  •IS7-dl,  517   <>»0;   Urnl.i/i  i.  „,;h   M,.r.    Il'«/-,  I   S; 
H'/'-c'.x  y^i.i  iliiiKj,!^,  'J.'!:)  til,  •J77  S;  M,.i:   War,  Coin/il.  Ili^i.  ,</,  lis   10.1,  IJii 
iS;  Mi.r..  'I'ir'ili/ li,'t.  ('.  S.  vU\,  in  M,.c.  J'lun/ihliix,  iv.  I   list;  .Uiirnn/'.i  i'i  i. 
JIUt.  If.  .v.,  -ifs-dO;  Mix.,  njiirnil  List.  Ojli,;'!-.-,,  elf.;  M,.i:  .S'cn/iw,  ii".  -Jti.-.  ,  I 


ir 
1 


'1- 


Mr 


tl.  ,S.  A 


mil/  in 


Ml 


.MS.,  I    1;  /,/.,  y/is7.  /Iiii.^in;i  Fill,/;  Mr.,-l,„„ 


:/'■• 


III/  iin  JJin/llsli  S,,lili,i;  i:i7  -\  I,  J^J-SS;   .Miwirnn  War  ,iii,l  i(.i  Ih 


llii;j,irii'.i  J/itt.  M'J'.,  •IS.  7S-S0;  lliiii.-ntril's  I'arl.  /A 


I  I'm  .-, 

xxxix.  till.i, 


xiiii.  .■{">1 ;   Liiin'it  Aiitidiiiij.,  MS.,  passiiii;   Thoriii''<  Anni/  «/  Jlio  (li'''',  1^1 


iJi 


Cir.  Hist.  (Iio'j.,  i.    Id,  V.    l.")7-!»,  vi.   .'Ml   l.'»,  viii.   .V.d  7l>,  ix.  ."t.")   II, 


l.ll-d,  S.-.»-d.  X.    lOti   i:».  I.".!*,  7iK)  7.  d(il-10:iO,  ap.  i    "JH)-!:!.  'JIS  tiO,  4-2 


(  'atts    (  in;,/. 


Cil. 


./  A'. 


Mr 


10-11, 


:d  117.    ll!">  1)1;  I 


iaijiuiio,   /■Ji,.-<i;i 


Yur.,  ii.  iKiMsim,  iii.  4.")(i-7<>,  ap.  dS-101;   llnxLli  linr.-tt'n  .Urr.,  77-S;  Trihiil.i 
1,1  Viiil,!,l,  \~\\:\;  i:i  J,',iz>ii,i,l,ir,  .Mav-.hnii',  Oi't.    I  >iv.   ISt7,  .l.in.-M.-li  l»l 


Me 


-M.li  IMS, 
ISId,    ld;t-7;  ('nha,    /!,ttll,.'<  ot',  4d-.">.'l,   (IS-IO;!;  0/„  ;■, 


;    Ain,r.    A  In 

II   -J.  •»()7;   Tiiiilor'i*  llr,m,l  I'miiaiit,  ■JS7-:{:«),  :i7i'-d7:  Anv 


Mr.i:,  SJ  lO'J,   1 J  J  .■"•(!,  UiS-S7,  •204-'J7;  ,Slirrinnii'.i  M, 


i.  6:\;  M, 


L 


.Mrni.    /'().</.,  MS.,  S-l;{,  41-.">,  4S-d, -Jt.".;    Tiii/Ioi-'h   liiixj.;    '1 


ir,j 


IK' 


Wni- 
Z   d. 


h  -I  stfiii:  SI  -!K»,  I  i;t-'j:>,  Iti7-d»,  •JlMi-74;  Taiilur  ami  lil.i  i, 
I, 


in/i,ir  ,iifi 


•J!is-;5lS:  Jh 


il  ri,  ii;   XXIV. 


l.VJ  4.  xxvi.  -JU-.-.l.  ;U0-7.  417-J 


.■)4;t- 


1'//. 

XXX.     ld.{-'J,)J 


.Ml- 


00:  Donacuii's  Advent.,  l-rJ7;  Zcrearo,  Jltv.  Max.,  ~o;  Mine, I,  <i  ura  Coif 


LIST  OF  ArTiioitniix 


fi:.3 


IJ; 

''  '•. 

'.  /'.  :, 
7,,  /, 


(KM, 
M. 


H-'. 


l!,.  r. 
W   r 

''  III. 
■Jll- 

iioH  (i.'i-TO,  70  H;  It'iimro,  .Witir.  ,t/(.'//.,  •_MI ;  riirii/inni'M  .Wi  x.,  i't'2-(\;  I'ni'fwiil, 


I.  h  ■  l\  I. .(id I;  A'//; 


Id,  I..,  Ill,  tU 


1st;),  .h 


/(/i'(«,  .Inly  |S17,  piHspii;  7,7  / '//(/i  (••xi/,  ,1  uly  ;>i(,  Ai 


//A 


I  |i 


l>i.-.  |S..;(,  Miiy  .',  Hi.  .Iillii'  •Jl.  <ti'.,  I.S.I.!;  /;.)■- 
I,  iMiT,  I--;  i,ilii,,riii,'i  .sVr(/-,  ,|;iii.  Hi,  .'lo,  Mi  h.  •_•(»,  May  s, 
;>,  .luiH-  -Jil,  Aii^'.  II,  O.t.  •j:i,  Nov.  »i,  -.'K.  IM7,  .liiii.  I,  I.I).  ..,  IJ,  I'ls, 

•I.I 


Ml  III  II I II     It'/ 


S.  /■■/•.  ('((///«, 


,\|>i.  ."i,  Sc|.t.  •-',  »t>.,   ISI.S;  /,'(/:,    I  iilitilf  ,/iini 


7.  !'•,    |.").'>  'S;  .Hill,   Ciifiiid.,    \S^\t,   iij.   71;  .Hm.  ('ii/anl.  (lalvini.,  Isl7 
(p|;  V.  /v.  ,W^(,  Si  pt.  i:«.  IH.)I,  .Aj)!-.  14,  Is.VJ,  Nov.  17,  1V>7;  Ailmm  .)/- 


..>!»,  :u»7;  r,(, 


/I7|/' 


/ 


iiin n  III 


M. 


•X,;  111  S 


iiiiuri  iiHi 


|■^i'i,  |iii.s.sim;  /'iiiiirt  Col'. ;  Xnfi-'ioMo  .li/zcf 


.1.111.  IS  17  .s,  pi 


.iiiiv  •.'i>,  IS4S;  /•;/  /;,)././  (' 


ly  I'li.  ISJ7;  i:i  liiiiiil,l..liti. 


I/MO,  .lillii' -JS,  I.   'S;  /•'.il,riili>lii.  Jail,  ."i.),   I  .IS; 


liij'i  ii.v.f  ilr  '/'<i;)i.,  .Inly 'J:»,  I.SJ7;    'J'/niiiiji 


I. 


I*  in 


1.^  Ml- 


L 


I'ldljll, 


Alii. 


u, 


'■lllll- 


ll'n   III  I 

.•(•Jii  .'.»;   hi 


M. 


S/ii  ri 


p.'i  t>();   /liji/niril  H 
i.  l;i:>  JJii, 


•.M.'-;MS;  lliiiiiirxIrijH  A'.vo,,/,  p,i.s.siiii;  i:,»i>;l,  .1/.  i . ,  l,S.'  •»,  .V.'7  !>;  Mm;  I.I, 
Villi.  Aiioi;  t'liil.,'  i.  laO'JII;  Mi:,.  ,1  I' /.'"iifiiin.;  .\h,ii.,  •_'»(;  S;  .1/,  ■.  ,1 
I  /."I'li/K',  \  HI;  I'lilii rlMini'M  l,'iiiiiiii.ir,  I'liiii/i.  ill  Mix.,  ■_'I7-.'I;I,  -H  .">il;  Ihilln.*' 
I.I  :l'  /•,  ;i  -J'.l;  /;/  Til  mill,,  .Ian.  -•.'>,  I'd..  I  I,  .\pl.  'J.',  itc,  LSlli;  Hm-l.-ir,  ll'.-<  Spi, 


iiii'l  .Ui.i:  /.iiii;  V.y2  :,M;    '/'ulin 


Mniiif.   ill  I   il.ih'-,   I    •_';>;  Si-iifl,  l.il'i' ol\'H\- 


.'il ;   Srnll's  .Ml' 1111)11'',  p.i.s.iiiii; '<'/■'(»/,   l.iji' iiinl  <'iuii),iiiiiiin  iij\  'J'.t   ',V1\    Dniitwi'i 


Ml 


I'm  I.I  I,   Mr 
I   S;  ^• 


I  ;!.-i 


I  'iir.  (linr.nli ;,  l)i-<rh 

V  .,  CihltiM.  Ill  I. ill.  Ill,  •_'.'»   ;».';  A/.,  l.ii/iM  I, 'if, 


ill, 
,1  A> 


llCllli 


7  .lA 


/'I  />/ 


I    lli 


1(17 


i  III  In 


!.;i   l(t,"<;  i'l-iliiniv  Ah, 
ii.  ;i7l  s;»;  Aliii 


M, 


ISJ7,  :t!t;   .l,r/,,/ 
r-.,  i.   Is,')  !);  AV  <■ 


J/. 


,  .'II)  7;  U  illiiinri  l.ini  Li'iii'i 
'•«/.  A"/'",  i.  .'iKi;  III.,  Ari 


ISJ7 


.Ml 


A.l.,  i.  :!.")(»  4:i;».  ii.  I(>,  I  il  (I,  :«)'.i;  Cilinit'"',  Viml.  ilr  .1/ 


;»l:(' 


.'/  '• 


1 1,'  l.- 


I 


ilnriiii  ill'  lin  I 'iiiirtiiH,   I  -,'!;i:    /'.  ii^ti 


!;;">  .'(."i;  I'lili/iiL^iiui,  iv.   l.'lll;  '  ■f(//i//(i'',  A'l/i 


(/(■  nil    \'iiljr,    I     10;  ./(I//.    A'' 


■  III  11,/, 
r'.s'lii 


il.  /  M(',;(/.s<(^  I    '  M ;  .At.v'.'i  A''C.  .l/'.c.  \Vai;-ly\\  'J.',  •_'.")!;  7i;'>''(/ 


'(,  liiijiiiifii,. 


!.*  (il;  I'ltiii/i,  ill  .U,.i\,  "JDii-Ii.Kl;  Jiiiiiiii:,   .{jui'mjii,   I   .S;    li/lisiu   Hiimlil. 
i-i    hiiniis,  I    hO;   /'/vw/'.y /V.7.   ///s/.   .l/i  .r. ,  pa.ssilii;   llalllm  (,/  Mi  j-iri),  I7-I-'-' 


/ 

.1/.  '  hUdii'ii  lli'iiuliliviiiii<in  ill  Am.,   lOS  ;»;   A/.,  (iuhln,  Sluti-,  I  |',»    1|;  linili.i'^ 
J 'i  'mil  -I  ill  Coil;/.,  X\l.()_''i;  .Miiii.ilii-iii  ill  J  iiKliiiil,  I     Hi;  />/(/•.,  />.)•.  Ilil.,  .M'>., 
' '       '     "  ■'      '      "   '         '■'  '      "    |•|•l|'.^ 


(i.'-s  I;  L'lipiil  i  (ijiiiitii  ('iimji.  I'linf,,,  <(   |();  AV/''<,(,  (Hi.miii\,  '.M-lil;  .MrSln 
I.I  I'li./uro,  iV)   l';lii,  I7'.»,  IIM   .'),  •_'>)I-J7;  /</.,  iUMny^  ,i„il  l.rrl.,  CA 


.[ri'iiija  I'lOiiiliir.,  'J  I.;  I'l  iiii  y  I'lilil,  .Mi  iisuiji',  1-10;  /(/.,  .Mitnil'.,  I  S; 
/•/.,  I'lil.  Hill'.,  I-7'.*;  i  'iiilni-.iiii'  r.,  \i'rrsi'liiil  iirji  iilr,  '\\,',;  /./.,  I'limjihli'/.-i, 
VI.  111).  .'1;  /(/.,  ICxIi'iu'toM  Sill  llo.^;  S'/iiii  I-  .M.^S. ,  xxii.  lol ;  A'/  I'l  nximii  iilit  Xir. , 
.Nic!i  S,  ls.')();  1,'ijlix.  milirr  In  l.i'ii  irri  ilimilili  H  liiMl'iijiii.,  |-'_'S;  .]lri 'iiI'\m  A/'/i-w 

I;  III.,  Kxiiii.^.    (I'lili.  I'ridl/iiK,  111    I, 
!>;    ( 'iiiilr.i'iir,    hiilill'H,    1 -ImI;    ,\'iiiir. 


l'\ 


•Dlllil  l-li. 


47.-)-S.">;   Y. 


I)i. 


IDJ 


'  'iiii.'iiili  r 


ilin-  Sit.   I'ulif.,    I 


.i.ii.Kili.f  I'l))/.,  c.\iv.  ll_*-'_'-',  rxviii.  :I7H  Sl,  fxxv.  71  1;  .)/.  S.  llntr/i,  in  .S',-,- /<- 
II  /.^  .Mit.itiihi,  KiM'.  |,S7S;  Smil/i'.i  .lihlriMM  II)  (Inlri-.^lim,  :,  \l:  lil.,  C/iil,-  ron 
I'lirni ;  Wiirlli,  Cliiiriin  ii'iniii^l;  /'.«,'.'-si/(',<  'I'/ir  I'.  S,,  \l'.\\-'>;  I'r.hiitz.  (,'iiri'iii'M- 
hi-  i'i\,  W.)  (iS;  Viiiiilir  l.iiiilvii,  I'lliirimi;  ,liiil:iiin'  .Mi  ,•.  Wiir,  p  issiin; '>'i)//".'<- 
/•  ■.,  //»-/.  .\ijiiii.iinl.,  lis;);!;  I'riiili>i< 
/'I'l.i.i,  101 -S;  Lil  .Xilioii,  Ar 
l!.iu,s'ii-a,  .\iilii:  Ksliii/.,  1 1'.»  .■)!;  A' 
pa  .-.iiii;  I'rj's  Liji    (;/"  'J'lii/I  >r,  111 


.Ml  nil 


»l\  ii,  -I'JI    !l,  Ud  .■)!;   Miirii 


:;{,  -js.  IS  .(J;  i:i  .\', 

/'/■()'/. ;  I'l  Iff 


1 1. 


17,  ls:,;t; 


•>!  Milil.    II, 


•-M,  IS4S;  U 


larii)  .1  riMiH. 


May  S,  1S,".7,  V 


i:i  Ihrilln,  (».t.   10,  H!,  IS,  •. 
17.  .Mill-.'.',  ISiiO;  /•,-,.    ,1, 


.\iiv.  1SI7   .Mi'ii   ISIS,  passim;  Di.^iti 


4'.i 


.")(», 


.»,  .\. 


(i:t,  (1. 


i'l 


1S17,  .Military  Aliu.si's;  hi.,  1SI7,  .Statu  (lovt  v.s  Tcca;  Lmi,,  l.'^/f 
7"!;  Iliiijhia''  JJoiiiji/iiiii'it  l.'.i/iiil.,  !l   I  I ;  Irii  h'liiiii.,  .XpU.lnly  |S17,  Jii' 


ill,  lliHl.  till  .Mi'x.,  ii.  "Jl  I  :i;);  III.,  L'Kmiiii-f  .Mi 


lliilii 


Ml 


•il  hit-   Milil.  C/iic/laiii.i,  •_•(;:!  .');   li'lrhllinj'iii,    AV7/.    .M,  r.,  4S!»-;i:{;   A 


\l/l/lll.    (;/ 


r.  .V, , '_'S|-,'{!U  ;  (iiljiiii'ii  .]li-i.tiiiii  .^  .  Am,  fiojil,\  (•j.)-,i4;  t  .nn  iltn.'i  ■■*  ./iiit-/i. 
ill.  ."ilVdO;  y/«)(/";*  .tAvv/j.   .Mmj.,  xvi.  4.V.-S,  4'.)7-">l»l,  xvii.  !).'.,  .•{l.'l-l.'),  4.!S; 


I.IK  III 'I,    1  'ill  >l.     .Ml 

I  Iv  1(J;  MiilU-r,  Ri 


47;  llnriiCx  Ui.1l.  U.  S.,  ii.  :U7  .-._';  / 


iiliini, 


'l   .!/<(;/. .  i. 


*'/(  .1/ij;.,  i.  lOS-'.l;  .lAt.<-'.  .■liili:'<liiri  ri/  Siii;,  l(),ii  Aiinn.il 
llijit;  .M<i.iuii'i<  J'iil.  I.ifi-  ill  .Mix.,  i.  '-.'7.")-SS;  Firrij,  l)v<'i-iiil.  \iiin\  I'li.'ii'., 
'2.'>''M;  iJiiliuin,  Lv  Mixiniie,  110;  Jlcrreni,  Vuittcil.,  l-'M;  La  L'rir.,  ii.  4i.l-,)_', 


W? 


558 


END  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR, 


iii.  125-C;  Jul,  Mem.,  1847,  7-8,  .31-54;  Southi-m  Quart.  Per.  (N.  S.),  v.  121- 
C3,  37;J-4-Jl),  vi.  78-110,  vii.  1-52;  LonriiKj'H  Pid.  JIut.  U.  S.,  4Sy-%;  A'ic, 
Gac.  Gob.  Su/).,  Nov.  4,  1848;  Mtmor.  Hist.,  Feb.  9,  19,  1840;  llarrigons 
JiaUle-Jteldn,  358-434;  Srmmen'  Service  Afloat,  passim;  Gallntiii'H  Peace  with 
Mex,,  3-7;  hi.,  H'or  ExpeiuteH,  1-22;  IHllaid'a  Life  McVldlan,  l.')-35;  Frixch, 
titaateii  von  Mex.,  30;  I'atlOH^H  Hint.  U.  S.,  740-07;  »S^'n  of  Anahiiac,  July- 
Scpt.  1847,  passim;  Eiicariiucion  I'rimnera,  5&-0G;  iJiario  Oflc,  Juno  18,  1880; 
Papelis  Vurios,  xxvi,  pt  0,  xli.  pt  19,  xlii.  pt  93,  Iii.  pt  12,  liv,  pt  1,  Iv.  pt  5, 
Ixxxvi.  pt  0,  Ixxxvii.  pts  5,  12,  14,  Ixxxviii.  pts  1,  3,  xcix.  jits  3,  7-11,  13-15, 
10^-22,  cvii.  pts  3,  5,  8-11,  cxiii.  pt  11,  clxxii.  pt  8,  clxxiv.  pt  14,  clxxxv. 
pts  4-0,  1 1,  cxcii.  pt  5,  cxcvi.  pt  2,  cxcviii.  pt  5,  cciii.  pt4;  Siiarez  y  Navarro, 
Iiiforme,  1-12;  Zamacoiit,  Hint.  MeJ.,  iii.  510,  iv.  397,  xii.-xiii.  passim;  E[ 
Sigto  X/X.,  1848-9,  passim;  El  liefieneradov  Jieimb. ,  Fuebla,  Sept.  1840-Apl 
l&t7,  passim;  El  Correo  Nitcional,  Oct.  1&47-Aug.  1848,  passim;  Nilcn'  I'ei/., 
Ixx.-lxxiv.  passim,  Ixxv.  20-1,  75,  205,  273-9,  319;  El  Arco  Iris,  July  1847- 
Apl.  1848,  passim;  Soc.  Mex.  Oeo;/.  Bidet.,  ii.  172,  iii.  330,  iv.  244,  v.  309-7."?, 
vii.  293,  xi.  104-5;  Gen.  of  Lib.,  Sept.-Nov.  1847,  passim;  Amer.  Quart.  J'ev., 
i.  522-001,  i\-.  208-9,  v.  .349-58,  vi.  221-30;  Yottntj's  Jlist.  Mex.,  passim; 
Barbavhauo,  Dixcurso,  1-27;  Mansfield' n  Mex.  War,  110-18,  103-228,  247-305; 
Id.,  Life  Gen.  Scott,  380-404,  475-92,  515-19. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


REORGANIZATION  UNDER  HERREEA. 

1849. 

Obstacles  to  Reform — Weakness  of  the  Government — Party  Agita- 
tion— Opposed  by  Popular  Sentiment— Ai.rangement  with  Foreign 
Creditors— Consolidation  op  the  Interior  Debt— Effort  to  Re- 
duce Expenses — Smdgulino  and  Otuer  Inroads  on  the  Revenue 
—Involved  Finances — A  Succession  of  Ministerial  Changes — Mil- 
itary Corruption— The  Service  in  Disrepute— Its  Reconsthuction 
— New  Armament — Reduction  of  Force — The  Navy — Militia  Sys- 
tem— Effouts  at  Colonization — Military  Colonies  on  the  Fron- 
tier, AND  their  Value. 


Nothing  could  be  more  trying  than  the  position  of 
Herrera's  government.  It  was  expected  to  resurrect 
the  country,  reorganize  departments,  aid  institutions, 
and  restore  prosperity  generally;  and  all  this  without 
means,  and  in  face  of  violent  opposition  from  parties 
intent  only  on  their  own  advancement,  and  ready  to 
plunge  the  nation  into  greater  troubles  by  fomenting 
outbreaks  in  different  quarters.  Paredes  was  still  in 
hiding,  and  none  knew  but  that  he  might  at  any  mo- 
ment reappear,  and  lead  his  partisans  to  fresh  achieve- 
ments.^    Although  the  suspense  could  not  protit  the 

'£■/  Universal,  the  ablest  journal  of  the  time  at  Mexico,  ailvoc.itcd  strongly 
the  conservative,  and  loss  openly  tlie  nioiiarchical,  systems,  and  El  Ticmjio  uji- 
held  the  latter  without  subterfuge  J  while  El  Monitor  lirpiiblkano,  altliough 
fri'.'ndly  to  the  prevailing  republicanism,  freely  criticised  the  weakness  of  tiie 
government,  a  feature  whicli  proved  thci  chief  target  for  L(i  Palunra  .'uid 
other  minor  sheets.  A  number  of  pamplilcts  appeared  to  the  same  end,  IJuz, 
for  instance,  coining  out  to  refute  articlcw  of  tlie  Pulnncn,  in  D'/cum,  1-1'_'; 
Mi-cel.,  xii.  pt  .3.  Mier  discussed  republicanism  in  ProJ'vcia  Polilka,  l-'JS; 
Pop.  I'ar. ,  xli.  pt  1 1 ;  and  consolidation  principles  find  support  in  Mtx. ,  Si'niind. 
Part.  Consolhl.  Rep.,  i.  1  ct  seq.  Comments  ou  party  strife  in  Hvpub,  Mcx., 
lieaeila,  1-80,  with  partisan  views. 

(667) 


558 


REORGANIZATION  UNDER  HERRERA. 


I 


1 


ll.} 


monarclilsts,  who  now  contrcd  their  hopes  in  him, 
others  availed  themselves  of  the  unsettled  disposi- 
tion, notably  the  Santanists,  who  v.ith  their  elastic 
j)rineiples  stood  prepared  to  promise  anythinj^,  and 
even  fulfil  it,  if  their  main  object  C(nild  be  attained. 
JVtitions  were  sent  in  to  the  chambers  for  permission 
t(j  recall  their  leader,  but,  only  too  eager  to  keep  ho 
dangerous  an  agitator  out  of  the  country,  the  repre- 
sentatives hastened  to  declare  that  he  must  not  set 
foot  on  ]\Icxican  soil  without  their  permission.^ 

This  measure  was  precipitated  by  the  pronuncia- 
miento,  February  10,  1849,  of  Leonardo  Manpiez, 
actuall}'  the  head  of  a  battalion  engaged  against  the 
revolted  Indians  of  Sierra  Gorda,  later  one  of  tlio 
foremost  conservative  generals.  He  believed  that 
the  discontented  troops  would  welcome  their  standi 
champion,  Santa  Anna;  and  being  personally  devotcMl 
to  hin),  the  intiigning  ^[arquez  thought  it  best  to  se- 
cure lor  himself  the  credit  of  initiatim;  the  call.^  ]>iit 
he  had  miscalculated.  Even  some  of  his  own  battalion 
withdrew,^  and  others  deserted  on  finding  that  Quere- 
taro,  the  proposed  key  for  operations,  refused  to  o[>en 
its  gati'S.  The  valiant  General  Bustainantc  hap- 
pened to  have  his  headquarters  here,  and  took  sucli 
stej)s  that  the  retreating  rebels  soon  submitted,  al- 
tliougli  not  until  their  leader  had  manai»-ed  to  secure 
terms  for  himself^  Had  the  movement  not  been 
checked  at  the  onset,  the  Santanists  would  probably 

'Act  of  Fd).  14tli.  lie  must  signify  to  the  govoninicnt  his  desire  to  re- 
turn, and  the  congress  would  thcrcu])on  consider  the  rc(iuost.  Jlmildo,  Mar. 
«,  IS4'J.  In  Apniit.  1114. ,  lS4i»,  1-l'J;  PaiK  Vnr.,  xli.  pt  1.  tiie  ayitatiun 
stoops  to  personalities. 

^  lie  declared  that  the  resignation  of  Santa  Anna  shoidd  l)e  considered 
void,  and  his  term  of  ollice  unexpired,  owing  to  the  absence  of  the  congress  at 
tlic  time.  Ilcrrcra  should  surrciuler  the  presidency  to  a  person  chosen  l)y  a 
council  till  Santa  Anna  could  return  and  convoke  a  new  congress.  Tlie  army 
was  to  1)1'  fixed  at  50,000  iiicn.  Manpiez  arrested  General  Guzman,  his  im- 
meiliate  chief. 

*  Among  them  Captain  Tomds  Mcjfa,  later  his  companion  in  arms,  yet 
fornudalilc  rival. 

•''  From  Col  Vasquez,  who  bosieged  him  at  La  Griega.  He  was  arrested  at 
I'ojiothi,  but  released  on  presenting  a  pass  signed  l)y  Bustamantc.  xVfter 
this  he  went  into  hiding.  Svjlo  A/A'.,  for  Feb.  1849. 


REVOLUTIONARY  OUTBREAKS. 


5o0 


have  risen  in  force  in  difTcrent  quarters;  for  the  capital 
was  in  a  ferment,  and  sj^asniodic  though  ineflcetual 
])ronuncianiientos  took  place  during  the  suiniuer  and 
autumn  in  the  provinces  around.  Even  the  troops,  on 
Avhich  Marquez  counted  in  vain,  rose  for  a  moment 
with  Santanist  cries  against  the  unpopular  governor 
of  San  Luis  Potosi,"  and  farther  north  in  Tamaulipas 
a  band  did  succeed  in  holdinnr  its  jjround  for  some 
time;^  while  m  the  Mizteca  the  Indians  sought  to 
renew  their  former  prolonged  fray,  with  its  attomlant 
laids  and  turmoil,**  although  General  Alvarez  this 
time  prevented  it. 

The  feebleness  of  these  outbreaks  was  due  rather 
to  inherent  weakness  than  to  eflorts  of  the  govern- 
ments to  check  then),  as  may  be  instanced  by  the  im- 
punity with  which  Governor  Cosio  of  Zacatecas  ma- 
lUL'Uvred  the  dissolution  of  the  local  legislature  and  bid 
du'liance  to  the  supreme  authorities  when  they  scnight 
to  interfere."  The  desolation  of  tlio  late  war  was 
still  too  fresh  among  tlie  people  for  them  to  encourage 
the  petty  military  pronunciamientos;  and  more,  tlie 
war  of  races  in  Yucatan,  and  in  the  Sierra  (jrorda, 
which  bordered  on  the  valley  of  ^Mexico  itself,  acted 
as  a  fear-inspiring  sedative  on  the  white  and  mixeil 
races,  especially  as  it  was  well  understood  that  revo- 


8 


"Los  Reyes.  Oencral  Ur.iga  quarrelled  witli  liiin,  and  withdrew  his  men 
from  the  city,  leaving  it  exposed  to  the  revolted  Indians  of  thn  ran;.'e.s. 

'  Under  leadership  of  Flores.  About  the  same  time  t'lat  ho  niiaed  t!io 
stanilard  of  revolt,  in  June,  a  conspiracy  was  discovered  at  Ori/alia.  Three 
1111111  tli3  later  a  man  named  Villalva  made  a  call  tor  Santa  Anna  at  ('oeula.  troops 
(if  Izei'iar  displayed  mutinous  sentiments,  and  the  natives  of  Tlascala  mso 
a.'ainst  tax  collectors.  Details  of  these  movements  are  given  in  Uaicrsdl, 
Si'jio  XfX.,  etc.,  for  Juno  to  Oct.  1849,  passim. 

"They  appear  to  have  been  encouraged  by  a,  military  outbreak  nt  Teiiia.s- 
calu'pec  and  iSultepeo  under  Zamudio  and  K.  Leon,  and  Felipe  Sanliayo 
li.'uied  as  the  chief  leader  among  the  score  of  villages  which  liad  rallied. 
II  riddo,  Jan.  17,  11);  Univcr-oil,  Juno  20,  27,  July  1,  184'J.  Allusions  in 
J/ ■..■.,  Mem.  Polit.,  1850,  1  (!->,  ap.  1-13;  J{ivi<or,  Jan.  12,  ISJO,  etc. 

"  Partly  by  ..jclving  l;>  Hiii»stituto  the  vice-governor,  Garcia.  In  this  case, 
li'iwevor,  the  governor  had  the  people  chiefly  on  his  sido,  for  the  legislature 
vus  taking  a  course  not  wholly  in  accord  with  tho  constitution.  Xicatr  ■'Uf<, 
111.  118,  etc.;  Unlvci-siil,  Oct.  (i,  S,  U,  2;{,  184!).  Tlicre  were  troubles  also  in 
ind  round  tho  fcilcral  district  that  called  tho  attention  of  the  government. 
/■'.,  Sept.  10th,  2dth,  attended  by  uu  increase  of  tho  garrison.  Mix.,  LnjUL 
M'J.,  184!),  17'J. 


MO 


REORGANIZATION  UNDER  HERRERA. 


lutionaiy  factious,  notably  tlie  Santanists,  woiiltl  not 
liesitato  to  stir  aboriginal  projudicos  to  suit  tluir 
aim.*"  Novortlioless,  wliilo  holding  aloof  from  actual 
revolution,  the  poo[)le  and  provincial  authorities  ncL,^- 
lected  to  display  that  patriotic  spirit,  and  ofler  tliat 
l»as.sive  if  not  active  cooperation  needed  by  a  govern- 
ment charged  with  so  iniportant  a  task  as  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  administrative  departments. 

Attention  was  called  foremost  to  a  decree  dated 
June  14,  1848,  requiring  the  reconstruction  of  tlio 
treasury  department,  the  reduction  of  the  civil  service 
force  and  army  list,  overcrowded  in  course  of  time  by 
a  host  of  su[)ernumerary  aiid  useless  officials,  and  the 
Itresentation  of  a  i)lan  to  the  chambers  for  the  coii- 
st)lidation  of  the  debt,  to  which  special  funds  had  not 
yet  l)een  assigned."  Tiie  latter  effort  proved  most 
difficult,  although  a  favorable  readjustment  of  the 
foreign  debt  had  led  to  equally  flattering  expectations 
for  the  interior  credits. 

This  readjustment  was  prompted  by  a  protest  from 
the  English  crec'.tors  who  claimed  that,  as  the  cession 
of  tei'ritory  to  the  United  States  affected  the  landed 
security  tendered  them,  they  were  entitled  to  a  share 
of  the  indenniity  obtained  for  that  cession."  The 
demand  was  too  fair  to  be  ignored;  but  the  minister 

'"At  Tulyahualco,  close  to  tlio  capital,  Santanists  ventured  to  excite  raru 
fceliii;^,  simply  because  an  alcaltle  wiis  oljjcctiouablc.  The  attempt  was 
proiiipUy  suppressed.  lleraUlo,  Jan.  2(i,  1849. 

"Tlio  decree  declared  further,  in  its  'J.'j  articles,  that  tlio  government 
could  not  dispose  without  authorization  of  the  indemnity  duo  from  the  Uiiitdl 
States.  The  consolidation  plan,  to  bo  presented  within  three  months,  em- 
braced pensions,  ovorduo  salaries,  mileage.  All  extra  federal  olBcials,  liimwu 
as  agregados,  auxiliaries  and  8upernumorarie&,  were  to  bo  dismissed  at 
once,  and  no  money  expended  beyond  tho  sums  designated  in  tlio  esti- 
mates, gratuities,  extra  allowances,  and  so  forth  being  forbidden,  as  well  as 
)iay  during  absence.  Arrangements  must  bo  made  witii  creditors  against  tho 
tobacco  revenue  for  paying  them  from  this  branch  alone.  The  excise,  cim- 
suinption,  and  municiiial  taxes  in  tho  federal  district  and  territories  sIiduM 
bo  replaced  by  direct  contributions.  All  extra  olficers  in  tiio  army  and  iia\  y 
Were  to  bo  given  leave,  without  pay,  unless  they  had  served  from  10  to  lii) 
ytars,  ia  which  caao  tlio  coiii|ieasuliuu  would  range  from  \  io  whole  pay  jk'ii- 
sioiis,  and  montepi'o  allowances  being  stopped,  save  for  disabled  men.  Mi.c, 
Lfj'-l  '^t<'j-,  IS-iS,  lO'J-8. 

'MJy  decree  of  I''eb.  H),  ISilO,  tho  governinent  was  authorized,  in  coiijiiiic- 
ti')n  with  a  cougresaioiial  couuuittee,  to  arrange  with  tUo  creditors.  J/'-t'., 
Loji4.  MtJ.,  ISoU,  42-3. 


FINANCIAL  RECONSTRUCTION. 


661 


of  finance  availed  liiinself  of  the  gloomy  prospects  to 
extort  from  the  bondholclers  a  larw  abatement  on  the 
u<uriously  swollen  caj)ital,  together  with  a  reduction 
of  the  interest  from  live  to  three  per  cent,  in  consid- 
eration of  a  draft  on  the  United  States  treasury  for 
two  and  a  half  million  pesos.  The  total  of  the  regu- 
lar foreign  debt,  contracted  at  London,  was  there- 
ui)on  fixed  at  £10,241,050,  with  an  assignment  on 
tile  custom-houses  for  the  i)ayment  of  the  interest.'^ 
Encouraged  l)y  this  successful  transaction,  Minister 
J'ayno  proceeded  witli  somewhat  blind  confidence  to 
consolidate  the  interior  debt  into  one  fund,  with  uni- 
form bonds,  and  an  interest  of  three  per  cent.  This 
was  decreed  by  law  of  November  30,  1850,  under 
which,  in  conjunction  with  an  insufficient  representa- 
tion of  cre(Htors,  a  rather  arbitrary  discount  was  im- 
posed upon  the  different  classes  of  debt,  the  remainder 
being  allowed  an  interest  of  three  per  cent  from  the 
I'und  assigned  of  twenty  per  cent  on  the  custom-house 
leveime,  with  an  annual   redemption  of  $:jOO,GOO.^* 

'^  Embracing  2.j  per  cent  of  tlie  import  duties,  7">  per  cent  of  tiic  export 
(litics  from  I'acilic  ports,  and  5  percent  of  those  from  tiie  gulf.  I''()r  the  tirst 
.';i\  years  tlic  surphis  from  the  assii^nmeiits  w.is  to  l)eapplied  to  asinkint;  fund, 
ami  siih.sequently  .SAIO.OOO  a  year  sliould  l)e  remitte<l  to  reih'cni  the  JHjnils. 
J/c>.,  Piezai  Just'ijic.  JJcnda  Ed.,  passim;  Mrx.,  JJvlit  !{(/>/,  id.;  I'rkto,  In- 
I'lniic  Dcwia  Entran.,  \~\i).  'J'lie  ministerial  reports  hi  Mc.c,  Afim.  Ila<\, 
I'Cii)  and  IS.jI,  J'ayiio,  Mcx.,  K.'tpos.  Jhtc,  I  -I'JS,  Mur/i/ii/,  hciidii  L'stcr.,  con- 
tain fill!  particulars  of  the  transaction,  which  was  elleeted  on  Oct.  14,  IvS.'iO, 
and  in  the  Itnanco  ciiaptcr  of  tiie  next  volume  tlic  iiistory  of  the  foreii,'n  deht 
will  lie  reviewed.  Manuel  I'ayno  deserves  the  credit  which  he  claims  for  an 
inrani^eincnt  which  reduced  this  debt  practically  from  Hi  to  .')l  million  ])esos. 

"Any  surplus  from  the  assignment  was  to  lie  npplied  to  increa.sinj{  the 
interest  at  the  half  per  cent  every  live  years  till  i  reached  o  per  cent.  All 
I'liudsmust  be  exchiiu-  '  '"■  liie  new  uniform  issues,  within  .six  aioMtlis  fir 
-Mexico  and  twelve  for  ., ..  .gn  jiarts.  Creditors  who  refusal  toacci'iit  this 
iiiiiiiiromiso  would  be  disregardcil  for  ten  years,  and  so  with  nun-classilied 
iiciits.  The  discounts  were  applied  as  follows:  Djhts  antedalin;.;  tlio  i.i- 
(lr|iiiideiice  would  lo.sc  oO  i)er  cent  of  the  capital  and  SO  of  the  iutcrest;  the 
twi  nty  per  cent  bonds  would  lose  tlio  intei'cst  in  arrcar,  ami  a  million  and  a 
half  (if  capital,  receiving  in  <;oinpt'nsation  !?")();),0()0  from  tlii^  U.  S.  indi'mni'y 
(it  Is.'il  and  ISo'J;  the  copper  fund  remained  intact,  and  also  the  money  loaiii'd 
lit  not  above  legal  interest,  which  was  to  be  paid,  half  from  the  L'.  S.  iiidcm- 
inty,  half  with  bonds  from  the  new  fund;  debts  duo  to  cmpl(iy('s  wouiil  lie 
iiiiigiiizcd  for  80  percent,  if  in  the  hands  of  the  original  claimant  or  his 
li'iiM,  at  15  per  cent  if  in  the  hands  of  speculators;  dei>ts  due  on  adniinis- 
tiiiil  property  would  receive  ."JO  per  cent  from  the  indemnity  and  70  in  new 
h'liiils;  tlio  obligations  of  this  class  bearing  interest  were  rciliiced  to  (i  per 
tent,  of  which  only  half  would  be  paid  with  the  new  b(jads;  of  the  debt 
Uibi.  Hex.,  \oh.  V.— viO 


fi62 


Ri:OR(  J  ANIMATION  UXDKR  IIKRUERA. 


A  special  council  was  created  to  manage  the  con.soli- 
tlatioii  and  direct  the  custom-houses,  appolutintif  also 
agents  therein,  at  expense  of  cre<litors,  to  watch  the 
collection  of  (hitv  on  their  l)ehalf'''  The  issue  of 
btiuds  lor  the  new  fiuid  was  fixed  at  I'ort}'  niilhon  pesos, 
leaving  '.\n  extorted  gain  for  the  treasury  of  nearly 
thirty  millions. '"  But  several  circumstances  comhinrd 
to  interfere  with  the  plan  which  aimed  foreniost  at 
rest(jrini^  the  national  credit,  while  relieving  a  hui- 
dened  treasury.  There  was  not  a  sullicient  sur[)his 
from  the  imlemnity  to  meet  the  demands  assigned 
upon  it  hy  the  funding  law,"  and  the  prosjjcct  of 
guarantee  for  ])aying  even  the  redu(!ed  interest  ap- 
peared so  slim  that  it  assisted  materially  in  raising  a 


wide  outer 


auams 


t  thi.' 


1 


)ai 


tial 


repuc 


liati 


on  o 


f   th 


debt.  The  |)roper  ste[>  should  liave  hven  to  i)lan  the 
leorixani/ation  of  the  linance  deiiartment,  notablv  bv 
economic  curtailments  and  estabhsliing  the  necessai-y 
taxes  Ibi'  responding  to  the  new  funding  law.  Instead 
of  this,  a  leaj)  was  made  in  the  dark,  with  the  result  ol' 
exposing  most  glaringly  the  insolvent  condition  of  tin- 


)  i 


created  duriiit;  the  foi-cu(l  occiipation  of  tlie  United  Stiitcs  war,  40  per  cint 
would  l>u  paid  I'njiii  tin-  indoiiiiiity  and  (iO  in  new  bonds;  of  tlio  lloatint;  loans 
wiLli  oliligations,  ;{.'>  per  cent  would  Iju  settled  with  the  indemnity,  and  tin' 
remainder  entoied  into  tiie  new  fund  at  par,  the  accrued  interest  was  can- 
celled, the  convention  of  two  and  oncjicr  cent  W(jul(l  lie  li(juidated  hy  payiii,' 
h,;lf  of  its  interest  with  the  indcuniity  of  ISol  and  ISo'J;  of  the  eonventiii:i 
<jf  live  pi'r  cent  40  per  cent  would  be  settled  with  indemnity  money,  and  M 
with  new  bonds;  the  debt  owing  to  wounded  soldiers  and  benevolent  institu 
lions  would  cuter  at  par  into  the  new  fuiul.  Mix.,  Lcjisl.  Mcj.,  ISoO,  'J;i.'!-tiO. 
with  forms  for  new  Ijonds,  special  instructions,  etc.  Another  law  of  Maii-ii 
4,  iSoO,  jiad  classilied  the  debts  to  bo  included  in  the  funds  under  17  heail- 
in;,'s.   See  Jd.,  47-8. 

' '  The  council  was  to  consist  of  six  members  and  a  president,  holding  of- 
tice  for  six  ycais,  with  a  salary  of  .S4,0(M)  and  .?t>,000  respectively.  They  ha  1 
also  to  tiihe  steps  against  contraband.  Regulatiijns  for  this  liody  were  issui  d 
on  Oec.  llth.  For  eonunittce  reports,  preliminary  to  the  new  fund  law,  see 
J/''.i\,  Duhumii  Comin.  Cndilo  Piilt.  cii  ijuc  .le  jiropone,  jjroi/cclo,  1840,  l-lS: 
/(/. ,  Arinjlo  (le  IJiuiila,  74  and  Ixvii.  pp;  fiL,  JJictdmea  da  la  Miiyoria,  1-41; 
J'aji.   V(tr  ,  clxxxi.  pt  4,  ecvi.,  pts  1   l{. 

'"According  to  the  account  of  the  exulxsrant  Payno  already  I'cfcrred  to. 

'•This  required  S.j.O'Jo.OOO,  besides  more  than  §400,000  a  year,  while  tlm 
surplus  from  the  U.  S.  indemnity  amounted  to  littlo  over  §4,0(W),000,  E.itfr  ''■( 
L'spiiK.  of  March  '28,  ISol,  on  which,  for  that  matter,  new  assi'^nments  were 
beiug  made.  Tlic  omouut  of  the  debt  lias  liueu  uudcrcstiiuatcu  through  luck 
<'f  proper  data. 


REORGANIZATION  OF  THK  TREASURV. 


503 


t;ovcrnniont.*''  ITikIci  sucli  clicmiistanct'S  and  with 
tin;  four  of  future  repudiation,  sucli  loud  rciuoustraiiccs 
wtro  made  l)y  certain  creditors,  notal)ly  by  the  clerny 
iiiid  hy  forci<^ners  under  ministerial  protection,  that 
the  ]>lan  had  to  he  njoditied  and  inlViriLjed  in  a  nuniher 
ol"  cases,'*  thus  (iel'eatin<jf  its  main  ohiect. 

As  a  means  to  enfon^c  the  n,'or<j;anization  of  the 
ttcasuiy,  and  the  reduction  \v  expenses,  a  law  of  No- 
veniher  1849  limited  the  administi'ativc  (sxpenses  to 
s.')()(),000  a  month,  whereof  two  thirds  were  for  the  w;ii- 
department.^"  This  involved  a  reduction  on  salaries 
(if  one  fourth  for  officials  in  actual  service,  and  one 
third  for  others,  which  in  itsi'lf  produced  a  [)ressui'e 
that  caused  the  limit  to  he  iL!;nore<l  and  also  an  in- 
cieased  draft  on  the  conveni(Mit  Kiiited  States  ind(;ni- 
iiity  money-'  to  cover  the  usual  delicit,  besides  a  c(»n- 
tiiiued  antici[)ation  of  custom-house  revenue,  contrary 
tn  all  intentions.      One  reason  for  the   delicits  lav  i 


n 


the  tarilF  reductions  and  other  charj^es  imposed  duriii 


the  recent 
(luent 


occu 
corres 


I 
jpon 


)ati<)n,and  which  necessitated  a  suhse- 
diuix  abatement  on  the  restored  taiiif 


r  ci'iit 
loans 
il   tlio 

)ayiii,,' 

iii.i  ii;> 

istitii- 

■■2;$:! -00, 

hcail- 
injr  of- 


\\  to. 

Iiilo  till' 

ti  wt'i''' 
lu.k 


""  Minister  Esteva,  who  Huccccdoil  Payno  for  n  liriof  period  a.s  finance 
minister,  condemns  the  law  a.s  a  IjIow  against  tlie  national  eredit.  '  l.a  Iry 
ilecliirc)  hi  lianearotu,  .si  no  total,  il,  lo  nu'no.s  pareialnientc.'  yi'v/o.t. ,  fl,  Mar. 
'JS,  |S,">I.  I'ayno  naturally  rose  to  defi'iid  the  oi)ject  of  the  jdan.  Tiie  eon- 
Bilidalion  into  one  fund  would  reveal  the  extent  of  tiie  indelitedne.sM  and 
iliiiiinisli  niueii  of  the  linaneial  eonfusion,  ilestroy  the  jealousy  existing,'  !«■• 
tw('(  II  dilFerent  classes  of  creditors,  [)rocure  f^ain  for  tin;  treasury,  throw  into 
eireulalion  a  large  amount  of  now  hidden  and  useless  money,  and  join  piM'sonal 
witii  national  interests.  Mem.  of  .lune  .'10,  IH.VJ,  14-10.  He  deplores  in- 
tiinLriinenta  on  the  plan. 

''■•  Instance  law  of  May  10,  1S.V2,  M'-.r.,  Lrtjhl.  Mr}.,  IS.TJ,  112-17,  which 
also  inqmses  a  contingent  on  the  states  to  .li'  tin;  fund.  Hardly  any  of  tiie 
foreign  debts  were  pro])erly  left  with  the  fund.  'I'he  claims,  for  example,  of 
Tort  &  Co.  anil  Drusina,  for  about  .S1,'J(V),0I)I),  were  coverecl  by  an  arran^'i- 
nicnt  of  Jan.  21,  1851,  oflering  .§;«)0,U<M)  from  the  U.  S.  in<lenu'iity,  SfiO.t.diid 
fi'i  in  half  of  the  tax  on  circulated  and  export*^!  money,  aiicl  tlie  balance  in 
tin-  new  bond.     Rules  for  these  foreign  conventions  iu  Cvitrfiiriuiies  JJijihin., 

ixvj,  i-;n. 

■"  Arrillaija,  liecop.,  1849,  IG.I-O.  The  apportionment  stood  .S.Ti.1..S.n:?  for 
.■iniiy  and  navy,  §01, 27^!  for  treasury,  Sl8,!)!(;i  for  justice,  .S.'t.'l.SlO  for  the  re- 
latioii.s  department,  §311,482  for  tin;  congress,  and  §2,2.')0  for  the  executive. 

-'  Which  had  been  partly  authorized  by  the  above  and  other  decn  es, 
<  'iii.'ei'ning  the  payment  of  the  iinlenniity,  see  U.  S.  O'nrt  J)or.,  ( 'ong.  ."I ,  Ses. 
-.  Sen,  .'U,  iii;  A/,,  Cong.  31,  Ses.  1,  Acts  and  Res.,  "JU:  (Inin'rx't/,  Feb.  Hi, 
•J  I.  JT,  .May  2,  ISr.O,  etc.;  Mr.,:,  Col.  Lnj.  y  Due,  ISoO,  li;)-14,  lUS;  Id., 
'    '.  L'l).,  i»cc.  y  6rd.,  1350-1,  i.  74-5. 


f 

T 


1 

il 


604 


REORGANIZATION  UNDER  IIERRERA. 


of  October  1845  of  aljout  fort}'  per  cent,'*"  owiuij  to  tln' 
mass  of  low-duty  ii-oods  iioodiiiLf  tlie  markets.  The 
measure  was  also  iiiti-ntled  to  counteract  the  ruinous 
contraband  trade,  facilitated  m(>ro  than  over  l)y  the 
(jruadalupe  treaty.'-^  A  further  reduction  not  beiuLj 
deemed  advisable,  the  govermnent  was  instructed  ti> 
increase  the  revenue  cruisers  and  coast  guards;^*  but 
lack  of  funds  and  official  dishonesty  rendered  the  ord<r 
of  little  effect.  Traders  <^rew  rich  publicly  by  the  traf- 
fic. Local  authorities  or  conspirators  would  raise  a 
dispute  or  pronounce,  with  a  view  to  remove  the  fed- 
eral officials,  when  the  opportunity  arose  for  obtaininL;' 
large  phmder;  or  they  joined  in  favoring  irregular 
importations  at  the  ports,  lest  the  treasury  should 
lose  all  through  smuggling.'"' 

The  total  estimated  revenue  for  the  year  l849-o0 
was  $8,000,000,  of  which  $3,500,000  came  from  iiii- 
jtort  and  cx[»ort  duties,  and  $1,000,000  from  stat(.' 
contingents;  while  the  expenditure  was  placed  at 
610,500,000,  whereof  $5,800,000  toward  the  debt  and 
$7,000,000  for  the  war  de|)artment,  leaving  a  deficit 
of  $8,500,000.  For  the  following  year  tlie  inc(»iiR' 
and  expenditure  were  placed  at  $9,000,000  and  $"2(»,- 
300,000  respectively,  showing  a  deficit  of  $11,300,- 
000."®     These  debit  balances  had  to  be  met,  the  easiest 

^^Tliiswas  decreed  on  May  ."J,  184S,  the  new  duty  beinj:;  CO  per  cunt  of 
tliu  1845  ttu'itf,  witli  some  exceptions  gradually  i.itroduced.  Jlix.,  Lc;/ixf.  M'J., 
1848,  l'J8-!).  Tlio  loss  to  the  treasury  in  con.sc(|uence  was  placed  at  iicailv 
gL'.OOO.OOO  ill  I'efia  y  (Juevas'  budget  of  Jan.  184!). 

•^  Minister  Elorriaga,  inileed,  urged  greater  reductions  in  the  tarilF  as  a 
check.  Mrm.  of  Feb.  12,  1850,  8-9. 

^'  I'lficing  two  sti^aniers  and  thirteen  small  ves.scls  on  the  gulf  and  on  thu 
I'acific.  The  carrying-out  of  this  measure  was  iinpeik'<l  by  lack  of  funds  as 
lusual,  save  in  a  small  degree.  ArrilhKjn,  Itvofi.,  1849,  l."4-5. 

■-■'  Supercargoes  would  detain  vessels  off  the  ports  till  they  could  obtain  a 
reduction  of  duty,  and  this  failing,  the  cargoes  were  landed  on  unfrequcnti  il 
parts  of  the  coast,  or  on  islanils  and  introilucedgraduaMy.  Honest  olHcials  wriu 
therefore  often  prejudicinl  to  the  interests  of  the  government,  as  Ministrr 
Esteva  confesses  in  his  Memoria  of  Apr.  -4,  1851,  100-2,  addressed  to  the  c  in- 
gress. ^ 

'-"  For  the  preceding  ftmr  years  the  income  ancl  expenditure  stood  ut 
$10,700,000  and  §25, 200, 000,  810.200.000  and  .?24,.S0O,0OO,  810,400,000  iuid 
S21,t)00,000,  !?5,500,000  and  $i:j,800,000,  the  last  being  for  1848-9.  JA  ■., 
J'rr.sii/mexto,  1849,  1-9;  Mr.,:,  Jh-nr  Mini!/.,  .S-15;  Mr.v..  M,m.  line,  ls;,iK 
127  pp.;  /(/.,  1851,  1-18;  /V(/<.  Vu,:,  xxxi.  pt  50,  cxcii.  pt  G;  Lronomi-iin, 
April,  etc.,  1849;  JhraUlo,  Jan.  8,  1849. 


FINANCIAL  PROBLEMS. 


505 


way  being  todofer  payment  to  creditors  and  \vithli<»ld 
.silaries,  us  we  have  seen;  the  next  tenn>(»rary  itlit  f 
was  found  in  the  ruinous  method  of  mortgaj^ing  pro- 
s[tectivo  revenue,  and  the  most  dreaded  yet  final  n- 
(ourse,  in  levying  taxes  and  contrihutions  at  the  risk 
(tf  inviting  fresh  pronuneiamientos.  A  few  were  im- 
posed, such  as  a  double  quota  from  real  estate  and  in- 
lonie  within  the  f(jderal  district,  and  more  [)res.sing 
dtinands  for  state  contingents.'^  But  what  availed 
these — even  with  the  addition  of  the  accidental  war 
iiidenmity — to  provide  for  the  demands  of  the  reor- 
ganization, and  offset  the  shrinkage  in  <iuty  receipts 
iiiid  other  sources?  The  ])er[>lexed  ministers  would 
make  a  superficial  examination  of  the  assets,  clutch  at 
more  or  less  impracticable  suLjcjestions  for  banks  and 
mints,  hint  at  I'urther  curtailment  of  expenses,  whicli 
they  wi)uld  never  enforce,  cast  furtive  glances  at  the 
tempting  church  estates,  and  then  unfold  a  butlget  or 
[iidject,  roseate  with  j)lausiltlo  reconnneiulations  to 
l)iightcn  the  actual  dark  picture.^"*  A  more  critical 
and  prudent  congress  tore  some  projects  into  fragments 
as  visionary,  rejected  others  as  doubtful  or  unpo})ular, 
and  frittered  away  valuable  time  in  discussing  the  re- 
mainder. A  plan  worthy  of  (-onsideration  was  to  in- 
duce the  clergy  by  concessions  to  guarantee  the  new 
consolidated  fund,  and  therebv  connect  them  as  well 
as  the  creditors  more  closely  with  the  interests  of  the 
country  ;^^  but  they   very  naturally  feared  that  this 

■-•The  former  l)y  .Iccreo  of  Oct.  G,  1S48,  the  latter  of  April  10,  IS.-)!,  dc- 
iiiainliiig  S700,()00,  whereof  SIOO.OOO  each  from  Moxico  and  (Juiiiiajiiati, 
!:-o().(H);)  from  Jalisuo,  ^^70,000  eacli  from  I'uebhi  ;iiiil  Zacatcc.is;  several  statei 
paiil  !?10,(X)0  ami  $0,000,  atuKJuliiiia  emled  the  list  witli  .S^J.OOU.  Miix.,  Li\\'>^l. 
.'/.;.,  1S.')1,  111-1'-'.  A  decree  of  April  184!)  admitted  articlea  of  food  fr.(! 
iiito  the  north-oast  provinces,  a  concession  which  aided  frand. 

'■'"  I'ifia  y  Cuevas  urgeil  stronirly  tlie  estahli.sliment  of  a  national  haidi, 
'wliich  would  facilitate  the  disposal  of  two  thirds  of  tiiu  revenue.'  A'</'0'<.  of 
Fi  1).  14,  1849,  3-4.  It  may  bo  mentioned  here  that  a  liank  of  savings  was 
o|n.iied  in  the  Monte  del'icdad  pawn  establishment.  Arril/rni'i,  RnD/i.,  |S4!t, 
To  x'.K  Concerning  the  extension  of  mints,  see  full  report  in  Mix.,  Mtiii.  Ilm., 
l^l'.',  1-80,  and  suggestions  in  M<:x.  Man.,  47-5'J,  in  Dor.  Mcx.,  pt4;  Soi; 
Mix.  (Iroq.  liolet.,  i.  177,  -19.  Instances  of  greater  strictness  with  oliicials 
"I'piar  in  J/t?j-.,  llanif.,  1849,  1-2;};  Pap.   Vnr.,  xli.  pt .'). 

•"As  advocate  1  by  Ksteva,  Plan  of  Apr.  4,  IS.ll,  who  proposed  that  iluw 
imposts  for  the  iutereat  of  the  fund  ahould  bo  intrusted  to  clerical  control. 


WrM 


CIO 


RHOROAXIZATION  UNDER  HERRERA. 


would  only  open   tlic  door  for  wider  encroachments, 
and  refused  even  to  listen  to  it. 

FindiuLj  their  suujgestions  unappreciated,  and  witli- 
out  means  to  carry  out  tlic  task  intrusted  to  them, 
the  finance  ministers  entered  office  and  resijjned  in 
rapid  succ(\ssion,'''  and  it  became  difficult  to  induce 
a!iy  prominent  and  able  man  to  accept  a  position  so 
t!'oul)lesomo  and  thankless.  In  the  ministries  of 
lelations  and  justice  there  were  only  four  chanu^cs 
(lurinLj  the  two  years  and  a  half  of  llerrera's  admin- 
istration, Lacunza,  well  known  as  lawyer  and  writci-, 
holdiniLf  the  former  |)ortfolio  for  nearly  two  years,''' 
while  General  Arista,  of  whoi  .  the  president  stood  in 
awe,  i-etained  the  war  de[>artment  durinjif  the  whoh; 
])eriod,  and  used  its  resources  with  <^reat  success  and 
for  his  own  advancement,  as  will  be  seen. 

In  the  proposed  reorganization,  the  military  depart- 
ment received  an  attention  correspondin*^  to  its  eco- 
nomic and  political  importance.  At  the  close  of  tin; 
late  war  a  tjeneral  outcry  rose  a'^ainst  the  arniv  for 
its  inefficiency,  so  utterly  out  of  proportion  to  its 
enormous  c;)st,  its  pompous  assumption,  and  its  readi- 
ness to  create  local  disturbances  and  revolutions.  What 
a  contrast  to  the  body  of  well-trained  soldiers  and  vet- 

^"Froni  June  1S4S  till  January  1851  there  were  IG  clianjrcs,  0  of  them  pr)- 
vi.sioiiul,  Jiiul  several  iiiiuh^  within  a  tew  days  of  the  preoeiliiig.  Among  tin.' 
ablest  minijtors  figure  2kIari,ino  llivji  I'alaoio;  I'ifia  y  Ciievas,  the  bank  jii"  • 
jector;  Arrangoiz,  a  prominent  conservative  and  later  minister  under  Maxi- 
milian, and  who,  after  liis  lesignatiuii  in  July  1810,  accepted  tlie  enibassy  l.i 
Franco;  Outicrrcz,  who  had  been  Ion','  trained  in  the  treasury;  Manuel  Taynci, 
under  whom  the  debts  were  refunded.  He  and  Pifia  held  tlic  oliicc  for  ovi  r 
(J  months.  For  dates  and  eommentis  see  Mi'.r.,  Lajid.  Jf(J.,  1818,  .'!G0,  ."TH, 
4S'J;  1849,  r)4,  92,  177,  321-6;  18.')0,  1,58;  Me.c,  Col.  Lpi/.  ?/  JJ<r.,  1848,  ir.li, 
31)1,  380.  481-2;  ISJO,  130-1,  143,  100;  /(/.,  Co'.  Ley.,  Dec.  y  6rd.,  1850-1,  i. 
90;  Domnicrh,  llht.  <lu  Mcx.,  ii.  230-3.  'So  dillculta  cxtraordinariameuic 
cncontrar  una  persona  honrada  que  qniere  hacorse  cargo  del  ministerio  t\.: 
hacienda.'  Mnaitor  Iii'p.,  Nov.  14,  1840.  Arrangoiz  admits  that  ho  did  notli 
ing  important,  and  that  under  direction  of  Alaman  and  Pena  y  Pena.  J/'//'., 
ii.  208;  Uidrcrml,  July  22,  Aug.  2,  1840,  Mar.  .3,  May  15,  Juno  20,  July  4- 
5,  1850;  Iliralilo,  Jan.  1840,  eti".  For  certain  unsustained  charges  against 
ministry.  CnxtUlo,  Spnfrnr,  Abunl.,  1-18;  Pap.   Var.,  xii.  pt  12. 

''From  May  1840  till  Jan.  1851,  prececled  by  Luis  (i.  Cuevas  and  M. 
Otero,  with  Monasterio  for  i)rovisional  occupant.  The  other  secretariate  wad 
iiujua^ed  successively  by  J.  M.  Jimenez  and  Marceliuo  L'astailcda. 


MILITARY  CIIAXOKS. 


007 


orans  wliicli  ontcn'<l  ^^^xin»  in  IM'Jl  to  nflinn  the  \n- 
(li'[ti'ii(!(ii(H>,  lioaded  l>y  otlictTs  who  liad  Itccii  tMlucatctl 
ill  military  collcircs,  and  (lOVflojtrd  under  a  systLia 
(>r  slow  and  nicritrd  j)roniotion,  and  fitted  to  hold  its 
own  ai^ainst  almost  any  (»|)i)on».'nts!  8inc(>  then  it  had 
sunk  into  an  instrnnK'nt  or  accessory  of  factions,  un- 
dci'  tlu^  IcadtTshi^)  ot'  mon  who  owed  their  advanco- 
nient  chidl}'  to  inti'iufne;  men  wholly  untrained  and 
unfitt-ed,  who  by  huadiiiLT  or  adhci'iiiLC  to  pronuncia- 
liiicntos  had  swunijf*  themselv(>s  from  the  position  of 
sii'^cants  to  caj>tains,  colonels,  and  ,iL,^enerals,  and  main- 
tained tln^  position  hy  virtue  of  their  inlhieiice  over 
a  certain  number  of  followers,  bribed  or  intimidated, 
and  who  now  assisted  to  intimidate  a  weak  yov- 
(  rmnent  risen  by  the  same  j>ro(;ess,  and  thercjlbrc 
dependent  on  tlie  caprice  of  factions.  Under  such 
circumstances,  merit  was  ignored,  provinj^  sometimes 
even  an  obstacle  to  success;  and  insubordination  biiin^j 
thus  fostered  by  extraordinary  rewards,  it  naturally 
spread  amonp^  the  rank  and  tile,  to  the  general  demor- 
alization of  the  army.  Em'  jzzlement  V)y  officers,  and 
a  chronic  poverty  of  the  treasury,  contributed  greatly 
to  this  state  of  alt'airs,  by  driving  a  neglected  and  starv- 
ing army  to  desperate  acts.  The  service  tVdl  into  such 
tlisrejiute  that  recruits  could  not  be  obtained  save  by 
ciHiel  impressment,  chieHy  of  Indian  peasantry,  who 
with  a  natural  distaste  for  the  business  had  to  bo 
driven  int(j  battle  and  guarded  in  camp. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  late  campaign  tlie  govern- 
ment found  that  desertion  had  reduced  the  troops  to 
small  ])roportions,  with  an  excess  of  officers,  although 
a  large  number  of  them  had,  from  a  lack  of  faith  in 
tlieir  courage  or  skill,  sought  safe  retirement.  The  mo- 
ment was  favorable  for  reconstructing  the  army,  since 
to  abolish  it,  as  some  jiroposed,  was  out  of  the  (piestion, 
as  the  northern  frontier  was  ever  threatened  by  raid- 
ing Indians,  to  say  nothing  of  the  turbulent  disposition 
of  the  people  generally. 

But  apart  from  tliis  circumstance,  the  necessity  of 


<  I  !' 


RKOIUJAMZATION  INDKU  IIMKUKUA. 


n  statuliiij^  aiiiiy  which  scpjiiatcs  the  . soldiers  iVoin  tho 
citi/ciis  ill  ii  republic,  Ini*  the  iiiuiiitiiiaiice  <»{'  the  iii- 
teiiial  |»cact.',  aliucist  lhn>\vs  such  a  commonwealth  out 
of  the  catt';,'ory  of  n'|iul)lic.     \  true  republic  implies 


the  existence  of  a  people  capable  of  »;oveniiiij^  and  de- 
fending^ tiieinselves.  A  jtermaneiit  army  implies  tho 
inability  of  .self-j^overnment,  and  tin*  necessity  of  a 
standin;^  menace  to  make  the  peojile  behave. 

In  the  United  States  the  position  of  the  soldier  is 
l)elo\v  that  of  the  avei'aiife  citizen;  in   Mexico  it  is  f;ir 


aoove. 


Tl 


le  pool"  peopji!  are  exceed 


lin-ly  1 


)oor,  I 


11  fed 


and  clothed,  and  worked  like  beasts  of  burden;  hence 
tho  soldier  will  remain  such  as  Iohlj  as  he  can  ijet  his 
pay.  And  the  ignorant  and  timiil  |>eople  must  pay 
the  cost  of  his  HUpi)ort,  while  the  high  oflicial  alone 
commands  his  services.  Having  lieen  ki'[>t  so  long 
under  the  yoke  of  a  foreign  despotism,  its  ecjuivaleiit 
is  continued  now  in  the  form  of  military  rule,  moral 
courage  and  independence  in  certain  (piarters  are  par- 
alyzeil,  and  there  is  presented  this  singular  state  of 
things,  namely,  a  people  with  a  representative  gov- 
ernment, nominally  sustained  by  universal  suffrage, 
held  in  hel[>less  subjecti<jn  by  a  one  thousandth  [)art 


() 


f  th 


leu'  number  armet 


I  and 


or<:amze( 


1. 


]5y  a  law  of  Xovember  4,  1848,  tho  army  was  lim- 
ited to  10,000  men,  namely,  0,000  infantry,  1,800  cav- 
alry, 1,800  artillery,  and  400  Hap|)ers,  all  to  bo  volun- 
tarily enrolled,  partly  from  old  croops,and  consequently 
with  a  higher  rate  of  pay  to   secure   theni.''^     Tho 

'-Recruits  were  to  be  between  8  and  40  years  of  ago,  and  witliout  nonr 
roliitives  ilopending  on  them  for  su  port.  Ton  pesos  were  offered  on  enlist- 
ing, and  tliu  pay  was  lixed  at  §1."'  month  for  infantry,  ^10  for  cavalry,  and 
sl7  for  artillerists  and  sappers,  wi  an  increase  for  certain  chusscs  in  accord- 
ance witli  the  regulations  issued  Dc  I,  1847,  sergeants  receiving  §'J(i,  §2'J,  and 
$'M,  respectively,  infantry  captains  I;;  ,  lieatenant-c;)loncls  §133,  colonels  A-2W, 
generals  $Xi\i  and  5>H7.  The  (juo  demanded  in  each  state  varied  from 
'2,'2',i\  from  Mexico,  Tlascala,  and  tl  feileral  districts,  to  104  from  Tahascn, 
the  northern  states  beitig  called  uj-  a  for  a  special  proportionate  enrolment 
for  militia  and  military  colonists,  i  lounting  to  a  little  over  1^  per  niille  i.f 
the  population.  Miix.,  Liy  Nov.  Jf,  IS'.}S,  xohrr.  Eji'rcito,  1-lG;  Mix.,  Lr/i'if. 
Ml).,  1 848,  476-80;  .IrnV/a'/a,  lircop.  Lei/.,  /)((•.,  Cin:,  1-112.  Trecedin,' 
projects  in  l/cnvrn,  I'rof/iclo  EJirrifo,  1-72;  Ariittd,  Id.,  1-21, ap.  1-l.J;  LI., 
Jli/itt.,  l-H;  Mil£.,  DiddineH  Ejfrcilo,  l-lIO;  Paii.  Var,,  hi.  pts  1-4,  cciv. 


ENLISTMRNT  OF  TROOI'S. 


50U 


stipproRsioii  of  forced  Iun  ios  was  aitpliiuded  as  in  triio 
loiisoMuiU'u  with  iTjuiltlii-aii  iiistitulioiis;  yvi  so  slow 
was  tlio  response  of  recruits  that  coiisciiptioii  had 
liiially  to  he  reiiitnxUici'd  in  I8."rj,'''  for  up  to  tluit  dato 
less  than  lialf  of  the  recpiired  10,000  of  reijnlar  troops 
had  l)een  ennjlled."'  It  re(|ulred  further  rel'ornis  and 
time  to  rcst(»ro  tlie  prestij^e  of  an  institution  iiijined 
liv  (U'cades  of  abuse;  for  a  nund)i;r  of  ol»stacles  stc»od 
>till  in  the  way,  such  as  the  stay  of  promotion  iVom 
the  ranks,  wliicli  prevtsnted  anihitious  men,  the  niust 
ili'sirahle  for  soldiers,  from  enlisfiti^;.  Tiie  rc^ason  fop 
this  rule  lay  partly  in  the  desire  to  ohtain  more  sci- 
nitilically  trained  nuMi  for  the  command,  paitl}'  in  tjio 
wish  to  give  preference  in  this  direction  to  the  lar^o 
iminhur  of  oHicers  retired  from  the  army  iin<ler  the 
new  prunin*^  t)[)erations,"'and  to  the  aristocratic  youtii 
•  •(hicated  at  the  military  coUeiije.'"'  So  loud  were  tho 
pi'otests  against  this  exclusion  of  commoners  that  even 
the  war  minister  j(»ined  in  opposing*  it,  hut  in  vain.'' 
l"]i|ually  futile  was  the  ap[»eal  from  a  host  of  nei^lected 
invalids,  aiLjeil,  disabled,  or  retired  men  and  ollicers, 
who,  under  the  sad  condition  of  the  linances,  had  to 

I'l  I,  ooxxiv.  pt  8.  Soc  also (Iftaileil  ivgulation  of  April '2"J,  IS,")!,  .l/cr., '''>/. 
/.'//.,  JMr.  y  (trd.,  l.S.">(),  '2.S8-;{"2I,  with  milxlivi.-jious,  piiy,  etc. 

"  i!f;,Milatioii  in  decree  of  Fel).  "JStli.  Mi.r.,  L^ij't"!.  Mr/.,  IS.'i'i,  47 -'jO. 
i'lvceiliiig  rules  ui-e  fouiul  in  ArritUvjn,  I'iroji.,  LS4!I,  !):)-!,  |;{0-I.  l4-i-!(. 

'''I'lie  ministerial  report  of  IS.MJ  shows  only  .'J,."»4."i  infantry  and  cavalry, 
.1/.  r.,  .l/,/;i.  (;i,rr.,  IS,'>0,  doe.  10,  wliik?  that  of  KS.VJ,  A/.,  i.S.VJ,  tloc.  IJ,  has 
I.  I'KI,  or  "),;{20  siiort  of  tho  re(|nired  !l,7-(),  ineludinj,'  ollicers.  The  total  per- 
iiiaiii'iit  ai'niy  in  I8.')U,  including  active  militia,  military  colonists,  and  I'alional 
,m;uiI  paid  liy  tho  federation,  was  S,,'>1.'{,  witii  a  pay  of  IJJ.TD.'^'.IJM,  the  V>l:d 
i.iist  of  tlie  department  for  tin;  year  lieini;  i?"', "•">'(, tM4.    /</.,  1S.")I,  dtes  111. 

''  With  two  tliirds  jiay.  Tliey  nnnil)cred  .siij  at  tlio  dose  of  1S4'.(,  and  re- 
ocivcd  iJiJO'i,  10;j  during  tho  year.  During  tiie  following  year  SI  more  wcio 
I  ►iri'd,  hut  141  eithi'r  died,  withdrew,  or  were  called  into  active  service. 
l/j  ■.,  .]f,'>n.  Uiur.,  1S.')0,  .'14,  and  doc.  '-'•_';  iJSol,  ;{4. 

■'  l>y  decree  of  Ai)ril  '22,  \S't\,  the  ciKiego  was  assigned  lU  guardians  and 
iiis'iiiu'tors  for  9!)  and  odd  alumni,  at  a  cost  of  Sri4,74S  a  year,  wliereof  tiiu 
a'.iiiii.ii  wero  apportioneil  at  tiie  rate  of  .SJKJ  a  year  each,  l-'our  wi're  to  lio 
aniiuidly  sent  to  Kurope.  Mir.,  Cul.  L'l/.,  Dcr.  i/  <)nl.,  1S.')0,  'J'JK-IO,  'A^2  W; 
<'  'If'li  >  .1/(7,,  in  Pap.  l'(cr.,  cciii.  pt  14.  Yet  the  condition  of  lin.inees  causiil 
thr  neglect  of  the  college,  and  but  for  private  aiil  it  might  have  l»een  closed. 

'•''  A  decree  of  I8.">;{  contirnis  the  restriction  issued  in  iS47  and  IS4!).  Mc.r., 
■U'.ii.  (liirr.,  lSi")0,  22,  etc.  Instancea  of  arguments  of  protests  in  Ordoiii"., 
"/"'-.,  l-8'2;  Pap.  Vtir.,  ccxxiv.  pt  9.  Kichthofou,  lii'p.  Mcx.,  42i,  44J,  etc., 
.'ijiprovcs  thu  limitation,  aa  may  bo  supposod,  from  his  German  vicw.s  of  disci- 
jiliiie. 


1, 


670 


REOROANIZATIOr  UNDKR  TIERRERA. 


be  disregarded  in  favor  of  tlic  more  iinper.'itivo  de- 
iiiaiids  from  the  active  army.  Yet  even  the  latter  had 
fre(|ii(;ntly  to  sutler  from  the  same  cause,  which  thus 
tended  to  discourasxe  enlistment."'*  Artillerists  and 
iuedi(;al  men  were  especially  ditticult  to  ohtain. 

A  most  imi)ortant  feature  connected  with  the  roor- 
ij^ani/ation  of  the  military  departtnent  was  the  intro- 
duction (}*'  im[)roved  armament  from  France  an<l  Hel- 
gium,  of  which  the  report  for  1851  announced  the 
reci'ipt  of  over  20,000  muskets  alone.^'"'  Foreign  work- 
men and  ])atent  machinery  were  also  brought  for  local 
gun  factories,  with  a  view  to  replace  the  artillery  de- 
stroyed or  carried  otf  during  the  invasion.  The  fort- 
ressc'sand  militaiy  stations,  on  the  other  hand,  received 
little  attention,  mainlv  owiji<j[  to  the  lack  of  funds,  and 
partly  because  the  late  war  had  tendixl  to  diminish 
their  importance,  and  so  they  remained  for  the  most 
})art  half  ruined  and  dismantled.  Among  the  ideas 
{ido[)ted  from  abroad  was  the  gynuiastic  evolution 
])ractised  in  the  French  army.*"  The  navy  was  in  a 
moi'e  de]>lorable  condition  even  than  the  ibrtifications; 
for  in  I.S4i)  the  republic  [)ossessed  only  one  small  ves- 
sel, a  transformed  trader;  but  a  portion  of  the  intended 

"All  ofliccr'a  comjilaint  in  ArfjiifUen,  Aviiiido,  1857;  Pap.  Var.,  ccvii.  \)t 
I'J.  liuli'.s  for  iiioiito  i)io  ami  luMisioius.  Arrilldiiii,  Jtiroj).,  ISli),  UK),  lit, 
1J7-S,  I  i:!  4,  •_>;.'7 -S;  M<.i:,  U,,isl.  M,j.,  IStl»,  -JS-!),  lS(i-7,  -J.-U-O,  ,'t()!)-7.l; 
is.-)!),  ir)7  S;  1 S,-. I,  ;"):{-(;  1;  lS.-)2,  1.'>1().  lOS  ;»;  I'lum-md,  Ann;.  -Jd,  |,s,-)i,  !!. 
It  was  |)i'i)i)i).sf<l  to  al)olisli  ('omaiiilaiu'ia.s  ;;(iH'riili'8,  Imt  ]ir()test><  aj^ain.st  tlu^ 
lirojci't  foiiiui  iioariiii^.   Onhii'icz,  Kslinrion  ('diii.  (i<ii.,  1    II. 

^'  .l/i.c.  Mini.  Uiicr.,  18.")'_',  7;{  -<>,  and  iloc.  t».  t'oncornini;  tlio  oi'dcriii!,'  <'t 
ni'MiM,  MiM!  .Irrilldi/'i,  Itci-ojt.,  \S\\),  11.");  /(/.,  /irco/i.  L<i/.,  J>rr.  y  Ciir.,  I'J.i  I; 
K'-(iit'iiiilfia,  May  "J,  I  SI!),  cto. 

'"Anil  t('xt-l)(H)ks  wiM'o  iasucil  to  sjiiTad  it.  Ollicors  wore  n'i|nired  to 
(<;iiily  io])ci;,'iMi)liy.  Mix.,  Lfji.il.  Mij.,  IS.")tl,  .'(7  !•;  IS.')|,  ll-l.'{.  ('uiicorin'ii ; 
till'  new  ii'j,'nlati()n8  for  tliii  inc^dical  crops,  scc!  Mi!.v.,  Col.  Ac//,  i/  l>i'i\,  \SM, 
lO-J  ."•,  I.'!7  I-';  /'/.,  Col.  Liif.,  I)i'i\  // O/v/.,  (i'.l  71,  .S.')  !»;  Coi-n't)  Nm\,  O.i. 
'JH,  ISjS;  IJ niirrnitl,  Apr.  '11,  IS.'iO.  Military  trilmnals  aro  cunsiilcrod  in 
Muni/.  Slip.  Trill.,  I-;!.S;  ,l/('.r.,  Ih>r.  Jiiin.i  .Mil.,  I  i'.i;  Pup.  Vnr.,  Ixxxviii. 
l)t  4,  clxxxvi.  pt  4;  Siiiiri~  y  Suvitrrn,  I >ii<cui-fio  xnltrv  Trili.  Mil.,  l-(i();  .1/'^- 
cil.,  xii.  pt  I.  Their  codo  of  proccduro  i.s  given  in  Mi.r.,  Li'ijisl.  .Mij.,  lS."iJ, 
'J;)l-'J.     I''nrtlii'r  general  rn!  s  and  ordcrH  in  .I/r.i:.,  Li''ii4.  Mi/.,  lS4cS,  3()l  '.'; 

is.'iO,  ."iS  ('.;),  Ill  IS;  is.")i,  •2(i-7,  ;")(»;{,  (i I  J,  7i-s:j, '  170--J,  -JirMii),  .{(»;{  i: 

IS.Xt,  ;i;i.">  4l>;  .l/..r..  Col.  Li-y.,  Jtrr.  //  On/.,  1S.-)(I-1,  41-'J,  7'J-S-*,  'JID-'J.l,  '-'.iii, 
y.'lS-(il).  Ou  the  moral  condition  and  inilueiice  of  tlio  army,  seo  A'c/i.  Mr.r., 
J.ijirii  ]li'.*eHa,  Ho  ct  seij.  Mora  has  strong  hoatilo  views.  litiK  Mvx.,  i. 
4d7-;iS. 


NAVY  AND  MILITIA. 


r.Ti 


iitivo  Sc- 
atter had 
hicU  thus 
i-ists  ami 

,in. 

tho  rcor- 
tho  intro- 
)  auil  H»l- 
iin('c<l  tho 
uio-n  work- 
it  tor  local 
i-iilliTV  <h"- 
'rho'iovt- 
1(1,  received 
'  funds,  and 
()  diminish 
,r  the  ni<>>t 
i(v  the  ideas 
c   evolution 

^•y  was  Ul  11 
I'tilieations; 
J  small  ves- 
he  intended 

^    Tftr.,  ccvii.  I't 
1SH>,   UK),   111, 

iij;.  -m  1S.V2,  :'• 

lc«ts  agiiiiist  til'! 

[•.  y  i:in:,  f^^i   '■ 

irorc  rLMinit-LMl  to 
|l'}  (!iiiii'i.'riiiii  ; 
[,.,/..»//''■'•..  l"^"'"' 
\nro  Niic,  O'  '■ 
|-o  coiisiili'iv'l  111 
,.  r<ic.,  IxxNviii. 
Il/i/.,  l-t«»;  .1/.;- 

T,,;-'.  •>/'./••  '^•''-' 

r,/.,  1H4M,  31)1   -; 
\;;t,v  (•>!»,  :«>;!  '  = 


roast-iTuard  fleet  was  on  tlio  stocks,  and  in  1851  Oie 
navy  had  with  this  Indii'eet  adchtion  swolliMi  t<>  seven 
M'ssels,  five  of  thtMn  manned  hy  1  .'{.'i  sailors,  hesides 
an  imposing  stall' of  ofticors,  and  with  11)  guns." 

To  compensate  for  the  reduced  strength  of  the  r(\g- 
ular  army,  greater  attention  was  given  to  the  militia, 
now  divided  into  local  and  mc^hile,  the  former  eni- 
hiacing  all  able  ^lexicans  hetween  the  ages  of  18  and 
af),  the  latter  com[)()sed  of  a  ))r()portion  coiTesponding 
lo  six  per  millo  of  the  po|>ulation,  and  liahle  to  scM've 
heyond  the  state  whore  enrolled,  although  not  for  a 
jH'riod  exci>eding  six  months.  When  leaving  the 
[dace  of  resi(K>nce  for  a  day  or  more,  the  militia  rc;- 
ccived  the  same  ])ay  as  the  jvgular  troops,  from  state 
funds  unli>ss  omidoyed  on  federal  service,  in  which 
ciis(>  the  state  dedu(!ted  tlunr  allowance  from  money 
due  the  supreme  ijfovernment.  'I'hev  were  thereioi'i; 
entirely  at  the  conunand  of  the  states,  and  in  sympathy 
with  them,  forming  a  powei-ful  element  for  supporting 
•  Ifinands  against  the  fed(>ral  authorities.  The  duty 
(!('inand(Hl  (!ven  from  the  constantly  om[)1oyed  nio- 
lii'es,  known  also  as  the  federal  reserve  army,  was 
(•nnij)aratively  easy;  cspiicially  as  they  were  com- 
manded by  officers  of  their  own  eh.'ction,  and  those 
wliochoso  to  enlist  naturally  preferred  this  service  to 
t!ie  n^ufular.  IManv  states  neLcleetiMl  to  issu(>  proper 
ivgulations  for  the  militia,  and  hut  few  chose  t(t  en- 
fiirc(;  tliem;  so  that  great  laxity  [)rin'ailed,  and  this 
was  increased  by  the  loose  character  of  the  snl)sti- 
l.itt's  ))r(>vided  by  those  who  coidd  ]turchas(?  cxtMup- 
ti'  'I.''-'  A  sjHK'ial  allowance  had  to  be  made  for  e([ui[i- 
]iing  thirty-four  com[)anies  of  mobiles  in  the  northein 

" 'I'lii' totiil  .inimal  oosit  bi'int;  SS!t,()(M).  Tlio  (li'ct  cniliraccil  a  sti-iimcr.  ji 
I'lii.'.iiitiiic,  and  live  Hclioimcrs,  two  in  tlu-  rarilic,  an<l  aiiotlnr  .stcaini'i- \\a;i 
I'lii'.liiiLtat,  New  York.   Mi:k.,  }t,'m.  Oioi:,  \s:,\\,  ;V);  1S,".I,  ;I7 -S;  IS.V.',  Sd  7. 

'•Law  (if  ,luly  l">,  1818,  Mc.t:,  Lr,ii<f.  .Ur/  ISlS,  -JH)  ct  sr(|. ;  diia.rdhi 
y'icliiiiiil,  ,',<  1/  Ofiiiiii.,  1  -S.  A  ivpoit  (if  \'\'\>.  '2i,  IS4!t,  iilaci's  tin-  inoliilc^ 
f"ir(.  ;it,  L>|,<)7.S.  ApiiiirtionnuMit  in  M<.i:,  Lri/iMl.  M,/.,  Isj'l,  :(•_'  ,"i.  Oilier 
I  iladoiis,  vU\,  ill  J'L.  H)l  :i,  l7-->-7,  is;t  4.  '-'.•17  S;  '.][,■>•,  <'„l.  Ley.  //  Ihr., 
I^IS,  .V.';)-;tO;   hS.W,  8_'-;(,  110--Ji),  ;tO0-l;  dnardia  AVc'.,  ii.  U. 


'■  '■'^';-l!|| 


\-M 


mJ^^^i 


f.72 


REOROANIZATION  UNDER  IIEHRERA. 


provinces,  as  a  [)onnaiiont  su|)i)l(!inoMt  to  tlu;  (Ic'icioiit 
r('L,nil;irs,  Cor  ji^uarclinj^  the  border  and  re[)elling  Indian 


raids 


The  northern  frontier  had  become  more  thun  ever 
the  object  of  anxi(jus  care,  less  because  of  the  closei- 
approximation  of  a  feared  ni'iiL(hbor  tlian  because  of 
the  Lrrowinu^  inroads  of  wild  Indians.  The  treaty  of 
(<nadahi[>e  ])rovide(l  that  the  United  States  should 
assist  in  checkinuf  this  evil,  since  the  source  of  inva- 
sion lay  within  their  territory;  but  the  border  was 
too  extensive  to  bo  jjjuarded  in  any  ade(juate  manner, 
and  their  efforts  to  suj)pjvss  the  tuibulent  savai^cs 
only  teniled  to  drive  tlnsm  southward  into  the  less 
])r(»tected  Mexican  j)rovin(;es,  where  the  superi(»r  arms 
i'urnished  by  unscru|)ulous  United  States  tradeis 
s^ave  them  i^reatadvantajj^es.  Vast  uniidia'tited  tracts 
here  favored  them,  and  colonization  had  Ioulj  sul;- 
!4'ested  itself  as  a  remedy;  but  who  would  settle  in  ii 
country  s(t  subject  to  political  disorders  and  civil  war, 
so  maleadministered  and  oppressed  by  aibitr-ary  taxes 
and  I'cstrictions,  where  the  enactments  by  one  con- 


tl 


Ln'ess  were  :)n  the  morrow  amiu 


lied  li 


)tl 


)V  anotner,  wncic 


lawlessness  and  insecurity  weld,  hand  in  hand!*  The 
inducemiMits  were  slight,  particularly  when  ecpially 
rich  lands  in  the  adjoiniui^  northern  re[)ublie  were 
oll'ei-eil  free,  with  every  adviintage  and  protection. 
The  efforts  so  far  made  in  this  diniction  had  brou<^lit 
insi<4iiilicario  fruit;  partly  bet:ause  of  their  spasmtxhr, 
illiberal,  antl  inconsistent  nature,  and  iS  the  not  un- 
reasoiudjle  fears  thrown  out  of  the  Texan  ex[)eriment." 


' '  Tliis  iMiibrauud  llio  7  noi'tlu'rii  HtiitoH,  of  wliicli  O.Kiliuila  ()l>tain(.'il  H!)^ 
liu'ii,  iJiiiiiii;,'!)  III.),  iiiid  tliu  reit  '2'M  I'lU'li,  lit  ii  total  cii-it  of  JiiliTl,  I  IS  u  yoai'. 
J/i'.i',,  Lc'jisf.  Ml}.,  IS1!(,  'JIS-'JJ.  Vut  till!  lU'cos.Miiry  iiieasurcH  weris  liam- 
I'ci'cd  l)y  11  lack  of  I'liads.  .l/r'.r.,  Mtin.  (I'liir.,  IS,">;),  II.  'I'lu^  total  iiiiiitii 
»'iii[>loyud  l»y  tlio  fi'dcralioii,  liy  list  of  Doo.  18.')1,  iminln^rcil  U.'JS.'J  muii  aiid 

;j!»;i  oiiiciTs.  l<i.,  i.sr.j,  doc.  ii. 

"  iJiiiiccniiii;^  Hoiiu;  iccciit  I'llorts  for  Kfc^ncl.  mid  otliur  Latin  imiiiij,'nilio!i, 
si'd  Mini,  lie  Ciiliiiii:.  r  Iiiiliisf.,  ISol,  .'{  vX  hi'(|.  .V  Spaniard  iiainf(l  Miir  y 
'I'fian  ol)tain('il  great  jiraiso  for  ollurinj;  lar;,'o  tracts  to  tins  end.  Mimil'.r 
L'lji.,  I'Vlt.  '2.S,  LS.iO.  Ilc)  was  shrewd  ('noiij;li  to  see  that  settlement  would 
hurea.se  tlio  value  of  his  other  land  or  hi.s  trade.  Colony  projeets  nuiy  1  c 
atiulicil  in  Mix.,  I't'oyixto  (Joloni::.,    \-\l;  L'oloui::.,  Xncvo  i'roi/iclo.,    1-1'.'; 


COLONIZATION. 


f)7.1 


This  lack  ofsufcoss  suu^'j^cisted  tlin  ])lantitmf  of  luili- 
taiy  colonies  by  tlu;  ^ovciiiiucnt,  which  woro  to  servo 
also  as  hiiluarks  lor  other  settleiueiits.*'^  liecruits 
Avere  received  lor  a  service  of  six  years,  aftia-  wJiich 
they  ol)taiiU!(l  j.  ti'act  of  laiui,  toL^csther  with  certain 
jiriviiejjfes,  as  (!XeMij)tion  I'roiii  iaxe's  and  aid  to  till  th(! 
soil  and  erect  a  home.  The  chronic;  lack  of  i'linds 
iiitiai'ei'ed  as  usual  to  prevent  entliiisiasin  for  tin; 
])!an;  and  althoiiirji  a  tlioiisand  recruits  were  sent  to 
th(;  front  in  1  HID,  with  the  full  staff  of  ins|K;ctors, 
])ay masters,  and  so  fortii,  they  formed  rathei'  llyinL*' 
or  i'oamin<jr  colunms  than  fixed   settlers.*"      In  the  fol- 


Ciiliiiiiz.,  Ihir.  {jiii'  jiiih.  III.  h'iriicioii.,  IS4S,  1  4f!;  /'«/>.  Viir.,  ixiv.  jit  .">. 
I  >iM'i'(!i!  iijiiiiiist  illc;riil  HcttlcmciitM.  IhthUui  1111(1  l.ir.iiiio,  Li<j.  Mix.,  v.  ">7'-'-.'J. 
'I'ln^  ''lL'r;,'y  iiatuially  r.-iiwcil  tlit!  ()l)jcn;liiiii  of  iiitolcraiKtc,  wliicli  was  iiiaiii- 
t  lined,  ('(do)ii'..,  Jiirniimiuiiti's,  1  24;  /'iij>.  \'ii  .,  xi.  Jit  r>,  rxiv.  Jit  4;  Curnn 
jXii'-.,  Aiij,'.  is,  2!),  I.S4H. 

*'  liy  iloi'i'co  i)f  July  I!),  1848,  hiu;1i  coloiiics  woro  oriU^-cd  to  bo  foriiicil,  at 
a  <iist  not  ("XciM'iliiii^  that  of  tlio  presiilio  oomitaiiicH,  rrcatpd  liy  law  of  March 
'J  I,  ISi'fi,  mill  with  all  ))riviloi,'cH  that  may  In;  j,'raiit('(l  to  coloiilMts  in  ^,'iiicial. 
'I'd  liiis  (Mill  till!  iiorthiTii  fii)iilicr  wa.s  (lividcil  into  tiircc!  Ht^c'lions,  tlir  Oririitc, 
( iiiliiju'iii;^  'raiiiaiilipas  and  < 'oahiiila;  the  Chihiiaiiiia,  for  tlic  Htatc  of  thin 
iiauic;  and  the  Occidciitc,  iiii'ludin.i,' Soliora  ami  Lower  < 'alifoniia.  l''or  ^iift.'^ 
(  I  fii(;iidly  hidians  ■'SIO.tMM)  a  year  were  uHsij^tniil.  Kach  section  was  |ila<'cd 
iiudif  11  colonel,  as  inspector,  who  must  visit  every  colony  at  IcMst  once  in 
tuo  moiitlis.  A  lieut-col  took  eliar.Ljc  of  two  to  tlire<!  colonies,  lis  Hiiiiin- 
.sjiiclin-  and  jefe  politico  snhaltei'no,  and  a  captain  coniniamli'd  lit  each  scltlc- 
iiHMt.  Till!  enlistnieiit  was  volnntaiy,  with  a  liounty  of  1^10  for  ms  years' 
At  tliii  end  of  this  teini  the  soldier  ini;,'lit  retire  and  setlle  on   the 


land 


Kran 


ted 


ini,  the  f^rant  liein^  doilhled  for  twelve  years'  sei'\ 


no  llell- 


sioii  could  111!  olitilinec 


'I'lie  land  so  (,'ivi'n  varied  from  half  a  faiie^a  d"  sem- 
liradiira  to  three  fanci^'as.     On  plaiitin;^  a  colony  on  tracts  piircliased  froii 


"ivati!  owners  or  othcrwisi!  ohtained,  the  recruits  wen 


tc 


receive  six  months 


I'ly  in   advance,  and    the   necessary   tools,  lieasts,  and   material   for   houses. 
Maiiied  settlers  were  exemptcil  from  (!very  t;ix,  even  parochial.      A  jnsti 
ot   the   peacii  in  each  colony  had 


M'liizaneu  in  tirst  instance 


.\f> 


I. 


iiii^ 


Ml 


IS4S,  '2(11   '.»;   J)iiU,ni  and  L<,:.iiiio,  Lnj.  Mc.r.,  v.  422  (i,  717  .")(>.     .Mili- 


tiiiy  ciiloiiies  were  proposeil  as  early  a:i  IS-JH. 


('liihiiahiiii 


Mrm.diiir.,  ISriO,  II    IS,  docs  :<. .").     Of  the  recruits  the  Oriciiti 


d  (>< 


cidenti!  sections  had  l.'U,  •_'!•(» 


il 


ilan  calleil 


,421)  t 


rooiis,  w  heieo 


f  L 


111  .'{Kt,  respectively, 
•avalrv,  willi  WJt'M  h 


11. id  4!)  c.iniion,  tiie  pay  list  hciiiL;  eslimated  at  !^7I7,'>72,  of  which  the  olh 
I' 11  took  .S2I  |,();M).     Of   the  IS  colonics  there  wcri!  to  lie  .'l  in 'rain.-iuiipas,   \ 
i:i  Coahnila,  r>  in  ('liiliii -liiia,  .">   in   .Sonora,  and    I    in    l^ower  ( 'alifo.  iiia.      .V 
n;iiiil)'r  of  sn','^es(  ions  ajiiiearcd  for  |iroiiioiiii;,'  their  formatim  and  ellii  iciicy. 


i:,hiii<Li  Milit..  Isls,  I  (i:  /,/.,  / 


riii/i  ri 


I    4. 


Ill 


/'/,! 


/" 


/'■/l 


I'll/I.   \'iii\,   Ixxxix.  ]its  !(   II;   and  a  law  win  issued  .April  21,  IS(1>, 


llppni 


ntim'  a  council  of  two 


ihers  of  coni'ress,  from    the   states  .suireriiiL' 


der   Indian  raids,  to  frame  a  plan  for  dcfeii 


Duhln 


■)1 


••/, 


All/.    Siiii.,   SO   I  ;    I'liii'irnii 


I.   Ai 


d  /. 
;.   12 


/, 


,/• 


Se]>f 


<)■  t.  (I,  1SI!».  llulci  for  tho  colonies,  in  .1/c'.,-,,  /,.,/m/.  .1/-/.,  ISl'.l,  l."il  (i, 
1  .1  ."i;  l.S.'i;),  I:J(;;  IS,J1,  ;U2;  18j;J,  ;M7-o;J.  Coninu;ut!i  m  Sartiiri'i.t,  lnninrt, 
.'/'■.'•.,  2(1,  ;{2.  etc. 


i 


•m 


574 


REORGANIZATION  UNDER  IIERRERA. 


lowing  years,  however,  more  funds  were  provitlcd,  and 
according  to  the  report  for  1851  some  order  had  been 
introduced,  so  that  half  of  the  colonies  could  be  re- 
garded as  founded  and  in  a  fair  way  of  development, 
with  settlers  gathering  around  them,  while  the  re- 
mainder stood  provisionally  organized;  yet  the  tcjtal 
number  of  recruits  was  still  less  than  half  of  the  sti[)- 
ulated  figure,"  and  large  stretches  of  frontier,  some  of 


*'Tlio  18  colonies  countcil  1,09.'$  men  and  140  oflicera,  including  clift[)laiiiH, 
thus  lacking  I, .'{.i^  men  and  'tl  olliecrs.  Tho  Orieutc  frontier,  which  cxtcmUil 
for  170  leagues,  was  less  exposctl  along  the  lower  or  eastern  half,  owing  to  the 
growing  river  trallic  and  settlement  on  botli  banks  of  the  liio  ( irando  del  Norte. 
Tho  most  easterly  cohtny  was  therefore  Alonterey,  located  at  I'aso  do  I'icdra, 
nearly  opposite  Laredo  of  Texas,  on  May  15,  18.")0.  Alwvotiiis  followed  I'an, 
provisionally  j)laced  at  Lanipazos;  Rio  (irandc,  located  on  Feb.  L'U,  \S'>0,  at 
Alision  Nricva,  iil  leagues  above;  Guerrero,  placed  provisionally  on  duly  I!(, 
1851),  at  I'iedras  Negras,  14  leagues  above,  and  opposite  Fort  Duncan  of  Texas; 
Monclova  Vicjo,  lucated  on  August  1,  1850,  at  Moral,  8  leagues  above;  S.in 
Vicente,  located  at  Agua  Verde,  10  leagues  above,  after  a  provisional  stay  at 
Santa  Rosa.  Thu  seventh  colony,  Caniargo,  not  being  rei^uired  lower  down 
the  river,  as  originally  proposed,  a  place  was  sought  lor  it  above  the  preced- 
ing, and  as  tliu  great  ford  lor  Indian  raiders  lay  at  I'aso  tie  los  Chizos,  not  far 
above  tho  mouth  of  Rio  I'ucrco,  it  was  intended  to  move  to  this  region  also 
tho  Guerrero  colony.  At  San  Carlos,  founded  in  July  1850  at  tho  ancient 
presidio,  began  tho  Chihuahua  line  of  colonies,  to  cover  a  frontier  of  KiO  leagues, 
behinil  which  extended  an  area  of  17,000  square  leagues,  with  a  scanty  pojiu- 
lation  of  150,000.  Above  this,  near  tho  mouth  of  Rio  de  Conchos,  lay  the  oM 
I'residio  del  Norte,  and  this  point  was  also  retainetl  for  the  colony  of  the  same 
name,  founded  in  May  1850;  while  southward,  along  the  Conchos  and  Fhjrido, 
tln'co  military  outposts  were  proposed,  at  Las  Dabizas,  La  Cruz,  and  Funta  lie 
la  Agua  (si ;),  to  guard  against  Indians.  Filares  was  established  at  the  same 
time  near  Vailo  de  Fiedra,  14  leagues  above,  and  47  leagues  intervened  be- 
tween it  and  tho  next  colony,  Kl  i'aso,  l4  leagues  east  of  the  town  of  I'aso  del 
Norte,  which  forms  the  gateway  to  New  Mexico.  It  was  fcmndcd  on  Dec.  15, 
184!),  close  to  tho  civil  colony  of  (iuadalupn,  composed  of  emigrants  from  tlie 
north  side  of  the  river.  The  liflh  colony  of  Jano.i  was  placed  provisionally  iit 
tho  presidio  of  the  same  name,  70  leagues  from  i'ilares.  On  both  sides,  tiier.- 
fore,  of  I'A  Faso  were  long  stretches  of  border  rjtpuring  mori;  i)rotection,  o.ie 
station  being  ]iroposeil  for  Fihres,  a  point  between  Vado  de  Fiedra  and  I'a^o 
del  Norte,  and  others  for  Sierra  de  la  Florida,  Ojo  do  las  Vacas,  and  the  uiiii 
iug  camp  of  Santa  Rita  del  Cobro,  west  of  Faso  del  Norte.  Tho  Occident  r 
frontier  was  still  more  extensive,  and  guarded  so  far  by  presidio  comj)ani(s 
which  slt)od  on  tho  point  of  abandoning  their  posts,  when  in  Jan.  1851  (li' 
inspector  arrived  with  recnforcements  of  men  and  means,  and  established  th'- 
six  colonies  provisionally  at  tho  old  presidios  of  Babispe,  Fronteras,  Santa 
Cruz,  Tucson,  Altar,  and  Santo  Tomas  mission,  the  latter  in  Lnver  California, 
along  an  irregular  lino  that  rarely  approaclics  tho  border.  Few  of  these  In- 
cations  were  promising,  and  it  was  proposed  to  move  Santa  Cruz  \'2  leagurs 
eastward  to  San  Feilro  hacienda,  whose  owner  oU'ered  good  land,  Tucson  t  > 
Tabaco,  Altar  to  Tres  Alamos,  ;10  leagues  from  San  Fedro,  and  tho  one  in 
Lower  California  to  S."nta  Catalina.  For  details  .seo  reports  incorporatcil  in 
Mtx.,  Mnn.  Gunr.,  1850,  14etse(i.;  hi,  1851,  15-;W;  Id.,  1852,  .SJ-O;),  wiili 
documents  an<l  maps.  A  portion  of  this  reproduced  in  yj/c'.  Univ.,  ii.  450-1. 
Rules  and  provisions.  Mii.v.,  Lvjinl,  M'j.,  1850,  l'J0-'J05,  etc. ;  Mix.,  Cot,  Ltij. 


MILITAUY  COLONIES.  CTo 

iho  most  exposed,  reiimiiiud  uii])r()tected.  But  it  was 
(Xpectud  that  tlu;  military  ('olonics  would  soon  atti'at-t 
civil  settlers,  and  as  these  <>rc.!W  stronger  the  Inrnur 
might  push  onward  to  form  fresh  outposts  and  nuclei 
lor  settlement.  This  exj»eetation  reeeived  an  un- 
luoked  for  and  most  weleome  response  in  the  ai)}tlica' 
lion  lor  land  by  several  hundred  Seminole  and  other 
peaceful  agricultural  Indians  from  tho  United  States, 
who  were  received  with  o[)en  arms  and  rendered  gootl 
service  against  savage  invaders.*^  A  similar  system 
of  colonies  was  a[)[)lied  to  maintain  in  subjection  the 
rebellious  Indians  of  Sierra  Gorda,  centring  in  (»)ue- 
ivtaro,  and  to  set  them  a  good  example  in  agricultural 
development.     Success  attended   both  aims;  and  in 

I  Sf)!  there  wore  three  nourishing  settlements,  embrac- 
ing 250  soldiers  and  over  2,200  other  settler.s,  with 
schools  and  rapidly  unfolding  home  comforts.*^ 

II  Ore,  18.10,  i.  18S-4'2.  For  further  authorities  and  particulars,  I  refer  to 
Jli^t.  Xoii/i  Mce.  •'^tdte-',  ii.,  tlii.s  HcricH. 

^^'I'lio  applicaata  consisted  of  'AO'.i  Scminolcs,  Qnioapos,  and  Mascogos,  iii- 
(Imling  families.     Tiio  Quicapos  aloue  deserted.  JJerec/io  Intern.  J/rx'.,  iii. 

■i:i.)  !).' 

^'Tiie  three  colonies  were  Santa  Rosa  Uratja,  established  in  .Tune  l.S.")l  near 
l.icida,  and  nundjeriug  at  the  end  of  the  year  4'AH  souls;  Arista,  founded  in 
.\[)ril  1S.")1,  near  Jalpan,  and  nutnberins,'  4M  souls;  San  Ciro  do  Alli(;r("is,  20 
1  .■i.iUL's  from  Arista  and  14  from  Rio  Verde,  foundoil  iv  little  earlier  and  e(jn- 
t  liiiini;  1,00;}  jjursons.  They  were  known  iis  the  Mexico,  ti)uei'i;taro,  and  San 
l.iis  j'otosi  colonies,  respectively;  a  fourth  was  needed  in  tho  (Juauiijuato 
I  ,nt  of  the  mountains  to  complete  the  line.  Jlrr.,  Man.  (linr.,  1S."]1).  IS-I!), 
il  HS  ()-7;  /(/.,  1S.)1,  'l'i-{\,  doe.  o;  /</.,  1S.V2,  .")S-(l,'i,  does  ',\-\.  'I'hey  wero 
t  tiihlislied  in  accordance  with  a  decree  of  Oct.  'ili,  ISl!).  Mx.,  LojUl.  .lAc/., 
I -l',»,  27.')-vS!).  Further  regulations  in /i/.,  1S.")1, '-'liil-Tti;  iSoli,  ;{,").')-(iS;  Arri- 
/w/((,  y.Vvo/).,  lS4!.»-.50,  hVJ-i);  Mil.,  H'ljlfuit.,  II.').  The  decree  of  .lidyj:), 
1^.>1,  for  placing  four  colonies  on  the  Istlimus  of  Tchuantei)ec,  was  liampereil 
1\  alack  of  funds  and  by  local  onlbieaks.  JJiiiilmi  and  Lozaiio,  /<»;/.  M'x., 
\i.  Idl-.");  Mcx.,  lirijlaia.  Colon.  Mil.,  l-\il;  I'cq'-  I '"'. i  cxiv.  pt  Sj  L'liiversil, 
Out.  14,  1849. 


11^ 

1: 1-  !■ 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

WAR  OF  RACES. 
lS-l'J-1851. 

KaCE   FeELINO CoXDITIOy    OF    TIIK    INDIAN    POPULATION — HOSTILITIES     IV 

TiiE  Sierra  Gouua — A  1'ko.jecteu  Xoktiiern  UEPrnLic— BoitDKi; 
Raids— ScALP-nrxTiNfi — Thk  W'ak  in  YrcATA.N— Attitude  of  Bkii- 
isii  Settlei;s  in  Belize — The  Bacalah  Expedition— Sellino  l'iii>- 
oxEUs  into  Foueiun  Slaveky — Dissensions  among  the  Kehei-s— ^ . 
efficient  Campaign  Plans  of  Miciieltouena  and  Vecja— Revoi.t- 
TioNAiiv  Movements  in  tiik  Sopthehn  States— Agitation  foii  Ui- 
LKiious  Tolerance — Presidential  Election— Obstacles  to  Reform 
— Character  and  Services  of  IIerrera. 

Race  feeling  forms  a  potent  clement  in  Mexican 
politics.  The  overthrow  of  Spanish  supremacy  re- 
moved the  strongest  of  the  irritating  causes,  ai"l  with 
a  prudent,  equable  national  policy  tlie  rest  miglit  have 
followed;  but  they  were  kept  alive  and  given  a  new- 
direction  by  that  chronic  evil,  l)arty  strife,  which  with 
reprehensible  recklessness  hesitated  at  nothinij  to  ijjaiii 
the  object  in  view.  After  the  achievement  oi'  inde- 
pendence, there  remained  practically  only  two  races  in 
the  country,  the  aborigines,  including  by  sympathy 
and  other  links  a  jiroportion  of  the  lower  castes,  and 
the  luLiher  mestizos,  the  rulinyf,  stirrinu:  race,  embrac- 
ing  mixtures  of  all  degrees,  as  well  as  those  claiming 
to  be  })ure  whites,  vanity  on  one  side  and  ])olicy  on  the 
other  being  motives  for  the  union.  Reliixion  had 
been  a  soothmg  bond  that  kept  them  all  together,  as- 
.suau'ino^  anioni*'  the  oi)|)ressed  the  bitterness  caused  hv 
Oppression;  but  of  late  it  had  been  lo(.)sened  by  the 
more  cultivated  classes,  in  a  manner  that  could  not  fail 

(070) 


THE  MESTIZO  nOXD. 


877 


to  afToct  the  rost.  Aiiotlu'r  Ixnid  lay  in  tlio  mestizos 
llicinsi'lvcs,  as  tlio  outcome  ot"  tlu'in  and  others;  and 
alllioui''li  this  conueetc'd  verv  f'cuhlv  witli  a  nnmhcr  of 
unmixed  tril)es  in  diliercnt  diieetions,  wliieli  in  their 
isolation  dreamed    of  ancient   jilories   and    inherited 


V. 


1^ 


\.„i.niiu/1,-        •  S      \.^J*ii      > ^    ,'t  <'-->-3 —    ,. 


SiKKUA   CJOKDA   CaMI'AKJ.V. 


liL^hts,  and  brooded  over  the  wrong's  inflicted  by  ag- 
j^ressive  factions  and  administrations,  yet  it  was  one 
tliat  must  grow  stronger  and  broader  by  the  process 
tif  natural  absorption.  It  may  seem  strange,  however, 
that  this  slow  growth  was  not  interrupted  in  a  marked 


Uisi.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    37 


I 


'1 


i:i;l! 


P 


578 


WAR  OF  RACES, 


manlier  1)}'  the  Indians,  with  tlicir  aiTfj^ravatcd  causes 
for  discontent;  with  tlieir  nuinher,  excoecUnij^  that  of 
all  the  other  races ;  and  with  their  numy  o|)[)ortuJiities 
for  outbreaks,  niidist  civil  wars  and  faction  bids. 
Fortunatel}^  the  patiiMit,  long-suilerinj^  disp(>siti(ni  of 
the  aborigines,  and  above  all  their  division  into  dis- 
tinct tribes  and  nations,  with  different  interests  and 
sympathies,  proved  a  barrier  to  any  general  and  dis- 
astrous uprising. 

Local  movements  have  taken  place,  however,  and 
although  gen(!rally  merged  during  the  republican  era 
in  party  strife,  several  were  distinctly  Indian  revolu- 
tions, such  as  those  in  the  Mizteca  country.  The  late 
war  of  invasion  gave  opportunity  and  impulse  to 
others,  as  we  have  seen.  The  futile  though  threat- 
(Miing  pronunciamiento  of  Marqucz  for  Santa  Anna 
in  February  1849,  with  a  portion  of  the  government 
troops  engaged  in  subduing  the  rebellious  Indians  of 
Sierra  Gorda,  is  claimed  to  have  occurred  at  the  turn- 
ing-point in  this  campaign.  The  mountaineers  cer- 
tainly took  advantage  of  the  diversion  to  capture  Rio 
Verde  and  several  villages.  The  leader,  Quiros,  more- 
over, chose  to  ignore  a  convention  lately  arranged,^  as 
not  sufficiently  favorable  to  his  ambitious  views. 
Thus  pressed,  the  governor  appealed  for  aid  to  the  ad- 
joining states,  and  with  the  2,000  additional  men 
obtained,  took  such  effective  steps  that  the  revolution 
was  suppressed  by  October,  Quiros  being  captured 
and  executed.^ 

Several  hundred  of  liis  most  active  followers  were 
exiled  to  different  frontier  (colonies,  there  to  vent  their 

•  Although  tlic  government  meekly  conferred  upon  him  the  command  at 
Xiohi'i,  with  the  rank  of  nuijor,  and  a  guard  of  100  uicn  pnid  by  the  former. 
llimrd,  Ooh.  d<:Mcj:,n.  ;j(58;  M<'x.,  Mitn.  Miii.  Oner.,  1S.")0,  7. 

-  And  his  second,  Ramirez,  falling  mortally  wounded.  Their  foUowiMs 
were  included  under  the  general  amnesty  of  April  lith,  yet  478  prisoueis 
were  sent  away  to  r^-main under  supervision  as  colonists  in  ditl'erent  nortliciu 
frontier  states.  See  Mex.,  Lei/i4.  Mfj.,  1849,  82,  2!)'2-.3;  Arrillaija,  L'lroji., 
April  1849,  l.'Jl-'J;  1849-50,  101-2.  For  aid  granted,  Mex.,  Col.  Lnj.  y  />(.-., 
I.'i48,  4j8.  Other  details  in  J/o»«7o>'  7tVy».,  Dec.  22,  1848,  etc.;  Soiion  m',  Dec. 
1,  1848,  etc.;  Jfcrahto,  Deo.  11,  1848,  etc.;  Correo  Nac.,  Jan.  3,  1S49,  etc.; 
Vent.  Am.  Papers,  v.  302;  Mex.,  Mem.,  v.  doc.  4. 


INDIAN  WARFARE. 


879 


tuilnilcnre  in  rcpolliiiiLj^  the  moro  savai^o  Invudors 
iVom  b(!yoii(l  tho  bordci-,  and  to  lu-lj)  in  counteracting^ 
{\h)  intriLifUcs  of  certain  cli(|ues  which  still  lahoi-ed  to 
I'orin  an  independent  republic  of  the  northern  states.^ 
Tills  project  luid  no  liopes  of  success,  partly  owini^ 
to  the  need  of  assistance  fi'oni  the  southern  jtrovinces 
a^i^ainst  their  <:^reat  atiliction,  Indian  raids.  Opeivi- 
lions  of  local  tro.)ps  and  llyin;^  corps  availed  little 
iij^ainst  the  ileet  and  wily  Apaches  and  their  confreres, 
e(|ui{)pe<l  as  they  were  with  superior  arms,  j)rovided 
by  avaricious  traders,  and  colonies  and  missions  could 
make  but  slow  inipr(>ssion,*  Undei-  such  circumstances 
it  seeniod  pardonable  for  the  provincial  authorities  in 
their  desperate  strait  to  listen  to  the  proposal  of  a 
company  of  adventurers  i'roni  the  United  States, 
wliich  offered  to  kill  hostile  Indians  at  two  hundred 
dollars  each.''  Journals  of  the  S(juthern  states  not 
so  afflicted  naturally  became  the  medium  for  a  loud 
cry  asjfainst  the  'blood  contract,'  allci/inijf,  amonuf  other 
1  casons,  that  it  left  the  door  open  for  numerous  abuses, 
such  as  robbery,  spoliation,  and  attacks  on  friendly 
Indian  villages,  which  nuLjht  stir  uj)  civil  war.  It  was 
ar_!L;fued  in  answer  that  no  other  effective  means  existed, 

^  The  cnmmaiulant  at  Matamoros  reported  in  iTiiiic  1.S40  that  a  coiispirin'y 
hail  liecii  discovered,  einaiuiting  from  ri'l'iigce.s  at  Hrowiisviiic,  and  pi'opo.siiig 
ti)  start  tho  movement.  Tlieir  manifesto,  wiiii'ii  bears  ii  strong  nsemlthinci) 
ill  its  opening  to  tiiat  issued  l)y  tho  IJ.  S.  iu  1770,  declared  the  seven  nonh- 
ern  stjites  independent  of  Mexico,  on  the  ground  of  corrn])t  udministiatiou 
ami  political  changes,  oppressive  exaeti(jns  \>y  usur])ing  rulers  and  their  <Iis- 
iirderly  arnues,  forcil)le  I'ncroaclnnents  on  tho  cliuivh  and  faith  and  personal 
l.ro]ierty  and  rights,  ami  disregard  for  tho  interests  and  sulFerings  of  tho 
a. irthern  states.  Tlie  nine  articles  may  he  consulted  among  other  places  in 
riiiiri'Mtl,  July  10,  ISl!);  Ciiil.  Am.  Pdjtir-i,  v.  -lit,  etc. 

*I''or  plans  and  mamruvres  to  cheek  the  invasion,  see  Dnlilmi  and  Lazaiio, 
Lc'i.  Mfx.,  V.  4S7-t>;  Anlllaqn,  llirop.,  1S4!),  I'J.")  ti;  /(/.,  Jiirop.  Lii/.,  J'fc. 
i/Cirr.,  r.'.VSl;  U.  S.  (,'urt  J>or.,  Cong.  ."U,  Ses.  ■_»,  11.  K\.  1,  jit  ii.  IS  07: 
Mniiitiir  Hep.,  Aug.  8,  IS4!(,  etc.;  and  for  comprehensive  account,  lli^t.  North 
Ml.'-.  Stali'K,  ii.,  this  series;  I'uHldfit'ila,  Pbtii  Jhjcn.^d,  I   'J7;  I'imtrl  Cull. 

*  With  §50  more  for  warrior  prisoni.'is,  and  l?ir){)  fur  hoys  and  girls 
under  14,  §50  less  if  dead,  and  right  to  all  spoils  taken  from  tho  Jndians,  the 
liailer  of  tho  party  being  responsible  for  all  ellects  taken  from  or  (lani:igo 
ilnne  to  peaceful  inhabitants.  h'l'piUdicn,  July  4,  1840;  A7  'J'oro,  .luno  ."»,  1,S4!). 
The  legislature  of  Chihuahua  approved  tho  proposal,  although  hesitating  at 
the  bid  for  killing  women.  Uurango  adopted  substantially  tho  Hamo  meas- 
ure, whilo  preferring  to  give  original  owners  of  recovered  stock  tho  ])rivilego 
to  redeem  it  at  §3  for  Uorsoa  ami  §0  for  nuiles.  Dur.,  Jieyistro  VJic,  Juno  'J5, 
IS4',),  et  SCI]. 


n 


(i  ''^'m 


"1 


.-.so 


WAR  OP  RACES. 


Ifej    i:      I 


uixl  lliJif.  Ilic  n'1;iliii<i<>ii,  piiMidy  annnn?K'(Ml,  was 
)i()  woisc  tliiiii  I  lie  iiu'IIkkIs  of  tlic  foe,  wliicli  lay  <'<»ii- 
slaiilly  on  tlir  walcli  (or  stcaltliy  (Icscciits  on  cxjioscd 
scMlcinciits,  |('a\iiiH^  sinokiiitif  j'liiiis  and  hci-caNcd  I'aiii- 
ilics  to  luarU  their  \isi(s.  No<,  loiii^^  after,  San  Luis 
JN)t;os(  ai-raiiired  a  coalitioii  Ix-tweeii  (lie  siilleriiiLj' 
states  lor  joint  r.etioii  against,  the  saAaLji's,  su]i|)()rted 
l»y  a  coiniiioii  I'liiid  and  a,  certain  jji'oportiou  of  troops." 

The  most  distinct  war  of  races  was  that  wai;iiiL;'  at 
this  time  in  Yucatan.     The  reoccupation  of  Valladolid 


.  SlSTl'       M..I11I" 


;,yMlHIUA'"Tl«oKii 
{         i     -^T       AritiH-fh 

1 11^1(1".  i.«.-,  -^^<« 


"t  i 


r''>^\..^A:^r^ 


,0        .  -^:!^-'y^""t■•i'^^..<i 

Solllln  yluirjfKfi   ■    /    t       f     ,, 

v,.ii»,i.mri   "/^^      /coai,«ci.i. 


./(jBliaii  Sla.l'r"i..Jr,y^„,,„  /.  //„„ 


m'^y^V^/V' 


mid  that  of  Tihosuco  hy  white  men  wore  tlie  culnii- 
natiiiij;  achievcMnents  in  the  campaign  of  184H,  which 
secuii'd  to  them  the  supi'eniacy  and  the  possession  ol 
the  i>'ulf  coast  of  tlu)  peninsula.  Tiie  Indians  liad  hecii 
di'iveii  back  into  the  forests  and  desserts,  and  could  claim 
ahsolute  sway  only  in  the  region  south,  or  rather  south- 
east, of  the  great  central  cordillera,  where  their  tliivc 
great  leaders,  Florentino  Chan,  Ceciiio  Chi,  and  .l;i- 


'^Mcx..  Tii/orme  Coin!.f.  Pmjitia.,  1874,  81,  etc.;  Mex.,  Border  Com.,  lt.'>7- 
40;  Pap.   Vur.,  cxcix.  pt  5. 


YUCATAN  AIKAIIIS. 


f)8l 


'into  l*iit,  divided  llir  puwcr,  in  thocust,  cciitrc,  niid 
.Diitli  rcsjKictivcly.  'I'Ik'  white  iiifii  |(n>|MistMl  to  Inj- 
lo\v  ii|i  tlu;  adv.'niiiinc  liy  hanissin;^' 1  In;   Ine,  cjin'yiii'Lf 


t'SS 


llic  w.ir  into  tlicic  midst,  and  alliiniinn-  the  \)yn<rr 
Miadr  i»y  |»ii.sliitin'  *'"'  <"iMt(»innt'iitN  laftlitT  and  lai  t  Ik  r 


<»l)taininL,^  juisonrrs,  and  (■(»ni|)i('^sniL(  tin;  i'(;v<»lut ion 
within  cvci'-nafi'owinL;'  hniits.      This  |i|an  met  with  a 


n 


I'taM 


i     (IcifriM!     () 


I'  snccfss  in  the    N'ailadoHd   I'c'ion: 


l)ui  Ixlow,  loinid  Tihnsnco,  ^acaii-r  rt'sistanct'  was 
cnconnlfitMl,  and  the  Indians  <inin'd  tii(!  tahiis  l»y 
layin;.;"  si<"_;('  to  this  town,  and  Saltan,  om;  oC  the  new 
(•ant.onnicnts,  niaintaininL,'  it  ohstinatcly  for  months, 
dcs|»it,(!  th«'  I'llorts  lor  n-lic  I',''  and  oncoui-aL^inuf  their 
•  ■omradcH  in  the  noith  to  firmer  resistanei-,  so  much 
so  that  they  veiitni'ed  to  attack  V^aliadohd  itseH'. 
West  of  tile  central  cam|»aiL;n  ij^roimil  extended  the 
mountainous  (hsti'ict  of  (Jhenes,  witliin  a  <lozen  leai^nie.i 
of  ( 'ani])ech(;,  whei'e  the  rehels  still  held  i'orth,"  almost 
in  the  midst  of  the  cultured  st;ttlers.  Stirred  hy 
conu'ades  driven  from  the  eastern  lit^Ids,  they  became 


so  (laiiii'j"  as   to  iii'ovo 


k.^( 


ami)e(!|ie 


to  S|) 


lecial  expedi- 


tions aLfainst  them;   hut  altIiouL;h   the  troops  i^enei- 
ally  overcanK!  all   resistance,  t!ie   foe   |)roceeded   oidy 


to  reoccupy  then'  ground,  and  maintam  u  hurassu) 


h 


ijuerrilia  con 


llict 


rom  thi^  fastiK.'ssi.'s. 


J''oi'  the  southern  cam|)ai!j;n,  centring"  round  liaca- 
lar,  a  douhh;  aim  was  jtroposed.  This  i-e^ion  bordered 
on  Heli/e,  occuj)it;(l  hy  tlio  J^iitisji  under  treaties  ot 
I7s;l  and  1 7X0  lor  puiposes  of  trade  alone,  yet  L,n'ad- 


lallv  came 


to    he  1 


("jan 


led 


as 


a  colonial 


j>ossession 


Where   Cid   .M.'lide/,  liy  til* 


(1  of  .liimmiv  I  Slit,  j^'iiiii' 


<1  f. 


our  viMiitreM, 


Ihi 


iihI  esUilili.slieil  two  eaiitoiiH  at,  ( 'lietiia\  aiii|  'I'ikucli.      In  tlie  I'ollowiii''  iiiniitlis 


l!ie  nairisoiiM  ueiu  extcii'k'il  to   N'ale)lii, 


a  wiieeess 


fill 


•li   t( 


mil  ail  ('NpeiliUoii    Iroiii  'I'l/iiiii  i 


|ji  i> 


oners.   Hnlct'tn  <>jic.  for  the; 
'Sahaii    lay   south   of    (■. 


(1  ( 'haiieenote,  liriiiLtiii;^  hack  iiiii 
•  iiionlhs,  iias.sii 


than  liill) 


ind  tliu  other  eaiitoiinic^nt,  ('hikim^oiiot, 
north.     The  sie;;L' of 'rihoNUeo  heLjan  in  .Jan.   ISl!).   (llobo,  March  I,  l)S4'.(. 
Iiouncl  llopelchen,  l>oloii<'heiitieiil,  ete. 
The  foivilile  entry  into  tin;  district  of  the  Yucatan  j,'overnor,  O'Neill,  in 


\T.^\  and  lii<  ds'feat,  led  t'li^  cololi'a'.s  to  rciiard  tlieir 


liy  cone 

treaty  of  coninieiH 


Mlpation  iu  aliii'iiK 


d 


|ue.st;  liiit  liy  convention  ol    ISOJ  t!ie  litflit  w.u  not  mi  itainc 


lietwi 


M( 


Kii'laiid  in  IS-J 


conhi'Mi' 


tl 


d.     Tl 
IV  ]iriv- 


ilc.L;<.'.-i 


held  under  the  treaties  svitji  Spain;  and  ulthouyli  tlio  clause  was  vayuo, 


¥\h 


,! 


0M 


WAR  OK  RACES. 


Not  content  witli  cncioju'liinir  on  torritorv  and  ro- 
Moiuces,  the  trtulers  Iutu  did  not  scrupli;  lo  provide 
the  rebels  with  arms,  ammunition,  and  other  eft(H'ts. 
Indeed,  all  their  war  supplies  came  i'rom  this  source, 
and  were  |)aid  for  by  spoils  from  the  northern  st-ttle- 
UMMits,  and  partly  by  dye-woods  and  other  products. 
Yucatan  had  protested  against  this  infrin«jfement  of 
treaty,  and  obtained  satisfactory  as.suranccs;  but  the 
capture  by  the  Indians,  in  the  s[)rin,L»'  of  I  H48,  of  Ba- 
••alar,  the  great  entrepot  for  trade  in  this  direction, 
tended  to  a  disregard  of  promises,  and  traltic  in  war 
stores  and  oth<;r  effects  increased,  with  the  assistance 
of  imposing  tiotillas  and  caravans,  which  conveyed  the 
merchandise  to  secret  dep6ts  throughout  the  penin- 
sula. Mexico  joined  in  protesting  before  the  British 
minister,  who  merely  referred  the  matter  to  England, 
where  again  it  passed  through  the  usual  dilatory 
channels,  uftbrding  the  colonial  authorities  an  addi- 
tional excuse  for  countenancing  not  only  contraband 
trade,  but  actual  coo[)eration  with  the  rebels." 

It  was  proposed  by  the  Yucatec  government  to  re- 
occu[)y  l^acalar  and  cut  off  this  pernicious  trafKc,  which 
tended  to  sustain  the  revolution,  creating  at  the  same 
time  a  diversion  by  so  promising  a  movement  in  the 
rear.  Colonel  Cetina  accordingly  left  Sisal  in  April 
1849  with  800  men  by  steamer,  and  obtained  posses- 
sion of  the  towMi,  which  he  fortitied,  and  began  to  take 
steps  for  suppressing  illicit  commerce.  Pat  proved 
equal  to  the  emergency,  however.  Incited  by  the 
blow  at  their  main  source  of  revenue,  4,000  of  his  fol- 
lowers obeyed  the  summons  to  mso  against  the  in- 
vaders. Bacalar  was  closely  invested,  and  although 
Cetina  held  out  well,  his  operations  were  so  circum- 
scribed as  to  extend  to  little  beyond  defence.  Mala- 
I'ial  fever  and  desertion  crippled  him,  and  a  relief  ex- 

tlio  vain  effort  made  ten  years  later  by  the  court  of  St  Jamea  to  obtain  a  trans- 
fer of  Spanisli  territorial  claims  sliowa  that  tlie  oocupation  was  nut  acccpti<l 
as  une(|uivocal.  Mix.,  Mem.  Min.  lid.,  1879;  J'euiche,  Hid.  lid.  lidke,  o 
et  seq. 

"Mcx.,  Mem.  Miiu  lid.,  1850,  S-9. 


n^^dr 


BARTIACHANO'S  MEASURES. 


083 


podition  of  800  nun  from  Siibaii  had  to  return  with 
tlio  loHs  of  over  liulf  its  force.'- 

The  campaign  whieli  opened  so  auspiciously  with  tlus 
turn  of  tlie  year  had  been  practically  a  failure.  I'lie 
white  men  had  not  betjn  able  to  hold  more  thunaportiiui 
of  the  i^round  occupied,  and  the  drain  of  a  loiis^  war  was 
beginnini^  to  be  felt.  There  were  over  10,000  men  in 
tlie  fielil,'^  including  2,000  friendly  Indians,  besides 
local  defenders  and  garrisons;  and  toward  their  suj>- 
)>oit  and  equipment  the  republic  had  in  1848  c(tn- 
tributed  only  .i?l  50,000.  Yucatan  itstlf  had  a  revenue 
of  less  than  half  a  million,  antl  could  devote  only  a 
))roportion  to  war  puiposes.  It  was  evident,  there- 
lore,  that  no  funds  could  be  spared  for  pay.  Indeed, 
tlie  troops  were  nearly  all  volunteers,  receiving  from 
any  surplus  on  hand  an  occasional  gratuit}'."  ]*i()- 
visions  were  obtained  chiefly  on  credit,  and  later 
from  camps  and  farms  of  rebels,  most  of  the  expedi- 
tions henceforth  being  to  forage.  The  revenue  wau 
mortgai^ed,  and  declined  under  the  neglect  of  ati'ri- 
culture  and  other  industries,  and  the  smallness  of 
the  personal  contribution  tax,  formerly  so  productive. 
Under  this  pressure  the  popular  Governor  Barba- 
chano  conceived  the  idea  of  utilizing  the  numerous 
piisoners  taken  during  the  war.  He  had  obtained 
the  passage  of  a  decree  oxi)elling  from  the  country  lor 
ten  years  all  Indians  who  were  captured  or  failed  to 
submit,  on  the  ground  that  the  government  could  not 


^'M 


'*Iii  May-Juno  1S49.  It  was  ovcrwliclmcd  by  tlic  Indi.-ms,  anil  had  to 
find  its  way  back  in  dctacliniciits.  The  bu.siugcrs  oxliihitcd  the  moat  rcckk'ss 
hravciy  in  pusliiiig  their  works  and  niakin;,'  their  assaults,  usually  l)y  ni;,''it. 
At  one  tune  there  were  over  'JOOof  the  garrison  on  the  siek-list,  and  fooil  fail- 
ing, desertion  increased.  In  order  to  ehci'k  the  growing  discontent,  CV'tina 
one  day  called  on  the  men  in  favor  of  retreat  to  stc])  forward.  Half  a  dozen 
ilid  80,  only  to  be  shot,  according  to  linqmiro,  Ensai/o,  ii.  caj).  vi.  Even  a 
lieut-col  was  shot  tu;  being  in  secret  understanding  with  the  rel)els.  See  also 
Jiirira,  Hist.  Jalnpa,  iv.  loD;   Universal,  June  9,  1(5,  etc.,  1S4!). 

'^ '  Treco  mil  cnatrocientos  hombrcs  componcn  lasfuerzasque  ha  levantado 
I'l  I'^stado.'  Mez.,  Mem.  Min.  Gucr.,  ISoO,  11. 

"  From  the  subsequent  monthly  allowance  granted  by  Mexico,  privates 
received  §1  each  and  the  rest  in  proportion,  to  Ij^O  for  tlio  col;  but  tliis  was 
liut  often  given. 


m 


II 


684 


WAR  OF  RACES. 


supp  tit  thcm.^'  Soon  after  came  an  offer  from  Cuba 
of  twonty-tivc  pesos  for  any  prisoner  surrendered  I'or 
service  on  plantations  and  elsewhere.  The  govern- 
ment accepted  the  bid,  while  seeking  to  protect  the 
victims  to  a  certain  extent  under  the  formality  of  con- 
tracts for  their  term  of  service,  pay,  and  treatinent."' 
The  first  batch  consigned  to  this  servitude  numbered 
more  than  three  hundred.  At  TIabana  the  Mexican 
consul  inquired  into  the  case,  however,  and  the  federal 
government,  in  April  184i),  issued  a  decree  against 
such  consignments.  The  Yucatecs  advanceil  humani- 
tarian reasons  in  defence,  alleufinijr  that  servitude  even 
more  severe  must  lie  preferable  to  starvation  or  to 
death,  to  which  marauding  rebels  were  amenable. 
The  contract  fee  was  but  a  fair  compensation  for  a 
small  portion  of  the  ill  inflicted  by  the  prisoners. 
This  argument  ])revailed,  and  the  traffic  was  limited 
only  by  the  number  of  ca[)tives  obtainable.  In  order 
to  affirm  her  control  in  the  [)rovince,  the  republic  in- 
sisted on  a  proportion  of  tlie  federal  I'cvenue,  oHeiing 
instead  a  monthlv  allowance  of  SKkOOO;"  but  the 
ellbrt  of  the  atjfent  to  collect  it  roused  such  serious 
oppositions^  that  it  had  to  be  moditied.  with  loss  of 
the  subsidy,  however. 

At  the  time  of  tlie  greatest  dejection  among  the 
white  men  in  the  autunm  of  184'J,  they  were  relieved 
by  a  change  of  tactics  on  the  part  of  their  opponents, 
Vt'ho  raised  the  siege  of  Tihosuco  and  Saban,  abated 
their  vigilance  in  the  south,  and  fell   back  mainly  on 

'■■Decree  of  Nov.  0,  184S.  Aziiar.  Coll.,  iii.  210.  For  details  conceniiii;; 
the  state  revenue  and  resources,  see  l'«f.,  Jlem.  Go!/.,  181!),  witli  appendt  d 
docs. 

"'Tlio  term  was  for  10  years,  witli  a  compensation  to  tlic  men  of  $2  a 
niontl),  "J  cotton  dresses  a  year,  and  certain  wcelcly  allowance  of  maize  and 
meat.     Tlie  women  and  children  I'c^ccived  mncli  less. 

"  '  Un  sitnado  de  ilie/  y  seis  mil  jiesos.'  J/c.^.,  Mem.  Mill.  liel.,  1830,  1-. 
Yucatee  authorities  i-educe  it  to  ,'?l.">,UOO. 

"*  In  June  KS.IO  the  jefe  politico  at  Tiximin  pronounced  for  separation,  lint 
tlie  attempt  was  promptly  suppressed.  ,)/e.r.,  ^f<•ln.  M'ni.  Giicr.,  ISri;),  !).  A 
contract'  for  provisions  was  vainly  olijoctcd  to  hy  the  a;^ent  as  infiiugiiig  tli'^ 
t  iriir.  Tho  subsidy,  ;.;ranted  in  August  IS-IO,  was  stopjjed  within  Ics;  than 
si  ;  months.  In  March  Is.'iO  t!ie  tinvn  <if  ( ,'.ir:iicii  was  al.iiost  totally  destroyed 
liy  fire,  with  a  loss  esaiiialcJ  at  .S.(,GO.),0.'0. 


CHAN  AND  PAT. 


5S5 


tlie  clofcnsivo.  The  cause  lay  in  dissensions  due  to 
the  assassination  of  tlie  leatler  Chi,"^  and  the  unwise 
act  of  Pat  in  in»[)osing  a  contribution  i'or  obtaining  war 
material.  Of  what  avail  a  ivbellioii  dire(;te(l  chielly 
against  taxation,  if  tliis  had  to  come  after  alH  The 
Indians  did  not  choose  to  ct)nsider  that  they  had  been 
(h'iveii  from  the  raiding  grounds  that  supplied  the 
sj)oils  for  j)urchasing  arnis,  and  they  readily  listened 
to  the  appeal  of  his  rivals  against  him.  lie  tied,  but 
was  overtaken  by  them  and  killed,-"  leaving  to  Chan, 
the  eastern  leader,  the  control,  which  wjis  shared  to 
some  extent,  however,  with  his  lieutenants  Pec  and 
Poot. 

Before  his  death,  Pat  had  desi)ondent]y  sought 
Ih'itish  mediation  for  terminating  the  wai-,  and  his 
successors  advocated  the  project  with  a  view  to  obtaiu 
the  shelter  of  a  protectorate.^^  Pat's  ap[)eal  succeeded, 
and  the  su[)erint(!ndent  of  Belize'--^  met  the  rebel  rep- 
icsentatives  in  Xov(Mnbcr  184'J,  to  arrange  a  basis 
for  negotiations.  They  insisted  on  being  accorded  in- 
dependence, w'ith  a  concession  of  the  territory  lying 
cast  of  a  line  drawn  from  Bacalar  northward  to  the 
gulf"'  The  government  very  naturally  refused  to  en- 
tertain the  teinis,  and  availed  itself  of  the  dis|)ositi()ii 
fni-  peace  to  send  clergymen  to  the  dilferent  districts 
\\i\\\  persuasive  inducemcuits.  A  lunnber  of  chii'fs 
did  yield;  but  the  majority  held  out,  '  ou  th"  ground 


^:i 


"IJy  a  lover  of  liis  wifo,  his  own  ■'ccretary,  wlio  pl;iyctl  the  rolo  of  ai»  as- 
cetic to  fiu'tlicr  liis  (U!;5iL;iis. 

-"'  I'niria,  Sc'iit.-Oct.  ISI!»,  passim. 

-'  \'('iiiiiicio  I'ec  evi'U  i)i'oi)>)st(l  a  joiinicy  to  Kiii^'laii'l  for  the  purpose,  but 
till'  iiiciins  oolli'ctod  for  the  trip  wow  lost  liiriii','  a  i\uil. 

-'-'( 'liarlos  St  .lohii  Faiicourt,  who  in  lS.")t  |i,iMisiu'il  at  Loinloii  a ///Vo/-)/ 
(;/'  Yii-dliiii,  covering'  a  jxn'tioii  of  tlu'  cnloiii.'il  pvrioil. 

•'Thy  cMUso  of  war  lay  in  the  violation  of  promisi's  liy  tlic  Yucatcu,'  l'ov- 
I  iiiniont,  oll'orin;,'  exenii  tion  from  taxes  in  return  for  their  aiil  aijainst  Mexi- 
e;Mi  iiiva(U'rs,  yet  imposing;  f  ■.  lost  onerous  tiiid  unecpial  eimtriliutions.  'i"!i''y 
eiulil  never  ii;,'aiii  roiy  o  .  (  ,  promises  of  the  Vueate.'^;  ami  rather  th.in 
siiliHiit  to  their  taxes  or  control,  tiicy  wouM  emigrate,  'i'iieir  pi-.iposal  to  li-; 
g'n'erneil  hy  the  siiperintomleut  of  IJclize  l''ancoiirt  eoulil  not  entertain.  "• 
lirevaiioii  on  tiiem  to  reilneo  their  tcri'ilorial  elaiin  ami  allow  white.s  to  rosiilo 
auiiHi^  them.   ('I'lil.  Aiiirr.  J'aiicr^  v.  SO;  Xh:,  T'o;-.  fsf.,  .Ian.  10,  IS.-)(). 

■'In  a  ramhliug  propo.sal  of  .Ian.  21,  IS10,  Hi;,Mie(l  hy  (Jhan,  IVo,  Novelo, 
and  Souretary  Uil,  at  Uruzjlion,  it  ia  rc^pdred  tint  the  Spani.sh   troops,  as 


686 


WAR  OF  RACES. 


that  the  desired  stay  of  raiding  expeditions  was  not 
granted.  The  white  men  would  not  lose  su  promis- 
ing an  opportunity  to  gain  advantage  over  the  vacil- 
lating and  divided  natives,  and  to  obtain  much  needed 
supplies  for  their  troops.^' 

General  Micheltorena,  of  California  fame,  who  ar- 
rived in  February  1850,  to  take  charge  of  the  cam- 
paign on  behalf  of  the  republic,  approved  of  the  close 
pressure  applied  by  expeditions,  henceforth  accompa- 
nied by  priestly  peace  commissioners— palm  and  swor;! 
combined;  but  he  strove  to  produce  more  harmonious 
and  effective  action  by  concentrating  the  forces  into 
two  divisions  only.'^"  The  advantage  was  not  main- 
tained, however,  for  the  success  of  certain  parties,  the 
relief  of  Bacalar,  and  the  advancement  of  a  few  can- 
tonments were  counterbalanced  by  a  renewal  of  the 
war  spirit  among  the  irritated  natives,  who  surprised 
Tekax  and  other  places,  resumed  siege  operations  at 
Bacalar  and  towns  to  the  nortli,  and  undertook  more 
determin(3d  raids  beyond  the  lines.^^  Unity  and  co- 
operation were  promoted  by  founding  a  more  central 
capital  or  headipiarters  near  Ascension  Bay,  name  I 
Chan  Santa  Cruz,  the  latter  in  allusion  to  three  crosses, 
to  which  interested  leaders  ascribed  a  sacred  origin.-^ 
Micheltorena  became  so  discouraged  at  the  changiii.;- 
prospects  and  the  neglect  of  Mexico  that  he  resigned.' 

tlicy  are  called,  stay  their  expeditions  in  order  to  give  tho  Indians  time  to 
consult.     Reproduced  in  Zamacoh,  /list.  Mi'j.,  viii.  ,'J.")9-G4. 

"■'  Mendcz  made  a  raid  toward  Chan's  liead(iuartcrs  at  Cruzclicu,  and  brouj;lit 
buck  l,"iO  loads  of  maize,  20  prisoners,  and  140  submitted  natives.  Patrhi, 
Feb.  iT),  1S50,  et  seii.;  also  Fciiix,  etc. 

^''  Under  Col  Kiilogio  Rosado,  ooniuiauding  in  the  south-cast,  and  tiiii. 
Cadcnas,  commaudin;^  in  the  nortii-wcst. 

'^'  Mrx.,  Man.  Miii.  O'licr.,  ISfil,  Il-1'2.  Tho  most  brilliant  operation  dur- 
ing tho  year  was  O'JIoran's  march  in  June  July  1830  ucro-ss  the  penin.^ida 
to  Jlacalar  and  back,  bringing  '218  prisoners  and  tokens  from  117  killed.  I!a- 
qitviro,  Enisayo,  ii.  cap.  vi.;  Fcnix,  nos  128-U.  Baealur  had  been  relieved  in 
April,  when  nearly  lost. 

''^it  lay  eight  leagues  cast  from  the  bay.  The  foundation  was  fo-stcred  liy 
J.  M.  Barrera,  a  rising  man,  who  hero  discovered  the  indispensable  spriuf^-  so 
jirized  in  this  arid  country,  and  obtained  the  assistance  of  a  priest  who  \tas  a 
ventriloquist.  Ba<iue\ro,  loc.  eit.  It  became  tho  object  of  repeated  attack!) 
and  fell  several  times,  but  grew,  nevertheless,  to  become  the  chief  town. 

''"lie  promised  tosubdiie  l!io  rebel. i  v,ithi:i  four  moiith'j  if  a  million  of  [n  >n 
were  i)laced  at  his  (lisp;)»al.  Tliis  waa  out  of  the  (iuostioii,  a  loan  of  .?"(*,•'  lO 
alouo  being  uil'ered  by  the  peninsular  people. 


GENERAL  VEGA'S  MEASURES. 


587 


IS  not 

[•omis- 

vacil- 

icoclecl 

ho  ar- 
cs cain- 

0  close 
couipa- 

1  sworJ 
lonious 
3CS  inti) 
b  luain- 
:ies,  tlu' 
cw  eaii- 
l  of  the 
urpi'isetl 
tions  at 
ok  iiioio 

ami  CM- 
ccntral 
•,  naiiK'.l 
crosses, 
origin.-' 
hangiu,^' 
signed.-* 

aus  time  to 

indbrou}j:iit 
•cs.  Pain', 

and  lin>' 

ura^ion  il"''- 
_o  pcniii.'ulii 

nuiUcd.  /'•"■ 

1  rcUovcd  lu 

J  {ostci'cd  1  iv 
llcspriiii'  ^" 
|t  who  was  :i 

Ited  iitt;aks 
If  town, 
lion  *>{  !"-'■* 
of  i?Tit,»iiO 


He  was  replaced  in  May  1851  by  General  Vega,  who 
recotriiized  that  the  actual  method  of  henmiing  in  the 
natives  by  pushing  cantoinnents  had  passed  its  limits, 
(iwing  to  the  lack  of  sufficient  resources  in  tlie  country 
still  unsubdued,  and  the  necessity  for  letting  a  large 
proportion  of  the  starving  troops  return  to  attend 
to  their  long-neglected  farming  and  other  pursuits. 
He  accordingly  reorganized  the  men  on  the  new  Mexi- 
can system,  into  guardia  movil  and  sedentaria,  and  re- 
duced the  occupation  along  the  front  to  the  leading 
cantonments,  where  the  movil  militia  would  be  re- 
lieved at  intervals  by  the  sedentaria,  which  remaine-.l 
iit  iioi'.  cady  for  any  call.^'^  Vega  established  his 
lu'ivd^Ucii  -v.rs  at  Peto,  whence  he  directed  occasional 
c\[)ed'tiwns  to  distract  the  enemy  and  gather  sup[»lics 
and  prisoners.  The  natives  retaliated  in  different 
ways,  partly  by  falling  upon  the  reduced  garrisons; 
ainl  so  the  contest  dropped  into  a  prolonged  desultory 
warfare,  wherein  several  quieted  districts  joined,  nota- 
blv  the  eastern,  encouraixod  by  the  decreased  efficiencv 
and  activity  of  their  opponents.''^  At  the  same  time 
party  spirit  began  to  add  to  the  disorder  in  the  gulf 
settlements,  the  main  factions  being  that  of  Barl)a- 
ciumo,  the  popular  governor,  who  so  stoutly  upheld  the 
rights  of  the  peninsida  ngainst  Mexico;  and  of  Mendez, 
who  sought  to  st;ci]gt)ien  himself  by  appealing  to  the 
military  chiefs  -awl  uihor  federal  adherents,  and  suc- 

'"Thc  movil  waa  u:"i(lcd  'nto  ti  r^csdivisi  .as,  undci-  Cadenas,  Rosado,  and 
Miihis,  with  aroaervo  umur  '  '■^i.,,.  .Si<jlij  X/X.,  no.  I.jO  yt  seq.  Kampocolchu 
n.i;  lh(^  most  advanco  cant()!iiiii?ut. 

■"  'I'hc  priests  who  attended  thu  oxpeclitions  only  lost  inlluencc.  Zamaeoia 
iiiilulL.'1's  in  a  panegyi'ic  on  their  pcrsiiaision  and  wid.  Ili.if.  ■V'j.,  xiii.  '^'^'^~ 
7'i.  I'lie  district  of  (Jhiclianjii,  wost  of  Belize,  yicldi'd  to  mediation  from  tho 
ci.irc^'iJor  at  I'eten,  but  wore  soon  roused  aj,'ain  hy  llarrcra.  In  IS.VJ  thrco 
f  :  ;:iidab)o  expeditions  left  for  tlio  e;ist  under  Col  lluz,  for  the  centru  and 
< '!:  HIS  distriets  under  O'lloran  and  others,  and  for  the  south  under  Vega  inin- 
mU',  will)  aloncaeliieved  anything' imnortaiit.  llo  tooU(!lian  SantaCru/,  Fcli, 
'Jlili,  I'clicved  Hacalai-  and  returned  to  I'eto  by  the  end  of  April.  In  .luiic? 
I'>::i;ilar  was  again  n'  7cd,  and  Chan  Santa  Cruz  taken  onec  more,  ins•olviIl^' 
til  f  dlof  IVe.  Fordr'  ;\'h,  sei^  U,nvvfX(>l,  Feb. -Get.  ISoO; and  follow! ii;^:  SijI ) 
A7,V.;  /(/.,  Proi/re-.),  ■riiv->  lU,  1S,")0,  etc.;  (.ciit.  Aini:r.  J'n/iern,  ii.  .'{D  et  sfi|. ; 
V.  :!.).';  Gi(at.,  (!(ic,,  An;:  ';,i,  !8K),  etc.;  Uaqiuiro,  Hns(ii/,\  ii.  cap.  vi.,  I'tc; 
Aiifiiiiii,  Hist.  Viic,  iv.  •_'./>}  ct  scij. ;  Barhac/mno,  Man.  i'ur,,  148  ft  scij. ; 
Jurmt,  Hi  J.  Jalapit,  iv.  110  etc. 


w 


■tl 


t'  l' 


nin 


688 


WAR  OF  RACES. 


I 


ceedod  in  1851  in  obtaining  for  Lis  party  a  nearly 
equal  representation  in  the  congi'ess;  but  in  the 
ibllowing  year  liis  rivals  again  obtained  a  dueisive 
niajority."- 

Tlie  disorders  in  Yucatan  and  Sierra  Gorda  affected 
tumultuous  spirits  elsewhere,  which  were  encouraged 
by  the  weakness  of  the  government,  as  displayed  i;i 
coping  with  these  troubles.  Chia[)as  had  been  great- 
ly disturbed  by  a  fa  ..-tion  hostile  to  the  local  govern- 
ment, and  which  f^>  .iiJMod  itself  for  a  long  time, 
despite  several  defeat--  a  aid  from  Guatemala  and 

from  the  adioininii'  state  Tabasco.  The  overthrow 
here  in  1850  of  an  as[)iring  partisan  of  SentmanaL 
named  Beltran^^  ou\y  caused  the  rise  of  others,  nota- 
bly Morcti.^*  He  stood  in  league  with  ^Eelendez, 
wdio  for  a  year  held  the  Tehuantepec  Isthnms  in 
alarm,  advocating  partly  its  separation  I'roin  Oajaca.''' 
The  repression  of  both  entailed  trouble  and  expense  to 
all  the  adjoining  states,  even  to  the  borders  of  Guerr^i') 
and  Puebla,  where  a  native  leader,  Juan  Clara,  had 
•jfiven  new  enerij^v  to  the  liniiferinLj  mountaineer  revolt, 
which  began  several  years  back  at  Chila])a,  and  ga\  <; 
occasion  for  numerous  local  pronunciamientos  by  San- 

''■' Notably  in  tho  almost  uiiaiiiinous  rci'lcction  of  Barbacliano  for  goveninr. 
Ill  18,")0  tliei'loctoral  colleuo  appeared  so  luitavoniljlo  to  the  Mciulez  f  ictinu 
t!iat  tlicy  fornieil  a  separate  college  ami  sent  \'2  deputies  (tf  their  o\\  ii  to  Mo';- 
ieo.  Tho  chambers  chose  to  ignore  both  elections.  In  ISol  t!io  IjarbaihjiiiD 
electors  numbered  5,  tho  Mendez  'A,  while  '2  were  indijpendunt,  and  -  irieiuls 
of  Vega,  with  leanings  to  Mcndcz. 

^^'i'his  aspirant  was  Beltran,  seconded  by  a  Spaniard  named  Olavc.  liil- 
tran  held  in  1S48  the  ascendancy  for  a  time,  capturing  (lovt'rnor  ^laldonaili) 
of  Chiapas,  but  in  IS.IO  he  was  taken  and  shot.  Maldoiimlo,  Iii/onnc,  1-1-1; 
l/itiirmil,  Nov.  LT),  Dec.  12,  181'.),  Jan.  'J'.),  Juno  '2V>,  18.">0;  iiiv<ni.  ]li>!. 
Jaliip,!,  W.  iVi,  i;V>;  Ifrralilo,  Dec.  '_'>).  1848;  Conro  Xor.,  Dec.  it,  1!),  IS-ls. 

"  He  rose  iu  the  southcin  part  of  Vera  Cruz  in  A|iril  IS.")!,  and  although 
his  force  was  dispersed  witliin  a  month,  he  broke  fortli  anew. 

^•^  Melendcz  lirst  rose  at  .luehitan  with  lessdelined  plans,  although  dirertiil 
mainly  against  the  governor  of  'rchuantepeo  <le|iartmeiit,  Kchavarria.  Tin-' 
separation  cry  was  intended  to  bring  him  greater  support,  but  failed,  auil  ui 
Jan.  18.')l  he  submitted  on  favorable  terms,  'i'iie  government  hesitatiii^  I'l 
e;);dirm  them,  ho  lied,  and  kept  tho  district  in  fear  of  another  outbreak.  A 
li;.tty  revolt  at  Tciiuantcpco  itself  in  Dec.  1S.")1,  Moreti's  operations,  im  i  ,i 
f'.r.ilo  rising  at  C'omitau  iu  June  against  ('hiapns' governor,  were  all  synijM- 
t!iet!o  njovemeuts.  Details  are  given  in  Mi'.r,,  Mem.  M/,i.  (Iiitr.,  ISJI,.'  ti, 
U-l'J;  18J'J,  l)-iy,  I]2;   Unuxrml,  1«W-J1,  passim;  litijlo  XIX.,  id. 


TE!fUANTEri:C  CAXAL. 


-.SO 


tanisis,  (lisconlonted  soldiers,  oDtl  otlicrs.  Clara's 
submission  in  ]\Iuy  18;")!  rcstorcil  trani^uillity  for  a 
tiinu.'"' 

This  was  greatly  promoted  hy  steps  taken  in  con- 
nection with  the  TeiiuantepiK!  canal  project.  In  IH.IO 
a  convention  with  the  United  States  was  projected, 
stipulatinuj  that  the  jL^overnnient  sliould  ojn'n  the 
isthmus  of  Teliuantepec  to  interoceanic  ti'allic,  and 
|)rotect  those  who  niii^ht  arranuje  with  ^Mexico  to  con- 
struct there  a  canal  or  railro.'d.'''  A  clause  permittiiiiL^ 
the  ITnited  States  to  send  Vi  ops  to  guard  the  con- 
struction roused  a  cry  oC  alarm,  even  from  j»er,sons 
tViendly  to  tlu;  executixo;  and  led  to  the  rejection  of 
llie  convention,  and  to  the  annulment  of  a  concession 
tor  such  woik  made  to  Garay  in  1842,  and  suhse- 
(punitly  extended,  and  transferred  successively  to 
J'jUglish  and  United  States  com[)anies.  This  action, 
based  on  the  assumed  illenfalitv  of  the  irovermntMits 
conferring  the  grant,  and  its  extension,  a  connnon 
feature  of  Mexican  political  instability,  allor«led  a  cei'- 
tain  ground  for  complaint;  and  seeing  a  prosj)ect  ior 
a  handsome  indenniity,  the  American  grantees  chose 
to  make  so  loud  a  dcunonstration  through  the  [)ress 
and  before  the  authorities  at  Wasliin-'ton  that  AEexico 
took  alarm,''     Showy  jireparations  were  even   made 

'"' .V/.r, ,  Mrm.  ^fin.  Giirr.,  18,">1,  5,  10;  IS.'iJ,  S.  Anions;  sytiipatlK^tic!  lo- 
fiil  niovcmi'iits  wort!  ii  Sant.inist  risin:;  ;it  ( 'nciilii,  ;inil  a  niiliti.i  nn'otin'^at 
Cuaiillii,  in  OctolxT  ISoO,  liascilon  laml  claims.  Tlic  niuniur  of  (Ii-n.  Hca,  at 
Ayu'ila,  in  the  sanu!  niontli,  asonlx'd  paitly  tn  liis  S|)anisli  (iri.;in,  aiDiiscd 
;:ri'at  oxcitcniunt.  Monitor  ltii>.,  .(an.  4,  1S.")1,  etc.;  llif(  ra,  Jlis/.  Jolujin,  iv. 
•-'10. 

^' There  arc  1.3  articles.  P>y  the  M  and  4tli  the  U.  S.  Iiave  the  ri^^iit  to 
send  troops  for  protecting  tlie  constructors,  if  rc.juircit  hy  Mexico,  or  in  case! 
<it  interi'upteil  relation.^^.  Art.  8  stipulateij  that  llie  toll  and  contriltiitions  on 
Americans  are  not  to  exceed  those  levied  on  Mexicans.  Mexican  products 
li:iy  rates  one  tifth  less.  Mix.,  J^oii'tl.  Mi/.,  IS'iO.  l.")'J-7.  'I'liis  was  .signed 
ill  June  18")0  by  tlie  iniriister  I'cdi'aza  and  Letcher,  and  ajipioved  hy  the 
M  ivernuicnts  at  Mexico  ard  Washington,  hut  rejected  l)y  an  act  of  tiie  Mcxi- 
ciin  congress  in  April  18.VJ. 

■'"For  a  history  of  the  i,Tant  and  its  vicissitudes,  see  Tchuan.,  A'-rount  of, 
l/'udon,  1S4(),  1-1'J8,  with  maps;  /'/.,  ()b<erv.  Comiiutiiir.  hiiirrcii  Atlnntir. 
(i.il  I'aiitir,  N.  Y.,  1841,  l-.")0,  witii  several  plans  and  maps;  f'nmlrc-., 
Mnn.  I>ij\rviir.,W.)  'I'M;  lUiw.,  Jirpt.  Tclutnii.  Cum.,  l-l'J.  Statements  pre- 
pared by  the  grantees  in  I'liriirl/,  Man.,  \-'Mi,  with  niajis;  Tihiutn.,  Coiitro- 
'•  r,w/,  It'iricir,  l-tiU.  Mexi  -an  replies,  (/ami/,  I'nrile'jio,  Mun.  Inr.lrnrl.,  1 -.S'J, 
tianslated  in  0'ar<ii/,  I'riv  Injv,  Mem.,  1-44;  also/'/.,  Slalvmant,  Mex.,  isr)2, 


500 


WAR  OF  RACES. 


by  the  company  to  send  men  to  Tehiiantcpec,  and  in 
view  of  the  recent  movements  of  filibusters  from  tlie 
United  States  to  Cuba,  it  was  thought  prudent  to 
take  precautions  against  a  possible  landing.  The 
headquarters  of  the  comandancia  general  of  Vera 
Cruz  were  moved  to  Acayucan  in  the  autumn  of  1851 ; 
the  national  guard  of  the  adjoining  states  was  enlisted 
and  ordered  to  be  in  readiness;  arms  were  distributtMl 
and  four  vessels  stationed  off  the  Goazacoalco.^' 
While  all  this  proved  to  be  needless  for  the  purpose 
intended,  it  served  to  prevent  any  formidable  revolu- 
tionary movement.  A  measure  expected  to  have 
a  soothing  eft'ect  on  the  somewhat  turbulent  Mescala 
region  was  the  fornuition  of  the  present  state  of  Guer- 
rero, so  named  in  honor  of  the  great  patriot  leader.*" 
The  chambers  ikM  two  extra  sessions  during  1841) 
to  forward"  the  reorganization  efforts  of  the  govern- 
ment, but  the  discussion  of  projects  for  reforming  the 
constitution  produced  little  result.  The  question  of 
religious  tolerance  came  up  as  usual  to  rouse  a  heated 
argument  in  the  journals,*^  the  conservatives  maiii- 

.•xnd  a  number  of  minor  memorials  nnd  statements  in  Barnard's  Tehuaii.,  app. 
'J77-81,  etc.;  Tchuan.  Canal,  184o-.>3,  a  collootion,  and  other  sources  to  liu 
i|Uoted  in  a  later  special  cliaptcr  on  tlie  subject,  from  U.  S.  Guvt  Doc,  Con.i,'. 
'.i2,  Ses.  1,  Sen.  02,  1-177,  x.,  etc. 

"'The  government  was  permitted  to  dispose  of  .3,000  militia,  and  a  consi'l- 
urable  force  of  regulars  moved  to  the  scene.  Captain  Miron  was  made  clii  if 
of  the  sotavento  region,  under  Comandanto  General  Marin.  Mdx.,  Mem.  Miu. 
auer.,  185-2,  19  '22. 

*"  After  wliom  was  also  named  his  native  town  of  Tixtla.  It  was  formcil 
of  the  districts  of  Acapulco,  Chilapa,  aud  Tasco,  taken  from  ^lexico;  Tlap;i, 
taken  from  Puebla;  and  (.,"oyuca,  taken  from  Michoacan.  Decree  signed  at 
Mexico,  May  15,  184!).  Mix.,  Leijid.  Mcj.,  1849,  99-100.  The  adtlitidU  "t 
Cjyuca  was  promoted  by  the  pronunciamiento  of  Pinzon  shortly  before, 
advocating  this  step.  Rivera,  lllxt.  Jalapa,  iv.  151.  The  formation  was 
mainly  due  to  the  cllbrts  of  Bravo  aud  Alvarez.  See  their  appeals  to  othor 
IS aitea  for  confirmation.  Uidrcrsal,  June  30,  1849;  Eronomista,  May  30,  ISl;). 
Si.:  J/«.  Gt'Ofj.  Bolct.,  ix.  208;  Pinnri  Coll.,  no.  1022.  Uio  do  las  Balsi.i 
formed  the  Michoacan  boundary.  Conditions  accompanying  tlie  decree  of 
contirmation  in  Arrillarja,  litcop.,  1849-50,  31-2,  140-8;  J)id>lan  and  Lozatm, 
L'lj.  Me.i:,  v.  5.59-00,023-4,  047-8.  A  proposal  to  unite  CoaliuiJa  and  Nui  v  j 
Leon  led  to  p,  local  dispute  with  the  governor  of  the  former  state,  and  ti 
v.iiat  was  called  unwarranted  interference  by  the  president.  Rivera,  Gob.  <l'i 
Max.,  ii.  371. 

"Concerning  their  sessions,  prorogations,  etc.,  see  Mex.,  Leginl.  Mij., 
1849,  C8-9,  118,  129-30,  320-7;  Arrillaija,  Ri'cop.,  Apr.  1849,  117;  1849-.)il, 
05,  OS,  73.  95-0,  195,  207;   Uiiiversnl,  Gloho,  and  other  journals. 

*^  The  1 1  is  aud  Kco  dd  Comercio  warmly  advocated  tolerance,  while  tlic 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION. 


891 


ind  in 
in  the 
cnt  to 
The 
Vera 
'1851; 
nlisted 
'ibuted 
oalco.^' 
)urp()Hc 
revolu- 
3   liave 
^escala 
fGuei- 
ieader.*' 
o-   1849 
nfoveni- 
img  tlio 
'stion  of 
I  heated 
s  niain- 

huaii.,  app. 

Iirccs  to  1)1.' 

IOC,  Coii,!^. 

Icl  a  consid- 
jTiiulu  cliitt 
[Ueni.  Mill. 

I'as  fornu'il 
Ico;  Tl:ipa, 
signed  at 
Itliiitidii  of 
lly   before, 
Vitiou  was 
Is  to  otUei' 
30,  USUI. 
[las  Balsas 
decree  of 
kd  Lo:<iiio, 
Ind  Xiiivo 
|te,  and  to 
|rt,  Gob.  lie 

lisl.  M'j-, 
184'J-oi), 

I  while  the 


taininc;  that  the  admission  of  other  creeds  into  a 
country  so  thoroughly  cathohc  would  prove  a  danger- 
ous germ  of  discord.  Sympathy  evoked  by  recent 
political  movements  against  the  Vatican  tended  to 
lend  an  overwhelming  support  to  this  view.  Public 
prayers  were  ordered  in  behalf  of  the  persecuted 
pontiff,  the  chambers  voted  him  a  gift  of  §25,000  from 
tlie  scanty  funds  of  the  treasury,  and  the  president 
\vrote  to  offer  him  an  asylum  in  Mexico.*' 

During  the  latter  half  of  1850,  the  nation  was  ab- 
sorbed mainly  by  the  struggle  for  the  presidency,  to 
tidce  place  in  the  following  Jaimary.  Among  the  can- 
didates were  General  Arista,  the  minister  of  war  and 
the  leading  spirit  of  the  administration;  Gomez  Pe- 
draza,  who  had  figured  as  liberal  president  in  1831; 
1  juis  de  la  Rosa,  boon  companion  of  the  federal  cham- 
])ion  Farias,  and  who  had  gained  great  popularity  as 
governor  of  Zacatecas;  NicoUs  Bravo,  the  patriot, 
with  strong  conservative  principles;  General  Ahnonte, 
well  known  as  former  holder  of  the  war  portfolio,  and 
who  in  course  of  time  had  become  thoroughly  imbued 
with  conservative  ideas;  and  Santa  Anna,  whose 
cause  was  by  no  means  weak.**  Arista,  who  had 
gained  the  reputation  of  promoting  most  of  the  strong 
uud  national  measuies  under  the  actual  administra- 


UiHversal  headed  another  number,  and  the  elergy  threw  a  flood  of  petitions 
against  it,  notably  by  women.  There  was  one  irom  Orizaba  containin;^  the 
si.,'nature3  of  1,200  females. 

*M5y  letter  dated  Feb.  1'2,  1849,  Mt'x.,  Mem.  Mln.  Just.,  1850,  40-1;  text 
reproduced  in  Zrtmaeois,  Hint.  Mrj.,  xiii.  iOO-S.  Decree  of  March  IG,  1S1!(, 
o'.ili'iing  a  gift  and  three  days' prayer.  Arrillaijn,  Ilecop.,  1840,  11,'{.  The 
pope  replied  by  holding  out  a  vain  hope  for  a  Mexican  cardinal  and  by  coii- 
fenhi.'  decorations  on  Herrera  and  those  who  hail  joined  him  in  offering  aid. 
.\iista  took  a  decided  stand  against  tolcraneu.  JJ^'ircho  Intern.  Mcx. ,  i.  (i2(j- 
07,  shows  the  friendly  relati ma  witli  Home.  Cent.  Amer.  /'rtpcr.s',  iii.  Kili; 
Ou'uL,  Consulto  del  Cabildo,  1-89,  on  encyclical  letter  regarding  imniaciilato 
conception.  Concerning  constitutional  reforms,  projects  from  tliu  north,  San 
Luii  Potosi,  Coniitlt.,  proycrto,  Jii forma,  1S4S.  l-L'9;  1850,  1-40. 

*' Arista  was  supported  notably  by  the  Monitor  lie pnlilicano;  Pedraza  by 
the  inlluential  5'i(/?o  XIX.;  Rosa  by  the  Democrata;  Bravo  by  the  well-known 
UitirorHal;  Almonte  by  Linterna  de  Didijenen.  Santa  Anna  counted  on  At 
I'lil'iiira  and  Ilnracan,  the  latter  favoring  also  Iturbide,  while  tiio  Tribuuo 
ttii'l  iJposkioii  advocated  Farias  and  Bernardo  Couto  respectively. 


iLill 


f)02 


WAU  OF  n\CE^. 


turn,  was  evidently  flu,'  favorite  ainoiii,''  tlie  jioeple; 
and  as  liis  decided  coiitrul  of  the  'jfoveniineiit  tiMW; 
liiiii  an  advaiitai^e,  the  ()i)[K>siti()ii  tui'iied  their  eil'oits 
ehielly  a<iaiiist  him.  The  eoiiservatives  had  speei.il 
cau.se  lor  (hshkti  in  his  arbitrary  interference  with  the 
iniini('i])al  elections  in  the  capital,  ri'sulting  in  tlu;  re- 
moval of  the  conseivative  monarchical  ayuntivmiento 
of  1840,  the  introduction  of  a  law  whi^reby  the  loii^- 
stunding  control  of  the  local  authorities  in  the  i'lcc- 
tions  was  taken  Irom  them,  and  the  conse()iient  in- 
stallation for  IHal  of  a  stront>ly  liberal  l)ody.''  Tin  n- 
did  not  hesitate  to  brinj^  forward  the  most  absurd 
char^i's  to  create  prijudice,  even  to  accuser  him  of  iii- 
stigatin*^  the  murdtjr   of  a  pi'on;in(!nt  citizen.''"     uMI 

"By  <lcciTi!  of  Nov.  (!,  ISriO.  Mr.r.,  /.njisl.  .UiJ.,  IS.^.O,  '_Mt -!.">.  'Viw 
nydiitatniento  ith'cted  lor  .Inly  l;;l!)  iiicliuUd  siicli  men  a.s  .Miuuaii,  tlicii:.  I 
iiiini.'iccr,  now  t'avoriii.;  a  st.iMo  niuiiarchy,  \'as.|nc;z  do  Leon,  unit  -VnMii'.^ii.'. 
latir  .sti'ony  jiillain  of  Aliixiinilian.  Tlic  iMdicfiliiinn  ol  Aiista  at  Uio  olosr  ui 
Islil,  to  stay  tlicir  control  of  tliu  tnisuiiig  election,  created  .sonu!  tlisordi.r  :iiii| 
niohliuiL,',  and  led  to  the  resignation  of  the  liody,  after  a  proti^'sl  against  lli' 
eieddling  of  the  government.  'I'he  niinistei-  of  jiistiet!  also  retired,  and  \\:i-. 
n'lilaced  hy  Senator  ( '.istaiicda  on  l)(C.  7th.  'I'he  i)reeeding  ■lyuntaniiini  -i 
of  ISITand  hSl.S  «iiecessivt'ly  declined  the  invitation  to  assume  the  niatnij  ■ 
nient,  and  jietitioiis  jioiiri'd  in  against  it,  as  well  as  .ihiise  from  journals.  In- 
.stance,  I'liircrttid,  .Vug.  ;•(),  1SI1>,  and  suhsc(|uent  dates;  (Unho,  Dot'.  "J,  IM.i, 
etc.;  L(i  Mucrl(>,  Tio  Xoidllti,  and  olher.s.  'Vhe  edilcu-  of  the  latter  slu'ci,  .1 
Spaniard,  was  banisheil  as  olmoxious  to  |)eaco.  'I'lie  rest  were  proti'cted  hy 
(he  existing  lii)erty  of  pii'ss.  The  elet^tors  chosen  liy  tlu!  government  (■•■ii 
niissioiiers  failed  to  reacli  the  necessary  nuinhci's,  ami  .Vnaya,  th<'  governni  i.i 
tiie  ilistrict,  resigning.  Col  Aze:iratc  succeediMl  him,  to  assume  also  coutml  "i 
nuinici|)al  all'airs.  Finally  eongres.s  decreed  the  installation  of  the  liody  rul- 
ing in  ISIS,  vvhich  held  posses  ;ii>n  from  Sept.  till  .Ian.  I,  IS,")I,  when  tlii' 
lieu  ly  electeil  liberal  regidores  entered.  Decrees  coucerniiig  thi'  suci'cs^ive 
elections  and  changes  are  in  Mix.,  Lcijixl.  Mcj.,  ISI',),  !1;{-I.'t,  |;U~H;  M^r., 
Co/.  /.<'!/.  !/  Ihr  ,  ls,)0, ."),  i.'()()-S,  'Ji;!  1 1,  ■Jl,"!-1.  For  charges  iigainst.  niinisiry 
foi' meddling,  iMM  Ar.in<j:t  y  hUcaiulon,  AfKsririoii,  1-Iii;  J/c.c.  J'>iin/)klih,  iii.  |it 
vi.  iteview  of  ilistrict  alliiirsiu  J/c.c,  .)/<;«.  Miii.  llcL,  IS,")!,  lUi-iii,  aj).  \v>.  7. 
Oh.servations  i>y  Oovi'rnorof  State  Arizcorreta  in  /'(n/iitcs/d,  ;>;  /^/sy/ov.  Vnr'-i-', 
V.  ()7;  I'd/'.  Via:,  cciii.  pt  v.  4.  JUva  I'alacio  succeeded  Arizcorretii  in  \^l.> 
as  governor  of  the  state  of  .Mexico.   Aliiianii,  A/unil.  A'/o;/.,  lO-l. 

^"Canedo,  deputy  from  Jalisco,  although  tho  thieves  who,  a.ssisted  hy  a 
servant,  had  done  the  deed  were  (piickly  caught  and  convicted,  yet  liie 
I'xecution  was  ilelayed  for  a  time.  See  charges  in  Unin'r.-tal,  Mar.  .'U,  ISVI, 
and  nnrwaii,  l)ased  on  a  su])pos(!d  fear  by  Arista  of  documents  in  Cafieil  is 
possession.  On  .luly  '27,  IS.iO,  the  Uii'nrrnnl  headed  a  number  of  jiun'nals  in 
a  formal  protest  against  Arista's  candidature,  as  the  outcome  of  intrigue,  ri^t 
of  party  nomination,  urged  merely  by  organs  of  tho  minister,  who  |iaid  tluiu 
from  tho  public  treasury.  JIo  had  failed  to  aid  in  defending  Mexico  agaiu^t 
the  late  invaders,  and  broken  faith  with  all  parties,  surrounded  himself  wiili 
ailventufci's,  and  distui'bed  public  peace  to  gain  his  own  ends.  His  eleciinii 
Mould  only  produce  revolution.  See  also  Garui/,  JJc/eiu-ta,  1-04;  Miscd.,  xii. 
pt4. 


IIKUUKUAS  UULE. 


603 


this  mailed  ULtlc,  however,  I'or  he  >ec'Uivcl  tlie  elec- 

So  cJidcd  the  rule  of  Tleri'ira.  TTc  was  oiuinciitly 
a  mail  ot'poatM^  with  aims  suited  lor  the  period  ol'  w- 
aelioii  following'  the  exciU'iueiit  and  cahimities  of  I  SKI 
-7,  dui'iiiL;'  wldeh  the  people  at  hif^e,  sad(h  r  and  lor 
a  time  wiser,  Ijecauu'  iiiti'iit  maiidy  oi»  rest  and  recu- 
peration. 'I'he  residt  was  a  i^i'atil'^)  inij;-  revi\al  of  pros- 
perity. Ahunihint  harvests  werc^  rcporttMl  iVomcNirv 
(piarter;  thi;  yield  of  the  mines  increased  ra|>idly,  and 
also  the  export  lists,  i;iviiin'  imj)ulse  to  manufacfures 
and  ti'adh;.  A  ste[)  was  taken  toward  railway^'*  and 
tt;leujraj)h  construction,  the  lirst  wires  uiuK'r  such  au- 
s|)ices  making' connection  hetwt'en  Mexico  and  Puehla 
in  18.)l.*'  JUiildinn's  rose,  home  eondorts  spread,  and 
art,  science,  and  litei-aturi;  hcL'-an  (o  llourish  in  adei;rc(i 
hitherto  un[)arall(;le{l,  under  the  leadershij)  of  poets, 
dramatists,  and  thiid<ers  like  (^arpio,  Pi'saih),  (lalvan, 
the  Ijaeunzas,  Pi'iel,(»,  and  l*ayno.  'I'his  e\idence  of 
growing  prosperity  I'ect  ived  an  ap]>ro[)riati'  (iisplny  in 
the  lirst.  industrial  exhii»it"  >u  held  in  the  counlry,  in 
imitation  of  Euro[)ean  elforts.  It  was  opened  Xo\eni- 
her  1,  1 841),  un<ler  the  auspices  of  the  nuuncipal  author- 
tii's  at  AEexico;  and  althouuh  limited  for  this  occasion 


o  hoi 


ticult 


ural  |)ro( 


lurb 


\\U 


ludi 


II 


owers, 


fruit, 


d 


\c 


<j^iiliih\ 


sweetmeats,  and  certain  classes  of  plastic 
art,  it  pi'oved  highly  successful,  and  heneiicial  in  its 
elfect.      Unfortunately  civil   war    and  other  trouhles 


vl 


Out  of  10  l<":isl;itivi'  votiist  Ai'hIii  iil>taiiicil  !,'{,  Almniiti' I?,  1! 


>s.i  _',  .■mil 


M.U 


f.l>,  1. 

.f.lal 


Til 


o  luiuiniuct'iihiit  (odI;  [ilin'i'  in  the  IdUCI'  Inmsf  oii 


.); 


isci),  U.K'i'L'lJii'o,  iuiil  (".laliiiila  wvvv,  clia 


.1;  tl 


r.>.sc  lit  tl 


Thi- 
latlcr 


si.lto    UlTC    illollO    I'OjL'i; 


ti'J.   S.-o  /, 


^  tllf'  f<'l 


I,  .Ian.   10,  IS)I,  ami  i.'J 


l.T 


jo'iiriials, 


aliovc.     Arrani^oi/,  M'j.,  ii.  .'Uii,  wiitt's  a:<  it  Aliiiniitt'  liail  a  ;,''io.l  jirosprrt 
A  j;aiiiiiiu;  tlio  soat  liy 


(■iiu:;ii'.s.sioiial  cUh. 


tlDll. 


I>V   (II 


if  M; 


V  S,  iSlil,  tin 


IV  •rmii.'iit  was  autlion/t 


.1  tl 


I  I'lilltl'ai't   inv 


i\  lailway  from  \\\\\,  Cruz  to  the 
ISi:)  ..K.':!'.»   \1. 


iciiic  l>y  w.iy 


jt  M 


I'xii.'o.   Arrlllt 


I'./'l: 


/:. 


'I'- 


''••At  tlic  clo.si' of  Oi'loluT  till!  lii'st  iiii'ssai^o  was  scut.     TIil' i.TiMlit  of  tins 
Mork  is  duo  to  a  Sjianianl,  .luau  iK:  la  (Jiauja,  who  olitaiui-il  the  piivik'u'i'  to 
"  iws  woro  issui'il  to  |HMti'i't  tlu'iii.   J>i  ri  i/io  hitmi. 
h'lii.   Foinviilo,  ISIJIJ,  'JJ-ii,  line.  -17,  cLc. 


i'"iislrui 
•l/..--.,  ii 


tli 


Si'vcra 


1  1. 


!l(i:»-7<);  .l/i 


.!/-■ 


lilsr.  Mix.,  Vol.  V.    as 


•?■ 


f)04 


WAR  (W  IWCV.S. 


hdc.rW'WA]  with  tho  proposod  iiiuiual  roncnval  of  tlio 
('iii('r|>fis'.'.'"' 

'I'll!'  preceding  observations  apply  especially  to  the 
('(Mitia!  provinces,  coniprisinijf  the  }4rcater  pai't  of  tho 
population,  yet  tho  north  and  south  are  notaltoL^tithcr 
an  ex(H![)tion,  althouij^h  hero  tlu;  wai-  of  races  on  tht; 
oni'  side,  and  the  devastatini'f  ravaj^es  of  wiKI  Indians 
on  i\\c  otlur,  spread  a  ^reat  MiLjht.  Then;  were;  also 
the  common  alllii-tions  attending- the  inroad  ofclKtlera 
in  1850,"  and  the  agitation  of  parties  blind  to  ("very- 
tliing  but  their  own  ambitious  j)urp()ses.  Their  dissen- 
sion and  strifi!  (extended  to  the  congress  itself,  obstruct- 
ing,  ncuti-ali/Jng,  (h'feating  every  oilbrt    to  aid    th(! 


i>'o 


vernment  in  its  all-im[)ortant  task  of  reorganization 
and  reform.  Against  su(!h  indilferonco  and  opposi- 
tion, even  thi^  lu'st  of  men  couM  not  have  succeeded, 
nnich  less  th(^  sonitiwhat  incongruous  an<l  (>x|)erimental 


Itodv  un( 


ler  1  f 


errera,  varuMlduruigaperK 


doft 


wo  years 


and  a  half  l)y  sixteen  dilfercnt  changers  in  the  finance 
ministry,  an<l  eight  in  thost;  oC  relations  and  justice. 
]  lerrera,  was  a  man  of  proverbial  honor  and  rectitude, 
Well  meaning,  and  full  of  bcneficiiut  pi'ojects;  but  he 
lacked  energy  and  lirnmess  to  carry  them  out,  and 
not  having  sulHciiMit  disi-cirnment  to  select  and  re- 
tain th((  most  titting  advisers,  he  yiehU'd  too  I'eadily 
to  \\U)\o  positives  minds  like  Arista's,  which  wi're  in- 
tent rather  on  their  own  aims,  or  unable  to  co[)t!  with 
the    task  undertaken.      Nevertheless,  when  we   coii- 


•''"Thc  prdji'ot  adds  !iii()llu'r  to  tlic  ninny  landiililc  ofTorta  of  tho  able  Tii'iciH 
Alaiiiaa,  at  tliin  liiiK?  pi-esidi'ut  of  tlic  aliuscil  ciinscrvativo  nionaroliical  ayini- 
laniii'ntii  of  the  capital.  So  crij^cily  was  it  loccivcd  liy  tiio  pcoplo  that  ;>7il 
olijcrls  wciv  sent  in'  tlic  lirstd.iy.  Alauiau  accordingly  formed  a  .lunla  il> 
I'VinuMilo  dc  las  l']\posicioncs,  and  jircp.u'cd  to  open  tho  .second  fail' in  May 
IS.-iO,  when  the  cholera  cinio  to  .stop  llic  preparations.  His  death  and  later 
war.s  pi'ovcd  additiniial  chcclvs.  l''or  reports  of  tho  oxiiihilioii,  aeo  Mniii/or 
It'  p.,  Oct.  .'M,  ISK),  et  sei[.;  Tio  Xoiilfl'i,  Nov.  5,  etc.,  with  awards;  also  {\iv- 
tina'.s  review,  in  />i.triii:i<)  (^iiiit. ,  i^t.  xiii.  1 -I'J;  and  Arrani^oiz',  M'J.,  ii,  ,ip. 
7  -ICi.  as  olio  of  tho  coinniitteo. 

•'''  Tho  deaths  from  which  were  ostimntod  hy  Oct.  at  14,0(M).      I'recaiitioii 
i>ry  decrees  had  hoen  issued  as  early  as  .Ian.  JSli).   J/c.r.,  Li'ijhl.  Mrj.,  I.st:i, 
(!.     Hound  Kresiiillo  a  failnro  of  crops  gave  ris('  to  outlireaUs  ainoiii;  the 
allliclod,   ra/vViAd/ct  .//(c/syi.,  i.  '2S'i~;iir),  ami  ^^exioo  sullorod  in  March   l.'^o:) 
from  a  heavy  lire.  Ilivera,  Mcx.  Pint.,  ii.  '271--. 


.\>;  iioxiNT  iiri.Kir. 


503 


sidcr  ilic  ('X('('j)(l()n;illy  tryiiij^  ('ircinnst.'iMccs  uiidci' 
wliicli  li(5  wjis  calK'd  to  |>«t\vci',  jitlriiipliiiL^  to  hiiii!^ 
order  out  orduios  witli  iiisiillic'u'iit  incaiis  and  ai^'aiiisfc 
liarassiiiLf  o)ijtoNitioii,  liis  adiiiiiiistratioii  ranks  aiiioii'L;" 
llio  most  accL'ptaMc,  jiidniiiL?  I>y  tin;  I't^ronns  intro- 
diicod  and  tliu  |)i'os|)i;rit.y  nnloldcd,  cNcn  ilioULrli  •'^•'v- 
cral  of  tlu'  Icadin;^'  tasks  of  ivornani/ation  icniaincd 
una(.'coni|)lisIi('d.  Jf  no  positivo  adniir'atioii  lollowcd 
liiin  to  his  ictri'at  at  Ta('id)aya,  ii('itli(!r  did  ill-will. 
I  \v  lived  in  a  seclusion,  forced  upon  him  to  some  extent 
hy  maladies,  to  which  he  succumhed  in  {''(^hruary 
iSf)-!,  leavini^  iin  enviahle  recoi-d  as  one  of  the  most 
upii,L,dit  and  unsellish  of  rulei's."- 

"'^  His  ("xtrt'iiic  |)()v<'i'tv ''"'il'i'iiii'il  lii'<  pi'ovcfliial  iiitcu'iity.  '  iIcj.'iikIo  solii- 
liicntc  i'l  KMH  liiJD.s  nil  noiiiliii'  imii;i(ul;iili)  y  ;i  miis  i(iiiciiiiLi(l:iii(iH  I'l  cjcmiili)  di) 
vt  rdiiili'i'.MH  viiludcs.'  llirir:i,  d'ali.  <lc  A/ij-.,  ii,  ;i77.  'I'ln'  /Hnrin  (tjifinl, 
l''<'li.  I'J,  I.S.">1,  iiloiii;  Himj^lit  ti)  pluast:  Suiita  Aiiiiii  liy  siiciriiig  iit  Ilia  iiiiiitaiy 
iibility.     lie  was  Ijuriiiil  uiiostoiitatioJMJy  at  >Siiii   I'Viiiaiido, 


;       ;   1 

1       ii'  i'  ''i  3 

•  ■  ■  >■  i^i  i 

1':mK|I 

1  ','  ?r  3tB 

;  !;^  '111 

CIIAITKU  xxiir. 

AIIIS'I'AS   ADMIMSTIJATIOX. 

IS.-.  I    1.S.72. 

A  KiiiiiKMi.ii  TniscoAT     I''m.sk    Imonomv     A  Natkinai-  I''isan<'i;  Cui  v- 
cii,-  (Ji.AMiii;iN(i  ('i;i;i>iT(iUs  -  Caimnkt  (Jiiancks     Kamikkz   as    I'kimk 

MiNISTKU — ISAITHlN'     OK     TlIK     (JllAMItKltS       ('AlillA.IAIi     I.W  AIH;s     TIIK 
NilKlll-KASTKllN     I'llilVINrKS      'I'lIK     AvAI.OH     TaKII'I'      ImmaN      ItAIDS 
SlAKIUTV     TdWAKI)     JiUllN  AI.IST.S     AND      I'AUTV     Li.ADKKS       Ui.A  NCAKTI-; 
iStAKTS    TIIK    Jvi:V(il,ITII)N    -I'l.V.N    <IK    (  !  lAliA  I.A.I  A  UA  -  Ul!  \i:  A     MaMIII 
\  KINil  — Al'Tiri DK   OK    CoNOUKSS    -(il;<i\\  111     OK    TIIK     Hoslll.K     IVvKTr 

^'KU.^  Cur/,  'J'ruNS  tiik  So.vlk— KE.sui.vATios  ok  Akist.v— His  CiiAit.vo 

TKU  AXU  DkaTH. 


]\[auia.\i)  Arista,  tliu  new  ])ivsi(U'iit,  wuh  ji  iii.iii 
from  whoso  c'X[)('ric'iico  {ind  ability,  as  tlio  most  siic- 
(•(.'ssful  minister  of  the  preceding'  ailmiuistiatioii,  tlif 
country  expected  some  decisive  hem.lits.  It  matten  il 
not  tliut  his  political  and  moral  princijjles  were  ot"  a 
somewhat  shady  luu;,  or  that  his  ••imeralshii)  duriiiu 
the  war  of  1 840  7  was  far  from  mciiting  so  prompt  a 
token  of  national  ap[tr(»val.  AlthoUju'h  trained  in 
royal  ai'mit's  to  the  ])ursuit  of  insurgent,  he  possessed 
iliscennnent  enoueji,  e\en  at  the  ago  of  nineteen,  t  . 
join  the  victorious  side,  hv  marchin*''  into  Mexico  in 
18:21  with  the  trigarante  ai'iny.  llapid  ])romoti(i)i 
whetted  the  appetite  of  the  youth,  and  convinced  liim 
that  constancy  was  at  hest  u  hurdensome  virtue,  ih' 
passed  in  (piick  succession  i'roiu  one  pai'ty  to  an(»tliei, 
always  ready  to  serve  the  victor,  and  displaying  jiai- 
ticular  devotion  duiing  the  centralist  rule  (tf  J^iista- 
mante  in  persecuting  ft'deralists.  Nor  did  he  hesitate 
to  join  his  quondam  patron  and  suhscqueiit  enemy, 

(  CM  ) 


leii,  1 


CAIilNKT  ('[rANdlCS. 


B07 


S:mt;i  Aiiim,  wIkhii  In,'  soon  altainloiK'd  in  favdi-  id' 
Iltrrcra,  As  luiiiistcf  of  war,  lie  lost  no  oppor- 
tunity to  promote  liis  own  aims  I'oi-  tho  succession, 
notaMy  l)y  ;i  iKTsistont  pursuit  of  his  former  conseiv- 
ative  allies.* 

Ilo  took  possossi<)n  of  tlio  presidential  cliaii'  on 
•lanuai'V  15,  iM;jl,and  at  once  nianau'ed  to  attract  tlu; 
lidicule  of  the  opposition  hy  petty  rei^ulations  for  tlu.- 
jiuhlie  (»flices,  and  for  visitois  and  persons  haviu'i;' busi- 
ness Jit  the  j)alace.''  Whilt^  inti'oducinLif  no  matei'ial 
cliani^'(!  in  the  policy  of  I  lerrera,  which  was  practically 
ills  own,  lie  ti'ansl'erred  tlu;  portfolios  foi-  relations 
and  justice  to  Yauez  and  A^uirre,  two  welhhnown 
lawyers,  and  placed  (jrc-neral  itohles  I'ezuela  in  charsjfo 
of  the    war   de[)artment,  retaininj^  <Ji'ly  the    linance 


nimis 


ter  1= 


avno. 


Tlu!  linanco  prohh^m  remained  as  ever  the  most 
ditlicult  and  troiihlesome,  partly  from  the  constant 
clmnufes  in  laws  and  administration,  which  gavo  no  time 
ior  a  thoi'ough  reorj^ain/ation,  jjartly  from  tlic  lack  of 
men  at  the  pro[)er  moment  fitted  to  plan  and  carry 
out  the  reform,  and  most  of  all  Irom  the  want  of  har- 
monious and  intelliL>-ent  cooperation  between  tlx;  ex- 
ecutive and  the  leijislative  body  and  Ljeneral  and  state 

'I'oni  at  Siui  Luij*  Pfitrmi  in  July  1802,  lie  l)oc;iiiic  a  (,';iili't  in  his  clrvcntii 
yiiir,  joiiu'il  tlic  royal  arniiis  toward  tlio  ciosu  of  tlio  rcvdliilioiiary  war,  aiiil 
liail  just  gaiiRMl  a  lieiiti.'iiaiiry  \\  hen  in  IS'Jl  he  |)asst'il  ovir  to  tlif  victorioin 
11  linl)lit:aii.s,  anion;,'  whom  In;  spucilily  ij^^canii;  liciit-ool.  Tiiis  rank  was  con- 
lii  int'ilin  IM'I  aftor  ho  hail  assi.stcil  in  ovi'rthrowin;,'ltuiliiiU'.  lli'turncila.'ainst 
Oncrruro  niidcr  tlio  rising  star  of  linstainaiitc,  attaiiu'cl  in  ISIU  the  rank  of 
lMi;:ailicr,  and  tun  years  later  that  of  chief  of  tlii'  northern  army  ami  u'eneral 
of  division,  the  reward  for  his  snecessfnl  suppression  of  fi'deralists  fi-om  'I'ani- 
)'ieo  northward,  lie  was  arrai.Lfiieil  for  Ills  iidseraliU;  failures  in  the  liattles 
et  I'alo  Alto  anil  llesaca  do  la  I'alnia  in  I  S4(i,  wJiieli  ineasuri!  was  partly  tho 
n  suit  of  jealousy  of  Anipudia,  Imt  escaped  convietion,  proliahly  tliroiiu'li  liia 
iulluiiice  as  minister  of  wai',  for  the  trial  liad  been  proloimod  for  years.  As 
lien  era's  j;uiiling  spirit,  he  ileserves  eredit,  however,  for  ins  cnerLry  in  main- 
tMiuiiiL;  the  peace  and  promoting  the  reorgani/atiim  of  the  army.  Coneerning 
his  election  and  other  points,  see  hnhl'innwA  Ln-dno,  Lr;/.  Mix.,  vi.  (!;  MiLc, 
l.c'fi.il.  Mij.,  18.'>1,  10;  Rivera,  dnh.  do  Miir.,  ii,  ;}7S-S;),  who  i-ither  screens 
his  mistakeg,  through  political  sympathy;  Zamacois,  J/ist.  Mi'j.,  xiii.  \\1, 
etc.,  as  a  conservative,  is  less  lenient,  liib.  Mc.r.,  Allien.,  i.  17;  Sns'i,  JUmj. 
M'l:.,  7.-)-9. 

-  To  promote  the  despatch  of  hnsiness,  l)nt  assumed  hy  many  to  be  directed 
n.;ainst  conspiracy,  .I/f>.,  Liii'isl.  Mr].,  1S.')I,  IS-'JJ.  Even  Arista's  sup- 
porter, Monitor  Iti-p.,  same  dates,  coudcmued  the  order. 


■'I 


'U 


3!j 

■:i '. 


:   '¥''• 


■■: '« 


i 


■J' 


i  ■■  "if 


It 


1-  Kilili 
liil       I 


698 


ARISTA'S  AD^IINISTRATIOX. 


g.-ivcrnincuts.  Aware  tliat  tlio  ohainbcrs  stood  re- 
solved oil  eeonoinv,  Arista  dcteriiiiiied  to  rc^treiidi 
ill  the  most  rigid  niaiiiior  in  order  to  diminish  tlie 
enormous  dift'ereiice  exhibited  in  the  budget  between 
income  and  expenditure,  estimated  at  $8,275,000  and 
,S2(;,000,000,  respectively."  True,  the  latter  figures 
Avere  somewhat  exaufij^erated  to  impress  the  conu'iess 
and  people  with  the  necessity  lor  assisting  a  govern- 
ment, which  after  a  revision  of  the  estimate  proposed 
to  reduce  it  as  low  as  .$10,083,000.  To  this  end  sal- 
aries of  active  employes  wei'e  cut  to  an  alarming  ex- 
tent, and  those  of  passivj  servants  still  more.^  ]-*nt 
the  pruning  was  uneven;  and  while  looking  for  the 
most  petty  saving  in  certain  directions  with  even 
harsh  strictness,  large  sums  were  heedlessly  squan- 
dered in  others.  Finding  that  the  president  would 
not  entertain  what  Payno  reu'arded  as  better  inetlujds, 
and  that  the  legislative  power  refused  to  assist  in 
covering  the  smaller  and  more  pressinij  deiicit  still 
Ivft,  he  resigned,  and  so  did  several  of  the  following 
iiiiance  ministers,  in  rapid  succession,  as  in  cases  be- 
l')i'e  mentioned,^  untd  it  became  difficult  to  iind  any 

'Half  of  tii_  rcveimo  came  from  custom-house  recoipta,  and  of  the  expcii- 
diturc,  .SIO,8(i7,-IW  were  lowanl  tin-  nubl'.c  dulit,  and  .S7,'JS4,r)2!)  towaid  the 
military  ili'iiai'tment,  us  caloulatcd  l)y  Tiiiay  Cutvas  in  July  JS.')1. 

*  'A  las  ilos  tei'ccras  partes  el  sucldj  ili:  lu.s  iiupleados  eu  BcLvicio  aetivi>, 
A.  ties  euai'tas  el  do  las  clases  pasivas.'  I'lrini,  (loh.  lU  J/cf. ,  ii.  USD.  Ai'ista 
reipiiriMl  monthly  statements  from  every  department  whereon  to  exercise  his 
eliorts  at  reduction. 

^I'ayno  was  succeeded,  Fel).  l.")tli,  by  Iguacio  Ksteva  of  Vera  Cruz,  well 
known  as  a  writer,  and  he  in  the  followint;  month  hj'  Aguirre,  who  adcjpted 
several  of  I'ayno's  plans  for  revising  the  tariff  and  closing  ccrtai:;  ports  as 
costly  and  unreliahlo.  Jle  also  proposed  that  tl'.o  goverm:'.i"it  i)0  authorized 
to  remove  ollicials  and  close  ccrt-.iiu  otliccs,  tor  greater  economy,  to  jilact-  a 
new  tax  (ju  textile  goods,  to  assume  control  of  the  thicc  per  ciMit  mining  taX:  to 
transfer  the  Vera  Cruz  railway  to  a  corporation,  and  to  raise  i,  loan  of .?."), .lOO, 000 
fiir  converting  the  interior  deht,  hypothecating,  if  necessary,  church  estates. 
I'lsteva  had  simil.'tr  designs  on  this  tempting  property,  hut  Arista  was  too 
much  of  a  ch'U'chman,  or  too  politic,  to  permit  any  suc.i  inroad.  Tin;  jour- 
nal.-., indeed,  atta,ckcd  the  government  for  obseijuiously  assisting  the  church  in 
eoUeeliiig  I'ondcnined  hooks.  The  result  was  the  tender  of  the  portfolio  to 
li'.'rdo  d'!  Tejadii,  the  later  famous  right  hand  of  .ruarez.  A  mere  survey  of 
the  disorder  to  he  unravelled  anil  the  opposition  to  be  encountered  sulliced  to 
I'.i'kt'  liiui  step  out  again.  None  else  oil'eriiig  to  succcc',  Yanez  himself  took 
eliii'.gc  in  .\pril,  leaving  the  relations  to  Monast',rio  till  a  head  for  tiie  cahi- 
iK't  was  1\.  '■'  in  Mariano  Macedo,  a  lawyer  of  repute.  An  appeal  was  made 
to  tlie  Bt;viea  for  au  c.\Uibit  of  their  liimnccs,  aud  these  proving  too  poor,  under 


A  XiCW  CABTNHT. 


599 


•(1  re- 
run <.'li 
h  the 
tweeu 
lO  and 
io'ures 

overn- 
jposeil 
id  sal- 
ing  cK- 
'  ^  But 
fur  the 
h   evi'U 
squan- 

;    would 

lothods, 
issist  in 
loit  still 
allowing 


ase 


si 


»(.'- 


tind  any 


tho  cxpcu- 
towiu-a  tlm 

icio  iu'.liv», 

s:j.    Avista 

;Xl;l•ci^il;  his 


Cruz,  wfll 

;■.  i);)rts  :n 

aiithon/i^l 

,  to  plaoi-  a 

luinjitax:  I" 

.*.-),  r)Oi),ouo 

■ch  estates. 

;ta  was  ti") 
Tilt;  joui- 

.oduuch  ill 

Doi'tfolio  t'> 
■0  survey  "t 
L  sullieeil  t' 
limself  t'>"k 
,v  t\vo  eal'i- 
A  wan  lii:i>l'^ 
[poor,  uudei- 


one  willing  to  acce[)t  the  jto^ition.  Finalh'  Pina  y 
vViovas  proposed  a  serit'.s  of  light  taxes  to  meet  tho 
re(|uirenient;  but  the  states  raisetl  so  many  objeetions 
lliat  tho  ('ham!)er8  held  back;  wliereupon  he  sum- 
monetl  in  August  a  council  of  governors  to  examine 
the  condition  of  affairs  and  suggest  better  remedies. 
Far  i'rom  sympathizing  with  the  adniinistration,  th( y 
condeumod  it  for  lack  of  svsteni  and  mana<>:emenl, 
and  presented  a  new  estimate  for  expenditure  tliat 
wholly  removed  the  deficiency.*^ 

Althougli  tlieii-  censure  was  not  undescrv<;d,  they 
had  not  failed  to  duly  consider  the  situation;  tho 
go\ernment  required  extra  power  from  a  hostile  con- 
gi'ess  to  act  upon  the  new  estimate,  with  its  demand 
I'ur  further  special  retrenchment.  The  ministry  ac- 
cordingly resigned,'  and  a  new  cabinet  was  formed 
under  the   leadership  of  the  advocate  Fernando  lla- 

tliC  marc  or  loss  dark  coloi'inc,'  purposely  imparted,  to  afl'urd  any  liopo  for  do- 
jartniciital  aid,  t!ie  ehanil)''rs  were  again  apjiealeil  to  tor  e.n  assi^snueni,  on 
the  money  set  aside  toward  tiio  dulit  and  an  annulment  of  the  tol)aeeii  eon- 
tiiuts,  hut  it  was  not  thoui^'lit  well  to  aljuse  t ,  rther  tho  good  faith  of 
eieilitora  and  eontraetors.  YaUez  acc-'ordingly  rosi;;n."d,  and  i'ifia  y  Cuevaa 
asranied  his  plaeo  in  Juno,  llu  sulmntted  that  tho  deliiit,  ahuo.st  wholly 
eiuaeeted  with  the  inteiior  deht,  must  lie  removed  l>y  tieUiini,'  interest  tiiereoa 
ia  accordaneu  with  tho  law  of  Nov.  ;{(>,  IS.'it),  liy  nusjieiidinj^  all  i)ayinent.s  tow- 
Slid  it,  or  hy  rediieiny  the  ai)|)ropriatiiin^i.  'i'lie  siceoml  plan  would  leave  adeli- 
eilof  only  iir'HtiO,  I'Jil;  the  last  ono  .'*:{,'j:!7,")^t;  yet  lie  iiret'erred  this,  and  suj,'- 
t;i' ited  a  series  of  new  taxes.  See  references  to  jirojeets  to  foUnw  ministerial 
e!i.in'j;c3  so  far,  JA.r.,  Lcijisl.  Mcj.,  1S.")1,  IT.'t,  -_'.>,  ece.;  Mi.r.,  <'<,!.  I.i'J.,  Drr, 
;','  Onl.,  1  i.'iO  1,  'J()5,  ',V2'.),  ete. ;  also,  with  comments  on  linaneial  man;>;,'enient, 
(S'e//'j  A/A'.,  .Ian.  toJuly  1S.")I;  L'liin  rx'i/,  iA.;  lii  iiihul  >i\'\A.;  and  other  jnai-- 
iK'.ls.  As  an  instance  of  Arista's  capricious  management  of  funds  may  lie  m;ii- 
tiijiKil  that  he  took  about  §l()0,0,)0  from  tiie  impoverisiied  treasuiy  for  em- 
hiliMiin,;  tiio  palace  with  balconies,  etc. 

"li.i.sud  on  ii.  decree  of  Nov.  lS4',»,  which  liniitiNl  the  e?;pendituro  to  ;i  tritlo 
over  lialf  a  million  a  month.  Tliey  further  oU'ereil  to  increase  tln^  state  oon- 
linVint  from  !?7-4,Sli.")  to  one  fiftii  of  tiieir  revenue,  equivalent  to  ,S|, (KM), ():)!), 
wuica  of  eour.sc  availed  iioliiing.  itepoit  in  (I'lh.  L'Mifl m,  h.ir.,  ls.")|,  1-7-, 
v.itli  projects  uiid  arguments.  Other  Kpceial  treatises  on  ;he  r|iust!oii  in 
M'.l\,  ll(t'\  Ex)ins.,  Is,")!,  l-."{4;  l^r'uln,  Mniii/.  a  ihrc  Ita'nritD't,  1-17;  (I'liiU". 
li'l  I'dldcio,  Jiii/ihta  Ojritdn,  1-14;  Mi.r.,  /'rni/crii),  7,  Iti,  »'tc.;  I'uj).  i  nr., 
ccviii.  pt  4.  The  council  consisted  of  tiiree  governors  and  seven  deh;- 
Kiitcs;  other  governors  excused  themselves  or  required  legislative  ])ermi>siMn. 
The  .session  began  Aug.  17th  and  cntled  the  'J!Hh,  jirolnnged  b-yund  need 
by  the  neglect  of  the  ministry  to  i)repare  ellitient  data,  it  had  been 
hoped  to  obtain  Bauctioii  for  an  extraordinary  contiii:.'ent,  a  two  jier  miilo 
estate  tax,  a  reorganization  of  the  tobacci)  reve-uie,  incre:ised  iluty,  and  cer- 
tain industrial  coutributious,  and  to  cll'ect  a  net  tlemeut  of  tho  interior  debt. 

'  ilacedo  naiTowly  escaped  formal  arraiymnent  t'ur  certain  acts. 


m 


! 


i 


GOO 


APJSTA'S  ADMIXISTRATIOX. 


lire/.,''  assistL';!  hy  Irbaiio  I'^onsoon,  for  justice,  ^[;iitos 


.S[)iU 


'/;i,   lor  tiiiaiKH.',  and  (u-neral  llobl 


es,    wlio   was 


retaiiietl  i\)V  the  war  tlepartiiieat,  Tliis  quartette 
inaiiai^ed  to  Iiold  its  ])ositioii  into  tlu^  l'ollowiii!4"  year 
by  jtrudently  beiidiiiL*"  belbi'i;  the  winds,  content  with 
some  slii'-lit  concessions  iVoni  a  con'jfress  wliich  iVit- 
tered  awi'y  its  time  in  idle  (bscnissions  and  upon  ]»etty 
(juestions,"  and  disitlayed  such  (hssension  and  lack  ot' 
method  and  patriotic  zeal  that  the  ministers  i'clt 
obiiijfed    to  })oint    out    tlie    need    for   its    reoigaiii/a- 


tion 


,  i'» 


Willie    more  tlian  one   journal  urj^'ed  ns  sup- 


d 


pression,  or   at    least    that    of   the  senate,  and  t^ave 
winn"  to  rumors  that  ^Vrista  inii^ht  <,lo  so.'^ 

IJut  the  idea  was  imi)racticable.  With  jealous 
discontent  of  states,  and  wide-s[)read  dissatisfaction 
anioni>'  the  j)inched  soldiers,  the  coiuitry  would  not 
liavesutfered  from  the  su[)[)ression  of  a  l)ody  com[)ose:l 
in;dnly  of  dei-'enerate  members,  elected  by  iiitri^-uc 
and  intent  on  pay  and  bribes, ^"^  and  of  those  who  aimed 
solely  at  tliwai-tin;^  a  ^'overnment  hated  by  their 
])arty.  A  number,  however,  were  actuated  by  the 
laudable  desii-e  to  compel  a  retrenchment  so  seldom 
observed,  altlu>Ui4h  they  mi^•llt  have  used  a  little  mor>' 
judgment  in  their  o]»position,  and  reminded  of  their 
duties  not  only  recalcitrant  members,  but  the  states, 
many  of  which  were  j^'i-owing  h)ose  in  their  observance 
of  the  federal  bond  and  its  obligations,  neglecting  to 

"lliiiuircz  took  posssossioii  Sept.  llth,  iii:ilciii;^  as  usual  a  iiosfc  of  pr()iiiis(  •<, 
aiiion;^  others  to  lio  giiuloil  l)y  i)iil>lio  oi)iiui)ii.  .l/(.i:.,  Li'iji-I.  MrJ.,  1S.")1,  'A\'\ 
cto. 

*Tlio  }[o)iilar  III  p.,  Di'O.  15,  1,S.")1,  in  icviowiny;  ila  acts  during  the  yi'.ir, 


illict 


rt  a  si'atuiM''  re 


.1/ 


.1/r 


.'imUc.  ill  which  otii 

.1/;/;.  ./(^^^,  rcj,  w.  otc 


J' 


inials 


J' 


Till!  ciliCor  of  L(i!i  f'o-:qiil/a-i  iiail  to  seek  a  hiiliiii,'-plnee  to  escape  arresf. 


The  A'e/  'iimv/or  of  Moi'elia  and  I.'cn  ib  I  ( 'oincfcio  of  \'er.'i  (  Vu/,  WJfo  iie:;i'l v 


liold.     The.  ciiaiiilieis  also  ereat 


states,  and  urdei  iii;^'  ])ayincnts  wliero  the  ^'ovcriinicnt  s 


tronl 
th. 


hy  nK'( 


Idlin''  ill  local  all',.! 


rs  lit 


'ht  t 


I)    CCon:  11111/ 


/.'/•( 


rnt, 


(I'.jli.  lU'  Mix,,  ii.  .'!S_';  /(/.,  Ilht.   ,/iilijit,  iv.  "JlSct  seq.     CimconiiiiJ 


ii'oroi'atious,  etc.,  see  .l/i' 


Lnji.l.    J/,/.,     1 


II 


•J():», 


Mr 


A'//.,  JM:  1/  On/.,  18.".0-1,  •_Mi)-I,  :V2-2-;],  ;i2-i-;».     J.ist  of  congress  iiieiii1"-.i 


.1/.' 


Col.  Mill).  II  (I'liid,  1S.")J,  1 -,")!. 


As  I! 


ipell  i 


L'ciisatioa  ran.      WliiU-  several  de]XU'titients  were  siilTc 


Ui:,' 


from  a  lack  of  tniuls,  eongrcs-i  took  can;  in  the  following  year  to<li'crce 
Ki.runieiit  of  eight  per  cent  on  ihities  for  the  jiayincnt  of  it.s  munibcrs  ami  "f 
treasury  oUicials.  M:'.c.,  Lijiil.  M-j.,  l^oJ,   loO. 


XATIONAT.  riT.T. 


601 


IllU'UllHlS 


]r,iy  the  contingent  nnd  to  promote  harinonioiis  and 
iKM'cssarv  nieasvn-cs.'^ 

A  notable  transa(!tion  by  Ivninirez  was  his  arrange- 
iiicnt  witli  tlio  ijit(M'ior  and  Ibi-cign  ereditors  of  the 
rc'|)id>he,  who  liad  l)L'eoine  clamorous  and  even  thi'eat- 
"u'lwj;  under  the  lailure  of  a  pressed  administi"atit»n 
111  meet  their  demands.'*  A  rt'volution  in  the  north- 
(Mst  provinces  had  besides  obliged  it  to  infringe  the 
tiriir  laws  in  an  nlarniing  manner.  Hy  decret)  <>i"  ^tay 
r,),  IHaiJ,  an  eilbrt  was  made  to  carry  out  tlu^  provisions 
of  November  ISaO  I'or  the  consolidation  and  settlement 
(^I'tlu!  interior  debt;  but  the  assignment  proved  insutK- 
rient  to  cover  more  than  two  thirds  of  tlu^  interest.'^ 
I  before  this  the  foi'eign  ministei's  and  repres(Mitatives 
liad  formally  protested  against  the  ini'oads  on  custom- 
liotise  revenues  by  taritf  infringements  in  the  nortli- 
e;ist,  and  the  glai'ing  neglect  to  supj)ress  smuggling/'^ 
v.hicU  naturally  ati'ected  tlio  assigmuents  for  ))aying 
t!ieii-  claims. 

The  energetic  ste])s  taken  in  consecpience  served  to 
appease  them  somewhat,  and  a,  luunber  of  pi'ndingand 
deferred  claims  were  arranged  l)y  sj)ecial  eonvi-ntlons 
at  the  close  of  1851/'  ti  settlement  that  was  not  to  be 
ef  Ioul;;  duration. 

"  Some  iiisi.st(>(l  on  i-etaiiiing  tlic  cxoiso  tax  nlioliwlicil  (lui'iiii:;  tlic  l;ito  war, 
mIuIo  others  had  ."Khjjiti'il  diivct  contlilmiiuiis,  ti)  the  iiu  ri';isc  ol  icpiil'ii^inu. 
Arista  divided  the  count ry  into  lo  treasury  districts,  iiiid  created  a  iniliiary 
e^'inisaria. 

"'J'lie  interior  creditors  had  formed  an  association  widcli  claimed  the  riv'ht 
to  1)0  consult  (1  in  all  custom  liouf'ea]i[i:)intinents.  It  \v;,s  Unown  as  the  j  inta 
lie  eredito  piiljlieo,  liavinj,'  the  v'-^ht  {,,  appoint  ;»n  agent  to  Wiiteh  proceedings 
Hi  eustom-liouses. 

' '  'J'lie  three  per  cent  on  nA  reeei|its  of  custom  liouse,  the  state  coutin<;cnt, 
iiihl  some  smaller  appropriations  toward  tills  delit  amounted  to  only  !?">li'>.'>.;i>, 
u'.iilelho  intei'cst  was  SS'J7,  IT'i.  A  law  of  .lunc'  1,  I. So-',  created  a  funding 
ih;' utment  tor  tiie  del)t.  liotli  decrees  witii  regulations  are  given  in  J/e.c, 
/.  ./'-/.  .1/'/.,  ISo'J,  ll'j  |(!,  ],'{7  4li.  For  projects  and  coimuents,  considt  .1/e  I., 
/i '■.  i:.riia<.,  I S.")  I,  1 -.•{_';  Ih  n<la  I  ill.,  Liiiih-lSr,:,\-\.\;  /,!.,  Uor.  n/al., 
i^'l,  1 -'.12,  andajip.;  J/..C.,  CoiiiiK.  ilr  /Iw.  /)irldiiifii.  ISol,  1   •_'!). 

''■See  record  of  eonferenee  he'd  on  .Ian.  'JS,  |S.")'J,  hilweeu  Ituuurcz  and 
n  pic  sentalives  from  !•" ranee,  .Spai'  I'aig.,  tiicl\  S.,and  (iuatemala.  />ii:--i'i  > 
I  iirii.  J/c.c. ,  i.  (!1!)  ct  seip  Not  long  rd'ter  came  war  ve-sels  to  siippoit  them. 
r  '  i^iiiii'l,  Mitii'if.,  is  a  protest  in  heh.ilf  of  Mexican  liondlioldcrs.  J/'.c,  l)i!it 
I!'  r'--  i.  •'!,  -d,  etc.     Conuuents  in  j:-<i>'ii'>nl,  Oct.  1»,  I.S.'cJ,  etc. 

'  Sp.'uiish  claini.T,  jiartly  ilatiug  from  the  time  of  the  independence  w.ii-, 
am  .iiutcd  to  .'JTi-JOOiOiiS.     Some  of  them,  already  ruoogni/ed  by  conveiiuon  of 


i  I- 


■m 


m 


C02 


ARISTA'S  ADMI NISTllATION. 


The  enfoivt'd  ruti'cnchinciits  oCMk!  ^ovcirnmoiit  i^jivo 
I'Iso  to  Ji  imiiil)(.!r  <>r  iiitenuil  diilioultios  tciidin^'  (o 
wcukcii  its  hold  oil  tliu  puhlio,  althou^li  tlu;  bluim; 
mainly  bcloiiirtid  to  the  status,  luoislativu  bodies,  and 
jteoplu  gctieially,  which  expoetud  too  imich.  Oiiu  re- 
sult was  au  alacmiiii^  increase  in  highway  robbery  and 
othi'r  Climes,  owing  to  the  reduced  ))ati'ol  soi'vice  and 
the  indill'erence  or  connivance  of  underpaid  ollicials;'^ 
another,  the  increase  of  pronunciamientos  fostered  hy 
factions,  and  joined  in  or  }»erniitted  b}'  a  neglected 
nrniy.  One  bi'oke  out  at  (jruanajuato  iminediately 
after  the  election  of  Arista;  and  although  the  govern- 
iiient  inllieted  a  severe  lesson  in  sup[)ressing  it,  another 
futile  effort  was  made  in  July  1H51."'  Similar  d(Mn- 
onsti-ations  were  re[)orted  from  San  J^uis  Potosi,  Vera 
Cruz,  l*uebla,  Tlascala,  and  other  central  [)arts  into 
the  ever-restless  Jalisco,  and  southward,  as  a  rule  mi 

July  1S47,  wiM'i'  soinowliat  modiCu'il,  Jiinl  tiic  rest  wvm  to  bo  oxiiiniueil  wiili- 
out  ftirtlicr  loss  ol  tiiiu',  live  pt  r  cnit  iiili'ivst  Ix'iiii^  uHowcmI  on  tiitis^' w  itliiuit 
nosij^ut'd  t'liiiilM  iiiul  llnfc  jum'  I'ciit  tm  otliur.s;  treasury  notes  for  ('I'l'taiii  iiui- 
tiojis  were  to  Ix;  iuucptiMl  Jit  tliu  cusIomi-IumIso  in  lii|uiiliition.  |)i'<rii'  in 
I)iil)liuii\\\A  IjOzhiio,  IjCij.  Mix.,  vi.  Ki:!,  '1~~ ,  with  comuiunts  in  Mix.  itl'lU- 
jnfjiH',  Mnti.,  "J.'il  (i4.  JiiiMiii'i'Z  \\as  arcusi'd  of  yielding  toe  much  to  Spain. 
Jtaiiiinz,  .Ini.f.,  i.  1-8;  /»/.,  A/nnitcn  (.'uiiri'iiriniiin,  l~'20;  Id.,  Olxi'rv.,  Ill; 
PdjK  Viir.,  clxxxv.  pts  14,  ItJ;  l)Ut  ho  was  exonerated.  Mciii/o-.a,  Cid.iUnii, 
il/r/".,  ;]  et  He(|.  Certain  l']ni;li.sii  elaiins  through  Montgomery,  Isiooil,  &  Cn., 
Maitine/  d(d  Itio,  etc.,  amounting  to  nioie  than  $1,700,000,  were  now  to  ii'- 
cL'ive  thri'o  per  eent  interest  ami  live  per  cent  towai'd  a  sinking  fund,  inei_;in;; 
latei'  in  tin;  proposed  consolidation  fund.  See  also  Mix.,  Jkbt  J'ljil.,  i.,  « nil 
ri'poi't  of  .\pi'.  •_'!>,  |S,')-_'.  I'erey  \V'.  Ooyle  was  the  English  diplomatic  a; 'iii, 
iii  the  lieginning  of  IS.'i'J.  Esp(u~iiil,  l'"el).  IS,  IS.VJ;  Uniri'rsnl,  Oet.  15,  I'^.i), 
Jiiiy  I.")  IS.")-J.  A.  de  Iturhide  ligured  at  i.,ondon  for  Mexico.  Arch.  Mu., 
Ai'lii.i,  ii.  ;U4.  Of  the  Freneli  claim  liy  Serment,  Fort,  et  Cie,  somewhat  nv  i' 
!?1,000.(K)I),  received  assigned  funds  in  .luly  1S.')1,  hut  damages  for  nun  fullil- 
luent  Kaniiroz  would  not  lecogni/.e.  A  small  claim  hy  llargous  of  the  l'.  S. 
Mas  settled.  Set!  .l/('.i-.,  .Mini.  Mill,  lliir.,  I,S."(2;  Mix.,  Mini.  Mill.  HiL,  il.; 
Jjiidiil,  Oh.srri'.,  I  (it);  /'ii]i.  \'(ir.,  (d\xxv.  pt  x.  liy  decree  of  Oct.  il,  IS.'d, 
a  consumption  tax  of  eigiit  (ler  cent  \\as  levied  on  fon  ign  ellccts,  to  lie  lU- 
vided  witii  the  states,  w  iiieh  stojiped  their  special  smaller  levies  of  the  same 
class.   .I/J.c, /,-v/;.s'.  MiJ.,  IS.")1,  aj;!-."). 

''\See  .Mviiitor  L'l/i.^  Vch.  (!  'JI,  1S,")1,  etc. 

'"'I'hc  fornieroutl)reak,on  .lanuary  Sth,  wa.s  started  liy  the  brothers  Liee;e.'i, 
f^uilty  of  a  similar  mo\enuiit  in  Juno  ISM.  Unii'rr.fdl,  June  I'J,  IS.'iO.  'I'lay 
arrested  (Jov.  Airellano  and  gained  possession  of  the  city  ami  fortress;  hut 
I'raga  m.ui'hed  (pdckly  to  thi^  spot,  and  regaini:d  possession  by  a.ssault  on  tlio 
i;itli,  executing  .se\cral  linglcadcrs.  Mix.,  Mi  in.  Min.  (I'lier.,  IS.VJ.  ."ifi. 
Pardon  issncnl,  .Mix.,  IjiijhI.  Mij.,  18,'>l,  'J'JIJ-l;  (liian..  Mini.,  IS.')'_',  5,  et''.; 
Soniinnxi',  I'Vb.  "J  I,  ISol.  The  movement  n  July  was  headed  by  Urti/,  i  >^ou 
of  the  famous  I'achuu,  in  favor  of  Suuta  .^Uiiia;  but  informers  caused  il  I'l  ho 
suppressed. 


SMU(i(iLKnS  ON  THK  FROXTIKR. 


003 


local  issues,  which  only  too  iVeqiU'ntly  were  Ihochuik 
jor  more  serious  designs  to  bo  rev(.'alud  in  case  thu  at- 
tempt should  succeed.*' 

'Pho  most  serious  uiovenient  was  promoted  on  the 
iiotth-east  frontier  hy  contrabandists.  The  extremely 
lii^h  duties  im^tosed  by  this  debt-ridden  and  badly 
jidiiiinistered  country  were  in  themselves  au  encoui"- 
ii.;('iuent  to  ilUj^al  trailie.  The  olHcials  wore  induced 
til  close  their  eyes  to  it,  and  the  inhabitants  ibund 
enough  ])r()fit  therein  to  encourage  it,  disliking,  as 
tliey  l)esides  did,  a  distant  govermnent  whii-h  bur- 
dened them  with  disoiderly  and  useless  troops,  while 
doing  little  toward  their  protection  and  welfare. 
Moreover,  the  nn.'rch ants  and  manufacturers  suffered 
so  much  from  tlui  uudc.'rmining  of  their  business  that 
tliey  secretly  joined  issue  with  the  contraband  party, 
in  order  to  obtain  some  change  Ibr  the  better.  Tlu) 
leader  was  the  irrepressible  Carbajal,  who  still  la- 
hiired  to  form  an  independent  republic  in  this  region, 
assisted  by  sym[)athi/ers  in  Texas  and  adjoining 
st:ites,  and  njeanwhile  soun'ht  to  benefit  himsidf  and 
his  friends  by  smuggling.  The  moment  apj)earing 
lipe  for  either  j)roject,  he  eidisted  from  his  head- 
(|uarters  at  Brownsville  some  500  adventurers,-'  and 
crossed  the  border  river  on  September  18th.  He  was 
JoIiumI  by  two  liundi'od  Mexicans,  who  had  already 
lic.M  stirred  by  a  confederate'"  to  })ronounce  for  u  re- 


m 


3 


""III  San  Luis  I'otoj'i,  O'.ivari'S  .'iml  Vi-Lu'de  rose  in  Tan,  1S.")1  ji;,'aiiist  tlio 
piilirl  (if  Tani'aiiluiitz.  In  V't'va  < 'ruz  certain  ( 'oiiluvans  idiulleil  iu  Sept. 
.i;;aiii;-t  llio  liical  chief,  and  t.(v)ii  to  the  hills,  dcclariii'^  for  a  ilivision  of  iho 
slate,  auil  in  Doc.  the  militia  at  Acayuean  had  a  cunlliet  with  the  Mii.s]iii:ioas 
ciii.'cuH,  while  IvehoUodo  pronounced  at  .l.ilapa  a;_'ain-;t  an  excise  tax.  in 
I'urhla,  Ijopcz  demanded  the  reestaljlisluncnt  of  the  l)ases  of  1S4,'!,  and  at 
Ti'iianeingo  the  jireshyter  AIcociT  also  declared  for  nioi'o  general  nfornis. 
Ii.tails  ill  Mi:v.,  Mi'm.  Mill.  Omr.,  I.S,V_»,  !),  'M)-\\,  77-0,  no.  '10;  L'iirnt, 
lit-',  ,l(t/iipfi,  iv.  'J.V2-(!1;  ffiiiix'rudl,  May,  passim,  .June!  IS,  .Inly  '_*.'(,  .Vii\'.  .">, 
\\''-i\  Jan. -Dec.  ISo'i,  passim;  Si'jio  XIX.,  Jan. -Dec.  1S")'_',  [lassim,  etc.; 
IJii'iiiiol,  .Ian.  .'1,  10,  1S,")2.  The  Houthern  movements  which  kept  L'hiaiias  and 
liiljoiuin'.;  states  in  troiihle  have  Ix^en  spoken  of. 

■'  Who  were  otrored  S^.")  ii  month,  iiesides  booty  and  k1"'".V'  Avalos,  eom- 
inamliii,'  at  .Matamoros,  had  licfore  this  sunnnoned  troops  on  a  false  alarm, 
liu;  irlapsed  into  inactivity. 

■'•I.  M.  Canales,  who  pronounced  on  th(<  ltd  near  (JiHM'rero,  Mi'r.,  Mini. 
Hill.  Uiwr.,  1S52,  2J,  duuuuUiay  the  withdrawal  of  I'eJural  troops,  the  reform 


.',■  s 


G04 


ARISTA'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


(liu'lion  of  duties,  and  otlior  rororins.  At  tlio  lioad 
of  tlio  liheratiou  aiiiiy,  as  it  was  called,  ho  readily 
took  [)os.se.ssi()ii  of  Cainai'L>'o,  and  advanced  on  ]\[at- 
anioros,  whoso  inhabitants  wore  known  to  favor  his 
l)lans.  Avalos  was  not  stroni;  onouijh  to  resist  holh 
the  citizens  an<l  the  invaders;  but  aware  of  the  motive 
iniluencini^  the  former,  ho  offered  to  purchase  tluir 
active  or  passive  ct)o[)eration  by  conceding  the  main 
])()int,  a  reduction  in  duties  and  removal  of  proliibi- 
tions.^''  The  result  was  a  ilood  of  merchandise  from 
the  neighboring  republic,  to  the  injur^^of  the  revenue 
and  of  the  manufacturing  interests,  and  midst  tlie  out- 
cry and  protests  of  sulferers,  notably  credit<H's  with 
assignments  on  the  custom-houses;  but  the  govciii- 
inont  could  not  remedy  the  evil,  nor  did  it  consi<l(T 
the  stop  inappropriate  under  the  circumstances.  Ilasto 
Avas  made  to  send  reenforcements  from  the  lower  sea- 
ports and  adjoining  j)rovinces,  and  to  issue  a  decree 
of  confiscation  a<jfainst  any  ufoods  that  mii>lit  be  intro 
duced  by  the  invaders,-* 

Gi'eat  was  the  disappointment  and  rage  of  Carl)ajal 
on  finding  his  i)lans  forestalled  and  liis  weapons  turned 
against  himself.  Jle  nevertheless  laid  siege  to  ^lata- 
nioros,  carried  several  strongholds,  and  inflicted  no 
little  damatxe  on  the  buildiu'jfs;  but  the  ixarrison  man- 
aged  to  regain  the  positions,  and  even  compel  liim 
to  retreat  on  October  oOth,  after  ten  days'  tight iii^^ 
The  rei)ort  that  reenforcements  were  approach iiiuf 
hastened  their  movements.-'     Carbajal  reorganized  at 


of  tlio  constitution,  equal  senatorial  representation  for  the  states,  free  iiitro- 
(liictinii  of  provisions  on  t!>-o  llio  del  Norte  frontier  for  (ivo  yeai's,  tiie  rim  '\  il 
of  iiroliiljition,  rednotion  of  duties,  and  ;,'r(-ater  leniency  towanl  snui^.'"ii! -. 

'■^  '  Les  U(5goeiants,  prolitant  <lo  eette  cireonstanee,  introduisireni  ,i  Mit- 
nnioros  une  ([Uantile  de  eotonnades  nuu'ricaines,  c^stiiiiee  I'l  plusieurs  niil'i  mi.s 
<lo  piastres,'  says  Domeneeli,  Ui^t.  ihi  Mf  r.,  ii. '_'.'(."),  who  was  tlierc  at  tlii' '  m'. 
He  intimates  that  Avalos  pocketeil  largo  sums  for  the  conuf'ssion.  //., 
J lunial,  IKS.").  Arrangoiz,  M'j.,  ii.  ;U7-18,  distorts  the  ease  somewh.it,  in 
order  to  cliarge  Arista  with  complicity  in  the  smuggling.  Others  aira-^cil 
Iiim  of  sharin.i^  the  profits  of  .-Avalos. 

-'  Mvx.,  Col.  Liij.,  Jh'f.  >i  Onl.,  1S.">0-1,  400-7.  Carhajal  issued  a  cnuiiter- 
deereo .against  goocls  introduced  by  the  go\erniuent  party. 

■-"'  Doinenech  ridicules  the  mctho.l  of  lighting.  Fully  HOO  cannon-shots  ami 
.30,0^0  nuiskct-bullcts  were  exchanged  with  hardly  any  injury,  save  to  Ipiiild- 


V    T 


BORDER  TROUBLES. 


GOo 


]vtinosa  to  face  tlic  now  alliod  opponents,  but  was  so 
j-Lvercly  chastised  during  an  attack  on  Cenalvo,  at 
llio  cl(jse  of  Xoveniber,  tliat  lie  took  refuopo  across  the 
holder.  In  the  lblh>wing  F(A)ruary  he  niaile  a  fresli  in- 
road, with  about  live  hundred  men.  TIk.'  government 
was  on  the  watch,  however,  and  forced  him  back  at 
once  with  consideraitle  loss.-**  The  ohl  taiilf  was  now 
restored,  to  the  rehef  of  crechtors  and  foreigii  traders, 
and  pretexts  for  sympathetic  pronunciamientos,  nota- 
hly  at  Tam[)ico  and  in  Vera  Cruz,  were  removed. 

The  government  hulged  a  rt'asoiiable  pi'otest  agaiiist 
the  criminal  ibrbearance  whieh  permitted  advcnturei's 
to  unroll  and  equip  in  Texas  for  raids  into  Mexican 
teri"itorv.  Orders  were  accordinoly  issued  in  the 
United  States  for  checking  such  movements,  but  the 
local  authorities  had  reasons  for  uivin'*'  little  heed  to 
tlioni."'  Mexico,  therefore,  remained  exposed  to  this 
iiilliction,  as  well  as  to  the  inroads  of  wild  Indiiins,  for 
which  her  northern  neighhor  was  likewise  blamed, 
ahhough  less  at  fault,  liy  the  treaty  of  Guadalu[)e, 
tho  government  of  the  United  States  had  bound  itself 
ill  a  measure  to  check  this  evil,  only  to  fmd  tlu^  task 
]i.  yond  its  [)ower,  owing  to  the  habits  of  the  savages 
and  the  vast  expanse  and  wild  nature  of  the  region 
^\hieh  sheltered  them.  It  could  not  protect  its  own 
f>ottlements  a<;ainst  such  swift  and  llittino-  marauders. 

iii/s.  for  the  combatants  on  botli  siiUs  roiimincd  carefully  uikUt cover.  Avalos 
Mas  uouiuloil  in  tliu  lug  liy  a  siieiit  l);i!l,  'et  courut  se  eaclier. '  Jli^t.  dii.  M'X., 
ii.  -S.'.rr,  1,1.,  Miss.  A'ti-ci.,  :{:!()-,).  Carliaj.il  lial  :W)  V.  S.  rifloincii  luul  (!:)0 
Mi'XU.'aiis.  ('(institurioiinl,  Is'uv.  lS.")i,  passim;  I'limrl  Cull.  ( ,'< in;.,'res.s  coii- 
fii  1 1  il  tlie  title  of  '  leal '  on  the  heroic  city,  ami  },'rante(l  medals  to  its  defenil- 
(Ts.  Mr.c,  LfjiiL  M<'j.,  IS.'iJ,  i;U  (i;  ■'^ouon  iim\  Aug.  (i,  IS.");2.  A  steaimi' 
aii'ived  iluring  the  conlliet  with  troops  from  Tampieo,  ijut  thouglit  it  prudtiit 
t  p  tiun.  The  connnandL-r  was  arraigned.  Mex.,  Mem.  Mia.  O'lwr.,  lb'>'2, 
'J.">  (1. 

-'Tho  Mexicans  clainieil  to  liave  kilh^l  4S  men  and  captured  lA'^  liiles  and 
tie  solitary  iield-i)icee,  \\  hile  arknou  led,'ing  (I  killed  and  ',)  v>oundcil.  'I'iie 
liai  tie  took  ])laco  Feb.  'Jlst  near  the  liio  Sau  Juan.  Carli.ijal  retrealed  dur- 
iii-'  the  night  'J'lioold  tarilf  was  i-estoreil  tliree  months  lator.  Cnuiments  iu 
-V  .1-.,  JJiKciirso,  4'\\;  Slslcmu  J'roliih.,  L',  jirc-i-ii/.  df(U-iir,  1  10;  /'';/).  Vnr., 
c.ix.  pt  a;  ccxxiv.  pt  lOi.  Seo  also  Ui>tv(r<(d,  Si'/lo  XIX.,  and  L's/niriof, 
iliunig  the  mouths  in  (pK'stiun.   Jiivirii,  Hist,    .'nl'ijin,  iv.  '2lS-.~)!!,  etc. 

-' i.'ai  l;ajal  sva.s  ai'rested  at  Brownsville  .....iig  the  tiiiriiig  of  IS,">_'.  but  was 
iv'i  a-^cd  on  a  couiparati\  ely  insignilieant  bail,  /amaeoi.;,  //('-'.  MiJ.,\'m, 
i»^,  530-1,  joins  in  bitterly  coudeuaung  such  farcical  interference. 


■*l 


C06 


ARISTA'S  ADMINISTRATION". 


Ci)loiiizati()ii  on  botli  sides  of  tlio  line  could  alone  jn'o- 
vide  the  remedy,  and  this  was  slow  of  action,  yet  np- 
eratini^  witli  niark(,'d  effect  alonij  the  lower  course  of 
the  llio  Grande  del  Norte;  while  westward  the  i\iv- 
agi^s  increased,  till  they  reached  the  climax  in  Soiiora 
and  Arizona.  The  history  of  this  region,  as  related 
in  other  parts  of  my  work,  is  filled  with  savage  deeds 
ard  pathetic  incidents,  that  cluster  round  smoking 
ruins  and  redden  tlic  land  with  blood,  where  bleucli- 
iiig  bones  and  rude  Samaritan  crosses  add  to  the 
hori'or  of  desolation.'^* 

Every  ill  afflicting  the  republic  wan,  of  course,  as- 
cribed by  a  growing  opposition  to  the  govermiieiit, 
till  even  hitherto  neutral  states  and  p:\rties  joined 
in  the  prevailing  cr}^  and  causi^l  friendly  sjiiiits  to 
waver.  As  petty  outbreaks  increased,  and  ruiiiois 
spread  of  im})ending  revolution,  the  executive  bceaiiit' 
more  suspici(nis,  and  ordered  a  number  of  arbitiarv 
arrests,  including ])ersons  whose  popularity  and  |)riinii- 
iK-nce  crt'ated  nnich  feeling  in  their  behalf.  Seveii; 
injunctions  were  directed  to  starving  officials,  who 
clamored  for  their  ]iay;  and  finally  a  decree  was  is- 
sued, imposing  heavy  fines  and  imprisonment  upon 
etlitors  who  criticised  the  acts  of  the  supreme  author- 
ity.^' These  injudicious  acts,  wliich  served  merely  to 
exliibit  the  fear  and  weakness  that  dictated  tlieiii, 
produced  a  general  remonstrance;  and  the  su[)ieiiiij 
court,  headed  by  Ceballos,  objecting  to  the  press  de- 
cree as  anti-constitutional,  it   had    to    be    revoked.  ' 


28 See  //;.•*<.  Xnrth  Mrx.  Strttcs,  ii.,  and  Hi-:/.  Ariz.  a)ul  Ni-w  M,.,\,  this 
scries.  The  niiilers  penetrated  even  intu  Nucvo  Leon,  S;iu  Luis  Potusi,  :iij<[ 
Ziieatccas,  .as  I  iiave  shown,  and  alnmst  every  nunilter  of  tlio  Uiiircr.-'iil,  Si jli 
A/A'.,  Monitor  Ui'p.,  etc.,  for  tliese  years,  esjteeiiilly  during  the  suiriMicr 
months,  eont  lins  allu.sioiis  to  ravages,  generally  eopied  from  the  JJiiri'j  "fi- 
cud  of  the  res[iective  states. 

'■^"The  i)ress  had  been  imbittcrcd,  partly  by  the  grant  of  subsidy  to  tlio 
Monitor  Ik'p.,  which  was  claimed  to  be  i-ealiy  in  payi/.-^nt  for  oflicial  nuticcs, 
as  the  government  did  not  caro  to  cstal)lisli  a  special  organ.  The  ]iie^s  re- 
ttrictioii  vas  issued  on  Sept.  2ist,  with  penalties  of  frcjni  §200  to  .*i.)i»,  .ui.l 
•I  I, )  0  months'  imi)risonment.  The  following  day  the  leading  journ;ii-iiiiic 
oiit  with  blank  columns,  which  spoke  stronger  than  the  fiercest  article  cuulJ 
have  done.     The  editor  of  7v'  'o  ilii  <  'omercio  was  exiled. 

»'0u  Oct  13th.  MCj:.,  Le^i^.  M<J.,  18:>'2,  302,  341. 


UH 


CONTINUED  REVOLTS. 


607 


as- 


■1v  to 

irlU, 

ilTlllO 

;s  .li- 
ra:' 

I-.,  this 

llSl,   illlll 


in  tlio 
iiotiocs, 
liT-s  re- 
li)i>,  ami 

I-  i.oUlJ 


Every  such  rel>uko  and  defeat  l)rouglit  on  ridicule, 
1111(1  lessened  the  influence  of  the  j^overnnient,  caus- 
iii'^'  an  exa^Ljerated  sense  of  liherty  to  prevail  in  all 
directions,  manifested  hy  the  states  in  a  disregard  for 
tliti  federal  bond,  and  the  enactment  of  measures 
licyond  their  province. 

In  the  mi(ldlo  of  ]8r)2  several  hitherto  (h'spiscd 
movements  began  to  assume  alarming  j)i"op()rtions. 
llcholledo,  who  at  the  elose  of  the  prcx-eding  year 
liad  risen  at  Jalapa  against  the  local  authorities  and 
lluir  tax  levies,  and  for  some  time  struggled  witli  little 
.success,  was  now  creating  some  attention'"  by  iiis  lina 
stand  and  more  extended  range  of  pret(;iisions  for 
ivform.  At  ]\[azatlan  a  no  less  powerful  uprising 
[nnk  place  on  similar  grounds,  with  tlie  advocacy  of 
state  division,""  and  in  Michoacan  reliLjious  reelin'j; 
added  its  potent  influence  to  the  trouble  there  brew- 
ing. The  lately  instalK;d  governor,  ^lelchor  ()cam[)o, 
was  a  man  of  liberal  views,"^  whoso  precepts  became 
iKt  less  obnoxious  to  the  clergy  than  his  measures. 
They  used  every  elFort  in  beludf  of  the  opposition, 
]>()iiiting  among  other  things  to  the  immense;  inci'ea^'; 
in  (ost  of  the  local  administration  as  compared  with 
centralist  times.  The  result  was  not  exactly  as  ex- 
[)ccted,  for  a  nund)er  of  armed  factions,  rose,  which 
endangered  the  interests  of  the  state  rather  than  the 
stability  of  the  government.  Nevertheless  the  I'elig- 
iimselement  of  the  strife  spread  I'ar  beyond  the  boi'ders, 
to  add  strength  to  germinating  movements  elsewliere, 
aniDiig  them  in  Jalisco,  which  once  mi»re  was  tv)  cradle 
the  revolution. 

(lovernor  Portillo  had  made  himself  unpopular  at 
Guadalajara  by  introducing  an  ol)iioxi(Kis  }>oHe(i  sys- 

"('oiisiJorins  many  of  the  deinands  rciisoiiiilile,  Arista  onlorod  tlio  anv- 
cniHiiut  (if  Vera  Cruz  to  fiivo  tliotii  attc'iitioii,  ami  advi.^iil  Icuii'ip  ■,  l)ut  iiicb 
Nii'ih  insolent  disr^'gard.  liinrd,  d'oli.  ile  Mix.,  ii.  3i).")-(i;  A/.,  /■..;,'.  .Ai/,. //-/, 
iv. '.'Mi  ct  so(|,  Corruspoudcucc  liurcon,  in  Veia  Cruz,  Snccno-i,  IS')'2,  1  iil); 
Piiji.  Vir.,  cxeix.  pt  7. 

■■-'Ah  will  be  related  in  //'  '.   ^'.ii/h  Mrx.  S/nlis,  ii.,  this  series. 

"Without  ])rofes.scd  relij,'ions  faitii,  at  whose  inauguration  prououuced 
auti-'.lerical  uiottoea  were  displayed  i)y  his  party. 


Mi 


COS 


ARISTA'S  ADMIXISTRATIOX. 


tciii,  Mild  st'ckiii'^^i)  coiiliol   Miliiifs  too  closely  In   li- 


liair  ul"    tli<'  aiitlioritii's  at   .Muxico 


11 


had 


over,    IIKMITCll 


llu 


aiiLi'i'i"   ol   ji  ha 


tiiial 


iiV    iiaiii(;( 


lllol 
I      .lu 


^lari'a  l»laii(!ai'(,i:  l»y  arri'stiii^'  liiiii  lor  assault  <tii  I  lie 
]tiili''c,  an  1  fXpcllinL;'  him  and  a  rolIow-oHiccr  IVoui  tin; 
inililia,  wherein  the;  lor-nier  held  l)y  }>o[>iilar  suilVanu 
the  I, ink  of  colonel.  To  injure  th<!  |»eo|»l(!  was  h.nl 
eii(  UL;h,  l>ut  to  oU'eiid  <lio  hatinaker  I'oloiH'l  was  im- 
pai'ihiiialtK'.,  lilaiicarlt.'  saw  his  o|)|toi'tiinity  in  tlic 
jirevaihii!^'  discontent,  and  found  no  dillii-ulty  in  ohtaiii- 


iW'j:  adiK 


rents  auionn'  the  soldiers  as  we'll  as  th 


e    cill- 


/I'lis.  (  )n  Jldy  "Jdlh  he  tool;  [tossession  ol'tlie  ^;uhe|'- 
natoiial  jialace,  and  at  tin;  head  of  a  self-(;onstltiilr  I 
(•ouiicil  jii'oclainied  as  ^^dvernof  (jlregorio  Davila,  \\\\) 
vvas  einpowt'i'ed  to  sunmutn  a  le_L;'islaturc  to  riivise  tin 


Uate  coiistituticjii  and  inti'oduc 


etornis. 


\M 


iMcai  t> 
illo   Iv- 


or 


rctainini4'  the  chief  militarv  coininand.  Port, 
tired  with  ii  lew  faithful  troojis  to  La^'os,  wheiv  Ik 
souL;iit  in  vain  to  ini|)ose  a  (dieck  t»n  the  niovenidit. 
'i'he  I'edei'al  n'ovei'iiiiient  responded  to  his  ap[)i'al  I 
aid  hy  (he  futile;  desjiatch  of  coniniissionei's,  a  |»ea(' liil 
course  which  oiilv  uavi;  tiiiu!  for  tin.;  revohiliuu  ti 
take  root,  i'avored  hv  othel"  local  movements. 

The  ever'-wrathl'nl  Santanists,  who  had  so  Imi'^f 
been  wasting  theii"  ell'orts  in  dilferent  directions,  dil 
not  lail  to  exert  themselves  on  so  pi'omising  an  ona- 
sioii,  j)artly  hy  lioldjnn'  hefoi'e  the  soldiery  the  wrll- 
known  liberality  and  care  of  their  (;hief  for  the  aiiiiy, 
and  before  the  clei'Ljy  iind  conservatives  the  neeil  fir 
a  sti'oni.;"  hand  at  the  helm  in  oi'der  to  stay  the  evi- 
dent loosening  of  the  union,  with  its  uttendaiil  lav- 
ages,s[)ohation, and  mob  rule.  Blaiicarte  was  icall  v  llat- 
tered  into  giving  a  wider  scope  to  hispronunciainieiilu. 
On  Sej)tember  l.'Jth  he  ]iast<!ned,  at  the  lu^ad  ef  tlio 
militia,  to  proclaim  the  deposal  of  Arista  for  hav- 
ing inlVinged  the  laws,  and  the  recall  of  Santa  Anna 


i" 


iiso  I'liau 


)!(>r!:iiii.Ui(m    ] 


LTcs  li;iil   ti)  1) 
liutcil    I'lirtillt 


I'ic'd  (Hit  witliin  .six 


iths.      I>l:inr,ll'tL'.i 


tliiiinistr.itiini    in   t!io   lilaolctst   Ir.i 


inj,  iiiii)  (111!  liuililhiL'  the  mob  killed  tlic  yuvcruuicut  socrutury  »i!<l  t'"^ 


iiKijor  11)  cuiiiiiiaui 


iJLANCAr.Tic's  movi:m i:xt. 


00!) 


fo  c()o|)(!i'at(>  ill  f('()i';jfaniziii^"  Hie  ,i4'(»V(>rMiii(Mit,  in  iw- 
cordaiK'u  with  tli(!  i'edci'al  cniistitutioii,  and  in  clioosini^ 
;i  Icinpoj'arv  president  to  act  until  the  stutoH  decided 
ii])()n  an  executive  with  extfaordinary  power  to  re- 
storci  oiuh-r.^'  i  )avila,  wlio  a|)pcai's  to  liavc  hc'cn  an 
I  Ncellent  man,  ohjecte*!  to  this  plan,  and  tlie  Santan- 
l>ts  sei/.ed  th<,'  op])oi'tunity  to  tiirust  into  liix  place 
o'le  of  theii-  own  party,  (leneral  \'anez.""  This  sti  p 
gained,  it  was  less  dillicult  to  persuade  th(j  pi'oniiiient 
(•i\ilians,  clergy,  and  re^iiiai'  anuy  men  to  assert  their 
will  in  an  issue  of  such  urowin^^  importance,  and  not 
lit  it  collapse  undei'  tin;  leadershij)  of  so  insiLj'nilicatit 
a  person  as  Hianciirte,  unknown  Iteyond  (luadal;ijara, 
n\-  under  resti'ictioiis  ol)jectional)le  to  diU'erent  jiai'ties 
,iiid  sections  of  count  i-y.  jV  weeU  lat»,'i',  accordingly,  a 
iModiliiul  plan  was  a;4reed  upon,  callini^  on  .lose  Ij. 
I  ra"^a,  one;  of  the  leadiuL?  ij^enerals  in  th(!  army,  to 
i'!,ic(;  himsidf  at  the  head  of  the  movement,  and  within 
iliirty  d;i,ys  sunnnon,  in  |»lace  ot"  tluj  actual  unworthy 
(  Hii^ress,  an  extraordinary  hody  of  two  deputies  from 
iac!i  state,  whose  task  should  he  to  elect  a  jiresidt^nt 
t'lr  th(i  unexpired  (piadrennial  term,  to  revist;  the  con- 
>  lit  lit  ion  on  a  lederal  hasis,  relorm  the  tinancial  and 
ilfctoial  systems,  I'l'or^ani/e'  the  neglected  army, 
;i:id  syst(!matize  the  IVontit-r'  deleiice  ai^ainst  Indians, 
ilere'in  were  dir(!ct  concessions  to  discontented  troo[)S 
;i!i(l  suspicious  federalists,  and  strong  inducements  to 
I  lie  other  heading  parlies— a  plan  and  indorsement 
tii.it  could  not  fail  to  win  resp(;ct.  JJlancarte,  inde(;(l, 
I'lnid  it  prudent  to  give  ins  a'p'proval."'^     Well  aware 

''I'lic  plan,  eijiitaiiiiiit,'  11  articles,  wa.s  fiiriiially  issticil  on  Sopt.  I.")ili,  liy 
Ui.iiuai-to,  as  prDvi.siiinal  ;,'i)vi'i'niir,  (luinL,'  to  tlio  nsi^ination  of  iJ.ivila.  'I'lXt 
ill  ./'(/.,  /Joe.  /i'<i'.,  (17,  wliiih  aji|icars  t')  lii'  Illant'arte'.'i  pro  luction.  Corn;- 
s|ioailt'ni;c  botwecn  the  two,  ami  ileciecs  of  the  foriiicr,  aro  aniiexeil. 

''Siiai'c'Z  y  Xavari'o,  who  aoto  1  as  .scei'ctary  to  IJlanearti',  claiiiis  to  have 
I'tiii  the  chief  agent  of  the  Santanist  J'ai'ty,  aetuated  hy  ii  lielicjf  in  SanUi 
Anna's  ability  to  save  the  union.      In  IS.iU  he  issueil  a  litthi  volume,  /.'/  (,' 


''  Saiita-AiiiKi  linrldiiilo.se  tic  la  Xrr- 


Ki',  l-'J'M,  Kivi 


ocuineut.s  in 


t'l  ■  (^ise  and  .seeking  to  prove  that  ho  was  deeeived  hy  this  sehenier.  Suan.'Z 
\'  .\:i\arro  gained  iironiolion  l>y  his  ageney  and  signs  ad  a  general.  See  p(>.  "Jl  ■ 
!'i,  t!iei'ein,  concerning  the  nianceuvri's  in  iplrstion. 

^''I'iie  14  articles  of  the  |ilan  wen;  tirstdiscus.sed  and  adopted  hy  a  puridy  ci- 
vilian nieetinr,  and  suliscciucntly  hv  the  niilitiii.    Te.xt  and  signaturea  in  Mcx., 
llisr.  MiiX.,  Vol.  V.    U'j 


Mm 


CIO 


ARISTA'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


of  tlio  mixed  fculiii^'  with  wliicli  tlio  ecclt'siastical  >-\-^- 
iKitures  would  Iju  I'l.'j^ardL'd,  tin;  o|»i)osition  was  assuifil 
that  tliuy  joiiiL'd  luuivly  to  pi'uvciit  Moodshud,  aii(l 
Santa  Anna  was  priuK'iitly  \n;\)t  apart  IVoim  pnlitical 
nomination;  yut  both  I'catuivs  added  immense  wei;^lit 
to  the  document. 

The  call  ujxin  Urajifa  prf)ve(l  a  surjirise  to  many. 
lie  held  command  of  the  divisi(;n  lately  ordered  t  > 
crush  this  very  upri^inuj.  Ileaiin;^'  of  the  favor  with 
which  the  revolutionists  reijfarded  him,  the  jLjovern- 
ment  naturally  hecame  suspicious,  and  resolved  to 
ti'aiisfL'r  the  command,  pretendinj^  that  his  services 
Were  re(|uired  us  comandante  j^eneral  of  (uianajuato, 
where  he  could  be  watched  hy  a  loyal  ifovtiuor. 
Urai^a  understood  the  motives,  and  declined  tu 
serve  the  j^overnment  any  longer,  yet  he  coquet tcl 
for  some  time  before  yielding  to  the  invitation  from 
Jalisco.  Tlie  chief  reason  for  the  delay  was  his  vain 
I'fFort  to  start  a  prouunciamiento  of  his  own  in  (uKina- 
juato,  which  should  give  him  greater  importance  and 
[)ower.'''* 

Shortly  before  the  issue  of  the  general  plan  of 
Guadalajara,  the  cabinet  had  become  so  discnuragcd 
at  the  outlook  as  to  resign,  and  a  new  ministry  en- 
tered, composed  of  Mariano  Yanez,  J,  M.  Aguirrc, 

Col.  Ley.  Fund.,  300-7;  also  in  Siuirez  y  Navarro,  Santa-Anna  Biirldinlusc, 
S;{-f);  Eipanul,  Oct.  .'iO,  IS.i:;,  and  other  joiiruala.  By  art.  'A  tho  app  lintiiv.iit 
of  a  provisional  presitlent  wiM  not  consifjncil  ♦o  any  one.  Tlie  natimial  ;;ii,iril 
was  to  Ijc  I'olicveil  in  several  respects.  The  congress  had  to  sit  not  over  a  year, 
.•aid  i.isne  a  f;enoral  political  anmcsty.  Till  tho  finance  system  could  ho  ur- 
j;anized,  halt'  the  state  revenue  must  be  yielded  for  general  purposes,  excrpt 
from  the  northern  border  provinces.  Capitation  taxes  and  exemption  iun(.li:ii,i! 
fioiu  tho  militia  should  cease  at  once.  States  miglit  reorganii'.o  at  any  tiui'; 
under  this  plan.  The  decree  of  April  '20,  lSi7,  was  revived.  As  s  ion  as 
tl'o  'provisional  government  of  art.  ;{  was  established,  Santa  Anna  shoald  lio 
invited  to  return  whenever  ho  desired. 

^'So  declare  both  Suarcz  y  Xavarro,  Santa- Anna  IhirliimloKe,G0-7C),  0'2  II-, 
and  Ledo,  governor  of  Guanajuato;  tlio  latter,  in  his  L'xpusirlon,  1  '>4,  v.itli 
appendix,  of  the  following  year,  seeks  to  show  his  commendable  foresiiriit  in 
resisting  this  and  cognate  movements  which  aimed  to  set  asitle  the  teiKral 
system  and  impose  a  dictator  on  the  country.  IIo  shows  on  pp.  87,  "i"^.  that 
Uraga  failed  because  his  troops  could  not  he  relied  on  to  support  him  ii^'aiiist 
tiie  loyal  legislature.  The  government  called  him  to  Mexico,  hut  lie  ino- 
teudcd  sickness,  and  soon  departed  for  Guadalajara  by  way  of  Michoacan.  His 
letter,  accepting  the  Jaliaco  plan,  is  dated  Oct.  'ijth.  J/c'x.,  Col.  Lcj.  Fnml., 
3J0-7. 


A  NT.W  MINISTRY. 


611 


ruillcrnio  Prioto,  a  distinj^nisliccl  writer,  and  V. 
M.  Aiiava.^^  An  extra  stssioii  of  coiiijrL'sH  was  now 
called  to  consider  a  iVe.sli  apjteal  for  aid,  in  the  shape 
(if  a  loan  of  tliret;  millions,  additional  taxes,  and  s[)eeial 
jmwcr  lor  the  exeeutivi;.  A  : mall  ndvanee  was  se- 
cured to  sustain  an  army  wliieh  mi^lit  otherwise  pass 
over  to  the  enemy;  hut  heyond  this  the  chambers  wwr. 
alVaid  to  go,  especially  as  the  f^overnment  mii;ht  suc- 
cumb at  any  moment,  now  that  only  half  of  the  ^ov- 
niiors  si«^nitied  a  doubtful  adherence.^'  Indeed,  a 
decree  hintiniL^  at  confiscation,*'  and  certain  arbitraiy 
jii()cee(Ungs  against  suspected  and  obstinate  citizens, 
had  increaseJ.  the  bitterness  against  the  executive. 
Filially  the  lower  house  was  moved  by  the  represen- 
tations of  Prieto,  on  behalf  of  the  imperilled  cretlit  of 
the  re[)ubli(',  with  interest  on  debt  overdue,  and  the 
iiossible  loss  of  twentv-live  millions  bv  the  failure  to 
meet  engagements;  on  behalf  of  a  defenceless  frontier 
lavaged  by  Indians  and  invaded  by  adventurers;  on 
lirhalf  of  an  army  demoralized  by  misery  and  neglect; 
and  for  the  sake  of  preventing  perhaps  a  dissolution 
of  the  republic,  with  fratricidal  war.''-*  Just  then, 
however,  the  revolution  took  a  turn  which  brought  the 
senate  to  resistance  against  a  government  evidently 
(Icioined,  and  compress  closed  without  efFectins>;  anv- 
thini"  -^^ 


'g- 


"'••  I''or  relations,  justice,  treasury,  and  war,  respectively.  Rohles  lia'l 
retiri^il  from  tlio  war  department  already  in  Jtuio.  Vafiez  tried  in  May  to 
iiiuiiiiLju  the  treasury,  witiiout  succors,  and  touk  the  present  otlico  Out.  'J^Jd, 
hi-i  inilca^ues  liavinj^  entered  Sept.  3d,  Utli,  and  I'Jd,  rospcetively.  See  also 
P"  ivisional  occupants,  in  Mi'x.,  I.cjis/.  M<j.,  IS.")-J,  l.'i:i-;i.  'J41-'.',  '2!»;>-:!ill, 
;{.">l  .'),  ;{7')-81;  Arch.  M(X.,  Actn.<,  i,  II),'),  etc.;  (Ja'iiul.,  Man.  y  (riiri,  is.'rj, 
.v.'-OJl,  pas.sim.  Charges  and  eonnnents  in  Rumlnz,  Dimiavin,  \-\'l;  Un'ivir^  il, 
8i]it.-0L't.  18.')2,  and  other  journals.  A^uirro  was  arraigned  for  liis  press- 
r  striction  decree,  and  resigned  Oct.  "Jlith,  I'onciano  Arria^'a  succctHling.  Kiva 
i'ul:ui(j  and  Ledn  had  been  summoned,  but  declined.     Lulo,   A'^/jo.s.,  (j-(l. 

'"Only  cigiit  of  then)  published  tlie  late  press  decree,  six  in  the  soutli  and 
nii:'th,  and  two  in  the  central  provinces,  among  these  Ocampo  of  Micho.ican, 
against  whom  the  people  weraiii  revolt,  liivmi.  Gob.  de.Mex.,  ii.  400. 

"Of  Dec.  21st.  M>:x.,  Lcijisl.  Mij.,  18.V2.  IJSO.  In  Augu.'it  tiie  jcrovern- 
iiHiit  had  been  allowed  to  dispo.=e  of  4,000 militia  in  sttites  adjoining  rcijellious 
tU,~t!i'ts.  DublaiiMid  Lozcaio,  Leij.  Mex.,  vi.  237. 

''This  appeal  waa  mado  on  Dec.  lUth. 

''(Auicerning  the  progress  of  the  futile  diacussion  on  relief  projects,  soo 
I'lnc.rsal,  Hiijlo  XJX.,  Monitor  lie  p.,  for  Sept.-Deo.  lSo2,  all  ircely  critiuisiug 


V4  \ 


612 


ARISTA'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


Three  fourths  of  the  country  now  stood  arrayed 
ai^ainst  tlie  capital  and  its  rulers.  Mazatlan  had 
sided  with  Jalisco;  Durango  ado[)ted  its  plan;  Aguas- 
calientes  did  not,  on  being  promised  an  independent 
state  orjifanization.  Chihuahua  and  Puebla  were 
fermenting.  jNIichoacan  Avas  torn  \)y  different  fac- 
tions, the  leading  one  under  the  clerical  champion 
Baliamonde,  whoso  pronunciamieuto  on  September 
IJth  had  given  impulse  to  the  general  plan  of  Guadala- 
jcira.'**  In  Tamaulipas  the  struggle  for  the  governor- 
ship,*'' togetlier  with  a  C(!rtain  adhesion  to  the  [)lan  of 
Jalisco,  liad  encouraged  the  persevering  Carbajal  to 
repeat  his  invasion,  this  time  converted  by  his  advent- 
urous following  into  a  marauding  tour.***  Sonora  was 
also  the  scene  of  an  invasion  headed  by  Count  liaous- 
set  de  Boulbon,  with  more  laudable  aim,  yet  no  less 
a  source  of  apprehension  ;*'  and  the  disputed  territory 
of  Soconusco  had  been  entered  by  Guatemalans,  while 
Chiapas,  Tamaulipas,  and  Tehuantepec  were  more  or 
less  disturbed.  The  crowning  blow  was,  however,  t) 
come  from  A^era  Cruz.  Tampico  had  pronounced  early 
ill  ].)ecember  for  the  ])lan  of  Jalisco,  and  lowered  at 
once  the  tariff.  Fearing  the  effect  of  this  reduction 
on  its  trade,  A^era  Cruz  considered  itself  obliij^ed  on 
the  27th  to  follow  the  example,  and  was  sustained  by 
the  ixarrison  of  Uliia.'*^ 


tlio  cliairbcrs,  and  the  former  two  also  the  p;overuinoiit.  Arch.  Met.,  Ada>i, 

i.  :i-i, so-i)i,  etc.;  J[r.r.,  L"iii^i.  Mr].,  isv_',"7o,  ."uy-irj,  .3l;;j-4. 

"  The  well-known  loader  Guzman  upheld  Arista  in  the  inaeecssible  SDiitli 
of  the  state,  while  Zitiiuuaro  ru.so  tor  tolerance  anil  yeii'.cd  ehureh  property. 
]5:ihamondo's  proelaiiiation  and  plan  of  Maravati'o,  ete.,  in  Uninr.itd,  Oct. 
i;j-'J7,  an<l  KyHiilrJ,  Sept.  22,  18.32. 

'■'(J.irdcnus,  li.  Prieto,  and  (jarza,  holding  the  title  under  dillerent  elaiiii-i. 

'"  For  Avaloa  had  retired  into  .Matatnoros  anil  defended  it  well.  In  Aji:il 
IS.jS  the  U.  S.  authorities  were  induecd  to  secure  tiie  arrest  of  Carbajal,  wli  p 
was  now  restrained  ))y  heavier  bonds. 

''  I'Vir  this  as  well  as  the  later  interesting  phases  of  llaoussct's  expedition, 
see  //(.>V.  Aurllt  M<'X.  Statc/i,  ii.,  tliis  series. 

^^ Names  of  participating  leaders  in  U'lvcra,  IIM.  Jalapn,  iv.  .'v2t-7;  Vint 
Cniz,  iSnrrsD.i,  \  'AC).  Tuxpaii  lost  no  timr  in  joining.  (Jen,  WoU  was  sent  fn' 
from  Habana.  J.  Arrilliig  waj  proclai'ned  governor.  The  government  issued 
a  futile  degree  chjsing  the  gulf  ports.  Other  government  measures  in  .Ui  .i:., 
Lfi/ixl.  M(J.,  18.")2,  ;V2.S  et  se(|.  J''or  details  of  movements,  see  the  journals  al 
re.'uly  (pioted,  also  Si'jlo  XIX.,  Alonitor  Rc/i.,  Soiiori')isf,  etc.,  for  Sept.-Dii'. 
1Sj2;  Mix.,  JJinvur^iu,  4-7;  I'ap.  i'ar,,  cxci.K,  pta  G,  9;  ''cut,  Amur,  Pup.,  ii. 


R^^l 


RESIGNATIOX  OF  THE  PRESIDENT. 


613 


arrayed 
ilan  liad 
;  Aguas- 
cpemlcnt 
jla  were 
rent  fac- 
cliair^nou 
opteniber 

Guadala- 
()-()vernor- 
10  plan  of 
arbajal  to 
lis  adveiit- 
n)nora  was 
ut  Raous- 
^-ct  no  less 
d  territory 
lans,  while 
re  more  or 
owovcr,  to 
inccd  early 

owered  at 
reduction 

obliged  ou 
.tallied  by 

h.  Met.,  Acla^, 


ai 


cessible  south 
iiircli  property. 
Uiiii'ci-.ial,  Oct. 


\irtercnt  claims, 
well.     In  Apvil 
Carbajal,  w'.i" 

ict's  expedition, 

,v.  rv24-7;  l'-'-'' 
\^)ll  was  sent  for 
voninu'ntirtsUL'l 

■asures  iu  Mi-^'y 
the  journals  lu 
,  for  Sept. -Dee. 
Amr.  P'ly-,  I'- 


ll! addition  to  this,  the  government  suffered  direct 
military  disa.sters.  Its  troops  had  laid  siege  to  Crua- 
dalajara  December  loth,  but  met  with  so  severe  a  re- 
pulse that  active  operations  were  suspended  within  a 
fortnight/^  The  motives  of  the  general  in  comnuind 
were  evidently  similar  to  those  intluencing  the  con- 
gress— to  v.'atch  the  turn  of  the  current — for  the  sol- 
diers  could  not  be  reliod  upon,  and  the  revolutionists 
were  preparir«g  to  advance  upon  the  capital.''*^  The 
turn  soon  ca'.ne.  Arista  saw  that  resistance  was  use- 
loss.  After  one  more  vain  appeal  to  the  chambers,'^ 
which  opened  the  regular  session  with  the  new  year, 
lie  resigned  January  f),  185.'3,  surrendering  the  gov- 
oniment,  in  accordance  with  the  constitution,  to  Chief 
Justice  Juan  Bautista  Ceballos.'^'^  He  lived  for  a 
while  on  his  estate,  till  exiled  in  May,  when  lie  pro- 
ceeded to  Si)ain,  dying  at  Lisbon  in  August  185j.''^ 

4,  etc.;  Revere,  Kai  and  iiu'ldh',  '_';{2-.'),  ^'ives  .some account  of  the  Michoacaii 
e;iuipaigu,  in  which  he  .shareil.  S'n nilo  Lihrralin,  1,S.")1,  l-,'{2,  discu^^ses  tliu  le- 
li_'i')iis(picstion  in  Mielioacaa  ou  behalf  of  the  cleryy.  Ilih.  Mrr.,  Anicii.,  i.  17. 
(iimincuts  of  I'jX-miiiister  Roijles,  in  I'a/).  !'«/•.,  cxcix.  pt  viii.  .'{-.");  (lirard, 
r..c:ai:-<.,  l(3'J-7,  184-S.  Tlie  Tauipico  revolution  anil  measures  aijainst  it  arc 
noticed  iu  Arch.  Mex.,  Ac/as,  i.  ;i(i7 -7-.  Text  of  this  pronuuciamieiito  and 
capture  of  Gov.  Cardenas  in  Unhvrsal,  Xov.  'JS,  Dec.  '_'(),  18.')J.  (joiizalez, 
lli.sl.  Aijiiasr.,  1S;}-!)S,  gives  details  concerning  movements  in  this  little  Ktat(^ 
I'.cheverria  and  subsequently  >!ol(iuo '^eld  sway  here  and  in  Zacatecas.  Sau 
Luis  I'otosi  also  felt  tlio  stir.  The  chief  leader  iu  I'uebla  at  the  time  was 
named  Victoria.  The  legislature  aiitlioiized  tiie  levy  of  (),()()0  men  to  main- 
tain oi'der.  E-ijiau'il,  Sept,  "J."),  Xov.  .'{,  l.S.")2.  Mexico  was  disturbed  at  .seviral 
points.  Report  in  Ma  Irid,  Maui/.,  \-2'.i;  Pap.  !'«/•.,  ccii.  pt  8.  Kcljoll'do 
had  already  declared  for  Santa  Anna.  Snarvz  >/  Xdrnrro,  Sunta-Aiiiia  Jliir- 
li.i/o.ic,    l'2')-(j.     For  conditions  in  Oajaca,   Oaj.,  Jhiii.,   la.jl,   l-li);  185"J, 

i-:u. 

'"Gen.  Miuou,  wiio  hacl  succeeded  Vas([uez  iu  the  command,  being 
wounded.  The  representations  of  ilio  revolutionists  liad  doubtless  some 
ell'tict.  Sec  corrcspoudenco  in  Snarcz  i/  Xanarro,  SaiUa-Aiina  Burldiidose, 
1 OJ  et  seq. 

■''  Tliey  had  already  conipe'led  the  removeil  governor  to  retreat  into  Giiana- 
juato,  wliither  they  followed  to  coerce  tli(^  still  loyal  or  neutral  autiioriliii 
of  this  state.  They  took  possession  of  its  capiial,  but  were  soon  driveu  foi  th; 
yit  the  country  districts  were  gradually  joining  them,  the  agitatoi-  i/icea'_';v 
liiuing  risen  successfully  ia  tlieir  oehalf.  (Juan.,  Mcm.,-l'2~~.  Lerdo  explains 
his  ell'orts  to  prevent  disorder.   Es/iu^.,  M-iV.i;  Pa/).   ('«;•.,  cxcix.  [it  !J. 

''  Deputy  Frauquiz  urged  the  unconditional  concession  of  a  million  '  sin 
piiisar,  sin  leer,  sin  discurrir,'  only  to  excite  derision. 

•'-J/ox'.,  <JoL  Lcjf.,  JJ'C.  1/ Urd.,  Ks."):?,  I  .").  Minister  Yanez  had  left  al- 
ready on  Dec.  10th,  urging  Arista  to  fijUow  his  example.  L'sjxii'io!,  Jan.  ."),  S, 
\'<>'.i.     His  i)rote!-t,  etc.,  in  Intivvrxid,  >[ay  .'il,  l.s.');t. 

^'Of  an  ulcer,  for  which  he  was  about  to  seeU  relief  at  I'aiis.  lb,' ilied 
alter  embarking  oa  board   the   steamer  Tujua,  August  7th.     lla  was  also 


ii 


C14 


ARISIA'S  ADMIXISTRATIOX. 


■  Arista  entered  office  under  unfavorable  circum- 
stances, when  demoralization  had  already  taken  root, 
fostered  by  an  exaggerated  idea  of  liberty,  and  a  lack 
of  enerijetic  measures  and  sjood  management.  He 
had  to  bear  the  accumulated  ills  of  the  preceding  ad- 
ministration, and  suffer  from  the  reaction  following  his 
manreuvred  election,  manifested  also  in  congressional 
hostility.  Whatever  his  defects  as  a  soldier  and 
statesman,  he  had  evidently  resolved,  after  gaining 
the  supreme  object  of  ambition,  the  presidency,  to  be 
loyal  to  his  trust;  but  the  change  of  heart  came  late, 
for  the  consequent  leniency  and  self-restraint  were 
classed  as  weakness,  and  served  to  encourage  his 
many  enemies,  who  could  be  controlled  only  l)y  force 
uiid  intrigue.  The  change  also  indicates  a  character 
not  equal  to  the  responsible  position  of  ruler  over  a 
people  so  difficult  to  manage.  Pic  shone  best  as  min- 
ister under  Herrera,  in  I'eforming  the  army  and  sus- 
taining the  union.  A  later  federal  governnieiit  recog- 
nized his  laudable  adhesion  to  the  constitution,  aii;i 
respect  for  national  representation,  by  crowning  his 
memory  Avith  the  much-coveted  title  of  beaemerito.'^^ 

troubled  by  the  hallucination  that  Santa  Anna's  agents  weio  seeking  to  assns- 
t-i;i;ito  him,  Mialna  poriliilo  el  jiiicio.'  Arrinigoiz,  Mdj.,  ii.  nj).  '21.  'J'lio 
body  was  deposited  la  the  kyatiuu  tumh  at  Liabon,  the  lit;art  bciii^'  taken  by 
F.  liaiiiiivz  to  Mexico,  wliiLher  Conioufort  aUo  ordeivd  in  18.")i)  tli;it  his  n- 
niaiirj  should  follow.  Ho  was  a  tail,  iiiip<),<i;ig  jjcrsonage,  with  an  English 
stamp.  Ollieial  correspondence  regarding  his  remains  in  M6x.,  Corrcsp.  JJiji- 
ium.,  ii.  (54;5-7'-'-'. 

"' By  decree  of  Sept.  -o,  1850,  which  alsi.  admitt';d  his  remains  into  tlio 
Mctrr>])olitJin  clu'.rch.  Comonfort  believed  hin  government  would  have  proved 
a  bli'.-i.sing  with  due  eooperatii)n  from  tlio  statcaaiul  congress.  Mix.,  Lnj'i^l. 
M<j.,  1N").'1,  4il'2-.').  Ilia  resignatinn  has  been  hastily  comuiendcd  as  volun- 
tiry,  '  para  no  servir  ni  aun  de  prcexto  ,i  n'la  revdUKJo-.i;'  but  ]ires3  ix'strie- 
tion,  arrest  of  prouunent  men  Uii  nieresus[)ieion,  and  the  desiiatcli  of  an  army 
against  dalisco  show  no  purely  uiisellish  attitude.     The  army  proved  uure 

liable.     Itiveraalso  dcfeiida  him:  'La  Xacion  toila jlvida  las  mueli;n 

debilidades  del  iioiidiro  jiara  admirar  lasgraiides  virtudes  del  ilustre  ciuda- 
ilano,'  (iW).  (/-'  Mi.i-.,  ii.  UXi;  ,ind  Zamacois  blames?  the  congress  for  his  fail- 
ures. Both  Santa  Anna  and  Suare;;  y  \a\  arro  r.ived  against  him  as  a  criminal 
worthy  of  tlie  gibljct,  but  dareil  ui'.ly  to  exile  him.  Sec  letters  in  iJomnio-h, 
Ili-t.  flu,  J/('.r.,  ii.  'J.IO.  Tlie  conservative  share  in  his  overtin-ow  is  considered 
ill  J/ex".,  Partido  C<jii<i:n\,  (J-7. 


;iiict  to  assns- 


CHAPTER  XXiy. 

HIS  MOST  SERENE  HIGHXESS,  THE  DICTATOR. 

18o3, 

CeEjVllos  is  Confirmed  as  President— Ineiticient  Measures— Supprep- 
sioN  OF  THE  Congress — Pi^vn  of    Arruvozahco  —  liKsiciNATioN    of 

CeBAI.LOS — LOMBAKDINI  SUCCEEDS — NEPOTISM   AND  CoRUri'TION—  ElKC- 

TiirsAL  Campaign — Victory  of  Santanists  and  Consekvatives— Ri;- 
TCKN  of  Santa  Anna— His  Ministisy  and  Policv— A  Centualizku 
Administration — REcoN.sTurcTioN  of  the  Army  and  its  Oi!Jkct — 
Favoritism,  Espionage,  and  Persecution  —A  Few  Redkeming  Effouis 
— Death  of  Alaman,  the  Great  Conservative  Leader— P(imi>  and 
Arrogance  of  the  Dictator— Orders  and  Titles— Visions  of  Em- 
pire. 

The  political  situation  was  by  no  means  improved 
by  the  resignation  of  Arista;  for  the  troops  gave 
signs  of  uneasiness,  and  no  one  knew  wliat  course  they 
might  take.  Fortunately  the  connnanding  officers 
succeeded  in  controlling  them.  The  cluuubers  were 
sunnnoned  to  signify  their  choice  of  a  new  ruler,  and 
thought  it  prudent  to  introduce  the  least  change  pos- 
sible, by  sustaining  as  president  ad  interim  Judgii  Ce- 
ballos,  whose  opposition  to  tlie  late  decree  restricting 
the  press  had  added  to  the  laurels  formerly  gained  by 
him  as  u'overnor  of  ^Eichoacan.^  He  took  tlieoath  tin- 
same  day,  January  G,  1853,  and  j)rt)CL'edt.!d  to  form  a 

'  Hi3  .a.lopteil  state,  for  ho  helongod  oriirinally  to  Duranjrn,  wlioro  lie  was 
lioi'ii  ill  1811.  His  oi'L'ditaljlu  survicu  in  ccjiii^rcss  \V(jii  inv  him  in  May  I.s."i2 
the  jiicsidcncy  of  thu  siiproiiie  court,  and  cuii.sci[\ic'ntly  thr  irarcst  claiia  u> 
tlic  chiof  nmgistracy.  liinra,  (loh.  de  Mi:x.,  ii.  407,  \\it!i  jmi-ti'ait  an<l  auto- 
j:iaph.  The  ri'iinsontativca  of  10  stat.  ■;  gave  him  thi'ir  vote,  iiu  hidiuLr  \'(  la 
Cruz  and  tlio  foderal  district.  Riva  Palacioohtaiiicd  half  tlic^  \otcipf  Mcxini, 
and  that  of  Tamaulipas.  Oajaca  gave  lier  favorite  Alnmnto  half  tin:  xoU', 
and  so  did  Puebla  to  Gov.  Mi'igica,  while  Gucrrciv  declared  fur  its  chiel tain 
Alvarez.  J/tu;.,  LL'ijinL,  J/<7.,  ISJ.'J,  3,  5. 

(015) 


GIG 


niS  MOST  SERKXE  IIIGIINEyS,  THE  DICTATOR. 


new  cabinet.  This  was  not.  an  easy  task  in  times  so 
Clinical,  for  lie  objeetetl  to  any  decided  cliaiige  of  pol- 
i.-y,  and  soui^dit  rather  a  eoncihatory  middle  course,  in 
which  lew  of  the  prominent  men  had  any  confidence. 
Finally,  the  war  portfolio  was  accepted  by  General 
]>lautH),  a  well-known  conserv'ative  and  Santaiiist; 
and  those  of  relations  and  justice  by  J.  A.  de  la  Fueiite 
and  Lodron  de  Guevara,  one  a  moderate  liberal,  the 
other  bent  on  extraordinary  powers  for  the  executive, 
but  both  inlluenced  by  the  A)rmer.  J.  ^I.  Urtli(pii 
took  charge  of  the  finance  department.'^ 

After  giving  so  sf  rong  a  majority  to  the  new  ])res- 
ident,  the  chambers  could  not  wholly  ignore  his  de- 
mand for  aid.  Nevertheless,  it  was  not  without 
])ressure  that  they  conceded  to  the  executive  extraor- 
dinaiy  |)o\vers  for  a  period  of  three  months.''  The 
resignation  of  Arista  was  avowedly  to  j)romote  a 
peaceful  solution;  and  with  this  intent  Ceballos  had 
also  been  installed,  lie  accordingly  released  the  po- 
litical prisoners,  issued  an  anmesty  for  similar  delin- 
(pients,  and  invited  the  governors  to  assist  in  obviating 
hostilities  and  an-iving  at  an  arrangement,  tt)  which 
end  he  countenanced  for  the  time  the  tariif  changes 
at  the  gulf  ports.*  ]>ut  these  and  (jther  measures 
were  stamped  with  a  vagueness  and  irres(jlution  that 
re[)t'lled  confidence  and  gave  strength  to  the  revolu- 
tion, which  was  ra})idly  spreading  southward  in  Oajaca, 
and  i'rom  Queretaro  northward  as  far  as  ('hihuahua. 
Indeed,  the  nKivement  had  assumed  a  force  Avhich 
temjjorizing   or   [)artiai   concessions   could   not   bend. 

''  UlaiR'o  Iiiiil  supported  thcloaMiiigof  mints  anil  tlie  restriction  of  tlio]>i-{'s.s. 
I'ncnti;  was  an  cihualoil  hut  ini'Xiiinitncoil  I'oaiuiilaii  and  <  Uu'vai.i,  was  old 
and  devoid  nf  i'neri,'y.  llivii  I'alaeioand  Yai'ie/,  declined  to  join,  and  t'eliallos 
eiiuld  not  agree  witli  T.  J^ares  and  Lopez  I'inientel,  w  lio  insisted  upon  a  eoni- 
pletu  ieaeti,)i;. 

^  On  eondition  of  jiot  eliangini;  tlie  form  of  government  or  c.xistingtrcaties, 
nor  deciding  in  eceleaiasiic  all'airs,  private  property,  ami  ])rivilegeH  of  utale 
or  federal  suprenu!  powers.  See  acts  of  congress,  dan.  !(tli  1  Itli,  eti'.,  in  .1  /■'//. 
Mtr.,  Arla.'i,  i.  4.S!S-'J7,  .VJO-'J;  J/J.r,,  Cul.  J.ii/.,  Jhc.  y  On/.,  IS.".;?,  .')■(). 

*  Among  the  measures  pro|iosed  were:  equalization  of  tariif  reforms,  reeo.'- 
nition  of  the  newly  risen  antliorities  in  certain  states,  restitution  of  ollieials 
unjustly  removed  ]>y  .\ri.sta,  ami  aliove  all  an  accord  with  the  rovoiutiuuary 
element.  Mcx.,  Loj'id.  M<J.,  lSo3,  7  11. 


RULE  OF  CEBALLOS. 


617 


ics  so 

f  pol- 

•se,  ill 

Icuce. 

jiieral 

auist; 

'uoiite 

il,  thu 

■utive, 

nrKlui 

i'  pros- 
his  ilo- 
■itliout 

•  The 
note  a 
ios  had 
the  i»o- 

•  dchii- 
viatiiiL:" 

wh'u'h 
hatigcs 
'asiu't's 
)U  that 
ircvolu- 
)ajaca, 
uahuM. 
which 
bcinl. 

Jtlici^ross. 
la  was  oil  I 
ll  C'eballoH 
luu  a  cum- 

|t;trciitios, 

i'';<  of  stato, 

ill  .1 /•'•/'• 

lif  ullk'ials 
jluliouury 


The  chambers  seeinoil  to  be  inilnied  with  the  provail- 
injjf  thnibt,  and  rcUixcd  tlicir  suiHK)rt,  a  larij^o  proportion 
of  tile  UKMnbers  iR'!^lectiii!L;'  even  to  attend  the  sessions, 
and  ahowing  the  o[»positiuu  free  play  in  its  hostility 
to  the  adnnnistrati(»n. 

The  oidy  safety  lay  apparently  in  yieldinijf  to  tlio 
swelling  torrent  by  adopting  the  plan  of  (jriiadajjijai'a, 
but  in  such  a  manner  as  to  ])lace  the  executive  at  its 
liead  if  i)ossible.  On  .January  IDth,  accordini'lv,  a 
bill  was  presented  in  tlie  lower  house  for  calling  a 
national  convention  to  frame  a  federal  constitution, 
choose  a  president,  and  promote  harmony.''  (Jreat  was 
the  outcry  among  the  deputies  against  this  invitation 
to  conunit  political  suicide.  Ceballos  and  his  cabinet 
were  denounced  as  traitors,  threatened  with  a  revo- 
cation of  their  extraordinary  power,  and  even  by 
arraigmisent."  ]lis  reply  was  to  dissolve  the  body/ 
an  act  consummated  with  no  little  disorder.  "Sovereign 
j)eople!  behokl  how  a  revolutionary  government  ti'eats 
your  representatives!"  cried  one  of  the  ousted  mem- 
bers; but  the  apj)eal  evoked  merely  groans  and  de- 
rision. The  senate  received  similar  treatment.  The 
two  bodies  thereupon  met  at  a  j)rivate  house  to  ]>ro- 
ceed  with  the  im[)eachment  of  Ceballos,  and  to  elect 
a  new  president.  Nineteen  votes  fell  u}>oii  the  aide 
governor  of  Puebla,  ]\lugica  y  Osorio,  and  he  declin- 
ing, IVIarcelino  Castahi'da,,  vice-[)resident  of  the  su- 
preme court,  accepted;  but  on  ])assing  to  Pui'bla  to 
he  installed  he  failed  to  i'e(;eive  tlu3  necessai'y  in- 
dorsement, and  had  to  I'etreat."^  In  order  to  stoj) 
such    irregular    and    disturbing    procedure,   tle[)uties 

'It  waa  to  meet  at  Mexico,  on  Juiks  l^tli,  foi-  a  year,  and  iiivcstinate  tlio 
inauagomoiit  of  the  actual  irovfiiiiiuiiit. 

•■Tlio  I)ill  was  plai'cil  liifuri'  tlu' i^iainl  jury  willi  iii.stnictidii.s,  .'iiul  Arroyo, 
the  U'liipoi'ary  siiei'essor  of  Fiieiitc,  Mas  suuiiiioiit'il  to  answer  on  llu'  'Ji)tli  for 
iiifrini,'iii!j;  the  coiistitntion.  t'elialloa  ii^'iiorecl  tlio  <:all  upon  liiui.  The  su- 
]irt'ine  court  liad  ahcady  hei.'U  appcaloil  to  concerninj^'  the  revocation. 

'  \>y  generals  Mariii  and  Noriei^a,  lioth  devote  '  Arista  men. 

•"'I'Ik!  I'uel'la  legislature  demanded  of  him  tlie  additional  authoi'ization  of 
tl\e  senat<',  ani.  this  having  meanwhile  I)een  ilispersod,  iiono  could  lie  ohtaineil. 
See  corresiiondenee  between  Castiiucdaand  Miigica.  Universal,  Jan.  '2S,  1Sj3. 
-Miigica  was  a  merchant  of  moderate  tcudeiicits. 


CIS 


Ills  MOST  SERENE  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICTATOPv 


and  senators  were    dispersed   and  strictly  forbidden 
to  hold  nieetinjjj.s." 

Their  last  act  was  a  bitter  protest  against  the  un- 
grateful Ceballos.  Deceived  by  his  stanch  opposition 
to  Arista's  very  slight  attempt  at  arbitrariness,  they 
had  raised  him  to  tlie  presidency,  and  shown  their 
conlidence  by  intrusting  him  with  the  special  power 
lefu.sed  to  the  submissive  Arista.  And  this  was  the 
return.  The  situation  no  doubt  seemed  to  demand 
})rompt  measures,  and  Ceballos  evidently  took  a  ])ru- 
dent  course  in  yielding  to  the  popular  jJan,  n.'gardless 
of  the  representatives  for  whom  he  liad  been  chosen  to 
act;  but  the  coup  d'etat  served  only  to  precipitate  the 
inevitable  revolution  into  a  new  channel.  The  minis- 
ters recognized  their  rMshness  and  resigned,  ]ilan(.'o 
alone  i-etaining  office  with  a  view  to  use  his  influence 
for  private  and  party  into  rests.  ^*^  The  president  was 
but  a  child  at  the  mercy  of  the  stronger  party  leaders 
suirounding  him.  Loinbardini,  a  warm  admirer  of 
Santa  Anna,  declared  o[)eidy  for  the  plan  of  Guadala- 
iara,  while  acknowled»'-in!jf  thecxistinu'  administration; 
and  Uraga  was  invited  by  Blanco  to  a  conference. 
In  the  belief  that  this  mancBUvrc  strengthened  his 
})Osition,  Ceballos  sought  to  avail  himself  thereof  to 
obtain  a  loan;  to  which  end  a  new  tariff  was  ])i-o- 
j^'cted,  with  duo  regard  for  the  changes  demaudetl  by 
the  gulf  ports  ;^'  but  cautious  capitalists  were  not  to 
be  so  readily  })ersuaded,  at  least  by  such  a  govern- 
ment.    Its  fall  was  retarded  only  by  differences  which 

'•"Decree  of  Jan.  21st.  M('.v.,  Col.  Lc;/.,  D:>c.  y  Onl,  \S»2,  7-8,  23-4;  LJ.. 
C  I.  Loj.  FiiihL,  .'J07.  Their  protest,  in  Universal,  .Ian.  21,  18o3,  Sljlo  XIX., 
II  A  ui\\vr  journals.  Their  prococdin^'a  are  recorded  in  Airh.  Mi':i\,  Aiin<, 
ii.  ;i,  and  passim.  Ceballos  explained  in  a  proclamation  that  his  only  motives 
wove  to  .stay  civil  war,  l)y  callint,'  a  new  national  representation  to  sugi^e.it 
th-j  means  for  harmonious  readjustment.  The  garrison  announced  its  ap- 
proval of  his  course. 

'"  Fuento  had  taken  the  alarm  ali'cady  on  the  IStli,  (Juevara  and  Urquidi 
followiuj^  his  example  on  the  20th  and  21st.  Correspondence  with  Uraga  in 
Snare-:  y  Xaviirro,  Santa- Anna  liarhindo^i\  148  ct  seq. 

' '  Export  duty  was  reduced  to  four  per  cent,  circulation  to  two  per  cent,  and 
in  most  other  respects  the  reformed  tariff  of  1849  was  to  bo  followed.  Army 
reforms  were  also  proposed,  and  a  temperate  prn<lence  was  shown  in  lotting 
oilicials  retaiu  their  position,  even  when  not  ii,\  accord  with  the  ue\v  plans. 


PLAN  OF  ARROYOZARCO. 


CM) 


still  kept  apart  the  leaders  of  the  m^reat  niovoinoiit," 
for  most  provinces  had  hy  this  time  tacitly  or  ex- 
pressly adhered  to  it,  diti'erent  sections  seekin*^  merely 
to  define  its  course,  some  for  the  maintenance  of  fed- 
eralisn),  some  for  the  revival  of  the  bases  of  1843, 
others  for  Santa  Anna,  and  still  others  preferrini^  to 
leave  the  decision  to  the  convention.  Even  monarch- 
ists ventured  amidst  the  confusion  to  raise  their 
voice. 

This  state  of  aftairs  could  not  long  remain  un- 
changed. General  Kohles,  late  minister  of  war,  who 
had  been  sent  to  take  charge  of  the  government  troops 
lately  operating  against  (^ruadalajara,  retired  into 
Guanajuato,  and  there  came  to  an  understanding 
with  the  powerful  governor  l^edo,  a  moderate  ril)eral 
with  conservative  ties.  ]3oth  thereupon  agreed  with 
Uraga  upon  a  new  plan,  formally  ado|)ted  at  Arroyo- 
zarco,  near  Queretaro,  on  Februaiy  4th,  wherfl)y  the 
latter  was  empowered  to  a])point  a  junta  de  notables, 
v^liich  had  to  elect  a  president  with  dictatorial  power 
to  act  till  a  congress,  called  within  a  year,  should 
issue  a  new  constitution."  This  evident  disrcLjard  Ibr 
tile  federal  bond  anil  privileges,  together  with  the  de- 
termination to  permit  an  aristocratic  faction  to  impose 
a  dictator  upon  the  country,  was  sure  to  rouse  no  little 
ieeling.  So  far,  however,  it  was  only  a  pi-oject  for 
the  consideration  of  the  powers  at  Mexico,  which  after 


''^Oajaca  Iiad  clian^'cd  licr  jjovernor,  ami  hail  approvcil  the  dissolutinu  of 
ciiii^rcss.  jl:"ivo  and  .ilvaivz  held  alonf.  Xvvn  (,'ru/.  hail  duclarod  for  Santa 
Aniia,nndL'r  Urau'a'.s  k'adci'shi|),  and  partof  I'liuhla  united  with  iicr,  whilcnther 
section:!  declared  for  the  new  movement,  Tlaseahi  [iroelaiininL;  itself  a  state. 
'I'lie  diyi-ioii  ia  Saa  Luis  I'otosi  had  been  aniieahly  settled  l)y  di-isolviiiL,'  the 
1  ^,'i.slaturc',  and  installini;  Adanie  as  H"^''-''''!'""  i"  place  of  tiio  assassinated 
IJeyes,  tl)(.'  plan  of  .laliseo  heing  thereupon  indorsed,  as  well  as  in  l^Hlerctaro 
and  Morolia.  At  Ixtlahuaean,  (!eneral  Carinona  had  lU'clared  for  centralism. 
Sue  Uiiirir.vil,  Jan.  lis,")!!,  ))assini;  lJ<j)(iii"l,  id.;  Si'jlo  XIX.,  id. 

'•'lie  was  to  1)0  assisteil  only  hy  a  council  of  state  of  his  own  appointment. 
In  the  junta  tin;  army,  clergy,  ami  industrial  classes  were  to  he  represented, 
(aeli  hy  one  person,  and  the  states  and  territories  each  by  two  pcusons  of 
standing.  This  plan  was  signed  l)y  LJraga  ami  licjhles,  and  h.id  to  he  suh- 
iiiitte(l  to  Ceballos.  Suarcz  y  Navarro  ascribes  its  main  features  to. I.  I'alo- 
mar,  as  the  me<linin  between  Ura;,fa,  Alanian,  and  others.  Souta-Aumt  Jliir- 
(■'iiiId.'h-,  !;{()-(),  140-4,  etc.;  but  he  admit. t  that  the  real  motives  are  unknown. 
L'iiiveriial,  Feb.  S,  lSo3;  liiveru,  Hist.  Jalaiia,  iv.  300-il, 


i:  '  '  >i 


620 


HIS  MOST  SKRENK  HIGHXKSS,  TIIK  DICTATOR. 


all  licld  the  key  to  the  situation.  Ccbullos  could  g;iiii 
nothing  by  the  new  plan,  unless  the  selection  of  the 
junta  was  left  to  himself;  and  Ura^a  refusinj;' to  yield 
this  all-important  point,  he  virtuously  declared  against 
so  glaring  a  distortion  of  the  Jalisco  progrannne. 
But  the  decision  lay  not  with  him.  Blanco  had  sur- 
rendered his  now  useless  portfolio,  and  sided  with 
Lombardini,  who  in  controlhng  the  garrison  held  the 
positi(jn  of  arbiter.  His  leanings  could  not  well  b(3 
misinterpreted;  yet  it  was  absolutely  necessary  for 
success  to  court  the  sovereign  states;  and  the  Arroyo- 
zarco  project  was  accordingly  so  modiiicd  as  to  leave 
to  the  legislatures,  and  where  these  lacked  to  the 
governors,  the  choice  of  the  dictator,  a  signilicant 
clause  being  added,  permitting  vc^tes  to  be  cast  for  a 
citizen  absent  I'rom  the  country — that  is,  Santa  Anna." 
Ceballos  now  recognized  his  own  insigniticance;  and 
objecting  to  be  imidc  a  cat's-paw  for  Santa  Amia,  ho 
resigned,  withdrawing  the  same  day,  February  7th,  to 
his  former  position  on  the  bench.  And  so  ended  the 
month's  rule  of  the  chief  justice,  which  may  bo  regarded 
as  the  closing  link  of  the  experimental  chain  begun  by 
Herrera.  Although  less  unseKish  than  the  repentant 
Arista,  it  may  be  claimed  that  Ceballos  endeavored  to 
save  for  the  liberals  all  that  he  could.  His  failure 
was  due  to  causes  beyond  his  control,  3'ct  promoted 
by  a  lack  of  discriminating  foresight.  Nevertheless, 
he  marked  his  administration  by  two  im})ortant  meas- 
ures, obtaining  the  weighty  cooperation  of  the  United 
States  minister  toward  a  new  Tehuantepec  interoce- 
anic  contract,  which  not  only  assisted  to  invalidate  the 
claim  of  Garay's  successors,  but  brought  some  money 


'*  As  soon  as  order  and  organization  had  been  introduced  by  the  new  ex- 
ecutive— the  glarin;^  tcriu  of  dictator  being  excluded — orders  sliould  i)o  issued, 
and  within  a  year,  lor  the  election  of  the  constitutional  convention,  in  acconl- 
anco  with  art.  -l-  of  the  Jalisco  plan.  Tlie  dictatorial  executive  should  bo  as- 
sisted in  its  task  by  a  council  of  state  of  its  own  choosing.  Ceballos  shoulil, 
on  March  17th,  open  the  votes  for  this  executive,  and  retain  oliico  till  it  could 
be  installed;  if  he  declined,  the  generals  of  the  divisions  might  elect  a  succes- 
sor. Textin.  iye.c.,  Col,  Ley.  Fund,,  307-11. 


FALL  OF  CKBALLOS. 


621 


to  the  treasury."'  The  other  act  was  an  official  rccoir- 
iiitiou  of  civil  marriai^'os  with  foreiL^iiers,  aj^aiiist  wliich 
the  church  struijuled  as  a  dani>"erous  intrin'jreiueiit  on 
its  rights.^" 

In  accordance  with  a  clause  of  the  new  plan,  the 
generals  who  had  assisted  in  framing  it  were  to  elect 
a  successor  in  case  Cehallos  resigned.  The  choice  lay 
j)resuinably  between  Uraga,  already  spoken  of  for  the 
presidency,  and  Londmrdini;  but  none  of  those;  con- 
cerned favoring  the  former,  Londxirdini  ul)taincd  the 
vote."  As  the  depositary,  and  notltiiig  more,  of  the 
executive  power,  ho  formed  no  cal)inet,  but  attended 
to  the  different  departments  with  tlie  aid  of  existing 
subordinate  officials,'^     This  was  de[)lorable  in  several 

'■' All  iimneiliato  payment  of  SHOO.OOO  was  to  lie  fcilliiwtil  l>y  a  similar 
amount  in  monthly  instalments  of  S">(), (!()!).  Altlioii;;li  e.ssentially  liiiLisli,  ilio 
company  was  headed  hy  Col  Sloo  of  the  U.  S.  Tlie  other  claimants  wore 
not  sparing  of  abuse,  to  judge  hy  such  publications  as  The  (l,(iitt  Id  <  \il  Sloo, 
l,etc. ;  H'lri/oiis''  Mfinonal,  1-7,  dated  April  IS.")."!;  Tc/ntnii.  Canal,  Col.,  jits 
8-9.     Sec  also  Tihunn.,  JJirldtiii'ii  Coinp.  (Innn.,  1-"J(). 

'"A  L'rcncl  man  had  attracted  persecution  for  marrying  before  his  consul. 
C'iballos  ga\c  him  .a  small  indemnity,  and  oirci'ed  to  arrangi;  a  convention  for 
recognizing  such  marriages.  Kiveia  is  not  fiiendly  to  t'eliallos  for  aidin;;  to 
overtiirovv  federal  institutions.  'Kl  corto  tienipo  (juc  golierno  fue  una  lect'ion 
util  para  los  gobci'iiantes  que  conspiran.'  Goh.  <lc  A/tir.,  ii.  418. 

''Of  Uraga  and  Robles.  Mrx.,  L(</inl.  M'j.,  ISo;!,  (iO-1.  ^oo.  Uiilri'i-mil 
of  Feb.  8-!),  ItCi.'i,  and  otiier  journals  on  tiie  change.  'J"he  ciioice  was  due  to 
the  mutual  jealousies  of  Urag.'i  anil  Robles;  for  the  latter  was  also  suj)])osed 
to  have  aspirations.  Lombanliiii  availed  iiiinseif  of  this  feeling,  while  pre- 
tending to  disclaim  personal  aims,  ami  prudently  casting  his  vote  beyond  the 
circle  of  the  three  electors  upon  Lares,  a  prominent  eonservativo.  llobles' 
disgust  appears  to  gleam  in  his  defence,  issued  a  f;^^w  days  later,  AV  Com  iii- 
daii'i'  u  Kxs  Cuiiriii'/.,  l-.")0,  with  the  usual  substantiating  documents.  l.edo 
liMil  cause  for  a  similar  strain  in  tiie  disregard  shown  for  him  by  Uraga  ami 
liobles,  at  whose  disappointment  he  rejoiced,  h'-'/io-^.,  (J(J,  etc. ;  Pdji.  Var., 
cxcix.  pts  8-!).  Ltmibardinis  connnissioners  also  came  out  in  a  Maiiiji'xl'i 
que  (hrii/cii  los  Comk.  jior  la  (luariiirlon,  \-'l\.  Manuel  Maria  Lomlianlini 
was  a  native  of  the  capital,  where  he  was  born  in  1S!)J.  lli;  joined  tlie  inde- 
pendents in  ]8'2l  as  cadet,  after  which  ho  retired  into  piivate  life  till  tlio 
yorkino  struggle  brought  him  into  this  party,  lie  rose  slowly,  till  Santa 
Anna  and  his  relative,  Valencia,  took  him  in  charge  and  made  hiui  in  I'UOa 


briyad 


lU'r,  and  as  such  lie  lielia\ei 


,  well  during  the  war  of  IS  Hi 


IS  syui- 


])atiiies  for  Santa  Anna  and  the  jilan  of  .lalisco  provoked  persecution  fr.nu 
Arista,  llivora  regards  him  more  as  a  parade  oliieer,  w  ith  suhieient  patriot- 
ism to  check  ambition,  (loh.  da  Mrx.,  ii.  421. 

".\amea  in  liomrro,  Mem.,  l04:(-.")().  Suarez  y  Xavarro,  Saiild-Ainni 
}ii(yldiidosi>,  iy3-G,  relates  that  Baranda  ami  (ien.  Busadre  obtained  from  the 
first  an  influence  which  Uraga  str<jvo  hard  to  dispel.  He  succeeded,  in  fii't, 
in  obtaining  permission  to  form  a  cabinet,  inclmliug  Alauian.  Tliis  choice 
was  so  strenuously  oi^posed  that  a  new  list  was  formed,  embracing  Baruiula, 


>  1 


C22 


niS  MOST  SEREN'E  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICT/.TOR. 


ways,  for  he  possessed  no  ability  whatsoever  as  a 
statesman,  and  lacked  also  the  common  j)rudence  and 
intcLrrity  for  exercisinji:  the  functi(»ns  of  his  ofHce.'' 
^Moreover,  not  content  with  absolutely  needful  enact- 
ments, he  arrogated  all  the  powers  and  i)rivilcgcs 
possible,  as  if  to  make  the  most  of  his  brief  tenure, 
and  decided  important  questions  with  such  precipita- 
tion as  to  cause  no  little  additional  trouble  to  the  fol- 
lowing government,  besides  loss  to  the  nation,  notably 
in  the  finance  dei)artment.  As  it  was,  different  states 
and  parts  adhered  to  different  tariffs,  with  endless 
confusion  and  immense  leakage  in  the  revenue.  The 
lease  of  mints  to  a  foreign  house  was  prolonged  for  a 
series  of  years  at  a  ruinous  ratc;''^'^  certain  funds  held 
in  trust  for  the  aborigines  of  the  capital  were  squan- 
dered in  dissipation;'"^  and  comrades  in  arms  and 
friends  of  the  president  were  promoted  and  favored  at 
the  public  expense  in  the  most  glaring  manner,  nearly 
a  thousand  military  commissions  alone  being  issued  to 
a  host  of  officers,  retired  or  dismissed  as  superfluous 
or  worthless  by  the  late  economic  administrations. 
As  may  be  imagined,  the  army  was  swelled  in  duo 
proportion,  mostly  by  ruthless  impressment  among 
the  unfortunate  Indians,  on  tlie  plea  of  maintaining 
order  and  repelling  invaders,  but  in  reality  to  sustain 
the  victors  in  their  position  and  aims." 

These    operations    passed    comparatively   unchal- 
lenged, partly  from  a  disregard  for  Lombardini,  who 


El,.,'Ucro,  Bonilla,  and  Uraga,  for  relations,  justice,  finance,  and  war,  respect- 
ively. Additional  iuUuonce  was  now  brought  to  bcai",  and  the  project  iVll, 
Ui'aj,'a  being  mollified  with  the  mission  to  Spain  and  a  licavy  allowance  fur 
expenses.     The  proposed  ministers  are  given  in  Expcuiol,  Mar.  t),  185;$,  cte. 

"'  Uno  dc  los  homl)rcs  ptiblicos  do  nienos  eapacidad.'etc.,  observes  Arran- 
goiz  broadly,  Mij.,  ii.  3"28;  and  others  concur,  although  modifyuig  their  juilg- 
ment  by  calling  him  an  honoral)le  man. 

'•^"Tho  loss,  says  Rivera,  Goh.  dc  Mcx'.,  ii.  427,  being  nearly  five  million.i, 
while  the  government  obtained  only  §'200,000. 

'^^Cadena,  Espos.,  1-28;  Pap.  I'ar.,  cxcvi.  pt  13;  Galcez,  Ante  la  Prim. 
Sala,  1-58. 

'•'^Near  the  capital  were  to  be  massed  12,000  men  under  Carrera.  Corona 
was  made  comandante  general  of  ^lexico,  anil  Anipudia  received  a  prominent 
position.  A  largo  preference  payment  to  M.  Mosao,  Lombardini's  intiinace, 
vaa  widely  criticised. 


RULE  OP  LOMBARDINI. 


(123 


was  looked  upon  as  a  mcro  locum  tenons,  and  ohoyed 
only  when  convenient, l>utchielly  from  theall-alisoihiiiLj 
iiartv  struijf'de  IhronLiliout  the  connti'v  in  eonneetion 
with  the  presidential  vote  and  its  attendant  h()|)es.  All 
the  statest,  with  rare  exee[)ti()n,  were  in  tlie  throes  of 
revolution,  resulting  in  guhernatorial  and  other  eh  an -^'e.s 
in  the  leading  sections,  such  as  ^[exico,  Puel»l  i,  ( )ajaca, 
JNIichoacan,  and  even  Guanajuato;  w'lile  those  around 
sympathized  more  or  less,  either  hy  adopting  t!ie 
plan  of  JNIexico  or  that  of  Jalisco.  Consei'vatives 
and  Santanists  availed  themselves  of  the  c>xcitement 
caused  by  the  impending  change  to  [)ush  tlieir  advan- 
tage, es|)ecially  in  weiglity  districts,  well  aware  that 
tlie  rest  in  their  bewilderment,  or  from  a  natural  in- 
clination to  stand  on  the  winning  side,  would  be  apt 
to  follow  their  oxani[)le.'^^  Tiie  cry  ibr  the  mainte- 
nance of  federalism  was  lost  in  the  turmoil.  Santa 
Anna's  pati'iotism  and  servicers  during  the  war  of  liS4(J 
-7,  although  unsuccessful,  and  his  subsecpicnl  volun- 
tary return  into  exile,  caused  many  to  look  upon  hlni 
with  favor  as  a  reformed  man,  and  his  late  stand  for 
federalism  inclined  toward  him  a  large  proportion  of 
this  wide-s})read  though  momentarily  subordinate  ele- 
ment. In  the  soldiers  again  ho  had  always  a  strong 
support,  owing  to  his  care  for  their  pay  and  comfort; 
and  as  the  army  was  now  ra[)idly  swelling  under  con- 
trol of  Lombardini's  appointees,  its  inlluence  on  the 
struggle  may  readily  be  understood.     His  partisans 

-^  Remote  states  coulil  csjicciiilly  1'c  <;nuntccl  upon  to  follow  the  central  ones, 
ami  niovenicnts  in  nceordance  did  take  place  in  most  of  tliein.  Tlnui  Zae:ite- 
cas,  Coaluiila,  and  Nucvo  Leon  ackno\vled;[,'ed  the  plan  of  .Mexico,  the  latLcr 
agitating  at  the  same  time  for  free-trade.  Cliiliiialma,  Sinaloa,  and  nei^li- 
lijrs  joinctl  the  victors  in  due  time,  Sunora  and  Lower  California  reni;iiiii:ij 
comparatively  quiet,  as  did  (lucrrero  under  the  direction  of  Alvare/.,  wlio  de- 
clared that  ho  would  yield  to  the  majority.  Tiie  gubernatorial  c'ian;,",'S  in 
Mexico,  Michoacan,  Oajaca,  I'nchla,  and  OuanajiiatoM  -re  in  fiivor  of  tlie  new 
oilier,  to  which  Querdtaroand  San  Luis  Potosi  also  adhered.  IVtty  pro\  incc-i 
like  Colima  and  Tlascala  bent  for  the  sake  of  autonomy,  and  cvo:i  Yucatan 
and  Tabasco  declared  for  the  plan  of  .Faliseo;  while  Vera  Cruz,  followed  by 
'i' mipico,  pronounced  for  Santa  Anna,  but  with  a  federal  Kysteni.  Suaic/.  y 
Navarro  seeks  to  take  great  credit  for  his  share  as  government  commissioner 
i:i  influencing  the  turn  in  Mexico,  Puebla,  .ind  other  districts.  Smiin-AiiiKi 
Hiirldmlosc,  197  ct  s>oq.  In  Siijto  XIX.,  Mar.  1 1-1 1,  1853,  and  other  journald, 
'•lay  be  fouad  docuineuta  on  ucgotiatiutis  with  states. 


02i 


HIS  M08T  SEREXK  JIKHINKSS,  THK  DICTATOR. 


m 


used  tlicsp  means  t<»  tlio  fullest  extent.  Tliey  jxtintcd 
out  the  iihsolute  need  lor  a  man  ol"  his  i'eeo;^nii;ed  ahil- 
itv  and  <'ne!'«^y  to  hrinif  order  out  ot"  the'  prevaiiiii^^ 
stril'e,  which  nii<i;ht  otherwise  dei^eneratu  into  anarchy 
and  dissolution,  and  to  put  a  che'ck  on  the  savai^'e 
I'aids  in  the  noi'th,  and  on  the  threatuninjL(  invasions 
alon^H'  hoth  frontiers. 

l'n<lersacli  circumstances,  it  was  not  surprising,' thuL 
the  state  votes,  ojx-ned  on  th(;  17th  of  starch  as  ar- 
raiiLjed,  should  dec^lare  for  the  wily  hero  of  Vera  Cruz 
1)V  an  overwhehnin'jf  mnioritv.''*  And  now  lor  a  rush 
to  be  foremost  in  hrinLrin^f  hiin  the  ^i-ati fy intf  news.'-''' 
No  less  was  the  haste  on  his  part;  for  hefore  the 
ofttcial  notilication  could  reach  him,  he  sent  assurances 
that  he  was  prt>])ared  to  c()o{)erate  with  leadin^^  men, 
and  sacrifice  himself  lor  the  ^(ood  of  the  country,  even 
so  far  as  to  retirvj  uij^ain  if  this  should  seem  advisable. 
At  the  sametiiiie  he  l)i!L(an  to  send  his  instructions  to 
Lomhardini,  who  i)l)ediently  accepted  the  role  of 
mouth-piece.  He  left  in  March  the  villag^e  of  Turbaco, 
not  far  from  Cartai^ena,  where  he  had  for  some  time 
been  li^urinuf  as  benc^Hcent  patron,  and  reached  Vera 
Cru/  on  April  1st.-''  It  was  a  day  a[)propriately  sig- 
nificant of  deluded  hopes,  cherished  by  the  people  no 
less  than  by  the  crowd  of  adherents  and  ofHce-seekers, 
who  jostled  one  anotlier  at  the  landini^-place,  eager  to 
ri'uder  homage  to  the  dictator,  and  receive  the  boon 
of  his  passing  glance.  Among  them  were  not  only 
conservatives  of  all  grades,  but  men  of  prominence 


'"Of  18  againstS  for  Uraga,  and  1  ca.cli  for Coballoa and  Triaa,  the  favorite 
{;ivcM-ii(ir  of  Cliiliiuiliua.  Zacatocas,  (J/livi,  ami  Agnascalientos  votccl  for 
Uraga,  Niievo  Loon  for  Ccballos,  and  l'ncl)la  liuld  aloof.  Diihlan  and  Lnzaiio, 
J.iij.  Mix.,  vi.  JL'O-^O.  See  analysis,  in  i'iiirr,-':iil.  Mar.  IS,  etc.,  IS'>',], 
L't^pniiol,  and  other  journals.  Olim  dc  la  Paz  of  Agiiascalieutes  was  foremost 
ill  hailing  the  victor  as  savior,  etc. 

■■'•'' (ioveruor  Serraiif)  of  Vera  Cruz  had  underbikon  to  anticipate  the  result 
by  sending  eoiiLjratulations  nearly  a  month  in  advance,  and  his  recall  had 
been  carried  by  (Jen.  l^^scobar  and  others  long  before.  Domonev.h,  J/ixt.  da 
Mex.,  ii.  -J-tS. 

^"In  the  English  packet  boat  Aeon,  with  his  family.  Two  sons  had  pre- 
ceded him. 


RESTORATION  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


025 


liniiioneo 


the  favorite 


;i8  foreiiKwt 


from  otluT  imrlii'H,  wlio  stood  jircpiucd  to  barter  prin- 
ciplu  aiul  prestige;  tor  Ji  piiti'oiiiziiiix  siiiilc.^' 

His  julvaiu'u  towMid  t!u'  capital  was  a  trimnplial 
march,  past  streamiu<^  baimers  and  pealing  licUs,  under 
imp(jsing  arches  and  tloral  wreaths,  over  abject  di'pu- 
tations,  and  midst  the  boom  ot  c'annon  and  the  cheers 
of  a  novelty-seekini^  multitude.  And  Santa  Anna 
responded  in  turn  with  wiiminj.;  nods,  and  a  most  ^cn- 


iTous  (li.spensation  ot  pronnses,  to  which  J»e  lent  sup- 
port by  u  well-studied  proclamation,'^*  and  a  modest  re- 
i'usal  of  the  titU;  of  captain-general,  wliich  Lombardini 
obse(puously  revivetl  for  his  special  benefit.'^'  No  less 
pleasing  was  the  impression  produced  by  an  anmesty 
lor  all  political  ofJ'ences,  which  served  to  lull  the  feais 
of  tiioso  on  whom  vengeance  might  fall.  The  illu- 
sion of  the  federalists  was  early  distui-bed,  however, 
by  an  unsatisfactory  reply  to  [)etitions  in  favoi  of  their 
system:  and  among  the  conservatives  oidv  too  many 
regretted  the  surrender  of  so  umch  power  to  such  a 
man.  But  they  needed  him,  and  he  could  not  do 
without  them. 

Lucas  Alainan,  as  their  leader,  had  taken  the  pro- 
caution  to  outline  the  j)olicy  desired  by  tluun,  re(|uir- 
ing  above  all  protection  against  liberal  encroachment 
upon  the  church  as  the  only  reliable  bond  between 
the  people,  with  their  antagonistic  castes  and  races; 
also  security  for  pro[)rietors  of  landed  estates — gen- 
erally of  enormous  extent— against  the  i)rogressivo 
ideas    now    becoming    prevalent.      The    masses   were 

'■"  Among  representative  men  wore  a  Ixxly  of  five,  liciided  liy  Gen.  (iarcia, 
to  announce  the  election  to  the  j)resiilency;  Aianiaii  representinj;  tlie  eccli'si- 
a.stic  calnldo;  Jiaro  and  Jioiiilla  the  niunicii)ality  ot  tlie  capital;  Unij^a  and 
others  to  offer  tlie  welcome  of  their  respective  states;  and  a  ile[)iitation  to 
instruct  Santa  Anna  rej^arding  the  eon(lition  of  atluirs,  selectcul  with  cal- 
culated prudence  mainly  from  moderate  liberals.  Suarez  y  Naxarro,  Smitii- 
Anna  JiurUiiidoae,  '226  ot  seq.,  seeks  to  parade  his  iullucnce  in  this  connection. 

-"Text  in  Universal,  Apr.  ti,  lSo3.  Prepared  ))y  15.  Vivo,  not  as  Miranda 
<lcclare3  in  hia  Maui*',  by  Haro,  for  his  as  well  as  others  submitted  were 
declined. 

■^9  By  decree  of  April  Uth,  M&x.,  Leijinl.  Mrj.,  KS.l.'J,  18:5  4,  with  a  pay  of 
?l'2,0iJ0,  and  an  elaborate  uniform.     .\  decree  of  March  12th  permitted  him 
to  wear  any  of  iiis  cherislieil  foreign  decorations.   Id.,  100.     Specimen  of  con- 
gratulatory addresses  in  .\fonlia,  Ikpixs.,  \'6o6,  l-'-'l. 
Uur.  aiES.,  Vol.  V.    lU 


^:;l 


\i\ 


C26 


HIS  MOST  SERENE  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICTATOR. 


i ! ', : 


unfit  to  exorcise  the  privilege  of  electors,  and  federa- 
tion was  an  anarchical  system  for  such  a  country, 
which  needed  a  strong  central  control.  Hence  a  new 
territorial  division  was  desirable  to  assist  in  obliterat- 
ing the  semi-independent  state  organizations,  and  a 
strong  army  .to  maintain  order,  repress  highway  rob- 
bery, and  check  savage  raids,  a  still  larger  reserve 
being  formed  from  inexpensive  militia  troops.  In 
addition  to  these  more  or  less  veiled  suggestions,  Ala- 
man  undertook  to  warn  Santa  Anna  af^ainst  schem- 
ers  and  speculators,  flatterers  and  traitors,  who  might 
lead  him  with  hasty  measures  into  difficu]ties,  per- 
haps to  a  speedy  fall,^" 

These  insinuations  against  his  wisdom  and  prudence, 
conveyed  in  a  tone  of  superior  knowledge  and  ii.'dc- 
])endent  frankness,  could  hardly  please  the  dictator, 
now  once  more  surrounded  by  deferential  courtiers 
and  flatterers.  They  were  presumptuous.^^  But  they 
came  from  the  leader  of  a  strong  and  indispensable 
party,  whose  aristocratic  ideas  conformed  to  his  own 
ambitious  views.  He  must,  therefore,  dissinmlate 
a  while  till  they  could  be  safely  snubbed.  He  even 
appointed  Alaman  prime  minister,  the  other  three 
portfolios  being  given  to  Teodosio  Lares,  Haro  y  Tu- 
mariz,  and  J.  M.  Tornel,  for  justice,  finance,  and  war, 
resp(jctively.  Within  a  month  two  new  departments 
were  created  for  interior  affaixs:  one  termed  goberna- 
cion,  and  relieving  especially  Lares  from  the  interior 
administration  not  closely  connected  with  judicial  and 
ecclesiastical  matters;  the  other,  knowni  as  fomeiito 
r  im[)rovements,  embraced  jmblic  works,   rade,  coloui- 


o 


i' : 


^''TIk;  cclcljratod  letterof  Alaman  may  1)C  consulted  in  ^  rraiinorz,  M<!j.,  ii. 
.334-40,  rt'proilucud  from  the  draught  civeu  by  Rafael,  edit;  •  of  tlio  Uiiiv  r-iid. 
It  appeared  eailier  in  leas  authentic  l>.r:..,  cs  n  Gur.  Gu  I.,  Nov.  U),  lS.'),"i; 
Cent.  Anu'r.  Pup.,  i.,  etc.  Santa  An  la  was  alao  nrged  j  ,t  to  perform  the 
u.sual  retreats  to  his  remote  country-seat,  to  the  inconvenience  of  otliciiils 
and  the  peril  of  administrative  aU'air.s.  Other  party  suggestions  are  given  in 
Santa- Anna,  E^po'f.  nl  J'r'.if.,  1--'J0;  Man'if.  a  /a  Narion,  1-8;  Dldador  con- 
j'ltnilicinto  Ion  Partidof,  l-'24;  Pap.   Var.,  ec.  jjt  r>;  Outh'Vrcz,  Carta.,  pt  2. 

"'  Suaroz  y  Navarro  relates  that  he  was  privately  consulted  about  tlie  let- 
ter, and  condenmed  it  as  revealing  lack  of  ability,  etc.  Santu-A  una  liurUindoiC, 
23S-00  ct  se(i. 


NEW  DEPARTiMENTS. 


627 


zation,  and  cognate  branches.  They  were  intrusted 
to  Diez  do  Bonilla  and  Velazquez  de  Leon,  respect- 
ively.^"    The  composition  was  of  the  most  pronounced 


32  The  latter  appointel  on  April  2Gth,  tho  other  on  May  13th.  ^f(x.,  Cul. 
Ley  ,  Dec.  y  (Jrd.,  IS")3,  '23,  GG,  70-2,  etc.  Elyuero  declined  the  fomento  pint- 
i'lio.  The  later  federa'  president  Lerdo  de  Tojada  joined  tho  dopurtiiicnt  as 
under-Hecrc'tary,  or  ofic'al  mayor,  and  Suarez  y  Navarro  retaine<l  a  siiniliii'  post 
under  Tornel.  See  also  Uiuvenml,  Apr.  21,  IS.IS,  Etjmnol,  Sajlo  XIX.,  etc.,  ul 
the  same  time.  Suarez  y  Navarro  again  parades  Ids  assiuncil  importance  <lui- 
iiig  tlie  formation  of  this  cabinet.  Ksteva  and  Iliim(jn  I'ac^l  oco  win:  lirst  pro- 
posed for  the  departments  of  treasury  and  justice,  and  Boeri'i./  a  and  Bai'anda 
f(jr  gobernacion  and  fonrjuto;  but  Alaman's  selection  Iiad  ^jr  ater  weiglit,  ex 
eept  in  Tornel's  case.  Suaruz  y  Navarro  thereupon  casts  lellections  on  Ala- 
num  for  stooping  to  accept  office  from  tlie  nian  he  had  abused  in  Ids  llislori  i 
lie  Mejico,  and  relates  tiiat  Lares  expressed  himself  honored  to  accept  even  the 
lowest  ofKcc  to  '.servir  i  una  per.TOna  como  V.  E.'  Jiiir.,  2.")7,  2()4,  2S7-S.  He 
himself  is  proud  to  serve  in  an  lunni>ler  splierc.  Vet  not  long  after  lie  tires  (jf 
tlie  iusignilicant  role  to  winch  ho  is  relegated,  and  tui  us  upon  his  ci<levant 
patron  at  the  lirst  safe  op})ortunity,  (irst  in  the  Sii//o  XIX.,  from  which  ho 
reprints  articles  under  the  title  of  i,7  Geiieni/  Sdiil'-.lniia  Harbiniloni',  Mex., 
ISoG,  1-291,  The  little  \olunio  forms  a  good  specimen  of  the  p(jlitical  (lain- 
pldcts  and  treatises  which  abound  in  Mexico.  They  spring  generally  from 
disappointed  men,  who  seek  in  print  to  I'epeat  the  parried  thrust  and  parade 
in  borrowed  plumage;  men  as  ready  to  intone  liosanuaa  to  the  victor  as  to  turn 
upon  him  tho  moment  Jio  totters.  The  text  presents,  midst  it:»  ill-natured 
purposes,  several  admirable  characteristico  of  the  national  literatu. ,  such  as 
choice  and  varied  language,  and  a  forensic  stamp  that  not  only  imparts  dig- 
nity of  tone  but  impresses  the  purport.  With  most  of  these  paui[ihleteers, 
however,  sentences  are  evolved  with  less  regard  for  order  and  sense  than  high- 
sounding  declamation.  Lack  of  depth  is  disguised  by  empty  invocations  to 
liberty  and  rambling  floridity;  well  calculated  to  rouse  shallow  sympathies; 
while  innumerable  italics,  indices,  asterisks,  and  exclamations  direct  .attention 
to  the  points  aimed  at,  and  which  miglit  otherwise  escape  notice.  Pungent 
epithets  of  varied  and  reiterated  form  supply  tho  place  of  satire.  Well 
aware  of  the  little  credence  accorded  to  such  publications,  and  perhaps  to  his 
own  statements,  Suarez  y  Navarro  frankly  (Icclares  that  as  he  does  not  ex- 
pect to  bo  believed,  on  his  mere  a.'  ;irance,  ho  will  l)ase  it  wholly  on  docu- 
ments appended.  He  thereupon  pro.eeds  to  magnify  his  insignilicance  and 
color  his  attitude,  till  he  becomes  aglow  with  admiration  of  liis  own  clev- 
erness of  verbal  manipulvion.  Opposing  facta  are  either  swept  away  with 
imperious  dashes  of  shalloNs  sophistry,  or  made  to  disappear  by  tlie  very  im- 
petuosity of  his  glibnesH.  Indeeil,  before  reaching  the  middle  '•''  liis  sevcnd 
argutnents,  premises,  clew,  and  conclusions  alike  are  lost  to  sight,  left  to  stray 
or  to  bo  lost  in  tlie  jungle  of  glaring  contradictions.  JJiit  Suarez  y  Navari'o 
U  a  soldier:  he  looks  not  behind.  Ho  keeps  bravely  onward,  evidently  de- 
luding himself  witl;  the  belief  that  the  main  point  has  been  gained  by  mysti- 
fying the  reader,  and  impressing  him  with  the  idea  that  midst  the  ha/e  looms 
some  portentous  blot  winch  nmst  entomb  the  opponents — the  tyrant  Santa 
Anna  and  his  crew — and  relieve  by  contrast,  at  least,  the  brightness  of  his  own 
sacriticed  zeal  and  ability. 

More  dignifieil  is  the  defo'ici;  of  his  fellow-actor,  Munoz  I.edo,  K-</iosifion, 
Mex.,  IH.")3,  1-84,  and  ap.  1-34.  Cliagriiie(l  at  I  ing  circumveiiti'd  l>y  niore  as- 
tute jugglers,  who  snatiheil  the  bone  of  contention,  ho  assumes  tlu'  attitude  of 
injured  innocence  and  pi  triotic  martyrdom.  Unfortunately  for  liimsi;lt  he  dois 
not  cluck  his  llow  at  clie  pr'H  .;r  moment,  but  allows  the  rcailer  to  recover 
from  his  bewildermiMit,  au'l  iliscover  in  the  superlluoas  ramble  thi^.  povi.rty  of 
disguise  and  weakness  of  plea. 


;  ^il 


623 


Ills  MOST  SSllKXE  HIGHXESS,  THK  DICTATOR. 


Santanist  conservative  typo.  Toriicl,  who  alone  stood 
credited  with  federal  sympathies,  was  above  all  de- 
voted to  liis  patron;  and  tiie  leader  xVlanian  bore  so 
•strong  a  reputation  for  Spanish  leanings,  monarchical 
tendencies,  and  aristocratic  bias  against  the  masses  and 
their  independence  champions,  as  to  be  almost  otlen- 
sive  to  the  pco[)le  at  large."'^  Here,  then,  was  already 
an  infringement  of  the  national  will,  which  in  the  revo- 
lutionary plans  demanded  due  respect  for  jHiblic  o|)in- 
ion,  and  representation  at  least  Ibr  the  leading  parties. 

Lombardini  made  a  formal  surrender  of  authority 
April  20th,  and  died  soon  after.^*  Two  days  later  the 
new  government  issued  its  basis  or  programme  for 
administration  till  a  constitution  could  be  framed.  It 
defined  to  some  extent  the  duties  of  the  ministers,''^ 
and  of  the  projected  council  of  states,  whose  twenty- 
one  members  were  to  form  into  committees  corre- 
sponding to  the  ministerial  departments.'"^  Statcss  and 
territories  were  to  return  to  the  limits  and  condition 
l)re vailing  before  the  late  revolution;  and  in  order  to 
facilitate  the  reorganization  now  entered  u[)on,  their 
lefjislative  authorities  must  retire,  leavin<;  to  the  i^ov- 
ernors  their  functions  until  the  projected  constitution 
could  be  issued.'''' 

The  unsettled  state  of  affairs  following  the  revolu- 
tion, and  the  all-absorbing  expectancy  of  coming 
events,  ofiered  every  opportunity  for  thus  quietly  and 


I'     ,   ! 


"Rivera  speaks  of  his  prohibition  principles,  and  terms  Lai-es  a  federal  ae- 
ccdor.   Go').  <!<•  ilex.,  v..  A\V1\  la.,  Ilht.  JuIci/m,  iv.  ;J4I-'.',  ;]!J."i-(]. 

^' While  holding  tlic  position  of  coniandantu  general  of  the  federal  district. 
Jle  Hni'eiirnbcd  to  a  pnhnonary  iliHease,  Dee.  22,  liS.').'{.  Fe>v  noticed  citiierlii.s 
letiienient  or  death,  all  attention  being  devoteil  by  foes  and  Uatteri^rH  to  Santa 
Anna.  The  inaugural  eerenionies  of  April  2()lh  are  given  in  Mcx.,  Lt<iid. 
Mij.,  IH.').'!,  I.S.S^!)2;  Arch.  M<x.,  Arta.n,  ii.  32l)-4:  Uiuvei-Md,  Apr.  20,  lis.");i, 
and  siibs(MpiL'nt  dates,  and  othei'  journals,  with  addresses,  etc.  He  took  the 
oath  to  conform  to  the  plans  of  .lalisco  and  of  Mexico. 

^' Hero  lixed  at  live.  A  promirador  general  was  to  be  appointed  for  pro- 
tecting the  intei't'.sts  of  tlie  treasury. 

■"'Internal  regulations  for  the  council,  issued  on  Juno  17th,  embrace  the 
methods  of  consultation  in  joint  .session,  etc.   JJublaa  and  Lozami,  Lnj.  Mi.c, 

vi.  .">;ii)-;i. 

'' Agnasealientea  alone  was  exempt  from  returning  to  former  conditions. 
For  text  of  basis,  see  Miix,,  Col.  Liy.  Fuiul.,  311-lu;  J/'.x'.,  Cut.  Ij<ij.,  Jh'r.  i/ 
Ord.,  ISJ3,  0-8. 


CENTRALISM. 


C29 


0  stood 
all  clc- 

bore  so 
Lvrcbi^i^il 
ises  and 
,t  ofi'eu- 
already 
[\ii  revo- 
lic  o|)iu- 
partios, 
uthoiity 
later  tUc 
unne  tor 
ned.     It 
inisters,"' 
>  tweiity- 
e«  eorre- 
,tatc!S  and 
condition 

1  order  to 
)on,  their 

the  g'ov- 
nstitutlou 

0  rovolu- 
couiinjj; 
lietly  and 

a  federal  ae- 

ilonil  district, 
iced  citluir  hia 
uviwn  to  Siirita 

.nr.  20,   lsr>;J, 
Ho  took  the 

^uted  for  pro- 

oiuliracc  the 
lo,  Lnj.  .Ut.e., 

|er  ooiiditions. 
L,,,.,  Dec  ij 


at  one  stroke  centralizing  the  admim'stratlon.  The 
financial  system  fjuickly  conformed,  ye-t  the  hlow  was 
mitigated  l)y  withholding  a  while  the  decree  I'hanging 
the  states  into  actual  dej)artments,  with  some  iuldi- 
tions  to  their  number."'*  Even  municipal  bodies  wcit; 
abolished,  hive  in  leading  towns,™  and  subjected  more 
than  ever  to  rules  from  gov^ernors  and  to  other  ic- 
strictions,  and  finally  to  appointment  by  tlu;  central 
authorities,  wlfu-h  thus  took  from  the  peo|)le  evi-ry 
sen\blance  of  [xtlitical  government,  and  intrudiHl  them- 
selves also  in  other  directions,  incpiiring,  for  instancts, 
with  suspicious  zeal,  into  the  conduct  of  school  chil- 
dren, and  requiring  lawyers  to  qualify  at  theca]>it,al.*" 
Everytliing  was  subordinated  to  the  direction  of 
the  dictator,  who  indicated  his  will,  and  executed  it 
through  officials,  from  councillors,  generals,  and  gov- 
'  iiii-rs  to  })refects,  sub-prefects,  and  clerks,  selected 
i  li'dy  with  regard  to  their  hn'alty  to  their  patron, 
and  partly  from  polic}'.  Although  ability  and  fitness 
were  secondary  considerations,  they  cannot  be  said 
to  have  been  lacking;  for  adherents,  as  well  as  the 
men  to  be  (jourted,  belonged  as  a  rule  to  the  cultivated 
and  rulincc  classes.  The  council  of  state  included  in- 
dividuals  who  had  nearly  all  achieved  distinction  in 
ei'clesiastic,  legislative,  and  gubernatorial  branches.'^ 

"  Decroo  dated  Sept.  21  at.  fil.,  S7-S.  In  course  of  the  year  Agnascnliontes 
viis  lewarded  liy  sc|)aratioii  into  a  distinct  dcpartincnt;  .Sierra  (Soiila  was 
luadi^  u  territory;  likewise  Isla  del  ( Virnicii  in  Vueat^in,  the  lictter  to  control 
tlio  turljulcnt  jjcninsida  and  'r(lni.'intc[>cc,  in  view  of  the  importance  acunind 
l>y  tiio  proposed  iiiteroceanic  roiili;  and  the  turmoils  in  this  region.  I'or 
lindts,  capitals,  etc.,  see  Diihlan  nwA  Lo-jiiio,  Lfij.  Mi.c.^  vi.  427,  70'.t-H),  7'.'li, 
SM,  vii.  (51-2;  Sor.  Mrx.  (Ivixj.  Hold.,  'in.  -H.");  A'((r'(o«(//,  .Inly  15,  I)cc.  2^1, 
Is.jli,  etc.  There  was  also  a  chan^jte  in  the  fe<lcral  district,  ami  a  vaiua))pcal 
friini  Huasteca.     Comments  in  AiriU-alf,  J'/sii'ik,  I    ],"). 

^'•Tl.o  seats  of  >.;overnors  and  prclcrts.  Description  of  uniforms  to  he  n<<(Ml 
hv  them  in  council  and  ct  ccn'monii's,  with  rules  for  sea-ports,  in  Mix\,  Col. 
J.'!/..  I)<r.  y  OnL,  IS.-).'!,  7<i,  232  .'<,  lUO. 

^"Oeneral  WvM,  Jiimj.,  MS.,  G8-9,  suflercd  in  common  witli  other  provin- 
cials from  this  restriction. 

*'  Aiiiong  tiiem  the  jjresident,  Bishop  Mnngula  of  Michoacan,  who  had 
given  no  small  imptilse  to  the  revolution,  and  achieved  a  literaiy  nputalion 
hy  his  voluminous  thcologic  writings,  whereof  the  Ohnu  Litrrttrhis  alone 
exist  in  three  series  on  my  shelves.  Also  the  influential  (Joveriior  Miigica  i.f 
J'uclila,  thecx-ministiu's  Ksti'va.and  Cuevas,  and  Agustindc  Ituihide.  I..i-;t  in 
Ari'h.  Mix.,  Actax,  ii.  aU-lO;  Mux.,  Litji.-il.  M<j..  LsjiJ,  ;U-U,  88-U.     Supple- 


630 


HIS  MOST  SERKXE  niGHNES>5,  THE  DICTATOR. 


Governors  and  prefects  M'orc  inostl}'  military  men, 
among  whom  Santa  Anna  knew  better  how  to  choose 
devoted  followers  fitted  to  carry  out  his  imperious 
demands  by  virtue  of  their  training  and  their  control 
over  trocjps."'^  The  distribution  of  foreign  missions 
served  less  to  reward  the  recipients  than  to  remove  to 
a  safe  distance  certain  persons  of  influence,  such  as 
ITraga,  who  was  sent  to  Berlin,  and  Almonte  to 
AVashington.'^ 

The  readiest  means  for  according  favor  and  rall3Mng 
adherents  round  the  government  was  to  otit'er  ap[)oint- 
ments  in  the  army,  which,  to  this  end,  must  now  be 
reor<;anize(l  and  increased  to  91,500  men.  This  force 
Avas  to  consist  of  2G,500  permanent  troops  and  the  re- 
mainder of  active  militia,  into  which  latter  had  to  bo 
merged  all  state  militia,  for  better  control  by  the  cen- 
tral government.''*  The  dissolution  of  the  popular 
militia  system  created  nuich  ill-feeling,  manifested  at 
Vera  Cruz  in  open  tliough  futile  revolt.  Another 
cause  for  discontent  lay  in  the  commendable  substitu- 
tion of  conscription  for  the  cruel  impressment,  which 
had  created  serious  injury  to  agriculture,  interior  traf- 

iiiontiiry  and  lioiionvry  ineinboi's  were  added,  cnibracing  the  archbishop  and 
othor  dignitaries.     They  woi'c  entitled  ' excellencies, ' and  given  a  stall'of  ollico. 

''^Oenerals  IJlancarte,  Yauez,  J'lscol)ar,  Blanco,  Corona  do  la  Vega,  Hercdia, 
lietancouvt,  Orniaoiiea,  AnipiuUa,  and  Mora  were  rewarded  respectively  witli 
the  governments  of  Lower  California,  Sinuloa,  Tabasco,  Oajaca,  Vera  ( 'ni/, 
Yucatan,  Duraugo,  Tlascala,  Coahuila,  Nuovo  Leon,  and  Zacatecas.  Kelxi- 
Uedo  dic<l  before  he  could  accept  the  place  subsequently  given  to  lancarti'. 
'I'he  latter  is  said  to  have  been  first  ollcred  (Juanajuato,  but  declined  out  of 
modesty,  lllanci)  had  special  orders  to  watch  Guerrero,  wlierein  Alvarez  w:is 
Boon  induced  to  resign,  whereupon  Ucn.  Moreno  stepped  forward  to  IkjM 
control  for  the  dictator. 

^■'  IJraga  felt  bitterly  this  exile,  and  the  comparatively  insignificant  post 
accorded  him  in  iieu  of  the  Spanish  mission.  He  had  the  presumption  to  regard 
himself  as  the  most  indispensable  man  in  Mexico  at  the  tiiue.  See  lottcis 
reproduced  in  Diincnvrh,  Jlint.  <lit  Mex.,  ii.  '217-51.  Both  lie  and  Almonte 
were  possible  candidates  for  the  presidency.  J'achcco,  at  lir.st  proposed  foi- 
the  cabinet,  was  sent  to  France.  General  Robles  took  a  strong  attitude,  and 
was  allowed  to  go  into  voluntary  exile.  For  conunents  on  tlicsc  ami  othci' 
ndssions,  see  AVo  ilc  Ksprnln,  .luly  HO,  Sept.  '24,  Oct.  1,  ISol?,  etc.;  also 
K'ipai'iol,  I'Vb.  I!)th,  Apr.  'J.'Jd, 'J7th,  etc. ;  Uiiicerxul,  and  other  newspiipcr--; 
lih'ini.  Hist.  Jalajm,  iv.  L'-Jti  S,  :!81,  IWO,  M'A-b,  ■J;{4;  LukwUi,  Ciwistioii,  17. 
Rules  for  diplomatic  service  in  Mix.,  Lcijisl.  Mcj.,  IS."),'},  7!   SO. 

^*The  ])roportions  of  permanent  troops  we'c  l."),Sl(i  infantry,  3, 04.S  cav- 
alry, .^..'i^.')  artillery,  l.'Jtl4  enginei^rs,  besides  medical  corjis,  etc.  Of  the  mili- 
tia, ol,!WS  were  iufuntiy,  I'J,'JS(J  cavalry,  and  tJ'J^  artillery. 


INCREASING  THE  ARMY. 


631 


fic,  and  other  brandies,  by  thivinijf  tlio  Indians  into 
liidinLj.  Tlie  superior  mixed  and  white  races  had 
learned  to  regard  thein  as  tlie  [)roper  niaterial  for  the 
rank  and  file,  and  made  such  opposition  to  lillini,''  the 
quota  assigned  to  each  department  that  local  and  gen- 
eral authorities  had  to  close  their  eves  to  the  law  aiid 
accept  the  contingent  without  questions,  regardlc;>s 
(jf  the  tearful  appeals  from  bereaved  wives  and  or- 
phaned children.  As  it  was,  the  recpiired  numixr 
could  not  be  obtained,'*'  (lesj>ite  theailurementsoifcnd 
in  privileges,  and  in  several  instances  glittering  uni- 
Ibrms  and  larger  pay,  whereof  the  new  grenadier 
guard  presented  a  striking  exam[)l(>.  The  reconstruc- 
ti(jn  was  based  on  the  latest  systems,  and  instructors 
were  introduced  from  Euro[)e,'**'  whence  came  also  im- 
l)roved  arms  and  cannon  Ibr  the  lonii-ne^lected  for- 
tresses,  as  well  as  sliiiis,  with  which  it  was  pro[)Osud  ttf 
swell  the  navy  to  twelve  vessels.^'' 

'*  A  conscription  decree  of  March  I.'i,  1854,  iihices  the  total  army  at  only 
1(),000  pornmnont  troops  and  ;{(>,00()  active  iiiiliiia. 

"'Santa  Anna  even  ])ro[)o.seil  to  cngane  thrui'  icginipnts  of  Swiss  soldiers, 
partly  for  checking  mutinies,  as  shown  iiy  letters  in  .l/».c.,  ///.</.  AV/-.,  IS.'iJt, 
T),"),  ap.  iii.-v.,  although  ho  has  diiiiod  it.  Tlie  lack  uf  luuiuy  appears  to  havo 
assisted  in  defeatinjj;  tiio  prcjjeet.  Rivera,  UUl.  Jalnpa,  iv.  iJOl,  5"J3,  notes 
tlie  arrival  of  I'russian  teaeners. 

"  Si.v  for  each  coast.  Regulations  fen*  navy,  admiralty  conrt,  etc.,  in  -l/'-.i., 
Col.  Lvij.,  Dec.  y  OriL,  I8.")4,  vi.  ;tl-4,  4i-(i,  In  1S,')4  tiuie  v-'ero  two  harks 
and  two  sehooners  in  the  I'acitie,  in  had  ord>'r,  witii  alxmt  170  men.  Siu-. 
Mc.r.  Geoij.  Bold.,  vii.  .'}.'!!  ~'i.  Military  colonies  were  fostered,  hy  decrees  at 
least,  .]fr'x.,  LdjUI.  Mcj.,  IS,').'!,  S(!  7;  .\!iix..  Col.  L/}/.,  Dcr.  y  Ord.,  IS.'):<,  iv. 
'JlO-1 1,  and  a  decided  impulse  was  ^;ivcn  to  the  military  coUene  for  providiiii,' 
devoted  and  etVieient  ollieers.  Iil.,  iv.  'J'J!)  .">,  vi.  1  "-'7;  .l/''.r.,  A'''f/''  ' '"'•  -'/'A, 
IS,")4,  1 -.')().  A  military  eoiilereiue  soeit^ty  was  to  develop  tlio  actual  olticei-.s. 
McM.,  LiijIkI.  M(j.,  liS.")l{,  lii:!  7.  I'lie  army  had  tlii^  ])r<tertiiee  in  receiviiii; 
pay.  The  conscription  of  ill,)!)!)  was  hased  on  a  population  ot  7,l)(>l,ri'J(),  tm- 
six  yeai's' service.  Of  the  state  militia,  married  men  and  fiiiiMly  siip|)<irteii 
were  exempt  from  enteriiiif  the  new  mili:ia.  Mii.v.,  Dnrclo  J,'(i'iii/il(iznr  i'jr- 
i-;to,  ISd4.  1-2(5;  M'.v.,  Col.  l.ry.,  />..■.  .'/On/.,  iHXi,  iv.  .'i7S,  v.  10-11,  lti:'{  4, 
-.VJ-7(j;  1S.")4,  vi.  lis  71,  vii.  \12  '■<.  Indians  wi'ie  deihired  exempt  hy  p;iy- 
iiig  poll  tax,  etc.  Rt',!,'ulations  for  L.reiiaiii<Ts,  lMv«lv-j,'uard,  lancers,  ;iii  1  med- 
ical corps,  in  IiL,  1S.V{,  iv.  17  !!),::'.) -:!;{,  o7(»-7.  v.  51!)  'JO;  iSol,  \ii.  I.WJJ. 
Further  regulations,  general  and  speeiiil,  in  /</.,  l.S.");{-4,  iii.-vii.,  passim. 
Airk.  .1/tu\,  Arta.%  ii.  :>i»  .•$!)•_•,  passim;  /<l..  Col.  I.ry.  y  /),,•.,  i.  40  1-1;  ii.  17!); 
^f('.v.,  Ja'ijUI.  Mi'J.,  ls.x>  4,  passim;  hiihl'vi  and  l.ozdiio,  A';/.  .Mu-.,  vi.  and 
liegiunin.L;  ot  vii.  '1  !;e  jiay-ratcs,  in  Zuinhrniio,  I'lirila  ,Sit</ito.i  Mil.,  I -'J-'J!), 
allow  $l>jjj  to  infaii:-y  soldiers,  St  less  toaet.vc  militia,  Sl,")^  to  cavahynieu, 
SlOiJ  to  artillerist-v  and  .S-JI  to  irivnadiirs  and  lancers.  .l/«,r. ,  Aimlis  Mm.  I-h- 
meiito,  i.  70o-(l.  Uichtholen,  /.'/<.  .l/^.c.  4;{:i-(i,  400-4,  comniiuits  on  the  pre- 
eciling  ei^udition  of  urn^-;  IVtupsky,  Mi'la,  So -DO,  on  dresa  and  ai)peai-auce; 


II 

\  i 

l  1 

1 

\ 

Ih 

>*  S' 

11 

II 

I  'iff 


^54^ e^ ' 


i 


G32 


HIS  MOST  SERENE  IIKlIIXESS,  THE  DICTATOR, 


In  order  to  render  the  new  army  as  reliable  as  pos- 
i^ible  for  the  ainis  of  the  dictator,  commissions  were 
not  only  freely  distributed  amon<,^  his  known  adlier- 
cnts,  but  sevt;ral  measures  wei'e  invented  to  get  rid  of 
suspected  individuals.  A  decree  was  issued  to  rake 
up  the  conduct  of  officers  during  the  war  of  184G-7, 
and  dismiss  those  who  had  neglected  to  fight  or  shown 
cowardice,  while  rewarding  the  brave  and  jiatriotic. 
The  task  was  confided  to  a  special  council,  which  had 
also  to  remove  inefficient  officers;'^  and  it  would  ever 
have  been  commerided  for  its  regenerative  spirit,  had 
not  the  real  motive  soon  become  apparent  in  the  un- 
just and  arbitrary  manner  of  staining  honorable  names, 
and  ignoring  incapacity  and  unworthiness  when  cen- 
tred in  favorites.  Not  content  with  all  these  steps 
for  securing  control,  certain  petty  demonstrations 
were  used  as  a  pretence  for  issuing  an  outrageously 
strict  law  against  conspirators,*''  and  establishing  an 
extensive  i'orce  of  secret  police,  which  penetrated  even 
into  the  family  circle.  The  flimsiest  accusation  and 
the  barest  suspicion  sufficed  to  drag  worthy  citizens 
from  their  homes  into  prisons  and  exile.'^^  Others 
were  subjected  to  the  most  annoying  surveillance.  In- 
ternal passports  served  to  control  movements  in  every 
dir'X'tion,  and  a  press  law  forbade  imder  severe  penal- 
ties th(>  slightest  unfavorable  ct)mment  on  political 
affairs,  every  journal  having  to  furnish  heavy  bonds 
for  good  conduct.  The  introduction  of  arms  was  care- 
i'ully  restricii'd,  and  even  their  possession  by  private 
citizens.  I'hus  both  incentive  t(-)  and  njcans  for  out- 
i)reaks  were  to  be  diniinished;  but  indiu^nation  found 

Fussoy,  M(.i:.,4'M  5,  on  cruel  imprcsamouts;  anil  Suutii.  Anna,  A  siix  Compat., 
9,  etc.,  clain'".  credit  for  lii.s  reformatory  eH'orts.  I'uji.  Var..  xxvi.  pt  D,  hi. 
pt  "),  xeiii.  j.i;  3.     Regulations  issued  after  S'pt.  1S47  were  aauullod. 

^' Rules  for  this  Junta  do  Calilieacion.  J/e'.r.,  Col.  Ley,,  Dec.  y  Urd.,  1853, 
iv.  l!)-'-'G. 

*'■'  ( )f  August,  involving  confiscation  and  trial  by  court-martial.  Its  numer- 
ous arlieles  j)ei'milted  tlio  most  arMtiary  incisures.  /(/.,  372-5.  l>ccreea 
against  guerrillas  and  invaders.  Id.,  I'J,  4!t,  304;  Dulilan  and  Lozano,  Leij. 
Jlcr.,  vi.  3S12-3. 

'■''Over  '}00  persona  were  exiled  to  interior  and  foreign  parts,  besides  'loa 
echados  iV  presidio,'  etc.  Mi'x.,  I/ixt.  Ifvi:  lSoJ-o5,  11. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  REFORMS. 


033 


as  pos- 
(is  were 

julhcr- 
;t  rid  of 
to  rak») 
184G-7, 
r  sliowii 
atviotic. 
ilch  had 
uld  ever 
lirit,  bad 

the  un- 
e  names, 
hen  een- 
jse  steps 
istrations 
^agcously 
ishing  an 
ated  even 
ition  and 
ly  citizens 
Others 
nee.     In- 

in  every 
M-e  penal- 
politieal 

vy  l)i)nds 

was  eare- 

y  private 
for  out- 

oii  found 

L»s-  C'nnpat., 

icvi.  pt  y,  Ivi. 

lUc.l. 

Ill  Ord.,  1853, 

1 1 »  nuraer- 
-,').      1  )ccree3 

besides  '  loa 


vent,  ncvcrtlieless,  especially  anionnr  the  friends  of 
])ersecuted  liberals  like  Degollado,  Ocampo,  Juarez, 
and  Arista,  the  latter  foremost  in  feelin*''  the  wntth 
of  the  new  potentate.  Juarez  bad  acquired  no  small 
fame  as  model  governor  of  Oajaca/'^ 

For  a  longtime,  however,  the  people  at  lai-go  were 
(piieted  by  hopes  of  the  coming  reconstruction  for 
which  the  dictator  had  been  summoned,  and  by  many 
undeniably  good  rciforms  introduced,  althougli  some 
(»f  theui  ))roved  in  time  to  be  mere  showy  enactments, 
or  disguises  for  iniquitous  schemes,  as  I  have  sliown. 
The  reorganization  of  the  army,  the  restoration  of  for- 
tresses, the  introduction  of  superior  armament  and 
methods,  had  all  their  commendable  features;  and  the 
army  served  also  to  increase  security  and  order  hy 
checking  brigandage,  which  of  late  years  infested  the 
roads  in  eveiy  direction. °^  Education  was  fostered,  if 
not  amonijf  the  masses,  at  l(;ast  in  hljiher  circles;  and 
if  the  elergy  were  courted  with  intolerant  decrees 
against  protestant  agents  and  bibles,  and  ev(!n  against 
l)ublications  in  general,  it  was  sought  to  purity  the 
ohservance  of  feast-days;  and  a  })leasing,  although 
perha[)S  injudicious,  concession  was  made  to  instruc- 
tion and  to  tlie  people  by  readmitting  the  Jesuits.'" 
i>ut  the  most  enduring  henetit  conferred  by  Santa 
Anna  was  the  creation  of  the  fomento  ministry,  which 
gave  the  greatest  impulse  so  far  to  internal  improve- 
ments, in  opening  I'oads  and  l)ri<lges,  constructing 
telegraphs,  taking  steps  for  building  railways  and 
public  works,  in    fostering    agriculture    and    mining, 

'  After  lingering  for  some  time;  in  tlio  dnngcons  of  Uliia,  ho  was  sent  oil", 
without  means,  to  sulVor  privations  in  the  United  States.  Juarez,  Jiioij.,  Ki- 
17;  Bdz  Vida  Juarez,  77  et  se(j. 

■'-lvol)bers  were  sul)jectt'd  to  military  laws.  Mrx.,  ('id.  LiiJ.,  l>i'i-.  ij  Ihd., 
l.S,"i.'?,  iii.  7S-S0,  V.  "i.")  (i.  It  was  also  s'ingnt  to  iiiiprovo  the  administratinn 
iif  justice.  /(/.,  iii.  fSti  7,  iv.  '2()'J-4,  '213,  403,  v.  8,  1  l(i.  Comments  ou 
security  and  jndieial  itiforms,  If ni versa!,  June  '^  0,  18.")3;  dar.  iSti.lr.,  Xov. 
II,  '2'>,  lSr)3;  (.'ent.  Am.  I'l'p.,  iv.  Earlier  projects,  in  Diilrito  Fed.,  J'roi/iefo, 
\A')\);    Xom'   am.  de  Min.  Sup.  Vorte,  1   20. 

"^Tlio  va,.  m  was  courted,  and  two  new  s(!es  were  projected.  The  mis- 
sion of  the  apostolic  delegate  CleniLutl  is  explained  in  Garza,  Ojittsculo  nohre 
Sdla  A  pout.,  1-33. 


^lili 


xm 


034 


HIS  MOST  SERENK  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICTATOR, 


])rftmotiiig  colonization,  and  reaniuiatini^  trade/'*  In 
this  lay  sonic  atonement  for  tlio  heavy  increase  of 
taxation  demanded  by  a  costly  military  government, 
with  its  manv  reoroanization  i)lans. 

By  decree  of  May  14tli  the  revenue  was  centralized, 
the  government  aHKUinini^  control  of  all  ])roj)crty  and 
general  contributions  hitherto  belonging  totlie  states 
and  ti'rritories/'^  This  brought  the  estimated  income 
to  fully  6l7,000,000,'''Mess  $3,500,000  set  aside  for 
special  |)urposes.  The  expenses  were  ])roportionately 
large,  and  those  who  had  so  long  been  talking  about 
the  economy  of  a  centralized  administration  became  less 
conlident.  Tlie  estimated  expenditure  was  placed  at 
$11,500,000,  without  counting  a  heavy  additional  sum 
required  for  rcorgajiizing  the  military  department,  and 
a  sum  of  $17,000,000  for  covering  the  interest  of  the 
interior  and  foreign  debts,  partly  overdue,  and  for  meet- 
ing certain  advantageous  conventions/'  Tlie  delicit 
could  be  covered  only  by  a  loan,  and  as  this  was  not 
obtainable  on  reasonable  terms,  saT  ^  by  offering  unex- 
ceptionable security,  Haro  proposed  the  liypothecation 
of  church  j)roperty.  The  clergy  understood  the  gov- 
ermnent  policy  too  well  to  adnut  this  or  any  other  en- 
croachment, however  glowing  the  promises  for  compen- 
sation. They  raised  such  ojjposition  that  the  minister 
resigned.'"^     And  now  atfairs  were  allowed  to  drift  into 

"*  A  society  for  inaturial  improvements  gave  its  aid.  Univer/tal,  ^lay  .">,  \'2, 
27,  lS.");i;  J'dj).  V(ir.,  xciii.  pt  iii.  3-4;  Ito.^u,  Emaijo,  H.'w'i.  !M:incn)  has 
somu  valuable  reflections  on  colonies.  Dor.  fnU'irs.,  '28-30,  etc.,  lia.sod  i)artly 
on  it'piirts  in  J/cr.,  Mtin.  Colon.  lialitM.,  1S.')"2,  1-71;  (.'otonh..,  Dicldiiicii, 
lS.-)2.  I    1-2;  Almonte,  Proyecto  Colon.,  1-31. 

''■'l'"or  changes  in  administration,  etc.,  see  decree  in  Miix.,  Col.  Ley.,  Dec. 
y  Onl.,  l!sr)3,  iv.  09-71. 

""  The  oric^iual  estimate  was  §19,000,000,  whereof  !?S,000.000  from  custom- 
hoiit^es,  .'?2,")0(1,000  from  excise,  !?1, 000,000  from  consumption  taxes,  S.")OU,000 
f  i-om  con  trihui  ions  on  pay  and  luxuries,  SI,. ")00,(KX>  from  tobacco,  and  §3, .")00, 000 
from  a  .special  tax  on  real  estate  devoted  to  a  special  purpose,  llaro,  Inj'onni', 
of  .July  12,  IS.Vl. 

'''Tl:c  regular  tlireo  per  cent  interest  on  the  foreign  loan  of  Jj.'il, 200,000 
and  the  interior  of  i?43, 000,000 — a  )portion  at  live  per  cent,  with  expi;tises  and 
funding — was  .S3,423.(KI0.  The  war  department  iccjuircd  .'?S,o(K),000  on  tho 
lirst  low  estimate,  and  the  othei-  ministries  .'J2, 900, 000.  Of  this  the  actual 
])ensions  and  montcpi'o  rccjuired  ^1,J00,000.  Tho  picsidcnt's  salary  was 
!:?30,(K)O. 

■'''  He  was  succeeded  Aug.  0th  Ijy  Sierra  y  Ki.ws^o,  who  held  ollice  till  Jan. 


l.l5CAS  ALAMAX. 


635 


disorder  and  opprossion.  Haro  liad  boi^nn  well  l)y 
c'coiiomizing  In  several  ways,  stoppint,^  extra  allow- 
ances, annullini^  many  of  ]jond)ardini's  ordiM-s,  and 
pron\otin!jj  lionest}"^  and  zeal  witli  medals  and  advanee- 
meiit  as  well  as  b}'  inspection;  but  this  fell  into  neg- 
lect, and  taxes  and  contributions  incn^ised  fast  and 
furiously  to  meet  the  increasing  demands,  until  trade; 
and  industries,  just  about  to  revive,  were  again  thrust 
back  into  a  lan<jfuisliinix  condition.  Even  windows 
were  taxiid  in  a  manner  to  threaten  a  cliange  in  aichi- 
tecture.  Debts  remained  unpaid,  the  frontier  was  neg- 
lected, ruinous  contracts  and  privileges  were  conceded, 
and  disorder  reigned  supreme  within  the  treasury, 
owing  partly  to  inefficient  methods,  and  partly  to  the 
j)ressure  for  means.  The  demands  of  creditors  were 
staved  off:  those  of  the  Spanish  by  means  of  a  most 
unfavorable  convention,  which,  being  objected  to  by 
later  governments,  brought  war  clouds  upon  the  coun- 
try, as  will  be  seen;*^  and  so  with  the  French  claims. 


The  credit  as  well  as  the  blame,  for  the  opening 
measures  at  least,  of  the  dictatorship  are  duo  to  Liicas 
Alaman,  one  of  the  most  prominent  minds  of  IMexico, 
distinguished  as  the  prime  minister  of  its  first  re])ui>li- 
caii  administration,  and  su1)sequently  as  the  leader  of 
the  conservative  party.  He  contributed  in  a  marked 
degree,  in  different  public  capacities,  to  shape  the  d(,'s- 
tinies  of  the  nation:  now  as  benefactor  in  checking 
tlic  unbridled  projei^ts  of  visionaries  and  sclicmers, 
and  in  promoting  material  advancement;  anon,  uuror- 
tunately,  in  urging  [)artisans  to  fierce  strife,  and  in 
arraying  selfish  opposition  to  tlie  dearest  interests  of 
the  peo[)le. 

Of  an  aristocratic  family,  reared  amidst  tlie  exdu- 

20,  1854;  Parrcs  followed  for  four  months;  Olazaparrc  from  June  1(5,  IS.It, 
till  Jan.  10,  18.")o;  then  Parrcs  again  for  three  nioiitiia,  and  iinally  ( '.'insrco. 
Concerning  different  bunk  and  reform  pro'i^cts,  see  Mi\v.,  Ciicslinii  (bi  l)i<i, 
1-SI;  Pr'uto,  Iiistrur.  Xi'ijoc,  1-47;  Mr.r.,  Ln/.  print  Arrnjlo  Adin'tn.,  \~1\. 
Also  different  laws  in  ^irx.,  Col.  Ley.,  M".  'y  On/.,  1853-4,  passiin.  llaro 
now  joined  tiie  foes  of  Santa  Anna. 

'"'"In  a  later  chapter,  explaining  causes  for  allied  intervention. 


M 

•rnl 


V' 


ilf! 


Clfl 


HIS  MOST  SI:RE\E  FlIOHNKSS,  THE  DTfTATOP,. 


sivonoss  of  tlio  colonial  reu^iino,  ho  had  iiuhihcd  ideas 
wholly  anta<ronisti(;  to  the  <^ivat  majority,  hy  which 
and  for  which  the  ijxlcpendeiice  had  been  achieved. 
And  travel  oidy  tendi'd  to  confirni  the  ancestral  pre- 
<lil(>ction  for  the  old-world  j^lories  of  Spain,  lie  rc- 
fiis('d  to  court  the  populace,  holding?  with  hauL,dily 
assunij)tion  of  su|)eriority  to  the;  path  marked  out  hy 
his  prejudices.  This  tone  pervaded  also  liis  transac- 
tions in  general,  wherein  he  acted  with  an  unimpeach- 
ahle  ijjtegrity  that  scorned  to  take  advantage  of  his 
o{li(;ial  opi)ortunities,  and  found  support  in  a  simple, 
unostentatious  life,  and  an  unobtrusive  I)iety.  Yet 
beneath  this  lol'ty  rectitude  lurked  a  cold  reserve  that 
repelled  friendship,  and  a  diplomatic  calculation  that 
did  not  s(;ruple  at  any  means  foi-  the  accomplishment 
of  a  seemingly  good  partisan  object.  His  mind  and 
j)r()minent  traits  stand  reflected  in  his  writings,  with 
their  depth  of  thought,  their  clear  and  unalfected 
style,  and  with  their  lurking  satire  and  marked  Jiarty 
bias."'*  ThroutJfh  him  llowed  both  ijood  and  evil  for 
]Mexic(^;  yet  in  all  he  undoubtedly  aimed  with  true 
conviction  for  the  best,  and  to  him  this  centred  in 
an  autocratic  government,  which,  with  the  aid  of  the 
educated  and  wealthy  classes,  including  the  clergy, 
should  hold  the  masses  in  tutelage.  His  faults  were 
rather  of  his  race  and  class  than  of  himself,  and  his 
countrymen  can  atford  to  forget  them  in  admiring  him 
as  the  foremost  patron  in  his  time  of  their  arts  and 
industries,  as  a  distinguished  historian,  and  as  one  of 
their  ixreatcst  statesmen."^ 

His  death,  which  occurred  on  Juno  2,  1853,  while 
he  was  still  unfolding  his  plans  for  reconstructing  the 
government,  [U'oved  a  serious  blow  to  his  party;  for 

f'*  An  account  of  his  literary  work  and  life  has  been  given  at  the  close  of 
vol.  iv.,  //i■^^.  Mr.v.,  H'2\-i,  this  scries. 

<"lIo  ligurcd  even  for  a  brief  term  in  1829  as  associate  ruler  with  Veloz 
and  Quintanar,  an<l  continued  with  the  incoming  president,  Bustamantc,  as 
premier.  His  adherents  praise  iiini  furtiier  as  tlie  creator  of  national  iniliis- 
tries,  '  el  ornamento  do  su  pais.'  Alaman,  Apniifen,  ,5(5.  Rivera  .again  al)uscs 
liini  as  'dosprovisto  de  sentimientos  patrios,'  (/oli.  de  Miix.,  ii.  l-Ki;  while 
Arruuiz,  liio<j.  Mcj.,  assumes  a  moderate  impartiality.  Perez,  Dice,  i.  'JOO-o. 


JOSli  MARfA  TORNEL. 


037 


n\  ideas 
y  whit'li 
•liievfd, 
A-A  \»ro- 
lle  n- 

I  out  l)y 
transjic- 
lupcach- 
To  of  Ins 
I  siuipli', 
t,y.     Yet 
.^rvo  that 
,tion  that 
)hshiuent 
miiul  and 
tirrs,  with 
maliected 
ked  party 
d  evil  for 
iNvith  true 
:entred  in 
[lid  of  the 
|ie  cleri^y, 
ults  were 
[,  and  his 
firing  him 
arts  and 
as  one  of 

153,  while 
Icting  the 
|arty;  for 

the  cloac  of 

Jr  with  Velez 
listaiiuintL',  as 
ItitMial  iikUis- 
I  again  ul>iise» 
li.  14t);  while 
!«•.,  i.  "iOO-J. 


Ids  moral  energy  and  diitermination  presented  the  only 
ioi'iiiidahle  check  to  the  amititious  designs  of  the  (hc- 
tator,  and  reminded  him  of  ins  oi)iigations  to  those 
who  had  installed  him.  The  restraitit  was  fiu'ther 
loosened  hy  the  demise  shortly  after  of  J.  ^[,  Tornel 
y  Mendibil,  the  war  ndnister,  a  man  of  erudition  and 
exj)erience;  and  althougli  a  th^voted  Santanist,  he 
was  swayed  to  some  extent  hy  federalist  id(;as."^  And 
now  Santa  Anna  gave  freer  reins  to  his  actions,  with 
the  cooperation  of  moiv  pliant  ministerial  (ireatures, 
headed  hy  Diez  y  l^onilla.'^'  lie;  moved  to  'i'acuhaya 
immediately  after  Alaman's  death,  and  lived  there  in 
regal  state,  with  imposing  pageantry  and  guards  of 
honor  in  glittering  uniforms.  The  palace,  with  its 
dazzling  interi(jr  of  ta[)estri(;d  and  mirrored  walls, 
costly  furniture  and  statuary,  and  alcoves  decked  in 
cli(M(!e  flowers,  hecame  the  frecpient  sce-ne  of  halls  and 
soirtHis;  and  here  congregated  the  beauty,  wt;alth,  and 
influence  of  the  country,  forming  a  veritable  court  of 
.sycophants  and  hangers-on,  bending  to  his  every 
whim. 

It  pleased  him,  this  homage,  and  he  (h.'igned  to 
rcjcognize  it  by  exerting  his  sovereign  powers  to  adorn 
his  courtiei's  with  a  fringe  of  nobilitv.  He  restored 
the  Guadalupe  order  of  Iturbide's  e[)hemeral  empire, 
an  act  explained  to  boorisli  republicans  as  recpured  to 
])erpetuate  the  glories  of  the  independence,  to  reward 

•■'iro  h.i<l  ligiired  witli  credit  as  a  govonujr,  senator,  and  minister,  and 
.acliiuvcd  tli.stiuction  as  an  orator  and  writer,  in  a  large  number  of  JJlseiirfOH 
and  minor  issues.  He  died  Sc'jit.  II,  ISoU,  and  reeeivecl  far  grciiter  hoiKjrs 
than  his  patron  accorded  to  the  le.ss  ])()i)ular  Alatnan.  Men,,  Col.  L<i/.,  lJ<c.  ij 
Old.,  IS."),"},  V.  17-10;  Tonicl,  Xii.r.  Mij.,  424  et  aetj.;  Id.,  (Jurta,  H-7;  /''., 
Maui/.,  j)ts  1-3;  Pap.  Vav.,  el.  pt  22,  cexi.x.  pt  4.  Zavala  objects  to  his  lack 
of  ciiaract-er.   /{co.  Alex.,  ii.  .'iU  7. 

*••  As  Alaman's  successor,  Aguilar  y  Marocho  taking  his  place  in  the  gob- 
ornacion  di'partment,  and  retaining  it  by  a  course  of  servile  siibniis>ion,  as 
did  Jjares  iid  Leon  the  portfolios  of  justice  and  fomento.  The  treasury  otlico 
changed  hands  several  times,  as  I  have  shown,  owing  to  internal  dithiidties, 
and  likewise  the  war  ministry,  intrusted  to  L.  J.  Alcorta,  who  in  .I'.n.  I!S.j4 
w;is  succeeded  by  Blanco,  Arista'.s  seiieming  war  minister.  Snare/,  y  N'avari'o 
displayed  such  violence  .it  being  passed  over  for  this  position  that  he  wa.s  ex- 
iled as  a  dangerous  ingrate,  and  became  an  implacable  foe.  Consult. -ippoint- 
ineuts  and  comments,  in  M(X.,  Co/.  Leu.,  i>''<'-  .'/  OnL,  18.J.S,  iv.  201,  2()8-t»,  v. 
!).'),  etc.;  Arrh.  Mux.,  Adas,  i.  438,  etc.;  £co  Ue  Kspaua,  Juue-Oct.,  passim; 
and  U uicLisal,  etc. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


638 


HIS  MOST  SERENE  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICTATOR. 


merit,  and  add  prestige  to  the  government."  He  even 
condescended  in  the  distribution  to  recognize  the  ser- 
vices of  the  mouldering  Iturbide,  Guerrero,  and  O'Don- 
oj\i,  while  crushing  Hidalgo,  Morelos,  and  the  rest  with 
contemptuous  disregard.  Unfortunately,  at  the  first 
public  display  of  the  order,  as  the  members  paraded 
in  all  their  glittering  insignia  before  the  gaping  masses, 
these,  unable  to  grasp  the  solemn  import  of  things 
esoteric,  profaned  the  occasion  by  dubbing  them  hue- 
huenches,  a  nickname  passed  round  with  boisterous 
hilarity,  that  found  a  persistent  echo  throughout  the 
country.  Even  among  the  higher  classes  were  men 
who  manifested  equal  lack  of  appreciation.  Chief 
Justice  Ceballos,  who  after  resigning  the  presidency 
had  returned  to  the  supreme  bench,  was  honored 
by  an  offer  of  the  third-class  order.  Either  the 
degree  was  below  his  expectations,  or  he  was  sincere 
in  declaring  that  his  republican  convictions  opposed 
its  acceptance ;  for  he  declined,  as  did  his  associate, 
Castafieda.  Such  unheard  of  independence  in  the 
midst  of  fawning  adulation  stung  Santa  Anna;  and 
contrary  to  his  stipulations  and  oaths,  '  ordered 
them  both  to  be  dismissed  in  the  fac  .  general 
though  suppressed  disapproval."^ 

Those  and  other  puerilities  were  indulged  in,  re- 
gardless of  the  low  condition  of  the  treasury,  and 
much  time  was  wasted  in  discussing  questions  of  so- 
cial precedence  and  color  of  liveries,  while  depression 


^* The  three  classes  of  grand  crosses,  comcndadores  and  caballeros,  wcio 
preserved,  the  former  two  limited  to  24  and  100  members,  respectively.  IIu 
ileclured  himself,  as  president,  the  grand  master,  and  allowed  Bravo  to  figiiru 
as  vice-president,  tor  regulations  and  list  of  first  members,  whereof  10  ai'.il 
22  ill  the  lirst  classes,  see  Mix.,  Col.  Ley.,  Dec.  y  OriL,  18j3,  222-.S0,  ap.  I.'l  - 
2G;  Oiuidalupe,  Derrrto  para  Orden,  1-11;  Pap.  Tor.,  ccxxvii.  pt  13;  E'-o 
Espulia,  Nov.  10  till  Dec.  24,  1853,  passim.  Decorations  fur  services  in  civil 
war  were  cummendably  forbidden.  JJublan  and  Lozano,  L<'(j.  Mex.,  vi,  312-13, 
582-3,  593,  752-72;  Zarco,  Hint.  Cong.,  i.  211-424,  passim. 

*•*  On  the  ground  that  they  were  not  in  accord  with  the  supreme  policy, 
nor  with  the  conduct  of  one  who  had  not  long  ago  attacked  national  represen- 
tation, in  dissolving  the  congress.  See  correspondence  in  Mfx.,  Rev.  lSo3-5, 
ap.  v.-x.  CnstaQcda  had  more  cautiously  pleaded  lock  of  means  to  sustain 
the  honor.  For  new  appointmenta  to  the  bench,  see  Mix,,  Col.  Lty,,  Dec.  y 
Ord.,  1853,  v.  251-2. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  RULE. 


68ll 


)ral 


60 


and  misery  stalked  abroad.  Cholera  was  adding  its 
horrors  in  the  central  provinces;  locusts  ravaged  the 
eastern;  both  frontiers  stood  menaced  by  bands  of  in- 
vaders ;  and  in  the  north  neglected  presidios  and  col- 
onies were  left  to  struggle  with  insufficient  means 
against  savage  raiders;  while  the  newly  raised  armies 
wallowed  in  ease  in  the  interior  cities,  there  massed 
to  sustain  autocratic  measures  and  hush  raurmurintjs. 
And  well  they  did  their  work;  for  the  several  efforts 
made  to  shake  off  the  yoke  were  promptly  suppressed, 
notably  in  Guanajuato,  Yucatan,  and  Vera  Cruz 
The  severe  decrees  against  conspirators  were  applied 
with  greater  zeal  than  ever,  and  one  prominent  man 
after  another  who  might  prove  dangerous  to  the  gov- 
ernment was  sent  into  exile  or  cast  into  a  dunjreon,  the 
c.nly  redeeming  feature  being  a  comparatively  small 
number  of  executions.*^ 

The  main  object  of  the  late  revolution  was  to 
restore  order,  and  convoke  in  due  time  a  congress 
to  frame  a  constitution.  This  implied  a  probable 
change  of  executive,  and  with  curtailment  of  power, 
by  no  means  palatable  to  Santa  Anna;  and  as  he  had 
never  yet  allowed  anything  to  interfere  with  his  will 
so  long  as  he  possessed  the  means  to  enforce  it,  he 
was  not  likely  to  do  so  now  in  the  face  of  such  trifling 
objections  as  public  rights  and  wishes,  or  such  shadowy 
obstacles  as  promises  and  oaths.     Nevertheless,  he 


•'•The  trouble  here  occurred  in  M.ay  ISM,  on  the  part  of  the  militia  at 
Vera  Cruz,  when  the  order  came  for  reorganization.  The  two  days'  tight  cost 
a  number  of  lives.  Several  futile  agitations  took  place  for  the  fulfilment  of 
tlic  Jalisco  plan,  at  Ixhuacan,  Ayutia,  and  Morelia,  and  a  more  serious  move- 
ment at  Guanajuato,  whereby  the  governor  was  for  a  moment  removiid,  and 
ii  call  made  for  Uraga  as  president.  One  leader  was  canturcd  and  shot.  In 
Vucatoa  three  leaders  were  executed  for  upholding  federation,  although  rc- 
t:uning  Santa  Anna  for  president.  Tamaulipas  was,  as  over,  unquiet,  al- 
tliougli  calmed  somewhat  by  a  severe  decree  against  invaders.  Duhla.i  and 
Luzano,  Leg.  Mex.,  vi.  594.  For  details  of  troul)les  in  different  directions,  I 
refer  to  Univer»cd,  May  27,  1853,  and  subsequent  dates;  E'<})ariol,  id.;  Sit/lo 
XIX.,  id.;  Sonorenae,  id.;  Eco  Espaila,  July  '2.*?,  etc.;  Hivfia,  I/isf.  ,/ahipa, 
iv.  343-433,  passim;  Losada,  CufMion,  15-19;  One.  Giuit.,  May  13,  20,  Nov. 
11,  1853;  Cent.  Am.  Pap.,  iv.;  Gonzalez,  Ilixt.  A'jiiair.,  l!)0-'.'09. 

•'Although  Villa-Amor,  Bloi).  Santa  Anna,  27-31,  talks  of  sicarios,  paid 
assassins,  and  '  cuantos  fucron  conducidos  al  cadalso  para  volver  luogo  ul  cala- 
bozo,'  etc.  Mix.,  Rev.  1S63-S,  11,  18,  etc. 


i 


640 


HIS  MOST  SERENK  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICTATOR. 


manifested  a  strange  scruple,  considering  that  he 
had  been  all  along  violating  personal  guarantees, 
judicial  sanctity,  amnesties,  and  constitutional  bases. 
Instead  of  taking  the  easy  method  of  unceremoni- 
ously ignoring  objections,  he  had  recourse  to  the 
circuitous  form  of  letting  his  emissaries  stir  up  a 
pronunciamiento  in  that  hot-bed,  Gua<lalajara,  on  No- 
vember 17th,  condemning  the  hmited  term  assigned 
by  former  plans  for  reconstructing  the  governnjent 
and  restoring  order.  In  truth,  the  Guadalupe  order 
alone,  with  its  newly  created  aristocracy,  so  indispen- 
sable to  an  aspiring  country,  demanded  deep  consid- 
eration of  new  liveries  and  I'resh  rules  of  precedence, 
lest  a  mere  knight  should  peradventure  throw  the 
social  structure  out  of  gear,  and  disturb  equanimities 
by  taking  the  pas  before  a  commander.  Hence  it 
was  declared  that  the  term  should  be  prolonged  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  present  illustrious  cliief. 

Moreover,  it  had  been  the  custom  to  address  the 
j)resident  as  'excelentisimo';  but  while  this  was  doubt- 
less good  enough  for  Santa  Anna's  predecessors,  it 
seemed  outrageous  presumption  to  place  sucli  a  man 
on  the  same  level,  and  he  a  self-created  grand  niastcr. 
'Most  serene  highness'  was,  therefore,  suggested  as 
more  fitting.  Certain  loyal  wise-heads  of  Puebla 
thought  this  insufficient,  and  wished  to  add  'mariscal 
general,'  'grand  admiral,'  'grand  elector,'  and  other 
grand  things,  to  which  others  chimed  in,  'for  life.' 
In  its  despair  at  being  thus  forestalled,  the  army 
wildly  proclaimed  him  'savior  of  Mexico,'  although 
to  many  this  savored  rather  of  the  remote  and  airy 
celestial  than  of  the  tangible  and  imposing  mundane. 
The  capital  atoned  for  its  lack  of  promptness  by 
indorsitig  all  and  everything,  and  the  rabble,  that  a 
few  days  before  heaped  ridicule  upon  the  grand  master, 
now  filled  the  streets  with  their  'vivas,'  with  special 
intonation  of  the  prestige- wreathed  title  of  captain- 
general. 

The  climax  was  capped,  however,  by  a  few  scattered 


IMPERIAL  SCHEMES. 


641 


villji£rcs  which  proclaimod  him  emperor.  The  empire 
idea  was  not  confined  to  one  class,  as  we  liave  ah'eady 
seen ;  and  it  found  a  certain  support  anjonuf  those  wlio, 
Hince  the  hite  war  of  invnbion,  bej^an  to  think  of  a  liis- 
jiano-American  confederacy.  Some,  despairing  even 
of  autonomy  midst  the  continued  strife  of  factions, 
demanded  in  addition  a  protectorate,  preferaMy  under 
Spain.*"*  Alaman  had  lately  stood  at  the  head  of  those 
Avho  advocated  monarchy  as  the  only  promising  means 
for  imparting  stability  to  the  government,  and  confi- 
dence on  the  part  of  foreign  powers;  but  they  deemed 
the  prestige  of  a  European  prince  essential  to  the  pro- 
ject, and  had  been  sounding  the  western  ))owers  re- 
garding a  member  of  the  Spanish  royal  family.  Ala- 
man's  successor  continued  negotiations  till  the  fall  of 
the  ministry  at  Madrid  caused  them  to  be  suspended, 
for  the  time  at  least,®'  greatly  to  the  delight  of  Santa 
Anna,  who  naturally  objected  to  an  interloper,  and 
looked  only  too  longingly  at  a  sceptre  for  himself. 
But  the  rocket  flight  of  Iturbide's  empire  had  struck 
a  warning  chill  among  native  aspirants,  and  the  (puick 
and  cackle  of  the  aforesaid  villages  found  no  reverber- 
ating echo  to  redeem  their  feebleness,  yet  they  served 
by  the  contrast  to  make  other  proclamations  seem  less 
excessive  and  ridiculous.  This  was  a  great  gain  in 
itself,  and  Santa  Anna  could  bide  his  time. 

In  the  agitation  for  things  of  such  importance  as 
the  government  of  the  country,  it  was  not  expected 
that  common  people  should  do  aught  else  than  swell 
tlie  refrain;  for  had  not  governors  and  officials  beeti 
u[)pointed  by  superior  wisdom  to  speak  and  act  for 
tliem!^  Unlike  the  irresolute  and  bewildered  masses, 
often  guided  by  ridiculous  notions  of  liberty  and  e(|ual- 

**  Advocated  notably  by  the  llcrnldo  of  Madrid,  and  coiidemiicd  l>v' tlio 
SUjIo  XIX.,  while  the  Clamor  Pi'Mko  lx>ldly  declared  for  u  union  with  tho 
I'liiteil  States. 

'■''  They  IukI  Ijcen  kept  so  secret  that  only  a  few  intimates  knew  anything 
filidut  them,  lionilla  sought  to  deny  his  share  in  the  mutter,  Imt  An-anu<>iz 
(Iccldres,  J/»;/.,  ii.  'M'l,  that  he  possesses  his  letter  of  Aug.  I,  1H,");{,  in  cvidenw. 
See  also  I'Vnrr,  Ciuslioii  di'  Mix.,  '2(il-0,  and  the  charges  against  Laeunza,  iu. 
I'u2i.  \'ur.,  evi.  pt  vii.  10-17,  for  couuiviug. 
Uui.  Mkx.,  Vol.  V.    U 


048 


HIS  MOST  SERENE  HIGHNESS,  THE  DICTATOR. 


ity,  these  \vell-<Irillod  pupils  of  the  master  oouUl  in- 
terpret the  shghtest  wink  of  superior  pohcy,  aiul  knew 
their  duty  even  in  so  far  as  to  impress  upon  the  duller 
brains  of  subordinates  and  civilians  of  prominence  the 
prudence  of  following  example,  and  that  promptly. 
The  result  was  an  overwhelming  indorsement  ot  the 
new  plan  of  Guadalajara,  couched  in  the  most  earnewt 
and  even  supplicating  ternis.  Santa  Anna  felt  moved 
by  such  devotion,  such  popular  tribute  to  his  great- 
ness; but  duty  and  principle  should  alone  be  his 
guides.  Then  came  expo.stulations  and  entreaties. 
The  country  would  assuredly  fall  into  anarchy  and 
ruin  unless  he  retained  the  firm  control.  This  was 
irnjfutable.  He  would  sacrifice  himself  for  its  good. 
Accordingly,  on  December  IG,  1853,  he  issued  a  decree 
j)rolonging  the  dictatorship  indefinitely,  and  bestow- 
ing upon  himself  the  title  Mnost  serene  highness.'"" 
This  was  generously  supplemented  by  an  amnesty  to 
political  exiles  within  the  country,  although  not  till 
the  most  dangerous  had  been  sent  out,  and  till  ar- 
rangements had  been  made  to  keep  others  under  close 
espionage.  Still  further  shone  Santa  Anna's  self-ab- 
negation in  declining  for  a  second  time  the  office  of 
captain-general  as  well  as  the  other  titles,  and  he 

'"Its  three  articles,  Bignificautly  adtlressed  to  and  issued  by  the  minister 
of  wiir,  alhidcd  to  the  nmnifustcd  dusiru  of  tlio  '  authorities,  cori>orations,  and 
notables  of  all  the  departments  '  in  support  of  the  Guadalajara  plan,  and  tlio 
cxpres8c<l  views  of  tlie  council  of  state.  Not  a  reference  to  tho  people,  and 
yet  by  art.  1  '  it  is  declared  tho  will  of  the  nation  Uiat  the  actual  president 
i'et4iin  tiic  power  with  which  he  is  invested  for  all  the  time  ho  considttrs 
necessary  to  consolidate  public  order,  and  assure  territorial  integrity  and  tiio 
reform  of  administrative  branches.'  liy  art.  2  ho  is  permitted  to  designate 
his  successor  in  case  of  deatli  or  <Iisability,  in  a  sealed  document  intrusted  to 
the  ministry.  Art.  .*)  attaches  the  title  'alteza  sercnfsima'  to  tiio  presidency. 
1'lic  minister  adds  tiiat  henceforth  communications  to  the  president  nnist  lie 
headed  'sereufsimo  seftor.'  Mt'x.,  Lfijisl.  MeJ.,  \8iili,  591-3.  Confirmatory 
notices  in  Pimirt  Coll.,  no.  1114;  Eco  Espailn,  Nov.  2(1,  Doc.  7,20,  etc.,  1853, 
and  otiier  journals.  As  an  offset,  goveniors  were  entitled  'excclencia.'ayuntti- 
uiientos  'ilustres,'  and  prefects  'sefioria.'  Domenech,  who  understands  from 
certuru  pri\ate  letters  that  the  empire  movement  was  more  general,  is  dis- 
gusted with  Santa  Anna  for  his  groundless  fear  of  Iturbide's  fate;  '  il  n'eut 
point  lo  courage  d'iniiter  Soulouque.'  Hint,  dii  if  ex.,  ii.  253.  Even  Alvarez, 
now  prciMiriug  to  revolt,  thought  it  politic  to  send  congratulations.  Iturbidc 
received  the  title  *  libertador,  and  his  surviving  descendants  large  grants  of 
htnds  on  account  of  the  compensation  once  voted  them,  besides  a  pension  of 
?ir-»,O0O.  Dmblanaud  Lozano,  Leg.  Hex.,  vi.  326,  700. 


FALSE  MAGNANIMITY. 


043 


mapfnaniiiiously  refused  to  swell  the  burdens  of  the 
people  by  acceptinjj  the  increased  pay  of  300,000, 
for  there  were  not  laeking  subservient  finance  minis- 
ters always  at  hand  to  give  preference  to  his  modest 
wants." 


'70 


linistcr 
Ins,  and 
\nA  the 
lie,  aixl 
Icsidciit 
Insiilura 
iiul  the 
Uiguuto 
Utctl  to 
tlency. 
|ju»t  1h! 
Imatory 
1853, 
liyuntii- 
lla  from 
J  18  tlis- 
ll  nV'ut 
llvarcz, 
jtuiV)i<le 
tmta  of 
lisiuii  of 


^'  Tlio  authorities  consulted  for  the  precediDf;  chapters  are: 
IJiiblan  and  Lozano,  Le,/.  At.'X.,  v.  42-2-6,  533-0,  551  73,  623-4,  «4(>-8, 
68.3,  722-4,  747-.'K),  vi.  passim,  vii,  14-15,  01-70,  204,  201-2,  312-13;  /{ivera. 
Hint.  Jalnpa,  iv.  passim;  Id.,  (Job.  ile  Mrr.,  ii.  passim;  /(/.,  Mvx.  Pint.,  i. 
2(i,  ii.  271-2,  400;  U.  S.  lloH  Doc,  Cong.  31,  Scs.  I,  Acts  and  Hcs.,  p.  70; 
lit.,  Cong.  31,  Sos.  2,  Son.  31;  Id.,  Ccmg.  32,  Ses.  I,  Sen.  .lour.  H»fl  et  He(|., 
Sen.  97;  Thorn jmon' h  linoU.  Mvx.,  108,  177;  Zerrrem,  Ilfr.  Mix.,  05;  ihn-ih. 
Intirn.  Mex.,  Ist  pt,  6I9-.'>7,  2d  pt,  .325-8,  3d  nt,  07  72,  400  0.  {y&i-lQ;  Al- 
monte.  Pro}/.  Lryen  Kobiv  Vol.,  1-31;  Znmacoh,  lli»t.  Mvj.,  xii.  303,  xiii.  377- 
8,  420-8.35;  Siinn-z  y  Nnvarro,  Stn-Aiina  ihtrliiiidoHf,  paKHim;  Arrillaiia, 
liWop.,  Kncro-Abr.  1840,  1-1.32,  ap.  1-3;  Miiyo  1840  Alir.  IS-V),  passim;  id., 
Ufcop.  Ley.,  Dec.  y  Cirr.,  1-0.3,  113-17;  Mex.,  Col.  Leyrit  Fund.,  ;iOO-ir>;  Id., 
Lfi/isl.  Mej.,  1848,  XM,  300-2,  370,  4.^,  47«V-0O,  508-00;  1840  .54,  pnsHim; 
1850,  En.-Jnn..  475.  .Jnl.-Dic,  .304-5;  Id.,  ('of.  Ln/fit  i/  Dec,  1848,  l.-.O,  204- 
71,  351,  .301,  .380,  458,  481-2,  .V2JI-.30,  7().'>-71;  18.J0,  passim;  Id.,  Col.  Leyis, 
iJcc.yOrd.,  1850-4,  i.-vii.  passim;  Id.,  Mem.  liilac,  18.')0,  8  12;  1851,  1-43, 
and  annexes  1-15;  /(/.,  A\/)o*.  //nr-''',  la'K),  1-8;  Id.,  Mem.  Hiifi",  18.'>(>,  1- 
127;  Id.,  Mem.  Ilae-'-',  1851,  I -IS,  and  annexes;  Id.,  .Mem.  Ilncft",  1870,  .374- 
0,  387,  400-1,  1048-51;  Id.,  Mem.  (,'nerm,  18.">0,  1 -.3.'),  and  annexes  1-20;  I8:.l, 
1-37,  and  annexes  1-10;  18.52,  1-118,  and  annexes,  pp.  l-.'»7;  /'/.,  Mem.  ./«.<- 
licia,  1850,  1-59,  and  annexes  1-20;  /(/.,  .Mem.  Fomento,  1806,  02-7,  and  an- 
nexes 47-55;  /(/.,  Eitpon.  ^  Iiiir.  Mhiint.  Ilitr^-',  1H51,  1-32;  Id.,  Mem.  Polit. 
y  Eiftcul.,  18.'i0,  1-02,  and  annexes  1-13;  Id.,  .Mem.  Col.  Iiidii.st.,  18.V2,  1-71; 
/(/.,  Iter,  contra  Sta  Atnia,  1-35,  ap.  iii.-cv. ;  Id.,  Phai  /<"  In  Di'feiim,  0-10; 
Id.,  Corresp.  IHplom.,  ii.  64.3  722;  Id.,  Piezmt  .Iiixli/..  1-26,  .3.V.V),  01-5K>;  Id., 
ColoniaH  Mil.,  W.  6;  Id.,  Regl.  Colon.  Md.,  1851,  1-31;  !d.,  Ilei/l.  Colo,,.  Mil., 
18.'»4,  1-.30;  /(/.,  Ejircito,  Ley  gohre  Arreijlo,  1-16;  /(/.,  Demla  Int.,  Let/  de 
JSoJ,  1-15;  Id.,  Di»curno  Piemd.  Repib.,  If,  de  (Jet.  de  lSr,J,  1-11;  Id.,  I)h- 
rurto  Presid.  EM.  Un.  Mex.,  1  de  hn.  de  IS.'i.J,  1-.30;  Id.,  PiinnjiiieMo  Miii. 
lirl.  Int.,  11.  0;  /(/.,  IJirtiim.  Com.  Pnnton  CmiHtif.,  1840;  Id.,  Dirtnm.  Pro,/. 
Cohniz.,  1849,  1-12;  Id.,  Com.  de  llne^,  iJietdm.,  1S5I,  1-26;  Id.,  Dietdm. 
Com.  CrMto  Pull.,  1849,  1-18;  Id.,  Dietrtm.  Com.  (Wdito  PiVil.  Deiidn  Int., 
1S49,  1-74;  VarlediideHjnrisp.,  i.  280-305;  Wihon',*  Mex.,  68-78;  Zamhntno, 
Tiiri/a  Suelilo-1,  1-2.39;  Oaj.,  Ei/m-i.,  18.")0,  1-5;  Ineonren.  Coloniz.  Indisrrit., 
1-24;  Onj.,  Ekj^s.  que  hnce  il  (lob.,  1851,  1-19,  and  annexes  I  17;  Id.,  Expos, 
(pie  hare  elOob.,  1852,  1-34,  with  Docs;  (SonMliz,  Hist.  Afjimxrid..,  18.V2(M); 
.Miu/er'n  Mex.  Azt.,  ii.  .32,  125-0;  II,,;-era,  P,-oyerlo  Est.,  1-72,  11.  3,  sh.  1; 
Md'c,  Dirtdm.  Junta,  1849,  1-116;  Ober,  Mexico,  460;  (fomez  ill  Pnlnetn, 
h'ai>idn  Ojenda,  1-14;  Manero.  Dor.  Iiite,rs.,  28-40;  Dice.  Univ.  Hint.  (Jeo</., 
ii.  4.'>0-5;  Lucliet,  (Jbserv.  al  Diet.,  1-60;  Mnldonndo,  In/orme  eler.  nl  Vii-e- 
Cob.,  1-14;  Mier  (S.  T.  de),  Proferia  Pollt.,  1-28;  .Mesa,  B,-fve  Man!/.,  3-15; 
Fosse,/,  Mex.,  185,494-5;  Buenri.stro,  Hist.  Pritn.  Coni/.  Constit.,  127-8;  Correo 
Xne.',  Ang.  18,  29,  Oct.  2.3,  28,  Nov.  7,  Dec.  14,  19,  20.  26,  1848,  .Ian.  3,  1840; 
Con:  de  E„p.,  Nov.  1,  1854;  Manif.  Supr.  Trib.  1-38;  Am.  (Jiiait.  Itiij.,  ii. 
270-7,  iii.  19-20,  330-1,  iv.  87-90,  t.  104-8;  Gnlvez,  Ante  la  Prim.  Snln,  I- 
58;  Maclure^A  Opiniom,  247;  Ordohez,  Opi'ue.  sobre  Ascenaot,  1-12;  /'/.,  Estin- 
cinn  Comand.  Oen.,  \-\\;Sartoriw,  Import.  Mer.,  26,  .32;  Iteptib.  .Mix.,  I.i'jera 
ll' sella,  1-25,  .35;  Morelia,  Represent,  que  el  Vecind.,  I  21;  Cutierrez,  Leye*  de. 
111/.,  431-42;  El  IlernUo,  Oct.  20,  Dec.  11,  20,  etc.,  1848,  Jan.  8,  15,  17,  Mch 
.3,  (i,  etc.,  1849;  Nilen'  Register,  Ixxv,  104-5,  110-11,  173,  177;  Mnsson,  Ulln 
I'udriila,  175-217;  PeAa  y  PeAa,  Obaerv,  hechas,  1-64;  Arizcorreta,  RtspueMa, 


641 


HIS  MOST  SERENE  IIIGHXESS,  THE  DICTATOR, 


1-30;  Id.,  Mauif.  at  Pi'M.,  4;  Prirto,  Iiiufnirc,  1-47;  Hosa,  Eiimijo,  35-0,  4.'>- 
ClJ;  Atrdrute,  Hincua  hifhu,  l-IA;  Ztiri'inba'H  Merchant,  15;  Sitttnz  y  Xai'urm, 
J>i«iarMO  Mohif  Trih.  Mil.,  1-CO;  AY  Sonuiruiu,  Dec.  1,  l«4M,  Nov.  '23.  1S4!», 
Feb.  21,  Deo.  5,  19,  1^51,  Jan.  «,  Aug.  «,  18oJ,  Jiin.  14,  Mch.  4,  18,  May  '-'0, 
27,  1853;  (I'liiulalupe,  Onl,  Mvx.,  ihrnto,  1-11;  liichtliofvii.  Hep.  Mvx.,  33- 
m,  433-(),  445,  454-04;  Snc.  Union,  .Inly  25,  Aug.  8,  18.V);  Sne.  Jiecor,l,lhx. 
15,  IS70;  C'tl'm,  Dejeimn,  1-39;  A7  Unmmnl,  1849-53,  paBsiin;  Mix.,  E»i>oi. 
que.  la  Com.  Perm.,  1850,  1-8;  Id.,  Conntit.  Polil.,  48;  /(/.,  Convene.  Diplom., 
1  31;  /r/.,  .SV7.  Pfirt.  Conxolid.  Hep.,  i.  1-2;  Id.,  Dor.  Refer.  CueM.  Aijit.,  1- 
43;  /'/.,  E*pon.  y/<w*»,  1849,  1-112;  Id.,  Gnraut.  Indiv.,  Dictdm.,  1841),  1-35; 
Id.,  Leijac.  Mex.,  En. -Die.  1849,  1  370;  /(/.,  liuariiic.  de  Mdx.,  ManiJ'.  nl 
Publ.,  1  -24;  /(/.,  ('nest ion  del  Dia;  Id..  Ley  p"  Arreulo  Conteueioso,  I  ■24;  /'/., 
Xombram.  Minint.  Sup.  Carle,  1-20;  Id.,  iJee.  }>"  reemplazar  liajan,  1-20;  Id., 
Part.  CdiiHerv.,  0-7;  /(/.,  Lei/  de  4  de  Xov.  de  IS4S,  1-10;  Id.,  Mem.  Present., 
47-52;  Id.,  Manif.,  1849,  1-23;  Kl  Siijlo  XIX.,  184!)-53,  iMwsim;  El  Rei/ulndor 
(I'ufbla),  Miiy  1849to  Apl.  1852,  ])aRBiin;  March,  Hint.  Marina,  i.  130;  Norieija, 
L'hIuiI.  Depart.  M-h:,  705-0;  Madrid,  Maui/.,  1-23;  Veracruz,  Succkoh  Act. 
Jfei'of.,  1-30;  Tabaeo,  lUetum.  nobre  Nulidml  Cont.,  1-20;  Ledo,  Expoit.  nobre 
Cowl.,  1-84,  up.  1-34;  CaxtUlo,  Sentem:  Abaul.,  1-18;  Otero,  Ijincurso;  lionilla, 
lJ<rr<lop"<)riianiz.  lird.  (Jund.,  1-11;  Cadenn,  Enpofi.  que  hncen,  1-28;  S.  Fr. 
J>.  Herald,  18."»()-3,  paHsiin;  Mex.,  liept  Tehuant.  Comm.;  Tlaxcaln,  EMntulo, 
1-20;  liarnard'H  Jxth.  Tehuant.,  app.  277-81;  Siettdo  Liberate*,  1-32;  Polyue- 
itian,  vii.  103;  Priefo,  Iii/orme  xobre  JJeuda  Entr.,  1-15;  Tesoreria  y  Com.  Uen. 
Prenup.  de,  1-174;  Temjink-y'n  Milla,  85-90;  Abbot's  Mex.  and  U.  8.,  279-81; 
Album  Mex.,  i,  10,  47;  Itamirez,  Dim.  del  MiniM.,  1-12;  Id.,  Obnerv.  heehas, 
1-11;  /(/.,  Mem.  de  Ian  Difer.,  109-230;  Id.,  Acumcion,  1-8;  Id.,  ,4;»»h^-i 
JUmI.  Convene.  Dipl.,  \-20;'Mex.,  Mem.  Direcc.  Coloniz.,8-9,  21-4;  Id.,  Plan 
Di'j.  Eiifadon  Invud.  Uurbarox,  1-27;  Id.,  Dictdm.  Junta  De/.  contra  lidrl>., 
1-20;  ViijUetti,  llenejut,  10-17;  Mex.,  Proy.  liecursoM,  7,  10;  Papeleit  Varioi, 
xi.  pt  5,  xxvi.  pt  9,  xxxi.  pt50,  xli.  j)ts  5,  11,  12,  hi.  pts  3-5.  Ixxxviii.  pt  4, 
Ixxxix.  j)t8  1,  8,  9,  11,  xtiii.  pt  3,  ovi.  pt  7,  cxiv.  pta  4,  5,  8,  clxxxi.  pts  4,  4J, 
clxxxv.  pts  10,  14,  10,  clxxxvi.  pt  4,  cxcii.  pt  0,  cxcvi.  pt  13,  cxoix.  j)ts  5-7, 
9,  ccii.  pt  8,  cciii.  pt  5,  cciv.  pt  .3,  ccvi.  pts  1,  34,  ccviii.  pt  4,  ccxviii.  pt  7, 
ccxxiv.  pts  S\,  9,  10,  lOA,  ccxxvii.  pts  12,  13;  Hunt's  Merch.  Ma;/.,  xx.  073, 
xxix.  475;  Rerixor,  .Jan.  12,  18iW;  Pinart  Coll.,  passim;  Diario  Avimx,  Mch. 
2S,  1800;  WnppmuM,  Mex.  und  C.  A7)ier.,  127,  183;  Williams,  El  htmo  d>>. 
Tehuant.,  passim;  Manif.  a  la  Nuc,  All.  Mexic,  185.3,  1-18;  S.  L.  IK.tosi, 
CouHlit.,  Proy.  Ref.,  1848,  1-29;  Id.,  Constit.,  Proif.  Re/.,  1850,  1-23;  /./., 
Connlit.  Pollt.  Ref.',  1850,  l-Ati;  El  Niwiomd,  Dec.  23,  1852,  Juno  17,  July  15, 
1853;  SiHlema  P'rohib.,  Repren.,  1-10;  Zarco,  Ilixt.  Conq.,  i.  211-40,  290-310, 
328-.%,  3.)9,  421-4;  Falconnct,  Mnnif.,  3,  20;  Ferrer,  CueM.  de  Mi!x.,  201-(>; 
El  Eifpaiiol,  1852-3,  passim;  liazancourt,  Mexique,  217-40;  UrocklehurM'.i 
Mex.,  50;  Alta  California,  1851-3,  passim;  /1/w.  Caknd.  Oalvan,  1854,  05-72; 
1855,  07-70;  Aim.  Calend.  Man.  y  Oiiia,  18.52,  passim;  1854,  M;  Dictador  <  n 
Mex.,  1-24;  Diario  Debates  3  Con;/.,  i.  55;  El  Economisla,  Abr.-Mayo  1849, 
passim;  Raz,  Def.,  1-12;  DiMrito  Fed.,  Proy.  Ley  Jitxtif.,  1-00;  Archico  Me.c, 
1.  ii.  i>a8sim;  Mex.  et  VEsp.,  Mem.,  251-04;  Hayes'  ConMit.  Law,  i.  32;  Id., 
Ml  xieo,  4-5;  Entado  May.  Oral.  Ejdr.,  27-31;  Colonias  Mil.  Proy.  EMabl.,  1  - 
4,  (Iocs  1-4;  /(/.,  Reijlam.  Extabh  Sa.  Gorda,  1-15;  lymtosic..  Varian,  v.  fol.  07; 
(ahaUero,  Hist.  Aim.,  23-0;  Mex,  Bondholder  .^  Rejit,  Apl  23,  1852;  Ouardin 
Xac,  Ley  Or;/.,  1-15;  Tehuan.,  Dictdm.  sobie.  ..^pribac.,  1-20;  Id.,  Reijlain. 
Col.  MU.,  1-.32;  Rivera,  Mex.  Pint.,  ii.  274;  Jolouii.,  Dictdm,  Com.,  18.">2,  1- 
12;  /(/.,  Doc.  Direcc.  Col.  e  Ind.,  1-40;  /(/.,  I^ueifo  Proy.,  1-19;  Taylor's  Sper. 
Press,  24,  599,  002,  006-8;  El  Gloho,  Mch.  1,  1849;  Et  Monitor  Repub.,  Dec. 
22,  1848,  Feb.  0,  12,  1852;  El  Guardia  Noc,  Feb.  25,  1850;  Cliarnay,  Citci.t 
Rninex,  190-7;  Frisch,  Stnaten  von  Mex.,  15,  25-7,  32-43;  Serapio  (Frni/), 
Es'-enan,  .34-41;  Guan.,  Mem.,  1853,  5-fj,  30-7,  42-7;  Eco  de  Esimiia,  Jiil.- 
Dic.  1853,  passim;  El  Esjmnol,  Mcl»  30,  1853;  Domtnech,  L'Empire  J/c.f.,23- 
42;  It.,  Hist,  dn  Mex.,  ii.  230-8,  249,  25.3-4;  Id.,  Miss.  Adv.,  ,3;K)-5;  Id.,  Jour- 
nal, 382-405;  Wortley'a  Travels,  207,  227-8;  Moreno  y  Jove,  Oraciou  Fuu.,  0; 


AUTHORITIES. 


645 


Prtrrf's  Kcfl  and  Snihllf,  2.T2-5;  Pr}Ti/»  Trrivff,  14-fiO;  Lnimh,  Oiifmtion 
JIij'.,  15,  17;  C'fiit,  Am.  I'li/in-ii,  i.-v.  jiMMHini;  I'illn-Amor,  JJioi/.  (/<■»(.  Sin 
Aiiiin,  -iti-JW:  .SV.  M<r.  ^Vo<;.  Jio/,1.,  i.  S»4,  177,  '-M»,  .•«3-4,  iii. '44.'.,  v.  '.HU, 
LH)7.  vii.  X\\''2,  ix.  I.IO,  208;  vl/a«ift/(,  Hixt.  Mej.,  v.  9.*><!:  A/.,  ApuiitcM  Ifwj., 
40-1;  Barharhano,  Mfin.  Cnmy.,  140-0;  S<uU<i  Anna,  it  nun  Comfintr.,4-H,  I  I'- 
ll; /'/.,  Mniii/.,  0;  Jd.,  Hioij.  lUKhn.,  '2\-i\  Id.,  Ek/io^.  dinijidn,  l-'JO;  I'nijim, 
liiniM  (iV«.,  97-100;  /(/.,  Vomvnr.  Mrx.,  2(J;  Id.,  Mrmorkt,  3,  A'k  Id.,  Pmi/. 
Arreijlo  (laMtoM  /far.  I'libl.,  1-78;  ArraiKjoiz,  Mij.,  ii.  pusaiin;  itoUes  i'ezutla, 
El  Comand"  tn  Otfe.,  1-50. 


i)-  / , 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

OVERTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  RULE. 

1854-1S55. 

Santa  Anna's  Despotism  and  its  Conseqcences— Plan  of  Ayctla— Juan 
Alvarez  and  Ionacio  Comonfort— Santa  Anna's  Campaign  in  Guer- 
rero— Disturbed  Condition  of  Mexico— Sale  op  National  Terri- 
tory— A  Farcical  Plebiscit— Santa  Anna  Confirmed  in  Power — 
His  Attemit  at  a  Cuanue  of  Policy — Conservative  Opposition- 
End  OF  Santa  Anna's  Public  Career — Counter-revolution  in  Mex- 
«!o— President  Carrera — His  Conciliatory  Efforts — Reactionary 
Intriou£»— Liberal  Triumph— Alvarez  C'uusen  Provisional  Pres- 

ID-iNT. 

The  political  situation  at  the  opening  of  1854  was 
insufferable.  War  had  become  olironic.  Half  a  cen- 
tury of  internal  dissension,  with  occasional  foreign 
invasions,  was  not  enough,  it  seems;  for  now  it  is  re- 
newed, or  rather  continued,  the  little  misunderstand- 
ing with  the  United  States  not  being  allowed  long 
to  interfere  with  time-honored  customs  and  current 
throat-cuttings.  Puffed  with  vanity  and  blinded  by 
flattery,^  Santa  Anna  had  come  to  regard  himsolf 
a  god;  he  fancied  he  could  regulate  thought  with 
bayonets.  He  had  inklings  of  an  intended  movement 
against  him  in  Guerrero,  to  guard  against  which  lu- 
sent  Colonel  Rafael  Espinosa  as  military  commandiiiit 
to  Acapulco.     This  department,  for  the  liberal  ideas 

'  Prominent  men  who  contributed  to  the  preparation  of  a  historical  work, 
published  in  Mexico  in  1848,  in  wiiich  Santa  Anna's  fjeneraUhip  and  Bomo  i<f 
his  political  acts  were  reflected  upon,  received  harah  treatment  from  him. 
All  the  copies  the  government  could  lay  hands  on  wore  destroyed,  the  minis 
tcr  Aguilar  pronouncing  the  work  disgraceful,  whicii  it  was  not,  and  it.; 
authors  'molos  tucxLcanos';  several  of  whom  have  since  held  the  highest  posi- 
tions. 

(640) 


ALVAREZ'  REVOLT. 


M7 


of  its  nuthoritios,  its  past  record,  position,  rougli 
mountainous  ground,  and  unhealthy  cHniate,  was  one 
that  ho  feared.  Its  most  influential  citizen,  General 
Juan  Alvarez,  had  been  at  first  among  Santa  Anna's 
powerful  supporters,  but  soon  became  disgusted  with 
the  dictatorial  rdgime.  To  meet  a  possible  emergency, 
and  to  keep  the  authorities  in  check,  the  government, 
with  the  })retext  that  an  expedition  was  fitting  out  in 
California,  under  Count  Raousset  de  Boulbon,  to  in- 
vade Mexico,  and  mi^ht  land  at  Acapulco,  though  Gen- 
eral Alvarez  had  written  that  no  reenforcemeiits  were 


luiit 
leas 

Iwork, 

him. 

liuis- 

A  it-i 

poisi- 


Cami^aiun  auainst  Alvarez. 

needed,  despatched  a  considerable  number  of  troops 
to  Guerrero,  directing  at  the  same  time  the  naval 
commandant  at  Acapulco  to  have  an  armed  vessel  in 
readiness  to  blockade  the  port.  No  plan  had  as  yet 
been  formed  by  the  discontented  surenos,  and,  indeed, 
no  thought  given  as  to  where  the  means  were  to 
come  from.  A  revolution  was  impending,  however. 
On  the  20th  of  February  news  reached  the  capital 
that  Alvarez  had  raised  the  standard  of  revolt  in  the 
south.  The  government  then  decreed  severe  meay- 
ures  against  the  rebels  and  all  aiding  them." 

'  Feb.  13th  it  was  ordered  that  mcrchauts,  whether  uutiuiml  or  foreign. 


641 


OVKRTimOW  OF  DICTATORIAL  Itl'LE. 


Colonel  Flon'ucio  Vill.ircal,  tln3  coinnmndant  of 
Costa  ('liica,  Ktroi)|,'ly  susiuH-totl  of  disatru'tioii,  had 
been  Kuniinoned  to  Mexico  in  C)et(»l)er,  hut  a  eonvtm- 
ient  illness  had  kept  him  away.  At  last,  orders  were 
transmitted  to  hrifjj^  him,  dead  or  alive,  to  Ocatepcc. 
But  the  suHpecte*!  ehiefs  had  been  wary,  and  kej>t 
themselves  out  of  Santa  Anna's  elutehes.  OiMieral 
Tomus  Moreno  left  Chilpancinijo  February  241  h  for 
the  coast,  and  Espinosa  with  his  forces  stopped  his 
march  at  liuenavista  on  hearinj(  that  the  enemy  was 
on  the  Peregrino  heij^ht  for  the  purpose  of  checkinj^ 
his  a<lvance.  An  unequal  struyLjIe  was  thus  bcjruii 
between  the  surefios  and  the  governuient.  The  latter 
made  extensive  preparations  t(»  crush  the  rebellion. 
In  the  mean  time,  on  the  1st  of  March,  Villareal,  with 
the  force  of  ;}00  or  400  pintos  under  his  conunand,  pro- 
claimed in  the  town  of  Ayutla,  district  of  Ometejico 
and  department  of  (Guerrero,  a  political  plan,^  which 

Bonding  abroad  for  gorxls  to  be  imported  iit  nny  place  controlled  l)y  tlic  ruliel 
ciiii'li),  were  to  liu  dealt  witli  as  conspirators.  Aciipiilco  wtw  doeliircd  cloHcd 
to  foreign  and  coast  tnulc,  on  the  'id  of  Marcii.  Alvarez,  and  uU  ollircrs  who 
jiiiiied  liini,  were  deprived  of  their  riink.  Atrx.,  Col.  J^ti/.,  JUc.  i/i'tril.,  1S."»4, 
.liin.-.May,  !()•-»  S.  l-'3,  ll'S;  Mix.,  L.ni.4.  Mr}.,  18,->4,  .Ian.-.\lay,  HU-M; 
Mrx.,  Col.  Li'y.  Fund.,  ;U'>-I8;  Itirvrn,  //int.  Jtilti/ia,  iv.  478,  480. 

"The  famous  I'lan  de  Ayutla,  which,  after  n  prcani'  d  setting  forth  tho 
nation's  grievances  against  Santii  Anna's  des|M)tism,  Ir  .  tlio  following  nine 
articles  that  were  tho  basis  for  a  provisional  government.  1.  Santi*  Anna 
and  other  fuuctioimries  who,  like  him,  had  forfeited  the  peopIo'H  contidence, 
and  all  pulilio  olUcers  opposing  this  i)lan,  were  to  cease  at  onco  frt)m  exercis- 
ing any  authority.  '2.  After  a  majority  of  the  nation  hud  accepted  the  plan, 
the  commander-in-chief  of  the  liberal  forces  Wiia  to  convoke  one  representative 
from  each  state  and  territory,  to  meet  at  some  cimvenient  place,  and  acting 
togetlier  were  to  choose  a  president  ad  interim  of  tho  republic,  and  continue 
afterward  as  a  state  council  during  the  provisional  n^gime.  .').  Tho  president 
ad  interim  was  clothed  with  ample  powers  to  protect  tho  integrity  and  inde- 
pendence of  tho  national  territory,  and  to  aid  every  branch  of  tho  public  ad- 
ministration. 4.  In  states  sectmding  this  plan,  the  chief  commanaer  of  tlio 
forces,  associated  with  seven  persons  of  his  own  choosing,  to  assemble,  and 
within  one  month  enact  and  promulgate  a  statute  to  serve  as  tho  provisional 
code  of  their  stato  or  territory;  the  foumlation  of  each  sucli  statute  l)eingtliat 
the  nation  is,  and  forever  shall  be,  one,  indiri.silile,  and  indcpentlent.  ;">. 
Fifteen  days  after  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  the  president  nd 
interim  w.is  to  convoke  a  constituent  ecmgrcss,  on  tiiu  basis  of  the  law  enacted 
for  a  similar  purpose  in  1841,  to  constitute  tlio  nation  a'ja  representative  pop- 
ular republic,  and  to  revise  the  acts  of  the  provisional  executive.  «.  Tho 
anny  to  bo  preserved  and  cared  for;  foreign  ami  domestic  trade  fostered;  and 
attiie  earliest  possible  date  a  new  tariff  and  rcgidations  to  be  fnvmed  antl  en- 
forced. Until  such  time,  tho  turitf  issued  in  Ccb.-iUos'  administration  to  be 
rc\ivoJ.     7.  Cuuscriptiuu  uud  passport  laws  to  be  abuliahed.     8.  I'erauua 


THE  PLAN  OF  AYUTLA. 


640 


lio 

IIIU 


was  ratifioil  on  the  lltli,  with  n  fow  nnicndmonts  at 
Acapulco,  \>y  the  ofticors  and  troops  statioiu'd  thoro, 
and  uy  Colonel  Ignacio  Conionfort,  who  was  at  onco 
recognized  as  commandant  o!'  the  fortress  and  of  the 
niiHtary  district.* 

The  position  of  commander-in-cl.\ef  of  tlio  'ejt'roito 
rcstaurador  de  la  libertad'  was  giv  jn  to  Alvarez,  and 
that  of  second  in  command  to  Moreno.  The  lornier 
had  correspondence  with  the  discontented  at  the  na- 
tional capital,  and  with  the  exiles  Juarez  and  others, 
residing  in  New  Orleans. 

This  revolution,  heing  favored  by  public  opinio?, 
was  sure  of  victory,  though  it  had  to  meet  at  tir  i, 
with  only  a  few  ill-provided  men,  tlie  numerous  hosts 
at  the  dictator's  cuimnand/  backed  by  tUo  intlueiitial 
classes,  inc'i'ling  the  clergy,  who  supported  him  with 
their  might  to  secure  the  restoration  of  their  own 
power. 

The  action  at  Ayutla  had  a  magical  eftect.  It  was 
hailed  by  the  masses  with  marks  of  ajiprobation.  The 
government  pretended  to  des[»ise,  as  insignificant,  this 
movement,  started  in  that  distant  and  thifdy  settled 
region  of  the  country;  but  it  soon  found  itself  impo- 
tent to  withstand  it." 


l'IS- 

an, 


mo 

L'llt 
lllc- 


tiial 
hat 

mi 
tnl 
lop- 

riio 

tll>l 
t'll- 
ho 
uiia 


opposing  this  plan,  or  in  any  mnnucr  aiding  tho  government  or  its  sapportors, 
tu  l)u  luolcL-il  u|)on  anil  dealt  with  as  fues  tu  national  independence,  !>.  Cicn- 
craU  XiuoLls  Ilravo,  Juan  Alvarez,  and  Toinas  Moreno  wore  invited  to  place 
themselves  at  tho  liead  of  tho  liberating  forces,  to  carry  into  ctFcct  tiio  admin- 
iiitrativo  reforms  act  forth  in  tho  plan,  with  power  tumake  sucii  moditicatious 
as  they  might  deem  conducive  to  tiio  nati<mal  welfare.  Arfhivo  Mex.,Col.  Lnj., 
i.  3  18,  ii.  94-101;  il/eV.,  Ltyisl.  Moj.,  18.">(),  ,)an.-.Iunc,  442;  Baiidera  de. 
Ai/utln,  Juno  '21,  ISriC;  Mex.,  liei:  contra  Santa  Anna,  M-liM,  passim. 

*  A  tentli  article  declared  that  if  u  majority  of  the  nation  wiulicd  to  modify 
the  plan,  the  signers  pledged  themselves  to  respect  and  carry  out  the  national 
will.  The  proceeding  from  this  time  forth  wetit  under  the  uumo  of  I'lan  do 
Ayutla  reformado  en  Acapulco.  Mcx.,  Col.  Li  i/.  Fund.,  31S-'2'J;  Archh'o  Mex., 
<'ol.  Lty.,  11,  101-9.  It  has  been  asserted  that  tho  displeasure  of  Alvarez 
and  Oomonfort  witli  Santa  Anna  arose  from  the  annulling  of  tiie  ac(piisitioa 
by  tiie  former  of  a  large  tract  of  land  which  they  had  bargained  to  transfer 
to  an  American,  by  w-fiich  operation  they  were  to  clear  many  thvusands  of 
dollars.  Marqurz(le  Leon,  Mrm.  I'M.,  MS.,  89-!»0. 

*  Forty  thousand  men  and  all  the  resources  of  the  government;  the  millions 
to  be  received  from  the  sale  of  Mexican  territory;  and  the  forced  absence  of 
a  large  number  of  liberals  in  e.\ile,  or  confined  in  prisons. 

"Alvarez  was  called  the  southern  panther,  ami  'uii  mal  moxicano  puestu  de 
acuurdo  cuu  los  cuemigua  &xtrunjoru».'  JUvcra,  Jlitt.  Jalajtn,  iv.  4SU. 


m 


650 


OVERTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  RUIE. 


Alvarez  was  said  to  be  intrenched  in  the  hacienda 
of  Providencia.  Troops  went  from  Oajaca  to  occupy 
Jamiltepec,  and  others  from  Mexico  to  strengthen 
the  force  marching  on  Acapulco  under  the  orders  of 
General  Perez  Palacios.  The  dictator's  attention  was 
by  this  time  divided,  the  revolt  having  in  March 
broken  out  in  several  parts  of  Michoacan,''  by  the  in- 
vasions of  Sonera  by  Raousset,  and  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia by  William  Walker,^  as  well  as  by  the  incur- 
sions of  savage  Indians." 

Santa  Anna  concluded  to  assume  in  person  com- 
mand of  the  troops  in  the  field,  and  started  from 
Mexico  on  the  16th  of  March,  accompanied  by  the  sec- 
retary of  war,  Santiago  Blanco,  and  preceded  by  the 
cazadores  de  los  supremos  poderes,  leaving  in  charge 
of  the  minister  of  relations  a  sealed  document,  in 
which  was  designated  his  successor  should  he  die 
during  the  campaign.  The  other  ministers  remained 
at  the  capital,  transacting  the  ordinary  affairs  of  gov- 
ernment, and  daily  reported  by  special  courier  to  the 
dictator.  The  minister  of  war  in  a  circular  apprised 
the  country  that  his  most  serene  highness  would  bo 

'  A  number  of  chiefs  made  themselves  a  national  reputation  by  constantly 
harassing  the  government's  troops.  Among  them  were  Faustino  Villalva 
anil  his  son  Jesus,  Epitacio  Huerta,  Manuel  Pueblita,  and  others.  The  Vi- 
llalvas  with  1,:J00  soldiers  were  defeated  on  the  Limon  hill  by  Col  Zuloaga, 
who  for  this  victory  was  made  a  general.  Santa  Anna's  officers  showed  no 
mercy  to  prisoners.  Michoacan  suffered  terribly  by  the  civil  war,  and  by  the 
havoc  of  cholerp..  Rivera,  Hist.  Jalapa,  iv.  480-526,  passim;  El  Eatandarte 
Nac,  1857,  July  18;  Correo  de  Espaila,  1854,  Nov.  29. 

"See  lliat.  Col.,  and  Hist.  North  Mexican  States,  this  series. 

*  The  Lipans  and  other  native  nations  made  frequent  raids  for  plunder, 
the  frontier  states  being  kept  in  constant  fear.  The  inhabitants  were  ordered 
to  arm  and  fight,  and  rewards  were  offered  to  such  as  rendered  good  service. 
Fprtifications  were  also  to  be  erected  on  the  frontiers,  but  nothing  of  the  kind 
was  done.  These  troubles,  as  well  as  Indian  insurrections  in  other  parts  of 
the  republic,  continued  till  the  latter  part  of  1856.  The  war  of  races  iu 
Yucatan  went  on  without  any  sim  of  coming  to  an  end.  Mdx.,  Legial.  Mej., 
1854,  Jan.-Dec,  110-12;  1850,  July-Dec.,  13"J-4;  AI4x.,  Col.  Lfij.,  Dec.  y  6rU., 
vi.  135-6,  vii.  84-5, 151 ;  ^ rchivo  Alex. , Col.  Ley. ,  ii.  358-61 ;  Dublan  and  Lozano, 
L'lj.  Mcx.,  vii.  62-3,  295;  Mix.,  InformeCom.  Pesquisidora,  1874,  122-G; 
Zaiiiacois,  Hist.  Mej.,  xiv.  308-12.  Among  the  outrageous  acts  of  Santa 
Anna's  rule  was  that  of  permitting  natives  of  Yucatan,  who  had  been  made 
prisoners  or  kidnapped,  to  bo  taken  to  Cuba  as  coolies;  though  he  later 
modiSud  his  order  and  had  prisoners  transferred  to  other  parts  of  the  country. 
Jiivrra,  Gob.  dc  Mex.,  ii.  457,  462.  '  La  veuta  do  los  iudigcaoa  do  Yucatau.' 
Villa- Amor,  liiog.  Oen.  Santa  Anna,  34. 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  TOUR. 


651 


absent  one  month,  the  object  of  his  journey  being  to 
learn  by  a  personal  inspection  the  true  state  of  affairs 
in  Guerrero.  Santa  Anna  was  everywhere  the  object 
of  foreordered  ovations,  and  in  some  parts  the  abject 
rabble  pulled  his  carriage.  But  so  great  was  becom- 
ing the  desertion  among  his  troops  that  a  specially 
severe  order  was  issued  by  Minister  Blanco  at  the 
hacienda  San  Gabriel  against  deserters.^"  The  liberals 
abandoned  Los  Cajones  on  his  approach.  He  captured 
Fort  Coquillo,  the  garrison  having  escaped.  This 
victory  was  made  much  of  by  his  flatterers."  Alvarez 
abandoned  his  position  at  Peregrino,  his  plan  being 
to  dally  with  the  enemy  and  let  the  deadly  climate 
defeat  them. 

The  revolution  was  certainly  spreading,  and  though 
the  government  applied  its  resources  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage, destroying  considerable  bodies  of  rebels,  and 
sliooting  a  number  of  prominent  leaders,  among  them 
Gordiano  Guzman  at  Cutzamala,  the  conflagration 
spread  from  Zacatula  to  Tusantla,  and  from  Tacdm- 
baro  to  Tecpan.  In  Rio  Verde,  a  captain  broke  out 
in  open  rebellion  in  April. 

Santa  Anna  ordered  the  confiscation  of  property 
belonging  to  revolutionists,  the  burning  of  hostile 
towns,  and  the  execution  of  their  chiefs  and  others 
taken  in  arms.  These  orders  were  generally  carried 
out,  Santa  Anna's  severity  being  great  toward  those 
showing  lukewarmness.  One  day  the  dictator's  rear 
guard  was  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  the  forces,  and  he 
found  himself  without  communication  even  by  means 
of  foot-messengers.  This  gavu  rise  to  all  sorts  of  ru- 
mors. His  highness  had  been  not  only  defeated,  but 
also  seriously  wounded;  while  the  Diario  OJicial  an- 
nounced triumph  after  triumph  of  the  dictator's  forces, 
and  disgraceful  defeats  of  the  revolutionary  troops, 
foretelling  that  the   defence  at    Acapulco,  which  it 

"  At  Chilpancingo,  where  Santa  Anna  visited  old  Ocn.  Bravo,  was  begun 
the  publication  of  an  official  jour.al,  whoso  first  number  said  that  tho  troops 
in  Guerrero  iiad  pledged  their  support  to  the  dictator. 

"  Celebrated  m  Mexico  with  salvos,  ringing  of  bells,  and  general  rejoicing. 


652 


OVERTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  RULE. 


called  the  last  bulwark  of  wickedness,  would  be  a  fee- 
ble one.^'^  Finally,  after  overcoming  many  obstacles, 
the  dictator  and  his  army  appeared  before  Acapulco 
on  the  20th  of  April,  with  about  7,000  men,  and 
called  upon  the  commandant,  Comonfort,  to  surrender 
the  fortress,  to  which  a  flat  refusal  was  returned,  even 
though  the  request  was  accompanied,  it  is  said,  with 
pecuniary  considerations.  After  a  fruitless  effort  to 
take  the  fort,  Santa  Anna  beat  a  retreat.  This  was 
a  difficult  operation,  the  liberals  having  reiinforced  the 
Peregrino  hill,  on  the  line  of  his  march.  His  rear 
was  constantly  harassed  by  Moreno,  into  whose  hands 
fell  the  sick  and  wounded.  The  battle  of  Peresjfrino 
was  a  notable  one,  and  though  Santa  Anna  escaped 
utter  destruction,  his  loss  of  men  and  supplies  was  quite 
large.  The  renmants  of  his  force  had  to  make  their 
way  through  burnt  fields,  annoyed  from  all  sides,  till 
completely  battered  and  exhausted  they  reached  Chil- 
pancingo  early  in  May.  After  placing  detachments 
in  various  towns,  Santa  Anna  returned  to  Mexico. 
When  the  news  reached  the  capital  that  he  had  been 
neither  slain  nor  taken  prisoner,  his  partisans  were 
greatly  rejoiced,  and  gave  him  an  ovation  on  his 
arrival,"  Their  rejoicing  was  greatly  increased  by  the 
ratification  in  Washington  of  the  Gadsden  treaty. 

A  treaty  for  the  cession  of  territory  to  the  United 
States,  known  in  Mexico  as  the  sale  of  the  Mcsilla 
valley,  and  including  the  territory  of  Arizona,  and  for 
the  grant  to  the  American  government  of  certain 
transit  privileges,  was  concluded  on  the  30th  of  De- 
cember, 1853,  the  negotiators  being,  on  the  part  of 

'^  The  real  facts  were  that  the  tUctator's  troops,  lacking  resources  in  that 
country,  were  decimated  by  disease;  many  of  liis  chief  officers  were  wounded, 
liis  niossongcrs  and  spies  intercepted,  and  some  of  tliom  had  paid  for  t'.cir 
temerity  by  being  made  to  hang  from  the  limbs  of  trees.  Tiio  insurgents  sel- 
dom oti'crcd  any  resistance,  but  after  firing  at  the  enemy  fled  to  the  woods. 
Alvarex  liad  occupied  Las  Cruces  in  Santa  Anna's  rear. 

'^  '  Huuit5ndo8clo  un  recibimiento  ordenado  por  bus  ministros  cual  so  lo  haria 
A  uu  L'nin  couquistador.'  Arrangoh,  Mej„  ii.  345.  Santa  Anna's  statuo  was 
]>hiucd  on  an  arch;  a  hurrioane  ou  the  2Gtli,  in  disregard  of  his  greatness,  tlucvv 
down  the  arcU  and  dashed  the  statue  to  pieces. 


THE  OADSDEX  TREATY, 


623 


Mexico,  Manuel  Dioz  de  Bonilla,  Jose  Salazar  Ilar- 
regui,  and  Mariano  Monterdc;  and  on  tho  part  of  the 
United  States,  James  Gadsden,  the  American  minister, 
accredited  near  the  Mexican  crovenunent."  The  Mex- 
ican government  ratified  the  treaty  on  the  3 1st  of  May, 
1854;  the  American  on  the  29th  of  June  of  the  same 
year.  It  was  published  by  the  former  power  on  the 
20th  of  July,  1854. 

Tlie  funds  proceeding  from  the  sale  of  territory  were 

"Art.  1.  Mexico  conceded  as  the  U.  S.  boundary  tho  saiiio  dividing  line 
between  tho  two  Califoruiiis  aa  was  already  eistabli.shed  by  the  treaty  of 
Giiadalui)©  Hidalgo,  tho  other  boundaries  to  Ih)  us  follows:  IJeginninj^  in  tho 
gulf  of  Alcxico,  H  leagues  from  land,  opposite  tiie  mouth  of  tho  Kio  (irunde, 
a«  provided  in  tho  fitn  art.  of  that  treaty;  thence,  as  delnied  in  that  article, 
uj)  tho  middle  of  that  river  to  the  point  where  the  parallel  of  Sr  47'  north 
crosses  the  same;  thence  due  west  100  miles;  thence  south  to  the  parallel  of 
31' 20';  tlienco  along  tho  said  parallel  to  tlie  llltii  muriilian;  thcticc  in  a 
straight  lino  to  a  point  on  tho  Coloiiulo  ISiver,  20  Kng.  miles  below  the  junc- 
tion of  tho  (jila  and  Colorado  rivers;  thence  up  tlie  middle  of  tho  CoIohkIo 
until  it  intersects  the  existing  line  between  tlio  U.  .S.  and  Mexico.  Comniis- 
aioncrs  were  appointed  to  run  tho  new  boundary  line.  Clauses  in  the  r)tli 
art.  of  tho  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  contlicting  with  the  above  wt;ro  to  bo 
no  longer  in  force.  Art.  2  released  the  U.  S.  from  all  liability  on  account 
of  the  obligation  contained  in  the  llth  of  the  treaty  of  (.iuadalujie  Hidal^,'". 
That  art.  and  the  33d  of  the  treaty  of  Apr.  5,  IS31,  were  alirogatcd.  Art.  3. 
In  consideration  of  tho  al)ove,  tho  U.  S.  agreed  to  pay  Mexico,  in  New  York, 
ten  million  dollars,  namely,  seven  on  tho  exchange  of  ratilications,  and  tlie 
remainder  when  tho  bountlary  Hue  had  been  established.  Art.  4  abro- 
gated the  Cth  and  7th  of  tho  treaty  of  Guadalupe  ilidalgo.  Vessels  and 
Am.  citizens  were  to  have  free  and  uninterrupted  passage  through  the  gulf  of 
Cal.,  to  and  from  their  possessions  north  of  the  boundary  line;  the  passage 
to  be  by  navigating  tho  gulf  and  tho  Colorado  River,  and  not  by  land  with- 
out Mexico's  express  consent.  Art.  5.  All  provisions  of  the  8th,  Dth,  10th, 
and  17th  articles  of  tho  treaty  of  tiuadalupe  Hidalgo  were  to  have  appliiation 
to  the  territory  now  ceded.  Art.  6.  Grants  of  land  by  the  Mexican  govern- 
ment within  tho  territory  now  ceded,  after  .Sept.  2.'),  I8.")3,  wiu'e  to  have  no 
value  unless  located  and  duly  recorded  in  tho  city  of  .Mexico.  Art.  7  reaf- 
firmed the  2l8t  and  22d  articles  of  the  treaty  of  (Jmulalupe  lliihilgo.  Art.  8. 
The  Mexican  covemment  having  authori/ed,  on  Feb.  .5, 1S.">3,  the  construction 
of  a  plank  road  and  railroad  across  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantcipee,  tho  U.  S.  and 
tiieir  citizens  were  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  transit  for  themselves  and 
their  merchandise,  as  tho  most  favored  nation;  also  the  privilege  of  passim^  the 
mails  in  closed  bags.  Prompt  arrangements  to  be  made  to  enable  the  IT.  S. 
to  pass  through  tho  isthmus  troops  and  munitions  which  the  latter  might  havo 
occasion  to  send  from  one  jmrt  of  their  territory  to  another;  the  Am.  govern- 
niont  agreeing  to  protect  the  work  of  tho  railroad  as  far  aa  it  might  feel  it  to 
bi;  sanctioned  and  warranted  by  the  public  or  international  law.  Art.  1)  stip- 
ulated that  tho  ratitiaition  of  this  treaty  bo  exchanged  at  the  earliest  possible 
diiv,  within  six  months  of  the  date  of  its  l>eing  signed.  Dvrecho  lulem.  Mcr.,  1st 
pt,'  2.KS-07.  /A  'S'.  (Jovt  Doc,  If.  Ex.  Doc.  10i»,  vol.  xiii.,  3.3d  Cong.,  1st  Sen. ; 
Co)i,,.  (llohr,  18.')3-4,  2234,  2258;  U.  S.  llwim  Jour.,  1082,  3:iil  Cong..  1st 
.Scs. ;  U.  8.  Senate  Jour.,  920-1,  3.3d  Cong.,  IstSess.;  Zamnroi.^,  Hiif.  Mrj., 
XV.  S),')l-01;  JHvera,  Jlint.  Jalapa,  iv.  402-3,  438-0;  Id.,  O'ob.  a'e  Mix.,  ii. 
43 J,  441,  400-1. 


654 


OVERTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  RULE. 


of  great  help  to  the  government  in  its  present  emer- 
gency, and  no  time  was  lost  to  lay  hands  on  the  money 
by  special  negotiation  involving  loss.  There  was  now 
no  limit  to  the  despotism  of  the  government  and  its 
tools  in  the  departments.  An  order  of  banishment 
was  never  revoked."  The  poor  were  the  victims  of 
conscription  and  general  ill  treatment;  property  was 
not  safe  from  confiscation;  justice  was  only  for  the 
despot's  favorites. 

The  spread  of  the  revolution  after  Santa  Anna's 
escape  from  Guerrero  was  now  rapid. ^"  Engaged  in 
it  were  not  only  Alvarez,  Comonfort,  and  Moreno, 
but  Santos  Degollado  and  Vidaurri.  An  official  rec- 
ognition that  revolution  existed  in  many  parts,  and 
was  likely  to  break  out  in  others,  was  at  last  made  on 
the  5th  of  June,  and  departments,  districts,  cities,  and 
towns  seceding  from  their  allegiance  would  be  ipso 
facto  placed  under  m  ^rtial  law  without  further  decla- 
ration.^^ 

Santa  Anna  changed  his  residence  to  Tacubaya  on 
the  26th  of  September.  He  could  now  see  that  the 
situation  was  no  longer  tenable,  and  desired  the  con- 
servatives to  somewhat  modify  their  policy,  which 
would  involve  a  change  of  cabinet.  The  governors  of 
departments  were  asked  for  a  marked  change.  The 
dictator,  however,  in  a  circular  of  October  I7th,  denied 
having  contemplated  a  change  of  ministers,"  of  whose 
honesty,  loyalty,  and  activity  he  was  well  satisfied. 

'*  The  cause  for  its  being  issued,  or  the  accusers  often,  could  not  be  learned : 
Ma  rcspucsta  sacramental  era  que  lo  mandaba  Su  Alteza,'  Rivera,  Oob.  de 
Mex.,  ii.  401-2. 

'"  It  was  no  longer  confined  to  Guerrero  and  Michoacan.  San  Luis  Potosi 
was  threatened,  and  the  Sierra  Gorda  teemed  with  rebels,  all  pursuing  thu 
plan  of  offering  no  resistance,  but  harassing  the  enemy  and  cutting  on  his 
supplies. 

"  No  person  was  allowed  transit  through  such  places,  unless  provided  with 
a  passport;  without  it,  any  person  was  amenable  to  detention;  anil  if  suspi- 
cion rested  on  him  or  her,  the  application  of  the  law  against  conspirators  would 
follow.  Mdx.,  Legist.  Mej.,  1854,  June-Deo.,  5-6;  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  Dec.  y 
6rd.,  1854,  May-Dec,  vii.  12-13. 

'^  The  ministers  he  then  had,  and  who  continued  to  ttie  end  of  his  rule, 
were:  M.  Diez  de  Bonilla,  of  relations;  M.  M.  Canseco,  of  the  treasury;  Tco- 
dosio  Lares,  of  justice;  Santiago  Blanco,  of  war,  till  July  30th;  Joaquin  Ve- 
lasquez de  Leon,  of  fomento.    Mix.,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1870,  1051. 


A  POPULAR  VOTE. 


655 


Another  circular  of  the  20th,  said  to  have  been  issued 
bv  the  advice  of  the  government  council,  embodied  the 
plan  of  ascertaining  on  the  1st  of  December,  for  the 
fourth  time,  the  national  will,  so  as  to  positively  know 
if  the  president  was  to  continue  in  power  or  surren- 
der it.^"  In  order  to  give  a  coloring  of  reality  to  this 
farce,  it  was  announced  that  the  result  in  each  town 
would  be  published.  It  was,  of  course,  clear  to  every 
one's  mind  that  the  majority  of  voters,  from  fear,  would 
not  take  advantage  of  this  apparent  privilege,  and  that 
only  the  government's  supporters,  or  persons  dreading 
molestation,  would  express  a  desire  for  Santa  Anna's 
continuance  in  power.'-"  Books  were  opened  at  each 
voting-place,  and  each  voter  had  to  express  his  wish 
in  writing  over  his  signature.  The  books  on  which 
the  negative  votes  were  to  be  inscribed  remained  al- 
most blank.  The  result  showed  upwards  of  400,000 
ayes,  and  very  few  nays,  which  the  government  hailed 
with  joy,  and  the  rabble  licked  the  hand  that  put  the 
collar  on  their  necks. "^  The  dictator  in  a  manifesto 
thanked  the  people,  expressing  inditference  for  power, 
assuring  the  nation  that  the  sale  of  territory  was 
made  to  avert  a  war  with  the  United  States,  and  re- 
proached the  liberals  for  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hi- 
dalgo. 

Meanwhile  the  revolution  was  making  giant  strides, 
which  Santa  Anna  hoped  to  check  witn  offers  of  par- 


'*  Laying  stress  ou  the  plea  that  he  held  an  unlimited  power  by  popular 
suffrage,  he  alludes  to  the  revolutionary  spirit  lately  manifested  in  Uueirero, 
Michoacan,  Tamaulipas,  and  elsewhere,  and  directs  that,  ou  the  Ist  of  Dec., 
1SJ4,  the  governor  and  other  local  authorities  take  the  popular  vote  on  the 
following  points,  namely:  1st,  Whettier  tiie  president  is  to  continue  in  ofQco 
with  his  ample  powers;  '2d,  If  not,  to  whom  must  he  surrender  the  executive 
authority.  The  vote  was  to  be  sent  to  the  president  of  tiie  council  in  sealed 
packages,  and  kept  by  him  uuopened  till  Feb.  1,  1855,  when  the  full  council 
was  to  count  the  votes  and  puolish  the  result.  The  decree  also  autltorized 
citizens  and  the  press  to  freely  express  their  opinions  on  the  subject.  Mix., 
Col.  Ley.,  Dec.  y  6rd.,  1854,  May-Dec,  vii.  187-9,  194-5,  201-4. 

'"  Minister  Aguilar  beforehand  directed  the  governors  to  see  that  the  re- 
sult should  be  'el  debido.'  Baz,  Vida  de  Juarez,  86;  Jtivera,  Gob.  de  Mix.,  ii. 
404. 

"  The  vote  was  published  Feb.  2, 1855.  Mix.,  Col.  Lev.,  Dec.  y  6rd.,  1855, 
Jan.-Aug.,  viii.  58;  Mix.,  Legul.  Mej.,  1855,62-3;  Dublan  and  Xosatio,  Leg, 
Mex.,  vii.  325-30,  399. 


i*y 


P-t*i 


m 


OVERTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  RULE. 


don,  on  paper — pure  humbug  and  trickery-' — execu- 
tions, iniprisonnienta,  and  expulsions  continuing  as 
usual.^'  The  country  was  now  desolated  by  war  and 
the  cholera;  robberies  on  the  high-roads  were  coni- 
ujon;  the  frontiers  were  raided  by  savage  Indians. 
The  government  was  hard  pressed  for  money,  the 
millions  received  from  the  United  States  having  dis- 
appeared in  a  few  months.  Comonfort  now  returned 
from  abroad  to  Acapulco  with  a  large  supply  of  war 
material,  which  not  only  saved  the  revolution  from  a 
])ossible  collapse,  but  enabled  its  chiefs  to  push  oper- 
ations to  a  successful  issue.*^* 

Santa  Anna's  stringent  measures  had  no  effect. 
He  then  issued  an  address  to  the  people  renewing  his 
promises  made  at  Vera  Cruz  of  being  a  ruler  and  not 
a  party  man ;  and  went  so  far  as  to  decree  a  general 
pardon;'-'^  but  apparent  leniency  was  now  looked  on  as 
an  evidence  of  fear.  He  went  south  as  far  as  Iguala; 
but  as  Michoacan  had  been  made  by  Comonfort  tho 
centre  of  military  operations,  he  changed  his  head- 
quarters to  Morclia,  where  he  was  received  with  tho 
honors  of  triumph.^®  He  took  Zamora,  the  insurgents 
continuing  their  tactics  of  not  confronting  the  gov- 
ernment forces.  He  returned  to  Morelia,  and  after  a 
while  to  Mexico,  without  having  obtained  any  advan- 
tage. The  revolution  was  fast  gaining  ground.  Santa 
Anna  now  stationed  troops  between  Mexico  and  Vera 
Cruz.  When  his  general,  Guitian,  was  routed  in  Sun 
Luis  Potosi,  and  other  expeditions  met  with  disaster, 
the  dictator  saw  the  necessity  of  a  complete  change  of 
policy  if  he  would  not  again  leave  the  country.  He 
summoned  the  council,  and  proposed  the  framing  of  a 

^'  Decree  of  Feb.  12,  1855.  However,  it  excepteil  five  classes,  among  tliciii 
the  head  men  of  tlie  rebellion,  and  those  who  had  thanked  an  Am.  scnatur  fur 
a  speech  tliat  Santa  Anna  pronounced  '  injurioso  al  honor  y  decoro  del  gubi- 
erno  nacional.'  Mex.,  Leji'ml.  Mej.,  1855,  247-8. 

'■"  IJasailre,  Traconis,  and  Manuel  Baranda  were  expelled  from  the  country. 

'^'  They  were  checked  for  a  time  by  Santos  Dej/dlado's  defeat  at  Gurtdiilii- 
jiira. 

'•'  Apr.  2,  1855;  its  words  were,  '  se  conceda  este  d  todo  el  que  lo  solicitc' 
ilex..  Col.  Li'!i.,D>'C.  y  Orel.,  1855,  viii.  I8t). 

^^It  is  said  that  the  cry,  'Viva  Aiitouiu  Primeio!'  was  repeatedly  heard. 


FLIGHT  OF  SANTA  AXXA. 


c:.7 


constitution,  and  even  teiuKrod  liis  resij^nution,  wliiih 
was  nt)t  ac('L'})tt'(l.'-'  At  last  ho  Ijecanie  convincod 
that  with  an  eiMj)ty  treasury  nothinj;- could  bo  acconi- 
pllshed,  and  rosolvud  to  (juit  ^loxico,  still  pretondinijf 
that  ho  could  sustain  hinisell',"^  and  with  a  show  of 
cahnncss  inaui^urated  the  work  of  railroad  construc- 
tion, l^utas  the  revolution  made ijfreat  i)r<)<;iess  in  the 
east,  fear  seized  him  that  his  exit  mit^ht  be  cut  off;  and 
pretendinj^  that  his  presence  wasgreatly  needed  in  Vvvii 
Cruz,  he  deceived  his  own  su[)i)orters.'-'  Early  on  the 
Dtli  of  Aui^ust  he  started  for  Vera  Cruz,leavin]L(  author- 
ity with  the  ministers  to  transact  ordinary  business.^' 
That  same  morning  was  published  his  decree  of  the 
previcjus  day  to  enforce  one  issued  by  him  March  I(i, 
1854,  ami  kept  under  seal,  Jippointing  his  successoi-. 
The  successor  thus  appointed  was  a  triumvirate,  con- 
sistinjif  of  the  president  of  the  su[)reme  court  and  gen- 
erals ATariano  Salas  and  ^lartin  Carrera,^'  who,  once 
installed,  were  to  summon  a  congress  to  form  a  con- 
stitution. 

General  Diaz  de  la  Vega  remained  in  command  of 
the  cai)ital.  Upon  Santa  Amia's  departure  becoming 
generally  known,  there  was  much  manifest  unciisiness. 
The  silence  of  the  official  pre'ss  confirmed  the  dangers 
of  the  situation:  and  thoufjh  Santa  Aiuia's  most  inli- 
mate  friends  denied  that  he  intendeil  leaving  the 
country,  their  assertion  was  not  believed  ai'ter  the 
a[»[)ointment  of  his  successor  was  made  public.     The 


M  i 


of 
Is. 


^' Tlie  plan  of  a  constituent  conj^ross  to  makt'  a  fiiinljuiieiital  rode  reocivi-d 
favor.  I'ri'fei'LMK.'e  si'omc'il  to  bo  for  an  ori,'aiiic  statuti",  wliidi  was  ailoiitcil, 
,'(tlier  with  JJurnanlo  Couto's  motion  to  niako  no  compromise  with  tlie  iw- 


itionists. 

-''Sliortly  before  this,  he  received  from  tlie  kinj;  of  I'riiHsia  tlic  clccoiaticm 

L  Kniglit  of  the  Red  Eagle.  I'ireni,  /list.  Juldim,  iv.  7\\();  ('omit  ilr  /'.'>/'., 

•  )."),  .Inne  '20. 

■'■'.Minister  Lares,  on  the  '2d  of  Aug.,  when  Santa  Anna'.s  family  \v;is  dc- 

I'ting  for  Vera  Cruz,  denied  in  a  circular  that  his  iiiginiess  intended  toalian- 

il'iii  tiie  republic. 

■"'.Ve.t.,  Col.  Ley.,  Dec.  y  ()rd.,  IS.")"),  Jan. -Aug.,  viii.  :{.T2. 

^' It  was  also  provided  that,  in  the  event  of  the  death  of  either  of  those 

f:<'iu'rals,  the  vacancy  .should  he  tilled  hy  generals  ICi'imuio  IHaz  dc  la  N'cLra 

!iM('i  Ignacio  Mora  y  Villamil,  in  the  order  they  were  named.   .Miix.,  I.'iji-<l. 

^l<j.,  18C,'>,  401-'2;  Miij\,  Col.  Ley.  Fund.,  ',i'2:2;  DuOlaa  and  Lozaiio,  vii.  oo'3. 

Uut.  Mux.,  Vol.  V.    4.i 


Go8 


OVKRTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  RULK. 


situation  was  indeed  critical;  and  as  late  as  August 
I'Jtli  notliinj^  could  be  done  to  |)acily  the  }>eo|(l(',  the 
desjH)t  bein;4'  still  in  the  republic.     On  that  date  he 
reached  Pen^te  and  published  a  manifesto,  extollinL( 
hiniseir,  and  accusing  others  of  things  which  might 
have  been  averted  if  he  had  been  a   faithful  pubHc 
servant."^*     He  wrote  to  the  commander  in  Mexico  t, 
install  the  triumvirate  at  once,  but  was  answered  the 
next  day  that  the  capital   had  already  adopted  tln! 
l»lan  of  Ayutla.     This  plan  had  circulated,  and  been 
received  with  marks  of  approval  by  the  peojtle  and 
troops.     Generals  Carrera  and  Diaz  de  la  Vega  had  t<» 
second  it  in  order  to  avert  greater  evils.     On  the  l;>th 
of  August  the  garrison  and  ayuntamiento  proclaimed 
the  plan,^^  and  the  po})ulace,  led  by  men  who  aftei- 
ward  figured  in  congress,  committed  many  outrages."'' 
Santa  Anna,  on  receiving  the  news  of  the  change 
in  jSIexico,  endjarked    the    IGth    and  17th,  with  his 
family,  on  the  war  steamer  Iturbule,  bound  to  Habana, 
whence  he  went  to  Cartagena  in  the  United  Stat*  s 
of  Columbia.     He  never  again  figured  prominently  in 
public  life.^     His  death  was    on  the  :21st  of  June, 

^^  Arrangoiz,  jl/V/.,  ii.  .14G,  speaking  of  crimes  committed  during  ami  .'iftcr 
that  revolution,  charges  them  all  to  Santa  Anna:  '  I'l  y  solo  (''1  os  rcsponsulilc' 

'^  Seven  articles  were  adopted.  It  was  a  kind  "f  eompronii.so  the  icm- 
scrvatives  attempted  to  offer  tiie  liltcrals,  Imt  which  was  not  accepted. 

'*  Tiie  jiouses  of  several  conservatives  were  sacked,  especially  that  of  tlje 
minister  Diez  dc  Honilla. 

"■■  He  resided  in  his  exile  at  various  places,  most  of  the  time  at  the  i.iliiiil 
of  Saint  Tlioinas.  His  jxirty  died  out,  aiid  in  a  little  while  also  tlie  nieiimiy 
of  a  man  who,  hut  for  his  inonlinate  pride  and  aiuhition,  might  have  dune  liis 
country  great  service  in  the  hrilliant  positions  he  occupied,  and  won  for  liini- 
self  tiie  lirst  place  in  tiic  iioarts  of  his  countrymen.  After  some;  years  In; 
wished  to  return  to  public  life,  and  made  his  appearance  at  Vera  Cruz  tow , nil 
the  cud  of  February  IS(U,  that  port  being  tiien  under  the  control  of  tlio 
imperial  regency,  presided  over  by  General  Almonte.  He  was  retjuired  to 
e.xfccite  a  deed  recognizing  the  foreign  intervention  and  the  empire,  and  to 
solemnly  liind  himself  to  piiblish  no  manifestoexcept  itshowed  that  lie  had  I'ljmo 
back  oidy  as  a  i)rivate  citizen.  He  signed  the  obligation  on  boanl  the  steauisliip 
Coiiu'ity,  and  landed  with  his  family;  but  the  next  day  sent  to  Mexico  ;iii  1 
allowed  to  be  published  in  Orizjiba  a  document  in  which,  though  recogni/iii.' 
tiie  empire,  he  endeavored  to  cause  trouble;  for  which  tlie  French  made  i.i:ii 
go  on  board  the  Colbert  and  leave  the  country.  He  returned  to  Saint  TIkiui  is, 
and  on  the  near  approach  of  the  empire's  collapse  visited  the  U.  S. ,  and  .mi,'- 
gestcd  to  Mr  Seward,  secretary  of  state,  the  organization  of  an  army  for  mm- 
pleting  the  overthrow  of  the  tiirone;  he  also  tendered  his  services  to  I'lcs- 
ident  Juarez,  which  were,  as  a,  matter  of  course,  not  accepted;  for  as  it 


DKATII  OF  SANTA  AXXA. 


o:.9 


lR7n,  In  the  city  of  ^Toxico,  and  fl>\v  ]>r<)Uilncnt  {kt- 
soiis  accompanied  his  rcnuiins  to  the  j^ravc.  A  j»cn- 
sion  asked  lor  his  widow  was  refused  1)V  con<'ress. 
An  atteini)t  was  made  in  th(!  followinij  year  to  have 
tlie  national  congress  ])ass  an  act  declarinj^  tliat  Santa 
Atma  died  in  possi'ssion  of  all  the  honors  and  decora- 
tions confened  on  him  l)y  the  nation.  I  cannot  find, 
however,  that  any  linal  action  was  taken. 


The  first  of  the  articles  adopted  hy  the  ])ublic  moot- 
ing that  ])ro(;laime(l  the  plan  of  Ayntla,  and  (leneral 
]{('»mulo  Diaz  do  la  Vega  as  the  conunander-in-chief 
of  the  forces  at  the  ca[)ital,  authorized  him  to  choose; 
a  l)oard,  or  junta,  of  two  rei»resentatives  for  each  de- 
partment, and  the  federal  district,  which  he  did, 
a[>p(jinting  a  Ixxly  of  52  members,  on  whom  de- 
volve<l  the  duty  of  electing,  under  the  second  and 
third  articles,  at  a  single  sitting  and  by  absolute 
majority,  a  president  ad  interim  of  the  republic,  and 
of  serving  afterward  as  his  council  of  state  during  his 
short  pi'ovisional  rule.  It  was  thus  unexpectedly  to 
assume  the  most  prominent  place  in  the  revolution. 
The  junta  assendJed  in  the  hall  of  de[)uties,  and  pro- 

Bdldior  lie  had  been  faithless  to  his  supcriorsi,  ami  as  a  ruIiM-  had  ncvur  1>l'cii 
(f  linn  ])riiiL-iplcs,  hut  u  iiulitical  wcatlK-r-cintk  and  an  unniiti;,'att'd  tyrant, 
with  Hi'lf-a^t,'raiidizoiiK'nt  us  liis  cliii'f  aim.  His  estates  wore  scizi'd  liy  tiio 
lilicral  iiarly  in  IS.m,  (Jov.  La  Llavc  of  Nora  ('riiz  liciii'^  the  first  to  issue  u, 
di'enc  to  that  efTect.  Afterwai'd  ^r•e^illent  Zuloa^a  ofdered  them  restored, 
ami  tliis  was  carried  out  hy  his  .siiee('!is()r  Miramon.  Santa  Anna's  inihtary 
i:iuk  was  also  restored  to  him.  In  ( 'liihiiahua  lie  was  on  tiie  (itii  of  .luly,  lS(!(j, 
]iii);lainK'dii  traitor  of  the  worst  typo  for  lii-i  acceptance  of  tin-  empire,  and  liis 
jiroperty  was  contiscated.  Hi!  made  an  attemiit  in  18((7  to  enter  .Mexico,  eoin- 
in;.^  to  \'era  Cruz  on  tho  steamer  Virniiiiii.-t,  when  tlie  city  was  hcsieL'ed  l)y  tho 
rcpulilican  forces.  Being  arrested  hy  a  U.  S.  man  of- war,  and  heldasai)risoncr 
till  the  repuhlioans  capture. I  the  phice,  ho  was  permitted  to  i,'()  on  tho  Vinjinlui* 
\\  iicrever  lie  pleased,  out  of  the  republic.  Kor  violatin,!,'his  pledj^e  on  the  coast 
<if  Yucatan  he  was  arrested  and  taken  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  lie  was  tried,  and 
s^intonced  toeight  years' e.xile.  In  Ilaliana  he  still  tried  to  inllucncc  Mexican 
politics;  l»ut  this  was  the  last  of  the  old  man's  efTorts,  ho  being  by  this  tinio 
c  invinccd  that  ho  had  become  a  political  nonentity.  A  general  amnesty 
"Irrreed  by  tiio  Mexican  government  allowed  him  to  return  to  his  country  in 
l'>7l.  Ho  petitioned  not  only  for  the  restoration  of  his  property,  but  also  of 
Ills  rank  as  a  general  witli  p:iy.  His  reiterated  petitions  were  denied,  till  tho 
last  one,  which  was  left  unnotico<l.  IJnt  for  this  persistency  to  recover  rank 
with  itsomolumonts,  which  had  been  hinted  to  him  would  not  be  conceded,  his 
i:ii  lier  services  Tuight  liavo  spared  him  some  degree  of  prestige.  He  lost  all, 
auj  was  left  to  an  imbittored  life,  utterly  ignored. 


n 


1 1 

i 


r>(>o 


OVKUTintOW  OF  DICTATORIAL  KULK. 


ci't'dod  at  oiico  to  choose  its  oflicL-rs,  namely,  ^laiiano 
lliva  ]\ila(i(),  j)resi(lent;  Mi;^iiel  Hueiirostio  and  1^- 
nacio  Penay  Jiarra<jfaii,  secretaries.  Tims  cDiistitutcd, 
tile  meiidjer.s  voted  tor  tlie  president  ad  interim,  clcct- 
int,^  Martin  Carrera  l)y  'Jd  votes,  against  10  tor  J)ia/ 
de  la  Vega,  four  for  lliva  l*alacio,  and  two  for  Co- 
monfort.^ 

Tile  president  elect  was  a  well-meaning  man,  luit 
l)(in<jf  under  control  of  tlie  milita-y  idement,  could  ol)- 
tain  no  ijeneral  reco<;nition,  nor  even  leave  a  I'ootmark 
oi'  his  short  rule.  He  did,  it  is  true,  adopt  measures 
in  accord  with  the  spirit  of  the  reviilution,^'  but  liis 
authority  did  not  politically   extend   outside  of  the 


gates  of  Mexico. 


Martin  Carrera,  besides  holding  a  high  rank  in  the 
!^^e\ican  army  with  an  honorable  record,'*  had  lillid 
several  civil  olHces;  he  servi'd  as  a  mend)er  of  the 
national  legislative  junta  of  1H42,  which  framed  tlic 
bases  for  the  ])olitical  reorganization  of  the  country; 
also  as  a  senator  in  the  general  congress,  being  reelected 


""Rccayo  la  oleccion  en  la  persona  di'l  Kxtiio  Sr  general  <1(;  division  |). 
M'l.rtin  (Jarrera.'  Afchiix)  M(X\,  Col.  Lii/.,  i.  KS-'_'.">;  J/</.c.,  Li'iisl.  Mij.,  \<>'', 
•VX\;  Dnhluu  iiuA  Licjiiui,  Liij.  Mcr.,  vii.  5.").'{-4;  Mix.,  <'<il.  Lfij.  Fund.,  W-l; 
llircm,  Cliih.  (hi  Mix.,  ii.  470-");  JIdz,   Villa  ilr  Jiifinz.  87-8. 

^' Al)()lishecl  tlio  appellation  of  'altcza  screnisinia';  suppressed  the  oriiir 
of  (lUudiiliipo  and  the  policy  of  Kccrecy;  lil)erated  all  political  prisoners;  inil 
ordered  hostilities  on  the  part  of  the  govorninunt  troops  to  cease,  unless  f-i- 
defence;  ninstei'ed  auxiliary  forces  out  of  service;  and  forbade  comandaiitrd 
generales  to  intervene  in  treasury  matters.  Diililninmd  Liaaiio,  Lnj.  Mi.c.,  \ii. 
.5.")4,  572-3;  Mex.,  Lajinl.  McJ.,  ISof),  403,  471);  Archivo  Mcx.,  Col.  /<"/.,  i. 
•.US. 

^^  Born  at  Pucblain  1806.  His  father  being  a  colonel  of  artillery  of  the  rii;,:il 
army,  the  son  entered  the  service  when  only  nine  years  old,  and  iit  twil.c 
was  already  an  ollicer.  In  1821  lie  joined  the  cjcrcito  trigarante,  and  later  « .is 
sent  to  the  defence  of  Vera  Cruz.  In  1833  he  was  niado  a  eol  of  artilKiy. 
During  his  long  military  service  he  took  part  in  many  actions  of  war.  In 
July  1840  he  defended  the  government,  for  which  the  next  year  he  was  |ii'- 
motcd  to  general  of  brigade.  In  the  U.  .S.  war  he  served  honorably  in  tlu^ 
valby  of  Mexico.  In  18.53,  for  his  services  to  General  Santa  Anna,  he  was 
made  a  general  of  division  and  a  councillor  of  state,  and  later  accompiiiiieil 
the  <lictator  in  the  Michoacan  campaign.  After  he  ceased  to  be  president, 
he  retired  to  private  life  till  the  tripartite  intervention,  wlicn  he  tenders  1  liia 
soi'vices  to  the  government,  which  did  not  employ  him.  The  empire  retireil 
hi:ii  from  the  service.  He  died,  much  respected  and  esteemed,  on  the'J:!'!  nf 
April.  1871.  liivera,  Oob.  de  Mix.,  ii.  471-'2,  47o;  I'ertz,  l>kc.  O'coij.,  iii. 
•272-4. 


rUKSIDKNT  CAltlUniA. 


GCl 


the  followlii;^  year;  ii  countilldr  dt'  slato  in  IS  JO,  Iio 
soon  Jil'tci'  Ih'M  the  liinhly  i'»'.>j>t)iisiblo  |unsitit>ii  of 
ads  isiT  of  tlic  wai'  (l('|iaitiiitiit. 

Carrcra  was  wt-ll  await-  of  i\\v  diHiciiUiL's  lu;  woiiM 
liavo  to  I'licoiiiitci',  and  ti'iftl  to  irsiMH  (Ik;  jiowcrs 
thus  |»la«'t'(l  ill  liis  liaiids,  hut  was  prevailed  <»m  to 
accept  tlielii  as  a  dlllv  lu;  owed  Ills  couiitl'V  to  save 
lier  t'roiii  the  anarchists.  ]Cach  wlwjf  of  thu  coiisurva- 
tivi-  party  was  working;'  foi-  its  own  aims. 

( 'arrera  issiH'd  a  ])rocl;iiiiiitii»ii  ((H'erinL!;  t<»  ori^anizo 
the  national  ij^uard,  reform  the  army,"''  reu^ulati-  the 
treasury,  and  respect  personal  rit^hts,  which  <»irers 
could  not  satisfy  the  leaders  of  the   revolution.      The 


S( 


veial  departments  ot'  irovernmeiit  woi'u  in  charn'e  of 


the'   o 


ticial 


es  mavores,  or  chief  cK'rks,  men  wh 


o 


had 


heeii  tlumi)  in  the  ])rescMice  of  th'spotism,  and  now,  in 
order  not  to  lose  their  pay,  'ad  conseiitetl  t«)  wear 
the  ca[)  of  li hefty. 

AiKtther  com|)licat.Ion  in  C'arrera's  way  was  the 
pronunciamieiito  at  San  l^uis  J*otosi  of  (iuitian's 
iiiigado  under  the  direction  of  Antonio  Haro  y  Ta- 
mariz,  on  the  1  :]tli  of  .Vui;ust,  just  previous  tt*  the  news 
reachinuf  that  })lace  of  Santa  Anna's  desertion  of  his 
post.      That    movement  had  in  vit'W  the    deposal  of 


uic  dictator,  and  the  summonmLj  oi  a  coiiixress  to  i'e|>- 
I'esent  the  iuiti(Hial  soverei^'iitv,  solemnlv  pledi'iiijf 
protection  and  respect   of   j>ioperty,   the  derj^y,  th(3 


;irn 


•y 


ai 


id  of   all    da 


sses    ol 


•letv. 


( 


oiiles    o 


f  tl 


us 


plan  were  forwarded  to  the   chiefs  of  the  I'evolutiou 
of  Ayutla,  iiivitiiii^    them    to    aid    the  eil'ort    to    re- 


>tor( 


e  peace  and  con so 


)lidat 


e  a  u'overnnient. 


\l 


iro  y 


Tamariz,  as  the  head  of  the  [dan,  aholished  the  coii- 
sci'ijitioii  and  oa})itation  tax,  estahlishiiiL^  also  freedom 
ef  the  press.'*"     His  movement  was  distinct  from  that 


^' '  El  ej(5rcito  iiecesita  rt'fonnas,  por  lo  que  claman  Imsta  sns  propios  iii'li- 
viil\U)s.  .  .el  oji'vcito  tt'iulni  coiuo  lieniuina  A  la  guardia  nacioiial.'  Arrhiro 
M'.r.,  Col.  £(■!/.,  i.  •J.>-;50. 

'"  Anotlier  proumioiaiiiiciito  occiirrt'il  about  this  tinio;  that  of  Santiago 
^  iiliiurri  at  Moiitoroy;  hut  it  was  liinitod  to  cstaljlisliiug  his  dictatorship  over 
Xuuvo  Louu,  hia  statu.  Arnunjoiz,  Mcj.,  ii.  o4U. 


J^  : 


■  r;! 


002 


OVRRTHROW  OF  DICTATORIAL  Rl'LR. 


<»f  tlio  ctipitiil,  iH)t  tlio  usui|)ati<)ii  of  a  {\>\v  inilitary 
ofHrtTH,  Idit  tlic  act  of  a  |ti<»iiiiii(.'nt  citizen  \vIk>,  lor 
his  (»j)(ii  liostility  to  the  late  (hctatorsliip,  had  heeii 
ploscrihed,  and  as  lie  pfoclaimed  it  hel'oro  the  t;Velits 
of  the  capital  hccaiiie  known  to  him,  he  could  itot  he 
looked  upon  as  an  intruder  at  the  eleventh  hour. 
This  I'act  made  of  him  nn  element  to  he  feared  (Mjuallv 
hy  the  two  chief  ctnitendin^jc  parties;  particularly  as 
aimed  at  ^'•ainini?  the  ;j^ood-\vill  of  hoth  the  peo|tle  and 
the  rulini(  class.  Thus  we  see  that  sinc(;  Santa 
Anna's  disajipeaiance  from  the  political  field,  the 
leaders  (»f  Ayuthi  and  Acajudco  had  to  c(»nteMil 
aj.jainst  two  dangerous  elements,  inasnmch  as  thev 
hoth  manifested  a  pui'pose  to  foiward  the  aspirations 
and  interests  of  the  masses,  piocIaiminLi^  liheity,  and 
yet  endeavoriuijf  to  uphold  tin;  jirinciples  and  ahuses 
that  the  southern  revolution  had  heen  ti'ihtin'r  to 
extir[)ate.  TiK'y  attempted  a  compromise,  and  even 
to  support  the  clerijy  and  the  army.  aiL;ainst  whom 
the  revolutionary  element  horo  a  deadly  hatitul. 

INfeauwhilo  Coinonfort  was  marchin<r  on  (Juada- 
lajara.  ISTany  depai'tments  accepted  the  plan  of 
Ayutla;  hut  the  efforts  of  the  liherals  for  a  evner.d 
recoi^nition  of  it  met  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
trooj)s.  The  latter  provisionally  accepted  at  Vera 
Cruz^'  Cariera's  j^overnment,  cou|)led  with  the  con- 
dition of  its  being  recognized  hy  all  the  other  depart- 
ments. 

Carrcra  endeavored  to  avert  anarchy  hy  uieans  of 
strict  impartiality  towt  'd  all  the  elennMits  of  the  hody 
j)olitic,  hut  neither  th'  "esijcct  felt  for  him  j)ersonalIy, 
nor  his  meritorious  s(  ices,  could  make  the  mass,  s 
t)f  the  people  fctrget  \  e  illegitimate  source  of  his 
authorit3^ 

The  wording  of  the  "ourth  article  of  the  plan  cf 
Ayutla  having  enahled  its  enenues  to  divert  tlu^  ivvu- 
lution  from  its  real    aims  antl    to  make    theuiselvcs 

*' Tlio  chiof  of  thiit  (li'i)ai'tiiu'iit,  Ij^nni'ii)  [.a  Llavo,  liinl  iM-rn,'laimutl  tluro 
the  pluii  uf  Ayutla  uiid  Acu|iulcu,  witliuut  udditioiiii  ur  amunitiuuiits. 


COMONFOUTS  rR(MiUK8S. 


003 


TimstorH  of  tilt'  situatinn,  tho  juMiplo  lusolvcd  to  estop 
tlii'in,  and  (lius  prrvtiit  u  luactioii.  Tlu'  lilnral  |iri'SH 
dcmaiMliMl  th(!  cxclusioiioi' all  consorvativi'.H  lrt»m  par- 
licipatiini  ill  puMic  atlaiis.  Jt  must  Im- a<kM()\vle(l;^'c'(l, 
however,  that  Cairera's  ^foveniiueiit  cainu  to  he  looked 
upon  l'av(nal>ly  in  .several  important  th.'pai'tments.*' 
I  hit  lor  a  liheral  movement  that  took  place  in  San 
iitiis  J*oto.s(,  and  seviral  proiiuneiamieiitos  elsewhtii-, 
Alvarez  and  C.'omonlort  wouhl  have  had  hefoie  them 
a  loni;  and  more  dillieult  task  to  plant  their  victorious 
l»amu;r  in  the  city  of  Mexico.''  Carrera,  lindiiii^  him- 
seir  iifiiored  by  the  leaders  of  tlu;  orii,dnaI  revolution, 
set  aside  all  points  I'  eti(piette,  and  without  actiiij^ 
throiii^h  tlu;  medium  of  a  minister,  invited  all  of  them 
to  hold  a  convention  at  the  historic  town  of  Dolores 
llidal^^o  on  the  KJth  of  Septemher,  promising;  to  send 
commissioners  to  meet  them,     lli.s  invitation  was  dis- 


reL'"ar< 


led. 


u 


Comonfort  heard,  on  the  20th  of  Auj,'ust  at  Aca- 
llan,  on  his  march  to  (luadalajara,  of  the  events  at  the 
capital.  Sail  Jjuis  Potosi,  and  other  placi'S.  J  le  or- 
dered the  rtivolution  t()  proceed  on  its  course,  and 
refused  to  rec()^Mli/e  Carrera.  On  his  arrival  at  (Jua- 
dalajara,  the  2-d,  he  met  with  an  enthusiastic  recej)- 
tioii.*'  On  the  2Sth  he  issued  a  circular  in  which  puhlic 
attention  was  called  to  the  fact  that  the  Ufiieral-in- 


*'  I'uolila,  ViTii  ( 'ni/.  Qiii'r<'t;ir(»,  and  ( Jii.nnajiiato.  Sonic  of  its  r)r(lcr.s  wi  to 
oIm  ycil  ill  Vucatjtii.  Tliu  loriiier  Hiintuiiititti  garrisons  iilsu  tuiulurud  l<iiii  tlicir 
t^iil>|)i>rt. 

■'  .Nuevo  Li'on  rcsumcil  lu'raiitonniiiy,  iiitcndini,'  to  niaiiituiu  tliat  st'itiis  till 
a  coii^iH'SS  hIkuiIiI  III!  suiiiiiioiumI  i'l  ai'i'cii (lance  with  tiic^  coiivocitioii  of  Dix', 
li»,  ISU.  Zaoati'i'as  on  Uk^  KJtIi  of  Sept.  .siioiidfij  tlu;  |ilan  of  .\\utla;  tJcii. 
i';iii;i  o|R'neil  tiro  on  tliu  |u'i)plc,  Imt  iittcr  a  li.i;lit  lasting,'  tin;  wliolt;  nii^'lit  tlii) 

plntionists  wrvc  victorions,  and  tiu'  troops  laid  down  tliiir  arms.     jKiMado 


ill  ( liianajuiiloaskod  f 
at  tlio  oapit.il  WL'fo  lu 

ti  m  u 


Of  iMininsHJons  in  lavorof  the  uoii.siTvalivcs 


Til 


:  cvclita 


ofi'ptfd   ill  many  jilacf-s;  liiit  tlic  Iwads  of  tlin  real  rovolu- 
Dtiifi'  kacKis  of  tlicir  party. 


aitcd  for  ordi'ia  from  .Uvaifz. 


dill 


*'It  was  .■icocptud  only  by  Ijv  Jdavo,  tliongli  procucdiiij:,  us  lie  said,  fi 
one  devoid  of  authority. 

*''riio  revolutionary  chiefs  insisted  on  Carrera 's  re.si),'iiation.  Ilaro  y  Ta- 
iii.iii/.  wanted  his  plan  accepte<l,  and  that  the  chiefs  of  the  revoliitinii  slioul  1 
111  lid  ii  meet  inf{  cxcludini^  therefrom  I  'arrera's  coiniiiissioiiers.  I^i  ( iar/A  started 
ti'iiii  Sail  Luis  to  hold  il  conference  with  Viilaiirii.  Uohlado  sent  a  eoiiiuiis- 
!-iuiier  to  ))reveiit  the  eoiifeienee;  and  at  the  uuuiu  tiuio  Alvarez,  marched  upon 
tiiu  capital  with  boutlicru  troupij. 


..«iSti^: 


/   ■■-W^- 


00  ( 


ovKiiTiruow  OK  nrrTAvoniAL  iiulk 


cliifl',  MlliKlcd  to  ill  ilic  plan  <»l  .i\yiilla,  could  Ix;  none 


otlici'  Mian 


A I 


vaic/. 


Tlio  almndant  rcariionary  ('l('nl(■nt^^,  naini'ly,  tlw! 
larn'c  ninnlxT  of  niilil;iry  olliccrs  and  ('iii|iIoy('s  tlirown 
out,  of  |»osiiioiis,  Wi'vr  on  tlif  oUht  hand  adivrly  ;it, 
work  loi'iniiiLj  |ilans,  s(!Vci'al  ol"  wliidi  had  appcaii-d. 
Thr  most,  dangerous  was  lliat  ol'  San  Luis  I'oiosi,  a 
model  ol'  a  roriiKT  one  on  hciiaH'  <»!"  rclii^ioii  y  fiu  ros. 
Tho  consorvalivcs,  with  tlii^  aid  of  tin^  disconlciilcd 
iiiililary  clcinriil,  were  already  orujaiii/iiiuf  their  foiees 
to  he  re;idy  for  (he  coining-  rea,eti(ni,  which  in  their 
o|>inion  was  not  far  oil".  I'la^y  were  at  the  same  time 
tryiii!^  to  e\onerate  tlicmsc^lvcs  from  the  charge  of 
li;i\iiiLr  heeii  the  su|)]»orters  of  the  dictat.orshii>. 

( *arrera  threw  ui>  the  presidency  at  11  o'clock  on 
tli(^  iii^lit  of  Septemlier  I  I  til,  leaviiiLj  the  command  of 
the  district,  of  Niexico,  |»ursua,nt  to  the  Ayiitla  pl;in, 
ill  the  h.'iiids  of  N^'i^a,'"  who  ;it  once  clios*' a  council  of 
eoNi'rnnieiit  of  se\t'n  nieiiil)ers.  The  i,'arrison  made 
a  declaration  to  the  ell'ect  t  hat  t  heir  I'ecoj^iiit  ion  of  ( *;ir- 
rera,  as  |)resident  had  heeii  an  act  of  »(\p»'diency  ;  they 
reiterated  their  acce|)tanc(!  of  tli(!  |)lan  of  Ayiit  la,  and 
]ti'oiiiised  |(»  place  themselves  uiidi'r  tlif  e()veriinieiiL 
emanating  therefrom. 

Alvare/;  with  his  army  l»y  slow  inar(^lies  readied 
( 'hilpancin^'o  only  on  the  Sth  of  Sejitemhei',  while 
('omoiifort  was  actively  eii'4'a;4ed  in  assemhliii'^"  al. 
Lai^'os  the  chiefs  of  tlm  dilferent  |»lans  proclaimed, 
with  the  ()i)ject  of  indiiciiiL;'  them  to  cooperate  with 
him.  On  heariiie- that  Carrei'u  had  retired,  and  the 
capital  had  acc(>pted  the  plan   of  Ayutia  without  ii 


stricti(»ii> 


A I 


vare/  was   lormally  i-eco^' 


iii/ed   in    La'jfi 


as  the  chief  of  the   revolution,   llaro   y  Tainari/  ainl 

*"('ililii;i  iliii  tii>  Jut  tci  ;iiiv  <>Mi'"s  ill  jury,  or   tliMt.  nuijij    lilnl  I  lis  liDlKiliililf 


II 


('  iii;uiitaiiit'(l  iircjcr  in  the  ('iiiHlMl,  ,'Uiil  lurwaiil 


till'   I'lnls  I 


il'    (Ik 


ri'\  ciliitidii.      His 


>l  I. 


iiri'('.-i|i(iiiclriici>  with  its  chict    ifinliTs  |)i-i>V('i|    to   hiiiithi'; 


of  tho  l-'tl 


III)  coiiiliiiiatioii  lu'lwt'cn  the  jiust.  iiinl  the  liitiin 


III   I 


lis  iniiiiili'Nl" 


1"  liiipcs  his  I'DiiiilryiiKii  will   iiiUiniwIi'i 


'(•   that  he   fiillilliM    liH 


|)i(niiisii  of  not  causini,' a  siii^'lf  tear  to  hu  .sIiimI.    Aniiiro  Mix,,  Col.  I.i !/..  i. 
<"iil-7i  !»•">  "-;  Ii(t~,  Vidd  lie  JiKinz,  SS-IIO;  J/c'.c,  Jinn,  llackiula,  1870,  Ul.">l  '-• 


>:   ':n 


■> V  />r<,' 


■:>  t     \ 


TIMvSIDKXT  XLVAREZ. 


COj 


])()l)l;i(l(»  desist iiiir  IVoni  their'  pretensions.'^  The  j»I;in 
nC  Ayiltla,  lelornied  at  Ae;t|tul('o,  hecame  t]l(!  Ia,\v  lor* 
all,  and  Aivare/  the  repr-esentative  man  dl"  the  ideas 
embodied  in  tilt;  I'evohii ion.  il(;  Ihen  eontiniied  his 
march  to  l^iiala,  intendini;'  to  tarr-y  at  ( 'neiMiavaca. 

'I'Ik!  reaecionarios  now  Ix^an  to  throw  ol»s1acIes  in 
Alvare//  way,  h'tpiiiL""  to  reap  advaid;i<4(!  lor  them- 
selves I'rom  i\^^'  ahnormal  |)osition  in  which  the  cuun- 
liy  was  phu-ed.  They  ohjeet.ed  t,o  his  ap|>oinl,menL  ol" 
the  re[)j'esentatives,  demandin,;'  that  the  stales  should 
malvt!  it,.  7vlvai"e/.  paid  no  ImmkI  to  theii-  snhtic!  ar,L(ii- 
ments,  and  issued  at,  Itj^uala,  Septemhi'r  2  1,  I  S.')5,  his 
(leci'(!e  appointin;.^  one  re|)i'(!sentativ(,'  lor  each  stat(! 
and  territory,  and  summoned  them  to  assemhK-  at 
( 'uernavaea  on  the  4tli  ot"  Oetohei'  to  (ilect  a  |»resi(hnt 
ad  interim,  and  eomjtiy  with  the  other  re(piirem(;nts  ol' 
the  second  article  of  the  |tlan  of  Ayutla.'''  The  repic- 
sentatives  assend)led  at  ('uernavaea  on  tin;  Ith  of 
()ctolH;r,  in  convention,  with  (jJoinc;/  l''aiias  as  their 
j)resi(h;nt.,  and  I >enito  Juarez,  h\  de  I*.  ( 'endejas,  and 
Diesjfo  Alvarez  as  secretaries.  ( )n  the  same  dav  thev 
dechu'ed  Juan  Alvai'cz  to  In;  the  [»i'esident  ad  intei'im 
of  the  repuhlic.'* 

*''l"lii(  jiiii'tii'S  sii;ii(Ml  an  ■■let,  til  Ui.il,  cliVrt  at  (-.i^'oh,  in  .ralisco,  S('|)t.  HI, 
Is."),"!;  CiiiMipiitiii  I  Iiiiiil;  jilso  rciM)L;iii/.i'il  as  Ahaitv'  nine  sciilal  ivc  ami  Hcccihil 
ill  iM!iilliiaiiil.    Arr/iini  Mi.i\,  Cnl ,    I. ill.,  i.   '.>~   '.*. 

'"  Amkiiil;  till!  iiKist  pi'iiiiiinciit  ut'  tin'  'J.">  rf|irc-:riilali\  cm  linn  a|i|i'ii!itiil 
wcir;  l''('li\  /iiliiaLja,  ( liiilli'iir.';  I'lii'lii,  M  licir  ( )c,iiiiji(),  llciiili)  .1  iiari'/,  I'mi- 
li.iiii)  AiriaLja,  .1.  M.  [•atra>_;iia,  N'alciiliii  Oiiiiic/  l''iinas,  and  .liiaii  .los.  l>a/, 
/■/.,  7."(   S;    l.ii.  !',.;  ill' Sim..  I.S.".."i,  N'.iv.  M,   |(|. 


.1/. 


'I'liiM'li'ctioii  \va:<  olliiially  |iulilisliiil   in   Mrvici  mi  tlir  llltli  (if  OcIciIki. 


('i,l.   Li  11.  riiiiil.,   :e_';  Ml 


l.i;li.^l.     .1/. 


Jlinl.  JaUiiin,  iv.  oHJ  - 1. 


l.")l)-'.',   4.V.I;  Uinri 


I  V- 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LIBEEAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED. 

1855-1850. 

PiiEsiDENT  .Alvarez'  Admixistration' — Reforms  Initiated— Ley  Jvarvz 

— Dll-l'EKENCES  IN  THE  LlllERAIi  1'aKTV— AlVAUEZ  IIETIRICS— Ii;XA(IO 
CoMOM'OUT,  THE  SrCSTITI'TE  I'ltESIDENT— Hl.S  CoXCILIATOKY  PoiJOV — 
DlFKICt'LTIES  WITH  THE  ClEKOY  AM)  MlEITAKY — SkDITIOCS  MoVEJIENTS 

— I'rEiJLA  Camvaign — Decrees  against  the  Cleisgy — Coisgkessional 
WoiiK — RAt)rssET's  AND  Walker's  Invasions— Resignation  of  Ai.va- 
RKZ— Dissensions  between  the  Executive  and  Conuuess — Estatixo 
Oiu;an ICO— Adoption  of  Liberal  RRiNcirLES. 

JuAX  Alvarez,  who  now  took  the  oath  before  tlio 
re[uvsciitatives  and  assumed  the  reins  of  government, 
was  born  on  tlie  27th  of  January,  1780,  in  the  old 
town  of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Coneepcion  de  Atoyac, 
hiter  ciudad  Alvarez,  his  father  beincj  a  native  of 
(ralicia,  in  S[)ain,  and  liis  mother  of  Acapuleo.  lie 
was  educated  in  Mexico,  and  was  one  of  the  first 
men  to  take  up  arms  in  the  cause  of  independence.* 
xVfter  the  establishment  of  the  federal  republic,  lie 
affiliated  with  the  moderate  republican  part}',  and 
afterward  took  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  that 
eventful  political  period,  particularly  in  the  campaigns 
in  southern  Mexico.     Santa  Anna  in  1841  promoted 

'Ho  joiiR'tl  Morelos  at  Coyuca  Nov.  17,  1810,  as  a  private  in  tho  r.anks. 
His  promotions  were  so  rapiil  that  within  a  yuar  he  was  made  a  coloinl. 
fSeveroly  woiuulcd  in  both  legs  at  Acapuleo,  he  was  saved  by  a  soldier,  al-i 
wmuuleil,  who  eanied  him  away  on  his  back.  Alvarez  took  part  in  many 
actions  of  war,  and  haviui,'  been  signally  defeated  at  Pit5  de  la  Cuesta,  souir'it 
refuge  in  the  woods,  pursued  like  a  wild  beast  by  tho  royalists,  who  i\i'  !<• 
iiainod  him  El  (lallego.  His  fortune  of  npwards  of  .¥.']5,000  was  conliseateil. 
He  juined  tiie  trigarante  army  in  IS'21  and  captured  Aeapideo.  lie  aidrd 
ISiavo  and  Guerrero  to  overthrow  Iturbidc'a  empire.  liietra,  Gob.  de  Mix., 
ii.  477-8. 

(COG) 


RULE  OF  Alvarez. 


667 


him  to  o-cncral  of  division.  Durinii;  the  war  with  the 
United  States,  Santa  Anna  accused  him  of  shirk- 
inuc  his  duty;  but  afterward,  as  coniandante  general 
of  Puebla,  he  tried  to  harass  the  foreiijn  invader.  To 
the  efforts  of  Alvarez  was  greatly  due  the  erection 
of  Guerrero  into  a  state,  whose  first  governc^r  lie 
became,  and  when  the  h'gislature  assembled  i^  de- 
claved  liim  a  'benenierito  del  estado  en  grado  hero- 
ico.'  Ho  opposed  the  plan  of  Jalisco  that  brought 
Santa  Anna  back  to  Mexico  in  1853,  and  finally,  as- 
sociated with  others,  overthrew  the  dictatorship,  as 
we  have  seen. 

The  president  at  as  early  a  day  as  possil)le  formed 
his  cabinet,  with  the  following  ministers,  namely,  Ig- 
nacio  Comonfort,  of  war;  Melchor  Ocampo,  of  rela- 
tions; Guillenno  Pricto,  of  tlie  treasury;  Benito 
Juarez,  of  justice  and  ecclesiastical  aftliirs;  ^liguel 
Lerdo  do  Tejada,  of  fomento" — all  of  whom  had  shown 
themselves  to  be  uncompromising  enemies  of  tyranny. 

Tlie  first  measure  of  tlie  administration  was  the 
framing  of  the  estatuto  oroanico,  it  beini^  imixjssiblc  to 

^       O  O  '  Oil 

provide  a  constitution  at  an  early  day.  Alvarez'  mis- 
sion was  a  difficult  one;  indeed,  beyond  his  abil- 
ity. He  had  to  strengthen  the  bond  of  national 
union,  which  of  late  had  become  much  loosened;  to 
Ijring  uniformity  into  the  government  of  the  states; 
to  limit  the  powers  of  the  governors;  to  bring  light 
(»ut  of  chaos  in  the  treasury;  antl  to  regulate  the  atl- 
ministration  of  justice. 

The  president  decn-ed  that  in  the  event  of  a  va- 
cancy in  the  executive  office,  it  should  be  filled  by  tlio 
•  tjuncil  of  state.  He  also  sup[)ressed  the  order  ot* 
( Juadalupe,  and  on  ihe  15th  of  Octol)ei'  granted  an 
amnesty  to  deserters  from  the  army,  *.){'  whom  tliei'o 
were  many,  owing  to  the  improper  course  puisiied 
by  the  dictator  Santa  Anna.^     The  ministers  uclively 

'f  .Ui-x.,  Leijisl.  M(j.,  18r)5,  45.")-fl;  Mi'x.  Mi'm.  Ilanciuld,  ISTO,  10,-'_'. 

^  He  liiiil  solciiiuly  iiroiiiisc(l  tliiit  the  laiiks  should  l)i^  liUciI  liy  cdusci  ipliDii, 
mill  Hot  liy  levy,  and  yet  most  of  the  iiieii  in  the  army  had  lii'eii  taken  hy  the 
ines.-i-gang.     lie  exempted  the  Indians  fioni  the  draft,  uxautiny  I'lum  them  a, 


CG8 


LIKEHAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED, 


(Icvotocl  tlicniselvos  to  tlioir  tusks;  but  very  soon 
dlireroiices  cropped  out,  resulting  I'roin  Coinonf'ort's 
acts  ill  Mexico,  whither  he  had  been  despatched  with 
e'xtraordiiiary  [)()wers,  which  created  eiiibarrassiiients, 
as  several  ot"  his  measures  clashed  with  others  ado[)ted 
in  Cueriiavaca. 

Tlie  men  of  the  revolution,  as  stated  before,  were 
bitterly  liostile  to  the  regular  army,  and  the  idea  of 
dissolving  it  began  to  gain  ground.  Oeampo  and 
Juarez  were  for  doing  so,  but  Coinonfort  decidedly 
opposed  the  scheme;  he  continued  its  existence,  re- 
solving that  the  military  class  should  be  reformed, 
but  not  destroyed.*  Comonfort  also  prevailed  on 
Yidaurri  to  acce[)t  the  arrangements  made  at  Lagos. 
That  chief  had  been  demanding  the  punishment  of  the 
army.  This  army  question  gi-eatly  fanned  the  liaine 
of  division  in  the  liberal  party;  it  had  already  broken 
out  with  the  election  of  Alvarez,  which  had  been 
a  victory  of  the  radical  wing  over  the  moderate  lib- 
erals nnd  a  large  portion  of  the  clergy  who  preferred 
Comonfort,  and  like  the  whole  upper  class  of  society 
at  tlie  caj)ital  and  througliout  the  republic,  looked  on 
the  southern  chief  as  wholly  untit  to  be  president. 

A  call  had  been  issued  on  the  IGth  of  October  fir 
a  compress  to  assemble  at  Dolores  Hidaliifo  on  the  I4tli 
of  Februarv,  185G,  to  or<<aiiize  the  nation  under  a 
republican,  democratic,  and  representative  form;  a  few 
modifications  had  been  added  to  the  oft-mentioned 
decree  of  1841.''  The  I'unctions  of  the  congress  weio 
limited  by  the  GOtli  article  of  the  decree  to  framing  the 
constitution  and  orufanic  laws,  and  to  revising  the  acts 

C'lpitation  t.ix  in  liou  of  mililiiry  scrvico,  ami  yot  tl icy  wore  forced  into  tlio 
ranks,  Arrh'iro  Mtx.,  i'dl.  l^aj.,  i.  77- SO.  On  the  "iiltli  of  Oct.  tlio  govern- 
mint   (lisniisiiud   many  ollicurs   from  the  aervice.  Mcx.,  LtKjUl.  Mij.,    1nV>, 

521  ;{. 

*  I'roniotions  granted  by  former  adminiHtration.s  from  Jan.  20,  l.S").'{,  tu 
All!,'.  0,  I  S.j."),  \\  ere  declared  null  on  the  27th  of  Nov.  Dnbhui  and  Lozaiio,  L<  /. 
JA'.c.  vii.  (ill    12. 

•'The  states  and  territories  Mere  to  choose  representatives  on  the  hasi-  ot 
one  f<jr  every  TiO.OOO  inhabitants,  iiiid  also  for  a  fraction  exceeding  2'),(i.ii. 
'i'lic  clergy,  liotli  regular  and  eecular,  v>ere  excluded  from  voting  or  bciii^ 
voted  for,  Mhich  greatly  vexed  them.  J/tu\,  Liyial.  Mcj.,  ISJo,  4t>8-ri02. 


Ni:W  COMPLICATIONS. 


669 


of  the  late  and  present  governments.  Those  duties 
v.'ere  to  be  performed  and  completed  within  one  year 
from  the  date  of  assembling. 

C(Mnonfort's  opjiosition  to  violent  measures  and 
Ocamj)o's  preference  for  a  radical  policy  brouglit  on 
a  ministerial  crisis;  but  as  the  latter  was  the  only  one 
of  the  ministers  who  insisted  on  leaving  the  cal)in(!t,'' 
his  portfolio  was  given  to  Miguel  !Maria  Arrioja  wlio 
lilled  it  till  the  7th  of  December.  ^luch  concern 
was  caused  by  the  dissension  in  the  ministi-y,  the 
sunnnoning  of  the  congress  to  meet  at  J)olores,  and 
the  alai'ming  re[)ort  of  the  president's  death,  which 
had  been  innninent  from  the  running-away  of  the  nudes 
of  his  carriage  when  ho  was  occu[)ying  it.  The  elergy 
began  to  assail  the  reformers  fnnn  the  pulpit,  and 
some  correspondence  passed  thereup(jn  between  the 
civil  and  episcopal  authorities.  The  condition  of  the 
rc])ul)lic  was  anything  but  safe;  the  danger  came 
chiefly  from  the  laxity  originating  in  tlie  j)lan  nf 
Ayutla;  local  authorities,  the  ci-eation  of  local  pro- 
mmeiamientos,  had  assumetl  unlimited  powers,  recog- 
nizing no  common  centre;  each  governor  was  legishit- 
ing  on  all  n\atters,  even  such  as  were  of  the  exclusive 
province  of  the  supreme  government;  and  the  states 
had  disposed  of  the  revenues  collected  within  their 
respective  limits.  Measures  to  put  a  stop  to  siicli 
abuses  were  necessary,  and  were  accordingly  provided, '^ 

An  emcute  in  San  Juan  de  Ulua,  promptly  quelled, 
and  a  letter  of  Anastasio  Zerecero,  assuring  the  j/eo- 
jtle,  in  the  name  of  Alvarez,  that  tlie  })resident  had 
never  belonged  to  tlie  puro  [)arty,  caused  much  alai'in 
ainonof   the   liberals.     Alvarez    became  convinced  at 


■'H 


a 


•Ilof'olt  that  his  position  was  invcarious,  being  groinidL'il  only  on  tho 
pi'csiilcnt'a  will,  of  which  ho  coiiM  not,  he  ccitaiii  in  the  event  of  ii!it:igonisni, 
«speii:illy  after  tlioro  had  been  a  groundless  eontradietion  on  the  part  of 
Comonfort,  whoso  siipeiior  elainis  to  inilueiiee  had  tu  be  aeknow  ledged. 
0('am/)o,  J/J-i'  qiiincp  <lian  ilf  miiihtrn,  IS-'JS. 

'  An  order  of  the  I'Jth  of  Nov.  recjuired  of  the  eoinandantes  generales 
that  they  should  not  inturfi'ro  in  allairs  of  the  treasury,  and  nnioli  h'ss  dis- 
pose of  tho  funds  in  eustonidiouses,  which  were  appropriated  by  diplomatic 
conventions  to  tho  payment  of  the  foreign  debt. 


070 


LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORKD. 


last  tliat  the  seat  ofijfoveninK'nt  slioiild  Ix;  in  ^loxioo, 
uikI  liu  ('iitiMH'd  tliorii'm  on  the  I  Itli  of  NovciiilxT  with 
aii  army  oi'  piiitos.  The  lllthiiicss  and  rei)i'at»'d  acts 
of  hi'utality  of  tlio  pintos,  wlio  had  (juartoriid  th(Mn- 
siilves  in  the  central  j)arts  of  the  city,  caused  i^enc^ral 
(hsHfust  and  alarm.  This,  toL?'ethcr  with  reactionarv 
inhiL^iU's,  and  th(^  evi<K!nt  unlitness  of  Alvarez  lor  (ht; 
position  h(!  idled,  led  to  the  imjtression  that  ere*  lon;^^ 
thei'e  would  bo  a  popular  movement  to  [dace  Comon- 
fort  in  the  executive  diair. 

General  Uraj^a,  who  had  ))residential  aspirations, 
was  dirtected  in  a  conspiracy  at  (Juanajuato,  and 
ari'esteil;  papers  compromittinjjf  liim  and  other  ])roni- 
inent  persons  were  lound  in  his  [)ossession.  Symp- 
toms of  sedition  su[)[)osedly  connected  with  tliisaH'air 
beiu!^'  (hseovered  in  Puehia  and  (^ueretaro,  the  co- 
njandaiiti;s  n'onerales  of  statics  wei'e  (Mijoined  to  the 
utmost  vioilaiH'e,  in  a  cii'cular  of  Noveml)er  'Jlst,"* 
which  led  to  the  arrest  of  (Joh)nel  OsoUo  and  others. 

Tlie  government  thus  far  had  not  accom})lish('d 
UHich;  hut  friendly  relations  were  now  restored  with 
forei!4n  powers,  and  the  ministers  of  war  and  treji'^ury 
husiu'd  (h(!mselves,  the  former  in  oi'<jfanizin<jj  the  na- 
tional  i^uards  and  coiTectim^  abuses  in  the  regular 
army,  and  the  latter  in  arranjjfinj^  the  affairs  of  tin; 
treasury.  The  iirst  sti'p  taken  in  the  direction  of 
Inform  was  by  ]\linister  Juarez  in  the  law  of  Xo- 
vember  'l'.\,  18")"),  on  administration  of  justice  luid 
the  oi'ganization  of  courts,  which  has  since  borne  tin- 
name  of  ley  Juarez.  As  by  the  articles  42  and  I  I 
special  courts  were  suppressed,  the  military  and  eccle- 
siastical beinijj  I'xcluded  from  all  co^^lizance  of  ci\il 
causes,  the  archljishoj)  saw  in  it  a  direct  attack  ai^ainst 
th(.'  i-iL;hts  of  the  church;  and  protestini^  against 
those    articles  and  the  reu'ulation  for  the   execution 


"  ft  spoke  of  <lic  goveriimont'.s  resolve  to  ciiiry  out  its  rcgoiiuratin:; 
nussiii'..  at  nil  jiiiziirds,  siiniiomitiiig  all  olistaclcH,  even  at  tlic  cost  of  li(.':i\y 
s;iijriiicc3.  To  accomplisli  tills,  siilionlinati;  aiillioiitios  must  '  prcstijiai  In  y 
(k fondci'lo  coti  lepetiilos  actos  di;  pi'iiik'iu.'ia  y  cnerjia.'  El  i'ennitiiikiUo  A'ii''., 
lHi'3,  Nov.  "22;  Mcx.,  Lajid.  M<J.,  lSo5,  317-li. 


THE  LRY  JUAREZ. 


671 


of  tlio  law,  1)0  (Irsiivd  that  tin;  (|Uosti(m  on  occlcsias- 
ticul  fiK'i'o  .slioiilcl  1)0  sulmiilted  to  tlio  ji()i)e,''  wliicli 
was  not  assented  to  hy  tin.'  ndvcMiiineiit.  l^'roin  that 
nionient  the  motto  of  tlie  reactionary  oj)|>osition  was 
'i'eli''ion  y  I'ueros,' the  eler-jfy  senselessly  proniotiii" 
rovolution  with  the  aid  of  the  discontenttMl  niiiitarv, 
whoso  niutinons  acts  were  ecpially  inexcusable,  '^I'lie 
jiherals,  on  their  side,  made  hostile  demonstrations 
a,L>ainstthe  conservatives,  whoso  apparent  chiel's  Santa 
Aima  and  ]>lanco  were;  dro|)ped  IVom  the  rolls  of  the 
army  as  deserters.  ])i^gollado,  Moreno,  and  otlu.'rs 
who  rendered  important  services  in  the  last  rovolution, 
woro  now  commissioned  as  ijjenerals. 

The  ministerial  ciisis  still  continuinL(,  because  Co- 
nionfor't  insisted  on  throwini^  uj)  the  [)()rtl'olio  of  war 
and  i-otaining  only  the  olHce  of  Li^eneral-in-chief,  tho 
president  saw  at  once  that  his  administration  ci)ul(l 
make  no  ]»ro<^ress  without  a  fixed  jjolicy.  Whereforo 
he  dire(,'ted  the  secretai'ies  to  lay  before;  him  tho  course 
each  had  concluded  to  ado}»t  for  developinir  in  Ins  de- 
])artment  tho  plan  of  Ayutla,  with  tho  vi(;w  of  dis- 
cussing the  various  plans,  and  of  drawing  from  thorn 
tlio  line  of  policy  to  bo  pursued  by  the  govermnent. 
lie  also  directed  tho  council  to  make  tho  draught  of 
tho  estatuto  organico.  jMeantimo  tlu;  enemies  of  tho 
administration  foun<l  a  [)owerful  auxiliary  in  tho  divi- 
sion of  tho  liberal  party.  ]t  (.'ausod  no  little  sui-priso 
to  SCO  the  conservative  ixirtv  beiiiii  to  favor  Coujon- 
fort,  as  if  they  had  entirely  forgotten  his  agency  in 
their  overthrow. 

Alvarez  realized  that  ho  must  leave  a  position  so 
unsuited  to  histaste,"^and  then  chose  for  his  successor 

•It,  lias  been  nssortod  that  .Tuaroz,  to  have  tlio  law  sioncd  anil  palilishcil, 
took  ailv:iiitii!,'(3  of  (.'onion fort's  al)sfnfo  from  tlio  city.  .Juarez  in  a  Irttcr  nf 
-:)tli  of  August,  1S()(),  to  Matian  itoinoro,  denied  tlie  aHseftion.  ll'iz,  Vida.  i/e 
•hum:,  !)■");  Juarez,  V'lda  ihi  Chiilnd.,  4()-7. 

'"Jlu  lias  been  wrongly  aeciised  of  inordinate  ambition.  Such  was  not 
liis  niitnrc.  On  leaving'  tlio  executive  authority,  he  said  that  lie  was  now  as 
jioiir  as  when  he  assumed  it,  and  iiad  no  need  of  iiiiblii;  olliin;  to  supiiort  hiin- 
K;lf  and  family.  He  knew  how  to  use  a  plough,  and  had  often  lived  by  it. 
U<v.,  I' ida  de  J uarez,  Wi-l ;  El  Pemamienlo  Xac.jlJcii,  18,  1855. 


C72  LIBi:HAL  INSTITUTIONS  RKSTORRD. 

the  man  lliat  puhlie  ojiiiiioii  sciciiicd  to  point  (Hit,  Co- 
iiionroit;  hilt  the  lattcjr  already  ]ia<l  eiieiiiios,  wlio  ad- 
vised Alvai'e/-  not  to  |L;ive  up  the  presideney.  Jn  this 
dileinnui  the  pr(,'sidunt  ealit^d  a  nieetiii_iL(  of  tlie  most 
jii'omincnt  mend)ers  of  the;  liberal  party,  to  fix  upon 
the  best  course'  he  should  jiursue  to  rid  the  eountry 
of  current  mils."  After  hearin^!^  their  ohst^rvations 
he  resolved  to  carry  out  the  jnu'pose  of  turniuiL;'  over 
the  executive  authority,  at  least  i'or  the  winter  months, 
to  Conioid'ort,  who  was  to  act  as  his  sul)stitute.  iJut 
the  op]»onents  of  the  conciliatiJiy  ])olicy  that  Coinoii- 
I'ort  would  \)c  sure  to  I'ollow  made  Alvarez  hesitate, 
and  on  the  next  day  he  accepted  the  I'esii^nation  of 
the  ministry,  and  sununoned  J^uis  do  la  llosa  to  or- 
i^anize  another.  This  vacillation  ai)j)eared  lik(!  a  de- 
i'eat  for  Conionfort,  Init  it  is  not  recoi'ded  that  ilui 
vacant  ])ortfolios  were  filled  l)y  other  ministers  duriiiii- 
the  few  days  that  Alvarez  still  remained  at  the  head 
of  alfairs. 

The  t^ovornment  was  now  in  a  most  tryini^  situation, 
without  money  and  without  a  ])olicy.  Contention  di- 
vided the  liberal  ]nirty,  and  sellish  interests  retardeil 
the  reform  just  as  it  had  won  two  victories — the  sup- 
j)ression  of  privilci^es  in  civil  causes  and  the  exclusion 
of  the  elerucy  I'roni  public  alfairs.  The  atcacks  on  tlio 
clei'gy,  the  ado[)tion  of  certain  financial  nieasui'es, 
and  the  cutting-down  of  otKces  and  salai'ies,  tendeil 
to  form  a  compact  mass  of  enemies  actively  plotting- 
the  overthrow  of  Alvarez' administration.  The  dis- 
content was  made  manifest  in  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment, headed  b}'-  JJoblado  in  Guanajuato,  refusiiiL( 
furthei'  recognition  of  Alvarez'  govei'nment,  and  jiro- 
claiming  Comoni'ort  president,  which  was  inunediate'y 
secondi:(l  at  Tei)ic.  These  a(;ts  put  an  end  to  Alvarez' 
vacillatitMi.      On  the  8th  of  JJecendjcr,  1855,  he  issunl 

"  It  tool;  \)\a.co  on  tlio  4tli  of  Dec.  Tlircc  points  wen;  sulnnittmi  to  it  ly 
Alvai'i'X,  iiiiiiiuly,  1st,  WoiiM  liis  nvsii^'niition  Im-  ('xpcdicnt?  '2d,  In  the  cvciit 
of  liin  ooiitiiiiiiii^  ill  jioucr,  slioiild  iiu  cliiingo  his  luinistors  ?  ami  ;!il,  \\'i]iit 
(liialilication.i  siioiiM  liu  looic  for  in  lii.s  ministci's?  lU;  wan  advised  to  icUiiu 
tlio  presidency,  and  appoint  ii  cabinet  with  Conionfort  and  Juurez  in  it. 


riiKsinr:\T  comonfort. 


67:i 


a  docreo  abroo^atiiiL,''  lliu  law  that  coiifcnv;!  on  llio  n'ov- 
I'liiiiKjiit  council  |)(>\vcr  to  appoint  a  suKstitutu  |)i"(^si- 
(Iciit,  and  appointing  Conionl'oit  ns  such  (hiring  his 
own  temporary  absi'uci'.''-  '^i'hc  legitimacy  of  the  ;»p- 
]M)intment,  though  disputisd  hy  the  govermnent  coun- 
c.i,  whose  pivsident  was  Valentin  (Jomez  l^\ii'i;is,  w;is 
really  within  the  limit  of  Alvarez/  authority.  This 
culmination  of  the  ci'isis  was  well  I'eceivod,  and  (juicitid 
the  public  mind.  The  manner  of  transferring  tin? 
presidency  was  nf)t,  indeed,  in  accord  with  democratic 
tlieory,  but  under  the  circumstances  none  other  was 
possible.  Some  attem[)ts  at  disturbing  the  peace 
were  made  by  the  lower  classes,  instigated  by  Coinon- 
I'wrt's  opponents,  but  they  were  energetically  (pielled 
by  the  governor  of  the  district.  Owing  to  these  <lis- 
liirbances,  there  were  at  the  same  tinie  two  })residents 
and  none  at  all,  till  the  lOth;  for  Alvarez  hesitated 
jibout  giving  up  the  executive  authority,  and  Comon- 
i  )i't  resolved  to  have  no  further  interference  with 
public  aft'airs,  retiring  to  his  house.  Alvarez  made 
l:im  a  visit,  and  after  a  long  conference  publicly  sur- 
irndered  him  the  office,  on  the  lltli  of  ])eeend)er,  at 
i")ur  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  On  the  18th  of  Decem- 
Imc  Alvarez  left  the  capital,  escorted  by  the  (j!ut;rrero 


tl'OO 


»s 


i;! 


Intl 


le  mountains  he  fouixht  for  Comonfort's 


a! [ministration.  In  the  war  of  foreign  intervention 
\\c.  showctl  much  patriotic  ardor,  and  his  efforts  were 
ajipreciated  by  President  Juarez,  who  gave  orders  to 


i 


'-'Tor  mi  sepnracion  temporal  del  goLicrno.'  The  offico  to  bt!  filled,  in 
t!if  event  of  tlic  substituto  president's  teniponiry  iniibility,  by  tlie  president 
i>i  llie  hiiprenic  eourt  with  two  assoeiate-s,  named  by  the  Kiilistitute  piesidcnt 
UiMSi'lf.  The  eouneil  of  govei'niuent  refused  to  administer  the  oath  tot'o- 
in.Mifort,  ehiiining  that  they,  an<l  not  Alvarez,  nnder  the  plan  of  Ayntla,  had 
t!ie  authority  to  appoint  the  substitute!,  (,'omonfort  was  sworn  in,  however, 
"1  tlie  1 1th.  Airhivo  Mix.,  Col.  Lri/.,  i.  i;;0-l;  -l/./.r.,  f.x/isl.  Mij.,  Is.m, 
IJ-7  It;  Zarco,  Hint.  Coii'/.,  i.  oO-OI;  La  IJamlrrn  tlf  Ai/iitln,  IS.")!),  .Ian.  VI; 
J' ihldii  and  Lozann,  Lv<j.  Mcc,  vii.  G2!).  C.'IO;  Mtix.,  Col.  Iaji.  I'iiikL,  'Al-l. 

''The  reactionary  Arrangoiz,  who  had  no  love  for  the  old  veteran^  or  for 
hiicrals  in  general,  accuses  him  of  having  in  the  few  day.s  of  his  rule  issued 
•>  vcral  iniquitous  decrees,  sanctioned  by  the  ministers  Deanipo,  Arrioja, 
I'Meto,  .Juarez,  and  Comonfort.  Alvarez,  'se  volviii  ncompafiado  de  stis  hor- 
il.f  .salvages  al  Sud;  era  imposible  para  el  vivir  cntre  geutes  eivilizadas.' 
J/e}'.,  ii.  ;]4(i-7. 

Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    43 


(-;  sii 


•171 


i,iiii;it/Vi,  iNMiirtrioNM  iiKMrowiin. 


j||("    rmri"!    in  IIm'   tii'il.  (<•  iirl.    Iiy  liin  imI\  irr  wlicii,    on 
niTuiiiil    <i|  iIimIiiim')',  tlii'V   I'liiiltl   I'cri'ivp  li<i  |il<i|ii|i|.  ill 
riniitiiM    Iroiii    (lir    jniMTfil    [fMVrniMiriit.       'I'lic    Vrlcinn 
witH  niiiiiiitiii<liii!.^  I  Ih<  nil  li  <li\  iNioii  (iT  I  hr  Ml  Ml  y   wIhii, 
on  III!'  '!ImI.  <>r  Aii";iim(,   IHC.'/,  liit  )|r|»/ii(,<'(|  IIiim  lilr." 


I  •'I  KM 'it  I  (  '()tnoiir<>i  t    ill  ii'cdiiiiiii"'  I  III'  t'MTiil  Ivi'  oMir 


liink   oil   liiM    hIkuiIiIci'm  II    lirjivy  l<'iii|  <•!    riM|M>iiMilMlil  v 


lit 


tt 


Tl 

I  II. 

r  lilt'  rt';i<'<-i(>iinii(tM   li.'nl   lo  I 


III.  MM  nti|*r<>|iil  iDiiM  I  inn 

Ii.'mI     lii<r<i||ii<    <li\it|iM|, 


MIM 


ir   \  irlitiioMM  lilM't.'ll   pMI  I  V 

ll<      nilMCtt|M||()l|M     Ht'limil'M 


M' 


•  nilt.'llril         'I 


I )   r 


(IliM,  |iiii(lt'n«'i' (iiiil  I'mi'i'v  writ'  rrijiiirnl.  Il<i\vrvii, 
I  ln«  iiii|Mir(,(inl.  Hcrvicc  he  Inn  I  dinic  lo  1  In'  ■•iiiiMr  (  I'  liK 
rjly,  IiIm  (ivkiiMwIi'dinMJ  |»;il  ii<tl  isn!,  ih'I'mommI  •jiuililir; , 
ninl  itiJirtirMJ  nliilily  in  iilDiii-t,  iiiM|iii't'tl  Iiu|m<m  oI' |ir,'n'( 
nnil  !'ihh|    !r*>vrrtiiiii<iil.. 


II 


in  lilt'.  prcvidiiM  lo  ITiM 


lillv 


ll!5   HO    |)t'OIIIIM<'llli   Ml'liiill 


ill  llli'    l.'ilo  i>\  ciiIm   lor   I  lie  oM'il  lirow  of   l.yifiiiiiy,  linl 
Ik'cm  coiiiiwirnl  i\ cly  iinrvnil  I'lil.       I  lo  w  mm  liorii  in  I  'in 
l»lfi  I  In'  r.!lli  ol'  Mfircli.   IMI'J,  iiin  pnrcnlH  liciiifr  |  jcn 
t.t'Miinl.  coloiiol    M.'iri.'ino  ( 'onionrori,  .'in<l    M.irdi.  (liia 
»lnlil|>i»  i\i>  loM    |{ioM.       A  i.  Ilin  /i<^(>  (tl"   II   lie  wnst  iiljiccd 
III  Mio  ( '.'iro|iii(»  ( 'ollcin',  n   iloMuil.  itisi  iliilo,  |.o  i'i'ri'i\r 
iiimI riii'l ion  in  (ho  liiL;li*'r  liiMMrln-M.      \{,  niiinliootl   In 
WMs  liiil,  woll  |M'o|)orl  ioiioil,  iind   i'oImisI..      In  Ihm  iii;iii 
n«*rs  lie  \VM^<  Mcir  |»o.MN»>ssr(l  .iiiij  (tlf^i'MA  o  <lo|torl  incnl.;  Iii;> 
I'ln'o  w.'iHMW.'irlliy  lVonio\|)OMiiro  lo  llic  wc'iMicr.     Mink  < 


ol   Min.'il 


|M»\     •'.•INC     llIM    loMlnroH    ill 


lirSl.    HIiJflll     Jl.   MCVdV 


look,  wiiirh,   intwcvor,  MisMpiic-ircfl   on   nioiu 
Hcnilinv 


I'Mniil 


i.ir 


lie  lunl  ii  li.'il)ii  ol' lotiniiiLr  liis  licinl  I.ow.ikI 


tilt'  riirlit  s 


hoiild 


rr, 


II 


««  WiiM  luui.'iMo  Mini  ('oin'iii.'iioiN 


Alvin'i</.  wiiH  iiiiii'li  lii'liivi"!  Ii\  liiM  I'linnlryini'ii.      Iln  ilvil  wluil.  Iii<  iniihl 


til    llilllilliMll     llll<     llllll'OIS     III    will'. 


'.'iiiiaiiliiuiM  iiiiiiIp  liitii  mil'  nl'  Iht  rili/i  ii" 


Mi<\ii'(i  iliil  (1 


ii<  Miinii',  mil 


I     Hi 


riii'U  II  iiiiM 


liil 


lii'i  li 


t  'iiiiL'irm  twii'i'  ilr 


rl.'iii'il  liini  II  liriii'iiii'nlii  ill'  la  |iiili'iii;  lii>  iii'lil  Mi'vi'iiil  iiii|iiii'lii.|il.  |iii:iil  ikmf, 
iiiiiiHiK  llli'lii  (lull  of  liiMiiinii  V  viiM'  |ii'i<Miili'iir  iif  Ilin  ItiHlil.iil,  d'AlriiiiM',  in 
l''ri»in'i',  mill  riiriT»|ii>iiiiiiig  iiii'iiiiirr  111' Hi'vi'iiil  Hru'iitilii' Hurii'lii'M.  In  liii  il" 
nii'Hlii'  ri'liinniiN  lii<  \MiM  II  loviii;.;  IiiihIiiiihI  miil  I'^ilhor,  l.iikiiif;  ii  ili'i'|i  iiili'i<'<l 
ill  till'  i>iliii'iitiiiti  III  hit  rliililri'ii,  mul  iiiMlilliii^  in  tlioiii  Hi<iil.iiiii<iil..K  nl'  liiiin'Mh 
mill  liivc  of  liliiTt y.  Ihitilmi  mul  l,i\~itiiii,  l.ni  .l/cr.,  ix.  ;i|((;  x.  'J(IH;  llirivn. 
<loh.  lie  .I/>i.r.,  ii.  'LSI;  III  liirrrUo,  iii.  'II.S.  ||i<  wiih  nut.  ii  ii'iiruiiil  niiin,  '  \»r'> 
M  ill'  liiion  Nciitiilo  V  ill'  valor."   I>inz,  Ditlon  llioii.,  MS.,  t),"i. 


lUNArio  CiiMdNrunT 


era 


Il(<  ruiiM  *'<tM''i>iil   III  (  liM  liii'rM  nii<l  riiiill'ol    liM  |i;i.iitlK 


II 


f   waM 


ill'  \v(iM   roidv  lo   loi'irivc   |i<'n;»»ii.'il    injiiiif 
•rfiv'o  (111(1  r(i((|  ill  i\n\\<^ri,  liriii  dl' |Mir|MiMi\  mihI  mIhw  in 


n'Hoivi 


lull,  rcMM|iil,i(»iiM  miff'  l.'ihfii,  lif  ujim  iiit't';/<  I  ir 
ill  ••(in  yiiij.^  (Iirm  oiil,.  ( irinrmiM  tUMJ  mjhh  Ii;iii<I<«|, 
he  iMViT  foiild  iM-ciiiiiiilfil.c  II  l;ir;^'r  |iiii|Mif  V  ;  Im  vv/m 
Iiimh'mI,,  iiiorcuvir.  in   nil    lii^  t  i.tiiwul  inn  i,  |iriv(i.lf  ntnl 


•iihlic 


{.rliiriollM.  iiikI    iihD'Ii    t|";V<i 


Ifil    \<>    I 


iilMi 


»r    llin  ron-rdllpTM,   in-    <li)|    ll<»|    <'lirolini'/r    inlolniJinr 


II 


I'  \v 


MM  nllrcl  iniiiilr  l(i\v;il'<|    lii  i  riiiiiily,  pliiili  iiidI    llti 


Lit  I 


)|HHimilli!f,  'HIM  «>|   vriy  Hilii|i|('  liMlillM.' 

( 'i»iii<tnl<>i  I    ItrJMrc  III'  w.iM  (wriil.y  yrjini  ol'  iv^c 
itllv<-n    |).')l'l'    in   llir    |Miliric;il  <li.;l  lirlMllircM  flH   )l    i(iil<li<t' 


li.iri 


h 


ilil 


(liinnL,'  hiM  cjiiiy  iniliuiry  liln  he  wmm  iirrHciii,  in  Hi'vrr.i 


I  Kill  I 


I'M  MImI   HH'ircH, 


;ill;iiitr'y    jmmI    cudIik 


<llM|il;iyin'4    niMcIl  Mhlllly,  JIM  U'< 


l.ili 


II.M 


II. 


w 


(i-t   (i  dijMil.y    HI    Um! 


•  ll'n'rWMi'M  ul'  IK  I'i  iiimI    IH  HI;    iilun,  ul"  1,||(!  one  l.ll.'ll.  )IH 

•niMrd  ill  (.)iicirii(ir<»,  in   iHId,  wmm  cIidhcii   ji.  K<!iiJi.l.'»r 


jiml  liitiM"  vviiH  iiiM|i('c|,(ir  dl"  ||m«  rijHloin 


lioll 


H(!  iin( 


1  coj 


licl.iir    111.    A<'.'l.|>lllr<»,   wllli'll    |»I)UT    lie    |(  I'l,    1,(1    l,;i|(c    |ii'< 

M'!;i(,  ;i,;^!iiii   ii-t  a«l('|»ii(y  in   i•n\^'^^■|•^.^.      A  I.   llf   <'n(l   '»!' 

Ilir  (^^:^Mi^»n   ll(>   W.'l.M  l'rj||i|M  liliird  colli 'd  or,  Jilid   lii'ld   jl|i' 

nllirr  IjII  S.'iiiln.  A  HUM.  diMiiiinMiMl  liini  mi  I/iIhi'  cliiir'T"';-*. 


u 


A|i"Mii)i  ili'jii  ri  Mim  III  jnn  iiti  iiir'/(|iijii>>  pitl  liiiiniiio,  li  iil 


1 1|«  mil  I'liiiin 


mi'm, 


III  ,1 


iiiHi^iiilii'iitilivt  |ii>i|iiri 


hhli 


I  'llriilin,   i liintir\,   I'l.i 


II.  I 


1 '|iiii  li'iiiii  :iiil'M  "|i'  li(;iir.ii  I'll  |M>lilii/» 


la'l    lll'I'll    IIIIMI 


I  led,   liMWivii,  lliiil.  Iiii  mill    lilH 


iiiiiiiHJiir  riiyiH'  liii'l  I  riiii'iiicl  iiiii't  lui^itji'r  iil.  lli"  <'i(|Miiiiii  uf  l,iii>  irilim 


illj 


mv.     MiH'li  Mi'i'iiMii.l  HUH  iiliiiiilil   tiiil.  Ill'  lii'liKvril  wilii'iiil.  I  lii'ir  Imiii;/   liilly  I'nr 
iiiliiii'iili'il  liy  I'vnli'iii'iv 

'"  III  IliK  iiihImI.  Ill  jiiijiiiliir  iival.iiiii",  llin  im'i>|i|i'  /i.hv/iyi4  niiw  liiiii  in  lii-i  |iliiiii 
lil.irli  I'liiil,,  i'xi'i'|i|,iiiii'i',  (III'  ',!7(li  111  Si'iiti'iiiliiT,  |.S.i7,  iiiiiiivi  rainy  ul  IIh'  iiilry 


ill.  M 


I'XIi'il  III 
rIVIi'  |iriii'rimiii 


f  (III' lil;.'iiiiiiili' iiiiiiy  illiiliT  I  lniliiili',  lin  |iii'i.'ii(i"l  I 


IHIIIMI'II   III  (li 


II  ill  lull  iMiii'iii'lii  (.11  i|ii  till'  liilji'  i(.  Iiiilliil'  In  (.III'  iii:rii'4iiiii,  iiimI  miivii 


liiiiiMilf  I'i'iini  rrilii'i",iii ;  '  |iiiii|iii'  ni  |iirri!iii.  Ii.n'ir  liiiiini'  ul  <'(ji'ii'ilii,  y  ^ 
I.I.  nii-iiHiiiii.  iji'l  Sr  liiii  liiilr;  iin  iii'a  |  ImuhIiIiiI  wiI  Ii  ii.  iiiiiili'|  i|IIi'  ni  viiy  \i'>il.ii|'* 
ill'    |miniiiiii,    nil'    (i'ii(.;iili     |iiir    ilriiiiii.'ii"ii  '    I'ditilhi^    Mij.    in    IS.'ill   /,    .'i;t'>    t  ). 


( 'oiii'iiilKrl.  will  II.  wi 


II  iiili 


il  mill  lii^'li  iiiiiiili'il  iiimi,  lull.  I.'u'lii'il  niiiliili'iii  II 


III  lim  own 


iilil;.;iiiriil.,  wliirli  iill.i'ii  In!   Iiilti  (k  I'l'ly  (imi  iiii|ilii'i(ly  nil  (.III'  I'liiiii 


iii'l  III  iil.lii'i'H.       I'IiIh  ililliiji'iii'i 
/»'-;/..  MS.,  m. 


I.l':i  iwillHiiiif  liiM  |iiilil.ii'ii.l  null.    /^I'tr.,  hnliiH 


Mil  Willi  iilwiiyN  fiiiinil  mi  (.In-  mIiIi'  nf   lilii'r(y,  jij^lil.iii^  ui/iiinnl.  lyriiiiiiy, 


wilh  l.liii  liii(.(.li' I'ly  of  '  icli./iitii  y   Iiii'iiim 


Ar(,i 


r   II.    liiMK    pri  |i 


>i|    III 


II  iv;i(i) 


llli',  ho  niiH  iiiiiili'  jiri'fri't.  ami  riiiiiiiimiiliinh  nl'  'riiiiiii,  uIhiii  liii  in' imlii'i  i| 
many  iin|iriivi<ini'ii(.M,  l.liiiii;^li  I'liiiMdinlly  triiiilili'il  liy  lanlim;  Iniliati:!  finiii 
(III'  iiiiiidi.      Ill  (lin  Aini'iii'iin  war  lin  ni'ivril  hhiih!  t.inii'  iiii  aiili'  ilr  i:ani|i  lo  (liii 


Ml 


n  I'linimiiinli'r  ini'liii'f.    li'inni,  (lult.  ilr  Mi'.j.,  ii.  iH.i  (i;  /'/.,  Hiit.  Ja- 


lijiii,  iv.  USA  ;•»,  H2H  1»;    iVajijidim,  Mix.,  I'^S  '.». 


(170 


Li;;i:uAL  in.stitltioxs  iiKsronKn. 


It  is  U!ili('cc;;s;uv  lifl'o  io  s()(';ik  at  lev  'til  of  liis 
SiM'vici's  ill  tli(!  Held  iiiid  ('((uncil,  Ml'tci'  the  !i(l<»|»(ii>ii  ot' 
tho  |)l;iii  (»r  Ayiitlii;  siillict;  if,  to  s;iy  that  tlu;  tiiiiiii!i!i 
of  that  iiu-asiiiro  was  in  a  ^I'cat  iiK-asutv  (hic  to  him 

Tho  tfm|)ori/-iii<^  disposition  of  (Ikj  ntnv  prcsidcnf 
did  not  hhnd  liini  to  tho  necessity  of  uplioldin;^^  llic 
measures  of  Alvarez,  and  of  aetini;'  in  accord  with  the 
spirit  of  the  revohition.  'I'wo  days  after  assnmiii<^' 
tlie  reins  of  j^overnnient  lie  a|>poinled  Ids  cahiiiet, 
v.hos(>  niein!)ers  ^avo  assuranctt  that  a  true  spirit  of 
hhei'ty,  order,  and  inte_L,n"ity  would  inlluence  every  act 
of  the  adndnistration;  that  an  eniii^htened  denioci'atic 
refoi'in  and  the;  advanceniont  of  tlu;  countiy's  «]fen<'i:d 
interests  would  rcfsult  from  their  lahoi's.  The  min- 
isters wei'i;:  liuis  do  la  Jlosa,  of  t'oreii^n  relatl<tiis; 
]v/-e<piiel  ^lontes,  of  justice  and  ecclesiastical  allairs; 


h 


iiuie 


iSil 


iceo,  of  foniento;  dose  Maria 


Laf 


rauua,  ol 


i'lti'rior  ri'lations;  Manuel  Payno,  of  the  treasury;  and 
dose  M.  Yane/,  of  war  and  niarine.^"^ 

'I'ho  chief  points  of  the  policy  outlined  hy  the  min- 
isters were:  no  disniend)ernient  of  the  national  terri- 
tory;'" avoidance  of  civil  war  by  ])rudent  and  conciH- 
atory  measures,  ap[)ealin 


(>• 


to  i)h 


al  I 


pliysical  loree  only  m 
the  last  extreme;  a  constituent  conufress""  to  be  con- 
voked at  once  to  frame  the  constitution,  and  in  tin; 


'"Ilosrt  is  well  known  to  tho  rciiilor;  a  n  :  i;  of  literary  and  scicntinoatt.iiii- 
nicnts,  pro;,'res:iivo  ideas,  and  ahility  as  a  pol'ti  "d  economist  and  diplonKite. 
Monies  was  an  able  jnrist,  and  though  new  in  .10  iiolitieal  liold,  had  lihcrul 
convictions,  and  public  education  wasidrcioiy  i:idcl)ted  to  him  forj,'oo<l  siivin'. 
iSilicco  wasanewnian  injiolitics.  Jjfifr;;.'.'  -ii  I  .id  l)eun  active  in  a  press  law  \\  i  ill 
liberal  tendencies  indicatin;^  his  political  i/ioclivities.  I'ayno  h.id  j)revioMsly 
done  good  work  in  financial  matters.  Yaficz  was  a  good  olliccr  and  a  mw^- 
nanimous  man.  Archiro  Mfx..  Col.  Li'i/.,  1I{.")-(J;  Mrx.,  Lcijinl.  MiJ.,  iSiV),  (L';i- 
.'!•_';  h'irem,  (lob.dv  .l/c.r.,  ii.  4S7 -8,  000;  Mix.  llttrol.  eoiilni  Santa  Aiiiia,  I.'!-'. 

'"  Comon fort  and  I'ayno  have  been  accused  of  an  intention  to  «('ll  l.duir 
California  to  the  United  State.!  in  lS.")(i,  wluch  plan,  it  is  alleged,  was  de- 
feated by  Minister  La  Kosa. 

'^"  Owing  to  diliicultiei  which  prevented  the  meeting  of  congress  at 
D.dores  Hidalgo,  tl»o  president,  on  tlu;  'iOth  of  Doc,  revoked  art.  00  of  tlic 
iL-cree  antl  summoned  the  congress  to  asscndile  in  Mexico.  Ardiivo  M'  '., 
t'nl.  Ley.,  i.  201;  Zdrro,  Hint.  Comj.,  i.  l'J-20;  JJublaii  and  Lozano,  Lcj, 
Max.,  vii.  631-2,  GJy-40. 


PHOMIsr.I>  IIKFORMS. 


f.:: 


ni(Miti  i'nuv  issu(\  nt  i\u  c 


ilv.I, 


IV,  nil  orufaiiic  Ntatnt(!  to 


liiivc  |)i'(»>  isiiiDjilIy  llic  loicc  (»r  lii 


w 


'I'Ik*  miiiisliy  pi'niniscd  smuk.'  spfcial  laws;  iiaimly, 
one  (Ml  |i('r.s«»iial  ri'^lils,  ollicis  on  tlio  press, '^'  jxilico, 
and  national  L^iiard;  and  still  anotlici-,  rcM-oL^ni/in'^  tlio 
ind'.'|H'ii(lcnc('  of  the  nnMii('i|»aliti('s,  hut  uitlioiit  allow- 
inif  tlicni  any  action  in  |»oJiii(Ml  Miliiii' 


Ti 


h;  (■('clcsl- 


as 


tical 


(pu'stioii  Ixint;'  (»ni 


that 


(IcinaiK 


Iml 


niiu-Ii  <•)!•- 


(•iMns|)(!ction  in  its  ticatincnt,  th(\L,'()Vcrniiiont  rcsci-vcd 
the  fX|»i-(ssion  of  an  opinion  n]»on  it  lill  al'ln-  it  had 
i(,'C('i\i(l  th(!  cahini't.'s  carcrtil  sdidv  and  considc-ration."' 


It 

COU 


must  ho  conl 


<'.SSC( 


I    that  if  President   (lonionloi't 


Id  linnly  estahlish  all  these  nieasui'es,  the  promises 
of  the  last  revolution  '>,ould  he  realized.  The  (Uifeat 
of  a  lilihustei'in;^  expedition  in  Lowei-  ( 'alifoi'iiia  \v;is 
a:i  auspicious  c^visnt,  hut  tlu;  c<»untry  was  still  destined 


[o  see  c 


lark  I 


lon/ons 


hetol 


kemii'''  clia,ii<''es  m  Iier  noliii- 


cal  lil'e.  1'he  day  succi'edin'4  that  on  which  ("onion- 
I'ort  assu. lied  the  executive  ollice  occurred  in  j*uel)!:i 
tht;  liist  iiivolt,  one  of  the  many  that  were  to  distract 
the  •••overnnuMit's  attention  from  carrvin<»-  out  its  in- 


tended measures  of  reform.      It 


was  rei>i»rted  in  that 

Air. 


city  that  tlu;  hishop  was  to  he  exih'd.  Soon  al'tel'  tic; 
hour  of  prayers  on  tlu;  I'Jth  tlu.'  hell  <»('  the  cathedivd 
tolled  alarm,  and  souu;  men  of  the  [loorest  class  trie  I 
til  capture  the  harracks  hy  surprise,  joining-  the  dra- 
ns  that  came  from  Amozoc,  helonnin<4  to  (jreiieral 


<•'!  )0 


1 1  uit  lan  ,•;  l>ri!''a(le 


hutl 


)em'.''  reDUlse 


d.  tl 


lev  intl'ein 


■he  I 


themselves  around   the  episcopal   palac(>,  and   on   tin 
iiK»ruiu!j;"  of  the  loth  dispersed,  (juiliaii's  men  return 


til 


A  provisional  law  fxraiitiii.;  iuii|)l<'  fiiuibjia  ta  tho  [>vcm  w.im 


'ith  of  i  )i 


Arrh! 


Mr 


(',,!.  L 


.'/.,  I. 


I.):!-! 


-Otlicr  mattci's  eiiiWraceil  in  tho  iir.)'';ramin'!  wi'io 


aholili 


piibli.sl 
of   ta.> 


j  ulioial  ciists,  and  nionoiiolici;  iuiiU 


,|,a! 


a  now  laiiir  law 


iliiiL;  fr 


-trac 


l)v  niti  iili:ii  ii's 


and 


,i|) 


It    of 


inio  iniliistry;  an   lioiifj-.t   Itiidjct;  acniiisition  of  naLional  ii!d|)Lrty 
iicrs;  ri'foiniatioii  of  tlic  mining  laws;  ami  facilitating  public  indiistii,;! 


I'iLll    prutcL'tlnll 

1 1' 


i\lai)itions.  hi..  Ill  2,  •_'-';!-() 


\'.  ITC!  1 
v.  idol 


As  a  Jnark  of  u'vin iico  for  tho  cimrcli,  tho  archbialiop  and  his  clerry 
nvited  to  join  tlu!  novcniinont  anil  pcopli;  in  jiraycrn  to  (io<l  to  giv.it 


\\   to  tlic 


liorilio:i  in  their  incasuns  to  insure 


th 


10  WL'llan!  o 


f    th 


g;ji. 


Mix.,  LcijiiiL  Mcj.,  ISoo,  QIVS;  Dab'aa  mid  Lu'-unu,  Lvij.  Mcx.,  vii. 


678 


LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED. 


iiii^  to  Avnozoc,  and  inarching  on  toward  Zacapoax- 
tla,  wliosc  inliabitants  and  those  of  two  nei<^hl)orinLj 
towns  rebelled,  on  the  i)retext  that  the  ley  Juarez 
deprived  the  clergy  of  their  rights.  General  Giiitian 
had  been  sent  there  to  quell  tiio  rebellion,  but  ii\ 
combination  with  tlie  parish  pi'icst,  and  seconded  by 
Colonel  Olloqui,  ho  revolted,  l^ishop  Labastida  ad- 
vised them  all  to  make  their  peace  with  the  govern- 
ment,"* which  advice  they  ditl  not  heed.  The  first 
forces  sent  against  them  wore  under  General  La 
Jjlave,  Colonel  Ortega,  and  Lieutenant-colonel  Cal- 
deron;  they  also  mutinied  and  joined  the  othei's, 
after  which  Colonel  Osollo  took  command  of  the 
i;ifantry  and  entered  Teziutlan,  while  tlio  cavalry 
under  Giiitian  overran  the  plains  of  Apam.''^ 

The  two  hostile  elements — clei-gy  and  army — were 
at  work  striving  to  avenge  their  supposed  griev- 
ances. Priests  took  part  in  seditious  [)lots,  the  [)ul- 
pit  being  I'reely  used  to  mislead  the  sincerely  I'eligious, 
specially  the  women,  with  the  false  assertion  that  the 
government  was  assailing  religion.  Hence  the  ui)ris- 
iiiijf  on  behalf  of  reliLfion  and  fueros,  intended  to  reston 
tlie  so-called  conservative  party  with  its  privileges  and 
abuses. ~°  The  military  resented  tlie  insults  heapLiI 
on  them  in  the  last  war  by  the  liberal  leaders,  spe- 
cially Vidaurri,  and  manilested  a  dis[)osition  to  deleuil 
themselves  by  revolution,  which  was  unjustiliable  as 


-'  The  clerical  prcsa,  such  as  La  Sorieilad,  El  Viiircrstd,  and  La  Cm::,  con- 
tiuucil,  lio'.V'jvcr,  vilifying  the  suppoi'tors  of  tha  cxistiu;j;  order  of  thiiiL;-. 
Jllvim,  Gob.  (Ic  Mex.,  ii.  488-1);  La  Cniz,  ii.  'J08-i:j, '2;]."),  lio.  8,  suppl.  iV). 

'■''' Other  revolta  of  the  long  aeries  soon  followed.  In  Oajaea  three  pi'iesn 
iind  a  Spaniard  instigated  an  uprising,  to  demand  the  restoration  of  the  fuciMs. 
and  called  to  the  government  J.  M.  Garcia,  who  accepted  the  position;  murli 
lighting  and  bloodshed  resulted  from  it.  Revolutionary  movements  foUownl 
in  Zacatecas,  QaerOtaro,  and  Jalisco.  Uru;ja  proclaimed  in  the  sierra  l!io 
ijasea  org.'inicas,  but  met  with  no  response.  A  brigade  was  sent  after  hiiii, 
and  the  rebels  submitted.  A  movement  in  Oajaea  against  Gov.  .luarez  was 
promptly  ])ut  down.  In  Puel)la  there  was  much  excitement.  Col  .Mirammis 
ilcfeclion  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the  reaction.  Comonfort,  still  having  faiJi 
i a  the  army,  despatched  against  the  insurgents  General  Severe  del  (Jasliil", 
v.ho  had  never  committed  adefection,  and  liad  just  pledged  his  word  of  fealiy 
to  the  government,     liut  he  proved  faithless.   It'.iy  rd.  dob.  dc  Af(Ki-.,  \L  48L)-'.W. 

■■"' Ilighwaymen  labsllcil  their  hats  vtiili  the  v.-o.cl  'religion,' 


HARO'S  REVOLT. 

they  had  been  forgiven  the  past,  and  Comonfort  was  a 
tirni  friend  to  them. 

The  reactionists  were  divided.  Some  advocated 
the  federal  system,  others  tlie  famous  seven  laws,  or 
centralist  constitution,  which  had  ere  this  gone  out 
of  mind.  Fears  were  felt  by  many  that  there  would 
be  no  congress,  and  that  the  nation  .nust  continue  for 
an  unlimited  period  in  an  abnormal  condition.  The 
government,  however,  hoped  with  God's  favor  and 
the  aid  of  the  ])eople  soon  to  reestablish  a  constitu- 
tional regime. 

Some  prominent  men  were  plotting  in  the  capital ; 
among  them  Haro  y  Tamariz,  Francisco  Pacheco,  and 
Agustin  Zires,  and  Comonfort  decreed  their  expatri- 
ation. Other  officers  were  scattered  in  distant  j)laces. 
An  anonymous  document  found  in  llaro's  house  con- 
tained a  plan  to  raise  Agustin  Iturbide  to  the  tlirone 
of  the  '  Imi)erio  de  xYnaliuac,'  and  if  he  refused  accept- 
ance, then  Ilaro  himself  was  to  be  emperor.  The 
Roman  catholic  was  the  religion  alone  to  be  tolerated.^' 

Haro  made  his  escape,  and  joining  tlie  rebcl^s  at 
Zaca[)oaxtla,  was  chosen  their  chief'^^  He  demanded 
the  reestablishment  of  the  bases  ori^iinicas  of  184.']. 
Meantime  a  congress  sliould  be  convoked,  and  the 
government  vested  in  a  jiresident,  named  by  the  chief 
of  the  movement,  with  ample  powoN.-™ 

The  revolutionary  forces  attacked  Puebja  on  the 
IGth  of  January;  the  governor,  having  with  him  but  a 
small  garrison,  had  to  parley,  and  was  allowed  to  de- 

'•"  Comonfort  liad  iisked  Haro  to  stop  plotting,  but  ho  mailo  lir;Iit  of  the 
i\iattcr,  ami  puraiicil  his  courso,  which  ln'oiii^hl  on  ntriiigoiit  iiu'asiii'cs".  Min- 
ister I^afragua's  circuhir  of  tJan.  8,  ISjd,  in  An-hiro  Mcx.,  (  'dI.  Li'i/.,  i.  418  'JO. 

■^'Seditious  movements  \V(M'e  now  )>re;ilving  out  in  many  phu'cs,  promoted 
hy  priesta  and  soldiers.  In  Morclia  there  was  a  cry  of  '  nineran  los  im])ios! 
Viva  Uraga!'  Iliirm,  li:>'  -Inlapu,  iv.  (>1!)-'J4;  /./.,  Ooh.  dr  Mc.v.,  ii.  I!)!  -'J; 
Santa  Anna,  Rcrol.  co,.  .'  .'70-7;  La  Uainlcra  de  Auittla,  ,]i\u.  )'2,  18.j(i;  FA 
I'liinamli nto  Xac,  Marcli  &  to  Apr.  '2o,  KS.JG;  Mix:,  Lijhl.  Mrj.,  KSr)(i,  iFan.- 
Juno.  .'$57-8. 

'■"•The  scheme  went  by  the  name  of  '  plan  regcnerador,'  and  was  circulated 
over  their  signatures  by  Haro,  (Juitian,  and  Castillo,   Ilaro  a  mis  Comp'il..  1 
'20.     Castillo's  plea  for  defection  was  that  it  liail  ijcrn  wrong  '  to  .send  ihe 
army  against  tlio  army,' and  that  his  forces  Iiad  i\o  supplies.  Airlaco  Me.r., 
Col.  Lvi].,  i,  4Ut>-7C;  Mcx.,  Lcqld.  Mtj,,  VooG.  Jau.-Juue,  71. 


cso 


LIliERAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED. 


part  on  the  21st  with  tlio  honors  of  war  and  tliree 
pieces  of  artillery.^"  The  reactionists  were  now  iiushcl 
witli  victory,  havinnj  an  army  of  over  4,000  men,  well 
disciplined  and  well  officered,  and  held  the  second  r.'iiy 
in  the  repubhc,  where  they  had  powerful  friends  and 
abundant  su})|)lies. 

The  government's  forces — 5,000  stronjjf,  commanded 
by  generals  Viilarcal,  Traconis,  Zulotiga,  Gayosso,  and 
Moreno — marched  out  of  Mexico  on  tluj  '2'Jth  toward 


]L_"jajL 


■rfr^X-'i'r 


JL_JL 


^m;- 


<^l 


,u- 


m, 


■*«'-,. 


I'lKliLA. 


Puebla;  1,000  more  were  expected  from  Guannjuato. 
Comonfort  resolved  to  conduct  in  person  the  opeia- 
tions  against  Puebla.'*^     On  the  24th  of  Februarv  lie 


'"The  loss  of  Puebla  was  nlTicially  announced  by  Minister  Ijafragua,  .I;im- 
uary  'J4tli,  together  with  the  ineasureH  uclo|)tod  for  ita  recovery.  Archim 
Mcx.,  Col.  Li'-}.,  i.  -ISfi-itO. 

^'Tiie  rebels  limt  failed  to  take  iidvantau'c  of  a  mutiny  in  San  Juan  de 
Uli'ia  in  the  nij^ht  of  I'eb.  I'Jtli,  which  niigiit  have  favored  their  cau^<e.  The 
inniiuy  wa.s  jiut  tlown  by  a  counter  one  of  tliu  lib.t.  'J'ho  leaders  were  tmd 
and  Heiiteiieed,  lint  finally  pardoned.  Mvx.,  iUm,  Hacienda,  lb.')?,  10;  Hi- 
vera,  Hid.  Jukq/u,  iv,  ti'JT-'J. 


SIEGE  OF  PUEIJLA. 


681 


htad  11,500  men  provided  with  good  artillory,  and 
placed  in  eclielon;  and  4,000  of  national  guard  had 
been  stationed  in  ]\Iexico.  lie  then  started  tor  tiie 
front  on  the  2!)th,  erected  intrenchnients  at  San  ^lar- 
tin,  as  a  basis  for  future  operations,  and  finally  estab- 
lished his  headquarters  in  Kio  Prieto.  The  reaction- 
ists had  retreated  within  the  walls  of  Puebla.  Tlie 
clergy  at  first  })aid  the  expenses,  and  when  their  means 
were  exhausted  the  merchants  were  called  upon  for 
loans. 

TI'o  .'ifarrisou  made  a  sally  in  force  on  the  8th  of 
^'<i,rc'  . ."  id  gave  battle  at  half-{)ast  seven  o'clock  in  the 
nior  jin;.; .  ^c  Ocotlan.  Ai'ter  two  hours'  fighting,  with  a 
doubtful  result,  llaro  asked  for  a  truce,  and  while  hold- 
ing an  interview  with  Comonfoi't  his  troops  retreated 
unnoticed  to  Puebla.  On  the  9th  the  siege  was  estab- 
lished and  energetically  jiressed  till  the  2lld,  when 
the  enemy  surrendered.  Owing  to  Couionforl's  re- 
fusal to  treat  with  llaro  directly,  the  latter  gave  U[) 
the  command  to  Castillo  and  (;ruitian,  manaii'in<jf  to 
esca})e  or  conceal  himself,  and  they  to  Oronoz,  who 
(•om[)leted  the  capitulation,"'"  under  which  the  reac- 
tionary rank  and  file  might  remain  in  the  govern- 
ment's service  or  bo  disbanded,  at  their  oi)tion.  The 
officers  were  to  'c  v-onfined  where  Comonfort  might 
choose,  he  afterward  to  <lispose  of  their  future  fate.'' 
The  casnaltie.  oC  tin  victors  had  been  400  killed  and 
oOO  wountled;  the  \f)(  usi's  oi  the  government  about 
one  million  dollars.  The  insui'gents  not  included  in 
the  capitulation  were  to  be  tried  and  punished.     Strin- 


ii 


^^  Tlie  l)08icgeil  were  then  short  of  provisions,  their  water  supply  buing  cut 
oir.  They  hail  l)een  compel]'  il  to  aliiindon  the  lu'iL,'hts,  and  were  rediiceil  to 
iiarrow  quarters.  ViUurctil,  /'arte  Oiic ;  /'iirhl-i,  /'(irtr  i,'ru.;  Jlamro,  JJinrio 
Ojic.  ijj/iriic.;  y)rcrt/i'o  Mix.,  Col.  Lvij.,  i.  .Sl."i-I7;  M<'x.,  Mvm.  llarUinh, 
Is.iy,  })-i;i;  /Jiihl(ii<  ad  Lu.ano,  Lcj.  J/'ac,  viii.  14'J-.S;  Santa  Aiimi,  liicol. 
'■.,iilro,  2S7-.'1()3. 

^■'Tho  general.<  ;  :'i  Id-otTicers  wore  sentenced  to  serve  as  ])rivate3  tliiee 
yi'iirs;  the  other  ollu  ,  ■'  o;  tiiuse  who  had  done  good  sorviee  in  the  war  of 
independence,  or  in  .,  :  ei^vi  ■,\ar,  only  one  year.  The  generals  and  liell- 
n  iieers  were  afterward  given  the  option  of  exile  for  four  ycais.  .Ml  w.'.e 
|i  idly  pardoned.  Airhiro  Mi:f.,  <'ul.  J.r;/  ,  i,  Sl,)-'.iS,  ii.  ;{;)—}_',  I  i."i-S;  /)iili''iii 
Ui'!  J^ozuiw,  All/.  J/iu'.,  viii.  lJi)-0. 


682 


LIBERAL  IXSTITUTIOXS  RESTORED. 


gent  orders  were  issued  for  Haro's  arrest.  A  decree 
of  March  31st  provided  that  the  governors  of  3^ue- 
bla  and  Vera  Cruz  sliould  seize  the  property  of  the 
church,  and  witliout  neglecting  ))ubhc  worship,  apply 
the  renuiinder  of  its  revenue  to  the  payment  of  daui- 
ages  caused  by  the  rebellion  to  private  citizens,  and  to 
pensioning  widows,  orphans,  and  those  crippled  by 
the  war.  The  c)'>rgy,  of  course,  made  a  strong  protest 
against  this  law. 

Though  the  chief  r  '  s  of  policy  and  war  had 
])referably  occupied  the  Ljrnment's  attention,  other 
matters  of  ixtJueral  usefulness  were  not  ne<dected  for 
the  advancement  of  education,  trade,  and  other  in- 
dustries.^* Among  the  most  im]K)rtant  decrees  was 
one  of  January  1),  185G,  to  hold  Santa  Anna,  his 
ministers,  governors,  and  other  subordinates,  respon- 
sible for  their  ille<jal  acts,  botli  to  the  nation  and  to 
individuals.^' 

So  much  expedition  had  been  used  to  bring  about 
the  assemblin<i:  of  the  constituent  conijfress  that  the 
iirst  preparatory  meeting  took  place  on  the  14th  of 
February.^  The  laboi's  of  the  chamber  were  of  no 
particular  interest  till  the  21st,  when  by  72  votes 
against  seven  the  decree  of  Alvarez  that  callcul  ('<>- 
monfort  to  occupy  the  executive  chair  was  ratiliod.^' 
This  conlirmation  by  so  large  a  majority  was  cquis- 
alent  to  a  special  vote  of  confid<nice;  it  not  only  se- 
cured Comonfort's  position,  as  it  became  grounded  on 


'*Sovcral  ports  wero  opcnod  to  commerce,  and  other  f.icilitics  aflFonlcil  tu 
coinmerco,  as  wc^U  us  to  iiiiinutactiuxis,  and  mining;,  as  well  us  for  dcvclopiii,' 
fdiicatioii.  ]''ori'lgiieis  M ere  f,'ivt'ii  tlie  i)rivilej,'o  of  owiiiiij,'  real  estato  uinl' r 
cei'tiiiii  conditions;  permission  issued  for  fouiidin;,'  tiie  town  of  Kl  rroj^'resn  in 
Yucatan,  and  for  navigating  tiie  Mcscala  Rivor;  tiie  j)ul)lic  debt  was  duly  iit 
tended  to. 

'•' Tiieir  estates  were  accordingly  scfinestratcd,  nml  placed  at  the  disp(is:il 
of  tho  Buprciue  court  to  meet  damages.  No  judicial  costs  were  to  l)ecliai'g<  d. 
Some  muntim  later  Santa  Anna  was  sentenced  to  pay  heavy  Hums.  Zarvo,  l/i-i. 
('i)ii(/.  Conslifpi/.,  i.  r21-U;  Mtx:,  Diario  Ojic,  March  31,  1870;  La  Jkiiuldn 
(/-'  Ai/iUln,  Fcli.  !»,  1S.")(». 

•''"  I'onciano  Arriaga  was  chosen  its  chairman,  and  the  secretjvries  win; 
Isidoro  Olvera  and  Francisco  Zaico. 

'■'^  Zitrro,  1,1  ,  (jl;  Diihtan  and  Lnzfiiio,  Lfj.  M<:r.,  viii.,  l'20-nO;  .lA'-c, 
Lv'jid.  M'J.,  Ib.J'J,  .Jan. -June,  380-7;  Arc/iioo  M<x.,  Uvl.  Lrj.,  i.  78J-lt. 


LABORS  OF  CONGRESS. 


688 


the  support  of  the  people's  representatives,  but  also 
made  liini  the  head  of  the  liberal  progressive  party, 
whose  esteem  he  won  by  his  resolve  to  ;;rush  the 
reaction,  which  jjre.sented  so  formidable  a  front  in 
Puebla.  The  desideratum  now  was  to  avoid  any 
cause  for  disaG^rcement  bi.'tween  the  executive  and 
legislative  powers.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the 
elections  having  been  effected  ami<l  the  raging;  out- 
ci'ies  of  the  reactionists,  who  would  not  or  could  not 
vote,  nearlv  all  the  denutie.  belon<j[ed  to  the  mcjst  ad- 
vanced  party;  hence  itwas'io;  a  little  surjirising  that 
Deputy  Marcelino  Castaneda's  motion  I'or-the  reestab- 
lishment  of  the  constitition  of  1824  should  have  been 
lost  by  one  vote — 40  nays  to  39  yeas.  A  committee 
was  appointed  for  the  revision  of  the  acts  of  the 
government,  whi(;h  caused  much  loss  of  time,  and 
gave  rise  to  disagreeable  discussions.^**  Tlu;  con- 
servative press  began  to  show  signs  of  hostile  intent, 
asserting  that  its  ])arty  was  not  represented  in  con- 
gress, and  that  tiiis  body  had  not  met  the  expecta- 
tions of  the  people,  for  it  was  nothing  but  a  mob  of 
d(;ina'j[0!]fues,  whose  tendencies  were  danwrous."'^  Its 
plan  evidently  was  t*^  bring  on  discord  between  Co- 
moiifort  and  the  chandler,  which  for  a  time  did  not  suc- 
ceed. Petitions  came  from  every  (iireclion  to  enact 
progressive  measures.  Several  states,  apjireluMiding 
the  possibility  of  a  victory  in  the  field  of  battle  by  the 
reactionists,  bethought  themselves  of  forming  a  coa- 
lition.*" 


.il? 


""Tlic  first  motion  nas  inado  l'\:l).  '27tli.  Tho  re;^ulatioii  of  tlio  revising 
ooiiimissioii  was  liiiuUy  adoi)tuil  Marcli  l.ltli.  Zarro,  liUl.  Coin),  t'onxlilui/., 
i.  U;j,  S.-i-'.IH. 

^"'J'lin  con<,'ref<s  was  accused  of  an  iiitenlioii  to  'eiiniduccr  los  aiiimos,  coiii- 
pliuar  la  situucion,  y  poller  olAstdeulo.s  al  gobiuruo. '  liivcni,  Uoh.  dc  Mtix.,  ii. 
4!).>. 

*"  It  was  proiiiotcd  by  Santos  Degollado  and  Vidaurri,  governors  respectively 
iif  .J/ilisco  and  Niievo  Letui,  and  ent(^r('d  into  by  Jalisco,  Zacatecas,  Niievo 
lioon,  San  Luis  I'otosi,  Ciiiiiualiiia,  Diwaiigo,  Sonora,  and  Sinaloa.  ])i:go- 
ilado  laid  it  Itcforo  congress  by  letter  of  tiio  4tli  of  March.  lt.s  olijects  were 
til  maintain  tiie  union  ot  ull  the  states  and  a deinocratiu  form  of  government;  to 
settle  disputes  between  states  by  arbitration;  to  defend  the  public  liberties; 
and  in  the  event  of  the  nation  finding  herself  without  a  lieatl,  tlien  the 
general-'ii-eiiief  of  tlic  coalition  army  was  to  act  us  president,  with  u  council 


ii 


684 


LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED. 


On  CoiTionfurt's  return  to  the  capital,  April  3(1,  the 
peace  it  was  supposed  he  had  secured  was  celebrated 
with  feasts  lasting  several  days.  He  was  greeted 
with  much  enthusiasm  and  marks  of  affection  by  the 
authorities  and  the  people,  the  ayuntamiento  present- 
ing him  a  valuable  baton.  In  his  address  to  the  people 
he  exjiatiated  on  his  policy,  which  had  been  one  of  cleni- 
(jncy."  Congress  gave  him  a  vote  of  thanks,  but  re- 
fused to  confer  on  him  the  rank  of  general. 

Comonfort's  energetic  course  discouraged  the  ma- 
rauders  of  Mexico,  (jriierrero,  Michoacan,  and  else- 
where. All  subinitted,  and  peace  reigned  in  the 
republic  for  a  while.  It  was  only  for  a  short  time, 
however.  The  clorgy  and  army  kept  up  the  agita- 
tion. A  majority  of  the  officers  that  capitulated  at 
Puebla,  and  whose  sentences  had  been  commuted, 
endeavored  to  raise  another  revolt,  railing  against  the 
government,  whose  clemency  to  them  was  attributed 
to  fear.*'-  The  conservative  journals  of  Puebla  calkd 
demagogues  and  protestants  all  persons  who  demanded 
that  the  bisho[)  should  check  his  clergy's  seditions 
utterances  from  the  pulpit.  The  governors  of  Puebki 
and  Vera  Cruz,  on  their  part,  used  harsh  and  even 
tyrannical  measures  toward  the  friends  of  the  church.^ " 

Congress  approved  the  ley  Juarez  as  one  of  the  con- 
quests of  the  revolution.*^  It  was  also  engaged  some 
time  with  the  commissions  issued  by  Santa  Anna 
between  the  lOtli  of  January,  1853,  and  the  13th  of 


of  commissioners  from  tlic  allied  governors,  ruling  strictly  by  the  plan  'if 
Ayutla,  anil  carrying  out  the  laws  already  sanctioned  by  tlie  nation.  The 
project  was  abandoned  on  tlie  defeat  of  the  reactionists.  Zarcn,  J/int.  Coiij. 
CowtUuii.,  i.  70-81;  liii'cra,  llial.  Jii!a/w,  iv.  (i.'M;  La  J!(iii(kra  tie  Ayutla, 
18o0,  M:ireii  "28;  ICl  Ptiwainkiito  Nac,  18.")(i,  Feb.  '27,  Apr.  8. 

^'  Ho  had  .'<ent  no  one  to  the  scaflbld,  and  only  whero  justice  and  the  na- 
tion's safety  demanded  it  had  he  used  severity.  Zarco,  Hist.  Cong.  Vonstituij., 
i.  lll-i;i,  1.37;  Arc/tiro  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  ii.  ,3-0. 

■*-  They  wore  a  ring  with  a  ci'dss)  and  the  motto  'Marzo  21.' 

■*' For  concealing  clnuuli.  inopcrty,  or  speaking  ill  of  the  law  for  its  sei/.- 
urc.  These  measures  were  not  in  uccord  with  the  plan  of  Ayutla,  nor  wit!i 
the  estatuto  organico  that  the  cabinet  was  engaged  in  framing. 

**  Ninety  deputies  were  present  at  tiic  long  discussion,  l)iit  only  8.3  on  thr 
day  it  was  put  to  the  vote,  82  of  whom  were  in  i'livor.  Zurco,  Hid.  Cu.nj, 
Coimllluy.,  i.  106-82. 


EAOUSSET  DE  BOULBON. 


685 


Augnst,  1855,  the  conimittee  on  military  affairs  liav- 
iii!^  rcportud  adversely  to  their  confiriiiation,  excepting 
only  promotions  by  seniority,  or  for  some  other  good 
reason/^  The  commissions  were  annulled,  excepting 
t'lose  conferred  for  the  defeat  of  the  French  invaders 
under  Ilaousset  de  Boulbon  at  Guaymas. 

The  French  count,  Raousset  de  Boulhon,  had  been 
.some  time  in  1853  enijaii^ed  in  fitting  out  at  San  Fran- 
cisco,  California,  an  expedition  to  invade  Sonora. 
Upon  the  news  reaching  Mexico,  requisite  orders  were 
issued  to  the  governors  of  Sonora,  Sinaloa,  and  Chi- 
huahua, and  to  the  commandant  of  Lower  California, 
to  meet  the  invasion.  President  Santa  Anna  himself 
at  once  prepared  a  division  of  troops  for  the  same  pur- 
l)ose.  Kaousset  landed  and  had  some  successful  en- 
counters with  Mexican  troops,  but  through  the  inter- 
vention of  the  French  minister,  desisted  from  liis 
})urpose  for  the  time  being  and  visited  Mexico,  and 
Santa  Anna  received  him  as  a  friend.  Not  havinui: 
succeeded,  after  considerable  delay,  in  obtaining  from 
Santa  Anna  a  conunand  in  the  Mexican  army,  he  re- 
turned to  California  with  the  view  of  carrying  out  his 
projects. 

The  Mexican  government  had  encouraged  the  colo- 
nization of  a  tract  of  country  in  Sonoia  by  some 
Frenchmen  from  California,  the  colonists  binding 
tliemselv'es  to  take  up  arms  in  defence  of  the  j\Iex- 
ican  nation.  They  came  to  Guaymas  and  were  well 
received;  everything  was  going  on  smoothly  until  the 
l.-;t  of  July,  1854,  when  Ilaousset  landed  with  about 
400  Frenchmen  and  Germans,  with  whom  he  attempted 
t  .  capture  Guaymas,  together  with  the  comandante 
gL'iieral,  Yaiiez,  and  the  garrison.  But  his  plan  failed ; 
lie  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  with  all  his  men. 
Ilaousset  was  sentenced  to  death,  and  shot  on  the 


*"'  Monteg,  the  minister  of  justice,  spoke  in  favor  of  confinnation,  on  the 
gmuiul  that  the  dictatorial  government  liad  been  a  legitimate  one;  hut  liis 
liioposition  was  rejected.  The  whole  discussion  is  given  in  Zarco,  UiM.  Cong. 
Cuuntituy.,  i.  '211-40,  C'JiJ-SlO,  32S-35,  421  A. 


080 


LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED. 


12<:li  of  August  following.     Tlio  other  prisoners  wore 
sentenced  to  ten  years'  imprisonment  in  Perote.*" 

A  few  months  previous  to  lluous.set's  invasion  of 
Sonora,  William  Walker,  who  some  3'ears  later  be- 
came the  famous  adventurer  of  Nicaragua,  landed,  on 
the  28th  of  November,  1853,  with  a  piratical  expedi- 
tion I'rom  San  Francisco,  at  San  Lucas,  in  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia, with  the  intent,  as  was  said,  of  annexing  that 
country  to  the  United  States.  The  invaders  marched 
to  La  Paz,  which  they  plundered,  committing  also 
other  lawless  acts;  after  which  they  reembarked  for 
La  Ensenada,  100  miles  from  San  Diego,  at  which 
place,  as  well  as  at  Todos  Santos,  they  encamped, 
repeating  in  that  region  their  acts  of  plunder.  On 
the  news  reaching  Santo  Tonuis,  armed  forces  were 
despatched  after  tliem.  Walker  and  his  men  did  not 
wait  to  be  attacked,  but  abandoned  the  country  and 
returned  to  California.*' 


All  remonstrances  and  conciliatory  efforts  on  the 
part  of  the  government  availed  naught  to  keep  the 
bishop  of  Puebla  from  attempting  to  rouse  the  hostility 
of  the  masses  against  it;  whereupon  the  president  re- 
solved on  the  12th  of  IMay  to  send  him  into  exile.*'' 
The  bishop  tried  to  give  satisfactory  explanations, 
and  in  a  letter  to  Comonfort  denied  the  expressions 
attributed  to  him,  offering  to  prove  his  assertion  with 
witnesses,  and  respectfully  asking  for  a  rescission  of 
the  order;  but  his  petition  was  not  granted,  and  he 
was  taken  to  Habana  in  a  national  ship  expressly 
fitted  out  for  his  comfortable  transportation.*'*     This 

^''An  account  of  Raoussct's  invasions  of  Sonora  is  given  in  IHst.  North 
Mexican  Slates,  vol.  ii.,  this  scries. 

*''  Particulars  of  this  episode  afjpcar  in  Hist.  North  Mexican  States,  vol. 
ii.,  this  series. 

■■"  lie  was  accused  of  reproaching  the  people  for  allowing  the  seizure  of 
church  property.  In  circulars  he  advised  resistance  to  the  authorities.  His 
fccrmona  caused  great  alarm  to  the  friends  of  tlic  government,  and  rejoicing 
to  its  enemies.  Ho  truly  believed  he  was  doing  his  duty,  li'm  ra,  Gob.  de  Mi'x. , 
ii.  uOO;  Portilla,  M<j.  en  1S5G  7,  32-4;  Arrangoiz,  Mt-j.,  ii.  349,  calls  that  bau- 
islimcnt  'otra  dc  las  infinitas  tropclias.' 

** Bishop  Labastida,  on  Juno  IGth  at  Habanaj  declared  that  he  never  by 


OPPOSITION  TO  TIIK  CHURCH. 


687 


was  not  the  only  measure  adopted  against  nienibers 
of  the  clernry.  Congress  revoked  Santa  Anna's  docree 
of  Septenil)(!r  19,  1803,  permitting  the  restoration  of 
tlie  society  of  Jesus.^'  This  may  be  called  an  infringe- 
ment of  the  principles  of  unlimited  liberty  so  uiucii 
boasted  of. 

Comonfort  went  to  reside  at  Tacubaya,  where  he 
had  a  garrison  under  General  Parrodi.  General  Juan 
Soto  succeeded  Yanez  in  the  v/ar  department,  and 
the  latter  was  given  the  connnand  of  the  troops  in 
Sonora,  Sinaloa,  and  liower  California.  The  treasury 
portfolio  resigned  by  Payno  was  first  given  to  Munoz 
Lodo,  and  finally,  on  the  20th  of  May,  to  Miguel 
Lerdo  de  Tejada. 

Just  at  this  time  another  difficulty  came  to  annoy 
Comonfort  and  the  liberal  party,  threatening  dissen- 
sion, which  was  the  resignation  of  the  presidency,  and 
of  his  rank  as  general  of  division,  by  Alvarez  at  La 
Providencia.  Congress  got  over  the  matte'^  by  accept- 
ing the  report  of  the  committee  to  which  the  resigna- 
tion had  been  referred,  that  it  was  not  of  its  cognizance. 

The  government  had  besides  to  cope  with  that 
greatest  of  difficulties,  scarcity  of  resources ;  for  it  had 
removed  all  the  taxes  established  by  the  dictator  Santa 
Anna.  The  onlv  sources  of  revenue  left  were  the  ex- 
cise,  which  Vidaurri  objected  to,  and  the  duties  from 
customs,  quite  small  at  this  time,  owing  to  the  want 
of  confidence  among  the  merchants  caused  by  the 
})rcsence  at  Vera  Cruz  of  a  Spanish  squadron  which 
brought  the  Spanish  minister  jNIiguel  de  los  Santos 
Alvarez.  It  looked  like  a  hostile  demonstration,  and 
as  long  as  it  continued,  Mexico  could  lend  herself  to 
no  neirotiations  v/ith  him.  The  situation  was  made 
more  stringent  by  the  harsh  tone  of  the  Madrid  semi- 


m 


¥n 


word  or  deed  manifested,  or  authorized  in  his  clergy,  liostility  to  the  consti- 
tuted authorities;  he  had  only  uplicld  tlio  interests  of  the  (•hurch,  iis  in  duty 
iiound  by  the  oath  taken  at  liis  couaecration.  Bordanova,  Condticta  dd  Ob.  (h 
Puehia,  00-8. 

"^  Passed  June  Cth.  Archivo  Afex,,  Col.  Ley.,  ii.  1G8-9;  Zarco,  IJint.  Cony. 
Const il III/.,  i.  373-410. 


fl    <  f 


^ 


CSS 


LIBEIJAL  INSTITUTIONS  RESTORED. 


olficial  press.  There  were  ulso  pending,'  questions  with 
(Ireat  Jiritaiii  aiul  the  United  States  which  distracted 
tlie  president's  attention. 

Serious  disajifreenients  havincf  broken  out  between 
the  constituent  congress  and  Conionfbrt,  fears  wx>re 
I'or  a  time  entertained  that  the  latter  would  disperse 
that  bod}'  and  assume  the  dictatorial  powers  conlerred 
on  him  l)y  the  plan  de  Ayutla,  ignoring  the  fact  that 
the  same  plan  gave  congress  authority  to  revise  the  acts 
of  the  government.  To  arrive  at  an  understanding 
of  this  state  of  affairs,  I  must  revert  to  the  adoj)tion 
by  the  president,  with  the  sanction  of  bis  minis- 
ters, of  the  estatuto  organico,  which  was  published 
after  the  draught  of  a  constitution  had  been  frametj, 
on  the  15tli  of  May."'  That  statute  had  a  tendency 
to  the  centralization  of  the  government,  by  extending 
the  action  of  the  executive  over  everything,  not  ex- 
cepting even  the  municipalities,  in  exchange  for  the 
renunciation  he  voluntarily  made  of  the  full  powers 
the  revolution  had  vested  in  him.  It  did,  however, 
confine  his  authority  within  legal  bounds,  and  for  this 
reason  miu'ht  be  termed  a  constitution,  embraciniy  as 
it  did  many  of  the  clauses  to  be  discussed  by  the  con- 
stituent congress.  Some  governors  and  deputies 
showed  their  disapproval  in  formal  protests,  doubtless 
because  the  former  were  deprived  of  the  unlimited 
powers  they  had  been  exercising;  the  fact  that  the 
law  terminated  the  existing  anarchy  went  for  nothing 
in  the  estimation  of  these  protestants.  This  was 
likewise  the  cause  of  dissension  between  the  executive 
and  congress,  imbittered  by  the  former  claiming  a 
direct  participation  in  the  proceedings  of  the  latter, 
with  the  avowed  purpose  of  tempering  the  action  of 
the  deputies,  who,  carried  away  by  the  excitement 
under  which  they  had  been  elected,  deemed  it  their 
tluty  to  set  up  a  government  diametrically  opposed  in 

"  Under  the  ninth  section  of  this  instrument,  the  governors  of  states  ami 
ji-fcs  politiuos  of  territories  were  to  bo  appointed  by  the  prcsiilent;  it  set  forth 
taeir  powers  and  duties,  imiking  of  them  real  dictators.  Arcliivo  J/cx.,  Col. 
Ley.,  ii.  1I(M9. 


A  NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


principle  to  that  of  the  tyrant  so  effectively  over- 
thrown."- 

The  draught  of  the  new  constitution  had  its  first  read- 
ing on  the  IGth  of  June,  and  the  consideration  of  its 
clauses  was  begun  at  once.  It  embodied  many  prin- 
ciples borrowed  from  the  organic  code  of  the  northern 
United  States.''^  The  declaration  of  tiie  rights  of 
man  rested  on  the  opinions  of  the  most  approved  pub- 
licists, and  on  principles  recogiiized  in  the  codes  of  the 
most  enlightened  nations.  Equality  before  the  law 
was  accepted  as  a  fundamental  right,  and  therefore 
all  special  ])rivileges  and  ])rerogatives  were  rejected. 

With  the  adoption  of  such  princi2)les,  the  idea  of 
monarchical  institutions  for  the  country  was  out  of  the 
question,  and  the  fueros  hitherto  claimed  by  the  mili- 
tary and  the  ecclesiastics  were  effectually  abolished. 

'^Tlie  point  was  w.irnily  ili.seusscd  in  tho  clminber  sevoral  tlays,  Imt  no 
final  action  seeniH  to  have  Ix'on  taiien.  Zarco,  ll'ist.  ('oiii/.  Counti/nif.,  i.  41!)- 
20,  42.-),  r>\l--2(),  .')43-.'>,  ilTl  (),  017-3.');  Ji'lveru,  JJist.  Jukipa,  iv.  ti(j5-8,  OTi'- 
r>,  G87;  III.,  Oiih.  <ln  Mix.,  ii.  501-4. 

•'^  Tlio  autliors  ami  otiicrs  wlio  subscriljed  to  it,  wliilc  riicognizing  tl\e  nu'rita 
of  tlio  old  one  of  1S'J4  for  tiie  time  it  was  enacted,  ((nalitied  it  as  incomplete 
and  non-progressive,  not  such  a  one  as  tho  exigencies  of  the  present  and  fu- 
ture generations  re(piired. 

Hist.  Mes.,  Vol.  V.    ii 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

CONSTITUTION   AND   REFORMS. 

1850-1857. 

CoMONFOKT  Suspected  —  Anciinisiiop  La  Gaiiza's  CornsE  —  Lev  Leiido 
—  comonfort  and  co.n(!uess  reconciled  —  constitution  of  1857  — 
Reuellious  Cleuhy— Second  Pueula  Campaign— Moke  Seditious  Acth 
— Negotiations  with  the  Pope  Fail— Mori:  Suspicions  against  Co- 
MONFoRT  —  Political  Confusion — Laws    Affecting    the    Clergy— 

CONSERVATIVK  MaN(E0VRES — LlBEKAL   DEMANDS- CoMONFOKT's   VACIL- 
LATION. 


The  delay  in  promulgating  the  constitution,  and  tho 
bickerings  in  tlie  liberal  party,  filled  the  minds  of  its 
best  men  with  fear  that  the  reactionists  might  regain 
the  ascendancy,  renew  ]iast  horrors,  and  even  dis- 
member the  country.  The  chief  points  at  issue  in 
the  party  were:  the  organization  of  Coahuila  and 
Nuevo  Leon  as  one  state  ;^  the  reinstallation  of  the 
government  council  decreed  by  the  president;  and  Al- 
varez' resignation  of  the  presidency.  The  conserv- 
atives and  the  clergy  were  bent  on  making  of  every 
political  question  a  religious  one,  and  the  radicals 
were  disclosing  socialistic  views.  The  allied  foes  of 
the  ruling  party  had,  for  a  while,  pretended  to  side 
with  the  president,  highly  commending  his  concili- 
atory spirit  and  his  energetic  measures  to  preserve 
iniblic  order;  they  had  actually  advocated  his  strik- 
ing a  blow  at  the  congress.     Their  purpose,  as  was 


'  Governor  Vidaurri  having  attempted  to  annex  the  greater  part  of  Coa- 
huihi's  towns  to  Nuevo  Leon,  the  president,  on  the  IStii  of  April,  185(1,  (k- 
clarcd  his  act  null.  This  decree  was  conhnncd  by  tlie  constituent  coiigresa 
on  the  2oth  of  Sept.  Archlco  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  ii.  371-2. 

(C90) 


ARCHBISHOP  GARZA. 


601 


subsequently  made  dear,  was  a  sinister  one,  and  nearly 
succeeded.  It  was  to  alienate  from  liiui  tlie  good-will  of 
the  radical  progressionist  wing  ot"  his  supjjorters,  who 
now  began  to  attribute  his  moderation  to  the  re|)re- 
sentations  of  tiie  ecclesiastics,  and  a  large  part  of  the 
M'omen  in  opposition  to  the  establishment  of  freedom 
of  religious  worshi[).  J^ut  so  soon  as  the  liherals 
became  united  by  the  very  policy  the  })resident  pur- 
sued, the  reactionary  press  changed  its  tone  and  be- 
gan a  tirade  against  him.'^  Even  the  venerable  arch- 
bishop was  not  spared,  for  he  was  accused  of  advising 
that  the  ecclesiastical  issues  shouhl  Ite  arranged  with 
the  p()i)e.  Their  invectives  were  so  scandalous  that 
tlie  government  ceased  to  forbear,  and  su])[)resscd  L<i 
Svc'u'dad,  La  Patria,  and  other  journals,  the  rahid 
partisans  of  the  clergy  then  resorted  to  anonymous 
papers  upholding  their  principles  of  retrogression, 
which  they  caused  to  appear  on  street  corners. 

Lilzaro  de  la  Garza  y  Ballosteros,  archbishop  of 
Mexico,  was  born  in  Nuevo  Leon,  on  the  17th  of  De- 
cember, 1785.  In  1810  ho  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  in  1815,  his  vocation  being  for  the  priesthootl, 
he  was  ordained,''  after  which  lie  held  several  impor- 
tant ecclesiastical  positions,  and  on  the  31st  of  Oc- 
tober, 1837,  became  bishop  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa, 
which  see  had  been  vacant  fourteen  years.  His  course 
in  the  diocese  won  him  general  respect  and  love.  Ho 
had  visited  it  before  1848  as  far  as  Ures,  200  leagues 
from  his  capital,  overcoming  great  dilHculties  and  suf- 
fering from  illness.  His  promotion  to  the  nietropoli- 
tan  church  of  Mexico  was  on  the  30tli  of  September, 
1850. 

Garza  greatly  exerted  himself  to  reform  his  clergy, 
and  was  nmniticent;*  but  he  lived  without  display  and 

' '  Le  llamaron. .  .contemporizador  con  la  maldad.'  Rivera,  Gob.  de  Mix., 
ii.  .502. 

'In  1819  the  university  conferred  on  him  tlie  degree  of  licentiate  and  doc- 
tor of  canon  law,  and  in  1S30  that  of  licentiate  of  civil  law. 

■•His  gifts  for  cl-.aritable  and  other  useful  public  purposes  are  said  to  have 
exceeded  $200,000. 


m 


..-.i.f . 


'602 


CONSTITUTIOX  AND  REFORMS. 


oii  the  plainest  food.  The  archbishop's  position  be- 
came difficult,  having  to  guard  the  interests  of  the 
church,  and  at  the  same  time  avoid  being  converted 
to  any  political  party.  He  defended  these  interests, 
and  even  his  foes  gave  him  credit  for  honesty  of  j)ur- 
pose,  acknowledging  that  he  could  not  do  otherwise. 
He  could  not  conscientiously  allow  the  church  to  lose 
its  property  from  any  worldly  purpose;  but  he  often 
said  that  if  the  people  assented  he  would  cheerfully  let 
it  go. 

What  Garza  lacked  at  times  was  flexibility  for  ar- 
ranging difficulties  by  gentle  means.  He  was  not 
amiable  by  nature,  nor  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the 
age.  It  was  painful  tliat  one  so  remarkable  for  his 
virtue,  and  who  had  done  so  much  for  ])ublic  instruc- 
tion, should  have  his  last  days  so  imbittered.  He 
was  in  18G1  banished  from  Mexico,  and  took  up  his 
residence  in  Cuba,  where  he  remained  till  called  to 
Kome  by  Pius  IX.  He  only  reached  Barcelona,  where 
he  died  March  11,  18G2.  His  funeral  on  the  13th 
was  sunij)tuous;  it  was  headed  by  the  captain-general, 
and  attended  by  all  the  authorities  and  a  large  con- 
courso  of  people." 

The  radicals,  on  the  other  hand,  accused  Comonfort 
and  his  ministers  of  being  at  best  but  lukewarm  sup- 
porters of  democratic  reform.  The  president  fre- 
quently conferred  with  the  deputies,  endeavoring  to 
bring  about  a  reconciliation,  all  without  success,  till 
at  last  he  began  to  lose  patience,  and  declare<l  that  he 
would  make  no  further  effort.  Br.t  though  sorely 
tempted,  he  committed  no  abrupt  act.  No  actual 
rupture  took  i)lace  between  the  two  powers,  because 
the  minsters  were  in  accord  with  the  majority  in  con- 
gress to  carry  out  the  purpost^s  of  the  revolution. 

A  number  of  questions  of  a  secondary  nature,  the 
solution  of  w'hich  had  been  put  off,  had  now  accunm- 


*  Santa  Anna  had  given  him  the  grand  c.osa  of  Guadalupe,  and  in  ISd.'J  the 
crai. '  ■•hancellorship  of  that  order.  Som,  Episcop,  Jfcx.,  '224-8;  Soc,  J/«.c. 
Ueoi,.  Boklin,  2"  cp.,  ii.  428-9. 


THE  LEY  LERDO. 

latcd,  forming*  elements  for  an  explosion.  Harmony 
between  tlie  president  and  congress  appeared  impossi- 
ble; but  as  the  former  had  taken  no  irretrievable  ai:- 
tion,  the  much-desired  accord  was  happily  brought 
about  in  a  great  measure  by  the  'ley  de  desamortiza- 
cion  civil  y  eclesidstica,'  enacted  by  the  executive  on 
the  25th  of  June,  ISoG,  and  which  having  been  framed 
by  Miguel  Ijcrdo  de  Tejada,  the  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury," came  to  be  known  as  the  ley  Lerdo/ 

This  law,  after  a  warm  discussion,  during  which  tho 
radicals  opposed  it  as  insufficient  and  favorable  to  tho 
clergy,  v/as  confirmed  on  tlie  28th  by  a  large  majority, 
and  became  a  bond  of  union  between  the  executive 
and  the  representatives  of  the  ]ieople.  Tho  president 
and  his  ministers  received  popular  ovjitions,  ]]cne- 
ficial  results  were  expected  from  the  law;  and  many 
believed  that  the  enlightened  portion  of  the  clergy 
would  look  upon  it  as  a  beneficent  measure,  and  be 
grateful  to  the  government  for  having  adoj)tetl  it. 
This  hope,  however,  was  groundless.  The  partisans 
of  the  old  l>lunder  transmitted  from  colonial  times,  by 
which  three  fourths  of  the  laiided  property  in  tlie 

" '  Persona  flc  niiicho  talento,  y  en  materiaa  do  lirtcienda  el  hombre  mas  capaz 
que  lia  teniilo  Mijjico;  pcro  anticatolico. '  Arriin'jni':,  McJ.,  ii.  31S. 

'  It  waa  accompanied  with  a  circular  of  tlic  miiii.stei',  cxplainiiii;  in  greater 
dutfiil  tlian  appeared  in  the  pruamMe  of  the  law  the  reasons  ]iromptin,i,'  it3 
]>ioinulgation.  The  lack  of  free  conveyance  of  a  large  portion  of  the  landed 
])roi)('rty  was  declared  to  be  one  of  the  greatest,  ohstaeluH  to  the  prospeiity  of 
tho  conntry.  Tlic  law  authorized  tenants  to  Ijccomo  owners  of  tho  estates  they 
held  in  lease  from  civil  or  ecclesiastical  corporations;  the  same  authorization 
was  given  to  those  Imlding  mortmain  property  in  emphyteusis,  capitalizing  at 
six  per  centum  a  year  tho  rent  tliey  were  paying  to  arrive  at  the  value  of  tlio 
property,  which  was  secured  at  six  per  ccutum  in  favor  of  the  corporation  fori 
erly  owning  it,  and  made  redeemable  at  the  purchaser's  convenience.  From 
the  etfects  of  this  law  were  exempted  the  buildings  immediately  ap)ilied  ta 
the  service  of  a  corporati(jn.  Tlio  law  contained  other  clauses  which  it  i.<  un- 
necessary to  detail  here;  let  it  suflice  that  under  it  tiie  estates  thus  couveyed 
were  not  to  revert  to  tlie  corporations  at  any  future  time,  and  tho  latter  w.no 
furthermore  inhibited  from  owning  or  administering  iipoi'  lamleil  jiropi'rty. 
The  government  was  to  receive  a  live  per  centum  excise  on  ea'.Ii  eonv 'vam^o 
of  property,  payable  part  in  specie  and  part  in  bonds  of  the  internal  debt. 
Arc/iiro  Mux.,  Col.  Lc;/.,  ii.  KS7-9S,  ■_'.")4-(j(i;  Diihinn  and  f.-Kniin,  Lfj.  .l/cc, 
viii.  1!>7-'20I;  Mvx.,  Col.  Lri/i-ii,  ISdl,  i.  introd.  xviii.;  Oinrio  ih-  A'-i'<'X,  .hin. 
-'.\  1858;  Buenrontro,  llht.  Scj.  Comj.  Count.,  i.  3;  Ji'iixra,  llirt,  Jnf(i}irt.  iv. 
00"). 

*  Ayes  78,  against  15  nays.     The  dcbatjs  may  be  seen  in  Zarco,  Hint.  Coii'j, 
CoiistUuy.,  i.  o'J7-015;  Ardiivo  JIcx:,  Col.  Lei/.,  ii.  204. 


694 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS. 


country  had  been  vested  in  mortmain,  disgusted  at 
the  praise  thus  bestowed  on  the  ley  Lerdo,  assailed  it 
with  all  their  might.  The  archbishop  asked  the 
])iesident  to  repeal  it,  setting  forth  the  difficulties  of 
his  position,  his  conscience  struggling  between  his 
ecclesiastical  duty  to  protect  intact  the  property  of 
the  clergy  and  his  sworn  obedience  to  the  civil  laws, 
provided  the  latter  did  not  encroach  on  the  rights  of 
the  clmrch;  otherwise,  rather  than  to  abide  by  them, 
he  would  willingly  bear  all  the  suffering  that  those 
laws  could  inflict  on  him."  Archbishop  La  Garza 
acted  with  moderation,  contrasting  with  the  hau«j[h- 
tiness  and  evil  disposition  of  a  large  portion  of  the 
clergy,  who  openly  rebelled  against  the  measure,  and 
resorted  to  all  means  to  mislead  public  opinion,  alarm 
the  timid,  torture  conscience  by  starting  doubts,  and 
breaking  the  public  peace.  The  bishop  of  Linares, 
l^elaunzaron,  and  other  hitjh  ecclesiastics  resolved 
to  disobey  the  orders;  likewise,  the  bishop  of  Guadala- 
jara and  the  governor  of  the  diocese  of  Puebla  forbade 
ol)edience  to  the  law.^"  On  the  other  hand,  the  dis- 
contented reformers  demanded  a  radical  change  in  the 
basis  of  tlie  transfers,  and  helped  to  keep  up  the  agita- 
tion, which  was  fast  assuming  a  serious  aspect. 

Meanwhile  the  discussion  ">f  the  articles  of  the  con- 

•Tlio  prelate  foretold  that  only  a  few  private  persons  would  derive  any 
benefit  from  the  law  in  question.  Ho  rcminu;;d  tlio  government  that  tlie  clergy 
had  never  failed,  iu  times  of  tribulation,  to  contribute  toward  the  relief  of 
public  necessities,  expatiating  also  on  tho  greater  cunsidenition  shown  at  all 
times  to  tenants  by  the  church  than  by  private  owners.  Tliis  was  on  the  1st 
of  July.  On  the  7th  and  '2l8t  he  repeated  his  etTortsj  his  remarks  were  cour- 
teously eonsiilered  by  the  minister,  Kzequiel  ^ilontes,  but  caused  no  chan;^o 
in  tho  policy  of  tho  government.  Garza,  y  liaUesteros,  Ld.aro  de  la  Contcnta- 
chiii'K,  .'1-54. 

"'Tlie  total  value  of  property  transferred,  under  tho  decree,  to  tlie  end  of 
Dec.  18J(J,  wa3l>;2;J,019,2Sl.  Mtx.,  Mem.  Jlac,  18.")7,  annex  141),  531-2.  An 
adilress  of  Dec.  l.")tl»,  attributed  to  tho  pope,  alleged  that  Bishop  Munyuia 
Irid  boon  exiled  because  of  a  representation  made  l)y  him  against  tho  law  of 
June  'i.ltii.  The  fact  was,  that  ho  was  on  the  point  of  being  expelled  for  a 
.seditious  pastoral  be  intended  publishing;  but  whether  ho  mailo  satisfactoiy 
I  xplanations  or  did  not  issue  the  pastoral,  tho  b.inis!imcnt  was  not  carried 
out.  Munguia'.s  presence  in  (Tuanajuatt)  served  as  a  pretext  to  disturb  tho  jiub- 
li ;  peace,  for  whieii  lie  was  summoned  to  Mexico,  but  there  was  no  disrespect 
s'iowii  to  Ids  person  or  office.  Misrepresentations  were  purposely  sent  to  the 
holy  see  of  tho  prelates  being  abused,  intended  to  create  a  bad  impression 
Jigaiust  the  governmeut,  Apuiitam.  nobre  dereclto  pub.  ed's.,  11. 


RELIGIOUS  FREEDOM. 


^ 


stitution  had  been  going  on  amid  the  violent  hostihty 
of  the  conservative  press,  as  well  as  of  opposition  in 
the  committee,  two  of  whose  members  had  given  a  dis- 
senting vote.  Two  others  signed  the  report,  with  the 
reservation  of  voting  against  one  or  more  of  its  arti- 
cles; and  still  another  declined  signing  it.  A  number 
of  the  most  prominent  members  advocated  the  revival 
of  the  constitution  of  1824,  as  better  suited  to  the 
Mexican  mind.  The  project  was  also  opposed  on  the 
part  of  the  government  by  the  distinguished  states- 
man Ijuis  de  la  Rosa;  but  was  finally  accepted  as  a 
whole  by  93  ayes  against  tivo  nays,  and  the  consider- 
ation of  each  article  slowly  went  on.  The  arch- 
bishop remonstrated  to  congress  against  article  15, 
which  treated  of  religious  freedom,  asking  that  the 
Koman  catholic  worship  should  be  the  only  one  per- 
mitted. The  debate  on  this  point  began  on  the  29th 
of  July.  There  were  present  lOG  deputies,  and  a 
crowd  of  people  filled  the  galleries."  It  lasted  till 
the  oth  of  August,  when  it  was  decided  not  to  put 
the  article  to  the  vote,  by  G5  nays  to  4G  ayes. 
Not  having  been  rejected,  it  was  referred  back  to  tho 
committee  for  a  report  in  some  other  form.  The 
question  was  thus  left  to  the  future.  But  one  great 
l)oint  had  been  gained:  light  had  been  thrown  upon 
it  by  discussion,  and  the  principle  was  bound  to  tri- 
umph.^' 

The  labors  of  the  cfnfjross  on  the  constitution  were 
terminated  on  the  5th  of  February,  1857,  and  the 
fundamental  code  as  adopted  was  signed,  and  its  sup- 
})ort  sworn  to  by  each  member;  after  which  President 
Comont'ort  was  escorted  to  the  house,  and  he  also 
took  the  oath  Ijefore  God  "  to  recognize,  observe,  and 
cause  to  be  observed,  the  political  constitution  of  the 

"  The  discussion  (lid  honor  to  tlic  clianibcr.  Good  faitli,  fninkne.ss,  and 
courage  prevailed.  Tlie  reactionist!)  tried  toj^ct  up  a  nioh  to  insult  tlie  (le[)- 
uties;  tiiey  endeavored  to  enlist  tlie  arts  of  women  iu  their  i)elialf;  but  all 
intrigues  availed  nothing.  Zairo,  Ilist.  Coikj.  CoiiM'ttiuj.,  i.  771-Ji7(i,  ii.  ."i-'.Ki. 

'^It  was  again  before  the  house  on  the  'Joth  of  Jan.,  IS.'iT,  the  cununitteo 
asking  leave  to  definitely  retire  it,  w  hicU  after  u  stirring  debate  was  granted. 
the  next  day  by  75  to  22.  Id.,  i.  813-17. 


,8!L. 


coo 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS, 


Mexi(3an  rcpul)li(5  which  tlio  congress  has  issuocl  on 
this  tluy."'"    After  this,  both  congress  and  the  [)resiclent 

"  Among  those  wlio  took  part  in  the  soletiin  act  waa  the  pati'iarch  of  i-e- 
form  ill  Mexico,  the  aged  \'ah'iitin  (Joiiiez  Farias,  deputy  for  .Jalisco,  and 
pi'esid(!nt  of  tlic  congress.  As  for  Conu)iifort,  ditl  ho  intend  to  faithfully  carry 
out  his  pledge,  so  solemnly  given  ?  or  was  it  an  act  of  weakness  on  his  j)art 
to  promise  what  his  conscience  disapproved?  Events  soon  proved  that  he 
was  insincere,  or  wc;ak  on  that  occasion.  The  ikjw  code  was  drawn  iij)  in  tlie 
name  of  God  and  under  the  authority  of  the  Mexican  people,  '  sohre  la  iiide- 
Blructihle  hase  de  sn  legitiina  indepen<leiichi  proclaniada  el  KJ  de  Sctieinl)re 
do  ISIO,  y  consnmada  el  "27  de  Setieinhre  de  18'2i.'  The  following  isasyno]i- 
sis  of  this  famous  instrument,  which' strikes  at  the  roots  of  the  evils  tliat  had 
been  so  fatal  to  Mexico's  i)eaco  and  advancement.  First  ami  all  along  are 
recognized  freedom  and  the  rights  of  man.  Slaves  entering  Mexico  heconio 
ipso  facto  free;  teaching  is  made  free;  no  law  is  to  recognize  any  contract  in- 
volving the  loss  or  irrevocahle  saciitice  of  man's  freedom,  whether  hy  iea.son 
of  hihor,  education,  or  religious  \  ow,  nor  authorize  agreements  hy  which  he 
may  hind  himself  to  proscription  or  exile;  freedom  of  spcecii,  of  the  press,  and 
of  petition  in  writing  peaceahly  and  res|)ectfully;  the  freedom  of  the  press  to 
liave  no  other  limit  than  respect  to  private  life,  morality,  and  tin;  ]iiil)lio 
peace;  the  right  of  assemhling  without  arms  to  discuss  private  or  jjuhlic  af- 
fairs of  a  licit  nature  is  n.ot  to  he  curtailed;  the  exercise  of  the  privilege  for 
public  all'airs  belongs  only  to  Mexican  citizens;  travelling  and  change  of 
ilomicile  without  passports  is  secured;  titles  of  nobility,  and  hereditary  pre- 
rogatives anil  honors,  are  not  recognized.  Further,  it  is  prescribed  tliat  no  one 
shall  lie  tried  i)y  special  or  retroacting  laws,  (jr  special  (courts;  that  no  person 
or  corporation  shall  enjoy  either  [irivileges  or  emoluments,  unless  tli(\v  are  in 
comi)ensation  of  a  public  service  and  tixed  Ijy  hiw;  family  f.nd  domicile  are 
made  inviolable,  unless  to  make  arrest  uinler  a  warrant  fron.  a  proper  court 
expressi\e  of  the  charge;  imprisonment  for  debt  is  forbidden,  judicial  costs 
are  abolished,  the  administration  <.>f  justice  is  made  free;  private  property 
cannot  in  time  of  peace  be  taken  without  the  owner's  consent,  unless  it  be  fir 
nil  object  of  public  utility  by  i)aying  for  it,  nor  in  time  of  war  without  makiii  ; 
good  its  value.  No  corporation,  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  is  allowed  to  accpiire 
real  estate,  except  the  buihlings  used.  Monopolies  arc  abolished,  save 
the  coining  of  money,  the  postal  service,  and  temporary  patent  rights.  Tho 
duties  of  Mexicans  and  foreigners  are  detined.  Tho  second  title  is  in  two  sec- 
tions. Tiie  lirst  prescribes  the  representiitive,  democratic,  and  republican  as 
the  form  of  government;  the  natiiju  being  eomposeil  of  free  ami  sovereign 
states  for  their  internal  alfairs,  liut  whose  special  constitutions  must  conform 
with  the  principles  of  the  nation's  funilanieiital  law;  the  second  section  iiamr.s 
the  states  ami  territories,  setting  forth  their  boundaries,  etc.  The.  tiiird  title 
treats  of  tiie  national  powers,  which  ai'o  divided  into  legislativi;,  executi\e, 
and  judicial,  prescribing  the  prerogatives  and  duties  ot  each.  Title  I  pre- 
scribos  the  responsibility  of  public  functionaries,  and  how  it  is  to  be  made 
cllective.  Title  5  sets  forth  the  obligntions  of  the  states,  and  what  they  Mi; 
prohibited  to  do.  Title  U  says  that  what  is  not  expressly  granted  to  fcileial 
functionaries  is  understood  to  be  I'eservcd  to  the  states;  and  prescribes  thi: 
general  obligations  of  federal  ollicials,  moilo  of  ili.sposing  of  tho  public  treasury, 
etc.  Title  7  permits  the  constitution  to  be  amended  or  added  to  by  two  thirds 
of  the  members  present,  and  the  sub.secpient  sanction  of  a  majority  of  stale 
legislatures.  Title  S  declares  the  inviolability  of  the  constitution.  A  tran- 
sitory article  ordered  that  the  eoile  alujuld  be  published,  and  its  su[ipoit 
solemnly  sworn  to  thnnighout  the  republio,  and  that  it  should  go  intiiopci- 
ation  from  and  after  the  Kith  of  Septenibiu',  1S.")7.  It  was  .signed  by  !).">  dep- 
uties, and  it  will  bo  noticed  that  no  state  religion  is  estjiblished,  and  lh.it  i  i 
fact  the  (piestion  of  roligi(ni  is  ignored  Znrco,  Coiiij.  CoiialUaij.,  ii.  !t!t;f  101  i; 
Mux.,  Cod,  Ii</'>nna,  G-'-J;  JI<:x:,  Cul.Lii/,  Fund,,  'io'i-l'J;  Mcx;,  Col.  L' i/(>>, 


•t."^"'-'^ 


ELECTORAL  LAW. 


697 


made  addressee  to  the  nation,  and  the  now  constitu- 
tion was  duly  promulj^ated  by  the  latter  on  the  1 2th 
of  February,  to  take  etl'eet  on  the  followinrj  KJth  of 
Se[)tcniber.  On  that  date  the  executive  issued  the 
electoral  law  in  G7  articles,  that  had  been  decreed  by 
the  congress  on  the  3d.'* 

ISOl,  i.  ptii.  201;  Jopnr,  llUt.  Part.,  iv.  024-.W;  ArrhU'O  Mer.,  Col.  Lni., 
iii.  ll-'2.">,  "Jfi-CWi;  (litUarilo,  Uiua  C'iiii<j.  Coiisfitiii/.,  ;")-(!,');  JUirio  <lr  Ari.fox, 
i\\n:  18,  IS.")?;  I'tnra,  Jii.it.  Jnlnjia,  iv.  "J'Xi,  1'M-4't,  7'»ti-<»l,  7()IJ-(>;  /d., 
(loll.  (If  iJ/<'.c. ,  ii.  .'')04;   Martini z,  Siiiuj>.  Jlixt.  llcrol.  J/e.c. ,  i.  I7'>  <i. 

Znrro,  Fraiiri.tro,  /littarin  dii  ('oiiiirrso  Kstruorilinarlo  ('niistitiiiii'nte  de 
IS'/C  y  lS'i7.  Mex.,  IS.IT,  4',  U  vol.,  S7<j  hkiI  lO.'U  pp.,  i'usi)ectivi'lj'.  'V\w.  au- 
tlior  of  this  work  wjis  a  deputy  from  tiio  statt:  of  |)iiraiig(),  mid  took  (piito  a 
lironiiiieiit  part  in  the  labors  of  the  di.stinguishcd  convention  tiiut  i.ssued  the 
Idiural  reform  constitution  of  Mexico  in  1S.")7.  His  work  is  a  ilaily  record, 
exact  anil  impartial  to  uU  appearances,  of  tiie  .sessions.  Ho  tells  us  tiiat  ho 
couhl  not  at  tiie  time  take  tiie  liberty  of  passing  judgment  upon  the  acts  of 
tlie  congress,  or  upon  the  course  of  its  most  notal)le  members,  without  awaken- 
in:,'  party  discussions,  wliicii  migiit  easily  dc'^'eneratc  into  personal  animosities. 
He  therefore  contented  liimsclf  with  giving  tlie  facta,  and  the  speakers'  own 
Words,  and  li'ft  to  the  judgment  of  their  fellow-citizens  tlie  conventioir«  work 
and  the  action  of  all  and  eacii  of  its  n  jmbers.  In  the  perforuian(M>  of  his 
task  he  pursueil  a  chronological  order,  abstaining  as  a  rule  from  cijiiimeiits, 
tliough  lie  did  not  fail  to  show  tlie  impression  left  in  ids  mind  l)y  some  of  tlio 
<li'l)ates.  Ill  order  to  make  his  work  more  eoinpletc,  tiic  author  has  added 
the  toxt  of  the  principal  parliamentary  documents  of  tliat  period,  and  of  sev- 
eral governmental  acts  tiiat  prompted  debate  in  tiie  cliainl)er.  Wv.  claims  a.s 
an  evidence  of  his  faithfulness  that  none  of  liis  extr-icts  have  been  fouiul  fault 
with  ijy  the  speakers,  and  that  the  few  corrections  he  was  called  on  to  inaki, 
were  i';)on  uuiiiiportaiit  points.  At  the  end  of  the  first  volume  Zarco  prom- 
ised to  furnish  in  tlie  next  a  table  of  eontents;  but  he  afterward  changed  his 
mind,  deeming  it  uniieces.sary,  the  marginal  nc^tesou  each  page  indicating  the 
subjects  that  engaged  congressional  attention  from  day  to  tlay.  Z.irco  iias 
coniribiited  to  the  press  considerable  other  matter  on  the  political  all'airs  of 
his  country.  Hu  was  eilitor  of  one  of  the  leading  newspapers  of  .Mi^xico,  El 
Si  // 1  X/X.,  !Liu\  later  a  minister  of  state;  he  was  a  man  of  a  high  order  of 
talent,  and  rendered  great  service  to  the  liberal  cause.  At  his  death,  congress 
on  the  '2iih  of  Dee.,  ISdO,  decreed  honors  to  his  memory;  hi!  was  declared  a 
beiiemerito  de  la  ])atria;  >{(),()00  were  voted  to  his  widow  anil  ehililrcn;  and 
it  was  also  decreed  tiiat  the  latter  should  be  educated  at  the  national  insti- 
tutes.  DnJilan  and  Ijo-iino,  Lfij.  M<  x.,  x.  77l>-7. 

ilallitrilo,  lia^iliQ  /'<ir~.  Ln  ('ojistilnrioiidi'  IS57.  Giiiapnra  ronsidtar  la 
l/istorid  (1(1  Cowjriso  ('oii,ftitiii/<  iitc  ilc  /.s'Jt;  7.  Mox.,  tS7S,  ll'nio,  (i.'t  pp. 
This  work  serves  to  fill  the  hiatus  left  liy  the  absence  of  an  index  in  Zarco's 
history.  The  compiler  was  a  member  of  the  constituent  congress,  a  ri'prescnt- 
ative  from  Zacatecas.  He  lays  before  the.  reader  the  fundamental  law,  and 
the  rcKpective  days  on  which  its  several  articles  were  discus.sed,  giving  in  itiil- 
ics  the  additions,  ameiidiiicnts,  and  suppressions  they  were  subjected  to, 
and  also  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  each  clause.  The  date  st't  at  tin;  heail 
of  eacii  article  will  suliice  to  enaliie  one  to  tind  without  dilliciilty  its  discus- 
sion in  Zarco's  work,  or  any  other  treating  in  detail  of  the  labors  of  the  afore- 
said congress. 

' '  Transitory  articles  of  the  law  commanded  the  governors  of  states,  after 
consulting  their  councils,  to  issue,  within  iiftcen  days  after  its  receipt,  proc- 
laniati(Uis  for  the  eiti/ens  to  elect  representatives  to  their  respective  legi.'j- 
latiires,  and  also  governors.     Tho  powers  of  tho   states  were  to  meet  uot 


im 


609 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS. 


Lot  US  now  retrace  our  steps  to  glance  at  the  gen- 
eral political  situation.  The  clergy  of  Pucbla  wero 
resolved  to  obstruct  at  all  hazards  the  execution  of 
the  Lerdo  law;  whereupon  the  government  adopted 
stringent  measures.  Excommunications  were  fulmi- 
nated, but  they  produced  little  effect.  The  transfers 
of  estates  went  on,  though  slowly,  owing  to  the  con- 
scientious scruples  of  some  and  the  fear  of  political 
persecution  on  the  part  of  others.  Several  riots  broke 
out  in  spite  of  official  vigilance,  and  numbers  of  eccle- 
siastics and  military  officers  had  to  go  into  exile.*'' 
The  restless  Vidaurri  had  revolted  on  the  northern 
frontier,  seizing  Saltillo  and  Matehuala;  under  his 
name  many  disturbances  occurred.  He  was  favored 
by  San  Luis  Potosi,  now  a  reactionist  centre,  which 
kept  up  correspondence  with  other  largo  towns,  the 
capital  included,  and  was  offering  money  to  win  over 
the  government  troops.  The  whole  country  was  in 
turmoil.  No  sign  of  revolution  appeared  in  the  city 
of  Mexico,  however,  till  September;  on  the  niglit 
of  the  14th  a  lady  gave  the  president  particulars  of 
a  seditious  movement  that  was  to  break  out  on  the 
national  anniversary  during  the  civic  procession. 
Further  evidence  beinor  obtained,  on  the  nisflit  of  the 
15tli  the  Franciscans  were  arrested,  and  their  convent 
being  occupied  by  an  armed  force,  a  number  of  con- 
spirators, some  of  whom  were  friars,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  government.**  In  view  of  this,  the  ex- 
later  than  three  mouths  after  tho  summons,  and  the  legislatures  have  the 
character  of  constituent,  to  form  or  reform  tlieir  state  constitULions,  as  well 
ns  of  constitutional  bodies  to  legislate  during  tlieir  session.  The  governors 
for  once  were  authorized  to  employ  coercive  or  other  expedient  measures  to 
cause  the  citizens  to  exercise  tho  right  of  sufTrago  granted  them  by  the  con- 
stitution. Ziirco,  Hist.  Coinj.  (Jonxtitnij.,  ii.  1017-31:  Archim  Mix.,  Col.  Lcj.. 
iii.  lCl-8."»;  BiieiiroKtro,  JHnt.  Prim.  Cuikj.  Const.,  \-l'l;  D'nirio  Dehatc,  \) 
Cong.,  i.  30-'2;  DuUaii  and  Lozaiio,  Le<j.  \]hx.,  viii.  381-99,  409-18,  420-7, 
4St)-l. 

'*  Nineteen  prominent  clergymen  were  banished.  La  Cruz,  ii.  G21,  iii. 
]'2G.  The  clergy  of  the  diocese  were  also,  by  decree  of  August  lOth,  asijcsscil 
one  million  dollars  damages.  Mdjc.,  Le<jisL  Mcj.,  ISJG,  July-Dee.,  Sl-4;  Ar- 
chiro  Mex.,  (.V.  Lcj/.,  ii.  300-3. 

'" ' Sorprcndii^'udoso  in  fraganti  dclito  yen  los  claustros  y  celdas  del  mismo 
convrito,  muehos  eonspiradorcs,  y  cntrc  olloa  varies  religiosos.'  ArchivoMex., 
Col.  L(ij.,  ii.  307-8. 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CHURCH,  Q09 

ecntivo,  on  the  17tli,  tlocrccd  the  suppression  of  the 
convent  and  the  sequestration  of  all  its  [)roperty, 
exce[)ting  the  main  church  and  chapels,  sacred  ves- 
sels, ornanients,  relics,  and  images,  which  were  surren- 
dered to  the  archbishop.  These  energetic  measures  to 
curb  the  clergy  lost  force  by  the  pardoning  of  the 
officers  who  had  capitulated  at  Puebla,  and  were  ac- 
tually plotting  more  than  ever,  and  in  despatching  * 
ICzequiel  Montes,  early  in  October,  to  beg  the  [jope 
to  accede  to  an  impossible  arrangement.  The  arch- 
bishop was  requested  to  check  that  portion  of  the 
clergy  who  by  word  and  example  urged  rebellion 
ngaiiist  the  national  administration;  and  he  made  an 
effort  to  that  end,  which  had  no  effect.  In  thousands 
of  documents,  religion,  fueros,  and  the  extermination 
of  the  liberals  were  proclaimed,  and  the  masses  were 
called  on  to  take  up  arms  in  the  name  of  God  against 
the  authorities.  Comonfort,  thinking  to  mollify  the 
opposition  of  Puebla,  accepted  Governor  Trac(jnis' 
proffered  resignation,  and  sent  there  Jose  Maria  Gar- 
cia Conde,  a  man  possessed  of  moderation  and  pru- 
dence blended  with  firmness,  to  inaugurate  a  less  rigid 
rule;^^  but  it  was  all  useless,  and  the  government  was 
thus  placed  in  the  necessity  of  putting  down  by  force 
of  arms  the  revolutionary  movements  breaking  out  at 
several  places  simultaneous!}^,  at  a  time  when  nearly 
all  its  available  troo[)S  were  operating  on  the  frontier 
a'j^ainst  Vidaurri. 

Qncrdtaro,  with  a  small  garrison,  after  a  slight  re- 
sistance, in  which  the  comandante  general,  Magami, 
jierished,  fell  on  the  13tli  of  October  into  the  hands 
of  Tomiis  Mejia,  an  officer  who  had  been  panhjnefl  for 
his  share  in  Uraga's  rebellion.  The  rtjbels,  together 
with  religion  and  fueros,  promised  the  Indians  to  pro- 
tect the  tenure  of  landed  property."     San  Juan  del 

"'Un  gobicrno  suave  y  paternal.'  Rivera,  Hid.  Jalapa,  iv.  700. 

"QucnHaro  was  retaken  by  Manuel  Uoblailo,  governor  of  (luiuiitjuato. 
Mojfa  liad  left  the  place  and  gone  toward  tlio  sierra  on  tlie  'J  1st  of  Oot.,  hav- 
ing tirst  levied  a  fu'-ccd  loan  of  §18,000,  and  made  Colonel  Cortazar  coniau- 


700 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS. 


Rio,  Tnlancingo,  and  Tlaxco  wore  also  assailed.  The 
centre  of  all  tliese  revolts  was  Mexico.  Piiebla,  the 
cradle  of  the  reaction,  again  became  a  bloody  tield. 
On  the  IGtli  of  October  the  reactionists  attempted 
to  bribe  a  body  of  troops,  but  failed  and  lost  their 
money.  They  were,  however,  more  successful  on  the 
'20th,  when  there  was  a  revolt  under  the  lead  of  Colo- 
nel Joaquin  Orihuela  and  Lieutenant-colonel  ^liguel 
j\[iramon,  but  really  directed  by  the  clergyman  Fran- 
cisco J.  Miranda,  rector  of  the  chief  parish.'''  A 
portion  of  the  garrison  had  been  prevailed  on  to  mu- 
tiny, demanding  the  repeal  of  the  Juarez  and  Lerdo 
laws;  seized  the  artillery  and  anununition;  for  a  while 
kept  under  arrest  the  governor,  comandantc  general, 
and  other  officers;  and  finally  compelled  the  loyal 
force  under  Cayctano  Montero  to  retreat  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Mexico.  The  prisoners  obtained  their  free- 
dom through  the  enerufetic  defence  made  with  80 
men  by  Lieutenant-colonel  Diaz  Quijano,  thereby 
securing  a  favorable  ca])itulation.^'' 

Tliese  overt  acts  against  the  reform,  to  which  tlio 
majority  of  the  nation  was  laboring  to  give  life,  served 
to  strengthen  the  liberal  union;  this  became  evident 
when  congress,  on  being  asked  by  the  president  tj 
suspend  for  a  time  its  revisory  authority  over  gov- 


(lautc  general.  Id.,  704;  La  Xarioti,  Oct.  20,  22,  24,  18.')0;  .Vc.v.,  LfjUl.  M<j., 
lS,")(i.  .hily-Dec,  202-4;  Archiro  Mcx.,  Col.  Lnj.,  ii.  432,  4.'57,  iii.  110. 

''■'Roiiiiirkalilo  for  his  astuteness  and  skill,  lio  was  the  ruling  mind  of  all  reac- 
tionary work,  and  tiie  moat  dangerous  man  Comonfort  had  to  contend  with. 
Exiled  during  tiie  lirst  days  of  Alvarez'  goveninieut,  he  came  back  disguised 
early  in  ISoO,  and  most  of  the  time  lived  in  tiie  capital,  hut  constantly  shill- 
ing iiis  place  of  residence  in  the  city,  so  that  the  police  never  could  find  him. 
He  frc(iuently  visited  I'uehla,  Guanajuato,  and  San  Lui.s  I'otosi,  always maik- 
iiig  his  visit  by  some  act  distasteful  to  tlic  government.  It  was  through  his 
ed'orts  that  guerrilla  parties  infested  the  rural  districts,  a.ssailing  defcncck'-is 
towns.  He  afterward  was  a  prominent  factor  in  bringing  about  the  imperial 
regime,   liivira,  /list.  Jah/ia,  iv.  705. 

^"Orihuela  gave  his  name  to  this  pronunciamiento;  its  objects  were  to 
depose  the  existing  government,  adopting  the  bases  of  1843,  and  rcser-in:,' 
the  lirst  place  in  tiic  administration  to  be  created  for  the  commander-in-chiet 
of  the  forces  engaged  in  the  support  of  religion  and  fueros.  Oriliuela  hurled 
.1  proclamation  against  tiie  liereties,  issued  otKcers'  commissions,  received 
with  honor  some  guerrillas,  cho.so  a  council  of  government,  anil  onlered  the 
arrest  of  some  prominent  citizens.  I'ortilla,  Mej.  en  1850-7,  100-40;  La 
Xucioit,  Oct.  21-30,  Nov.  2,  5,  185C. 


MARCH  ON  I'UEBLA. 


701 


ernmental  acts,  went  still  further,  giving  him  a  vote 
of  confidence,  heartily  joined  in  by  the  j)rogression- 
ist  opposition.  A  conjuiis.sion  was  named  to  arrange 
tlic  difficulties  between  the  supreme  government  and 
that  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

Aside  from  the  rebels  of  Puebla,  Iguala,  and  those 
who  afterward  appeared  in  San  Luis  Potosf,  none  of 
the  others  had  any  fixed  plan,  unless  it  was  that  con- 
veyed by  their  war-cry  of  'religion  y  fueros,'  which 
drew  into  their  ranks  the  ignorant,  wlio  were  misled 
by  the  oft-repeated  charge  that  religion  was  i)ersecuted 
by  the  government. 

The  president,  under  the  difficulties  besetting  him 
on  all  sides,  with  but  few  available  troops  at  hand, 
and  with  an  empty  treasury,  managed,  aided  indubi- 
tably by  an  extraordinary  good  fortune,  to  overcome 
them  all.  lie  sunnnoned  to  his  support  the  military, 
the  representatives  of  the  people,  and  other  prominent 
men.  Ho  armed  the  national  guard,  gathered  troops, 
and  j)rocured  pecuniary  means  from  the  merchants. 
At  first  he  conten»plated  taking  connnand  in  ])er- 
son  of  the  forces  oriji'anized  to  march  a<>:ainst  Puebla; 
but  in  view  of  the  facts  that  there  were  many  other 
places  demanding  his  attention,  and  that  Mexico  was 
the  centre  of  the  conspiracies,  he  resolved  to  remain 
ill  the  capital,  and  despatched  the  army  of  operations 
M'ith  abundance  of  artillery  under  (jreneral  Tomas 
]\Ioreno.  It  was  reiinforced  by  troops  from  Tlascala, 
until  the  total  force  to  operate  against  Puebla  was 
over  4,000  men  under  Traconis,  Zuloaga,  Trias,  and 
Lambersx.  Gonzalez  Mendoza  assumed  command  of 
the  portion  assembled  at  San  Martin. 

The  })lan  of  operations  against  Puebla  was  to  cap- 
ture the  rebels  rather  than  to  destroy  them ,  but 
with  their  small  number  of  only  about  200  men  they 
made  an  unexpected  d»-fciice,  sustained  by  tlie  bcliet' 
tliat  seditious  movements,  of  preparations  for  which 
they  had  been  apprised,  would  break  out  in  other 
cities,  OsoUo  heading  one  at  the  capital.     Such  move- 


702 


COXSTITUTIOX  AND  REFORMS. 


ments  did  occur  in  Maravatfo  and  Tacdiubaro,  Celaya, 
Huaucliinango,  Capula,  and  elsewhere.  Even  in  the 
neiufhhorhood  of  C6rdoba  were  seen  some  rebel  lead- 
ers.  Meantime  the  revolted  garrison  of  Puebla  stoutly 
defended  every  inch  of  ground.  Fresh  troops  ar- 
rived daily  from  the  capital;  the  water  was  cut  off; 
fighting  was  kept  up  along  the  whole  extent  of  the 
fortifications;  and  the  besieged  were  forced  at  last, 


'•"^  \  VHuaucli 

PACWUOA      _\ 


PUEBLA 


^    .Hi 


lIuKtilSOO 


iuD^  ' 


S.Juano 


Jamapa 


.r>TM»ll       "s    :-tk%   ,'  'OrUaba^-----'^^ 
Ixtnpa  j- 1  '»JJ  ^        CofiOmalc'poo 
Tlacotepec.  ,  (ifjjf'^  )  ^— 


OFERATION'S  AOAINST  PnEBLA. 


on  the  29th  of  November,  to  ask  for  a  capitulation, 
which  was  signed  some  days  after.  Having  on  the 
2d  of  December  lost  the  intrenchments  of  San  Luis 
and  other  points,  the  chiefs  Orihuela  and  Miramoii 
effected  their  escape,  leaving  in  command  Colonel  Fer- 
nandez, who  concluded  next  day  the  capitulation,  un- 
der the  pledge  that  the  lives  of  the  besieged  would 


REBELLION  QUELLED. 


70S 


be  spared,  and  they  were  to  surrender  their  arms — a 
condition  that  they  failed  to  fulfil.'-'  A  force  under 
Pueblita  was  despatched  to  intercept  Osollo  and  Gu- 
tierrez, who  had  attempted  to  relievo  Puebla  by  oc- 
cupying Tlascala.  Public  opinion,  and  not  a  few  mem- 
bers of  the  congress,  disapproved  of  the  capitulation, 
and  so  did  the  president,  on  the  ground  that  the 
leaders  who  had  caused  so  much  bloodshed  being  left 
with  life,  it  was  reasonable  to  expect  there  would 
soon  be  another  attempt  at  revolution.  Peremptory 
orders  were  given  for  the  prisoners  to  give  up  their 
arms,  or  they  would  be  dealt  with  as  conspirators. 
Orihuela  was  taken  at  Atlangatepoc  and  sliot  in 
Huamantla.  Other  rebel  forces  were  dispersed  by 
IMoreno's  energetic  action.  But  others  continued 
their  depredations  in  several  parts.  In  fact,  there 
was  hardly  a  state  in  which  the  rebels  had  not  ma- 
rauding bands.  Comonfort  succeeded,  however,  with 
the  aid  of  public  opinion,  in  subduing  the  spirit  of 
rebellion  for  the  moment  at  least.'^ 

He  banished  several  persons,  one  of  whom  was 
General  Pacheco,  for  plotting  another  sedition  in  the 
capital,  and  enacted  on  December  Gth  a  law  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  crimes  against  the  nation,  public  order,  and 
peace."' 

2'Za  Nacion,  Nov.  3-29,  Dec,  4-17,  ISoG;  El  Estandarte.  Nac,  1S,-j6, 
Nov.  10-30,  Dec.  3-28;  18o7,  Jan.  4-2G;  Bandera  de  Ayutla,  Nov.  29,  Dec. 
20,  29,  18J(i;  Jan.  3,  1857;  Diario  de  AvIhoh,  Nov.  10-29,  Dec.  3-30,  ISoG; 
Jan.  17,  1837;  Zarco,  IliM.  Con;/.  ConnHiiiy.,  ii.  G33-40;  M(x.,  Lcjid.  M<j., 
ISJG,  July-Dec,  28:5-5;  Piiehla,  Parte  Gen.,  iv.  1.  Dining  tlie  deadly  strife, 
the  bishops  said  nothing  to  the  priests  who  were  fighting  in  Puebla  against 
the  government.  Before  tliat  they  i»ad  raised  their  voices  for  the  fueros  and 
against  the  ley  Lerdo.  Wlien  their  party  succunibed,  upon  being  urged  by 
tliu  government,  they  began  making  protestations  of  respect  for  law  anil  order. 
Iiiatra,  Gob.  de  Mix.,  ii.  509. 

'^'^  Mix.,  Leg'isl.  Mej.,  1856,  July-Dec,  189-94.  An  arrangement  initiated 
by  Vidaurri  was  concluded  November  ISth,  at  the  Cuesta  do  los  Aluertos,  be- 
tu-oen  him  and  Vicente  Rosas  Landa,  commander  of  the  government  forces, 
under  which  Vidaurri,  his  troops,  and  the  state  of  Nuevo  Leon  submitted  to 
the  federal  authority,  and  the  states  on  the  northern  frontier  saw  peace  restored 
within  tlieir  boundaries.  Vidaurri  surrendered  the  ofiico  of  governor  to  the 
senior  member  of  tlio  state  council.  Rosas'  course  was  approved,  as  appears 
in  the  correspondence  between  Comonfort  and  tlio  minister  with  him.  JJlario 
de  AvisoK,  Dec.  17,  1850;  Archiro  Mex.,  Col.  Le;/.,  iii.  117. 

-'  It  gave  force  to  the  3d  article  of  tlie  royal  pragimitica  of  April  17,  1774, 
which  placed  all  subjects  on  an  equal  footing  in  trials  for  violations  of  tho 


7M 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS. 


The  reactionists  being  now  dcfoatod,  it  was  gonorull  v 
beliovfd  that  with  ono  nioio  effort  coinnierciaru(;tivity 
and  pnhlic  conHdenco  would  be  revived;  but  it  was 
not  to  i)e  so.  Another  seditious  act  occurred  at  San 
Luis  ]'ot()si;  over  1,000  men  of  Rosas  Landa's  bri- 
gades, nturning  from  Nuevo  Loon  under  the  lead  of 
Manuel  Marfa  Calvo,  revolted  on  the  10th  of  Decem- 
ber, taking  uj)  the  cry  of  religion  and  fueros,  which  com- 
pelled the  rest  t^f  the  force  under  General  Echeagaray 
to  leave  the  city.  Kosas  Landa  was  held  as  a  pris- 
oner for  a  time.  This  event  confirmed  the  uselessness 
of  conciliatory  measures  in  dealing  with  the  foes  of  iv- 
form.  For  some  time  past  it  had  been  rumored  that 
there  was  in  the  city  of  Mexico  a  tlirecting  board,**  the 
names  of  whose  members  had  not  been  divulged.  Suh- 
8e(|uent  events  j)roved  its  existence  and  activity.  The 
troops  at  San  Luis  Potosi  being  destitute  of  resources, 
the  directcn-io  sent  Calvo  there  with  money,  and  he  sue 
ceedcul  in  winning  over  a  portion  )f  the  troojts  to  his 
j)rojeets,  in  whicli  he  was  aided  by  Jose  M.  Alfai'o, 
one  of  the  officers  who  capitulated  at  Puebla  in  March, 
and  by  Juan  Othon,  a  resident  of  San  Luis.^'  This 
affair  coincided  with  hostile  movements  in  Michoacan, 
Tlasc^ala,  and  other  places;  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  district  of  Orizaba,  a  party  under  Abascal  com- 
mitted outrages,  using  the  name  of  Alvarez."'*  Some 
of  Tonuls  Mejia's  forces  from  the  sierra  committed 

public  peace;  and  to  an  oM  law  of  February  22,  1832,  under  which  all  wIid 
rel(i'l!"(l  against  the  government  must  forfeit  their  honors  and  oflicea,  and  lie 
held  responsible,  jointly  and  severally,  with  their  property  for  all  sums  wIul'Ii, 
by  theniselvua  or  tlieir  leaders  or  orders,  were  forcibly  taken  from  tiie  fedcrd 
or  state  governments,  private  persons,  or  corporations.  Archivo  Mex.,Col.  Li'ij. , 
ii.  ."ioT  o7. 

'■**  'Directorio  Conservador  Central.'  Rivera,  Hid.  Jalapa,  iv.  721-35,  pas- 
sim;  /(/.,  Gult.  de.  Mex.,  ii.  510. 

-^  A  departmental  junta  was  appointed,  with  Juan  Othon  as  governor,  and 
some  thousands  of  dollars  raised,  some  accounts  having  it  that  they  were  .i 
voluntary  gift,  and  others  a  forced  loan.  J)lar'io  do  ArixDX,  Dec.  27,  1S5U;  FA 
L'ro  J\'(iiiun(if,  Jan.  3,  185";  Duhlaii  and  Lozano,  Lnj.  Mex.,  viii.  345-G. 

'■"'They  fell  upon  the  haciendas  San  Vicente  and  Chiconcuac,  and  nuir- 
dered  several  Spaniards.  The  brigands  were  captured,  tried,  and  executed  in 
1858.  L'tralcnt  y  Liana,  Mex.  Hid,  Dexcrip.,  141-5;  Viuarola,  AciiMtcion 
Fiscal,  pp.  i.-vi.  l-87i  ^'^  ^'fo  Nac,,  Aug.  25,  2G,  Sept,  1,  3,  G,  25,  26,  28, 
1858. 


acts  3 
dians 
lajara, 
San  L 
ilirect( 
ornme; 
liad  b( 
and  Zn 
latter  \ 
Discon 
been   e 
Several 
but  on 
in  aid  c 
1,000    1 
and  A.a 
Ono  of'' 
^  British 
'he  door 
'  "lie  reb 
''ould  nc 
abandon] 
Pedro  1 
iug  up  a  ] 
at  the  en 
to  tliem. 
the  stron 
'5,  1857, 
poranza; 
were  rouf 
followed 
and  a  con 
was  ex-C 

*'  El  Estani 
'Ii'  a  rl.ios,  Jan 

yUEdani 

'^•'  A  portion 
inArchiro  Me. 

^"FullofHci, 
'i'lie  city  was  t 
^vith  many  Dri 

HlHT. 


REBKLS  DErEATED. 


705 


acts  vf  liostility  in  S:in  Juan  do.  los  Llanos;  tho  Iii- 
flians  of  Clia[)!ila  revolted  l)y  iiisti<j;ation  from  (niada- 
lajara,''''  and  Osollo,  pursued  by  Laniberj,',  went  to 
San  Luis  Potosf  to  assume  comnnnd  by  order  of  the 
directorio  consorvador  residinjjf  in  Mexico.  Tho  "rov- 
eminent  despatched  4,000  men  under  Parrodi,  that 
had  been  organized  by  the  governors  of  Guanajuato 
and  Zacatecas,  to  bring  the  insurgents  to  terms.  The 
latter  soon  found  themselves  destitute  of  resources. 
JJiscontent,  and  dissensions  of  which  they  had  not 
been  exempt  from  the  start,  now  became  general. 
Several  interior  towns  had  been  terrorized  by  them, 
but  on  learning  i-hat  the  states  were  raising  troops 
in  aid  of  the  government,  Vidaurri  having  [)rovided 
1,000  men,  besides  others  furnished  by  Zacatecas 
and  Aguascalientes,^^  they  hastened  their  own  ruin. 
One  of  their  chiefs  seized  $240,000  deposited  in  the 
IJritish  consul's  house,  and  in  doing  so  broke  open 
'  he  door,  over  which  was  tiie  British  coat  of  arms.'-* 
'i'ho  rebel  leaders  finally  concluded  that  San  Luis 
(;ould  not  be  successfully  defended,  which  led  to  its 
abandonment,  most  of  their  forces  going  toward  San 
Pedro  Tollman,  and  after  evacuating  Cadereita,  tak- 
ing up  a  position  on  the  impregnable  Magdalena,  a  hill 
at  the  entrance  of  the  sierra,  where  Parrodi  laid  siege 
to  them.  Hunger  and  thirst  forced  them  to  leave 
the  stronghold,  and  retreat  on  the  night  of  February 
(),  1857,  by  way  of  Ajuchitlan  and  the  hacienda  Es- 
poranza;  but  their  departure  was  detected,  and  they 
wore  routed  in  Tunas  Blancas,  this  defeat  being  soon 
followed  by  the  loss  of  their  artillery,  ammunition, 
and  a  considerable  number  of  prisoners,  one  of  whom 
was  ex-Colonel  OsoUo  with  a  wounded  arm.^*     The 


■•i'  El  Estandarfe  N^ac,  Jan.  .S,  18.")7;  Ero  Xuc. ,  Jan.  25,  Fob.  8,  lSo7.  JJkirio 
(/('  Ari'tos,  Jan.  20,  Feb.  7,  1857;  La  Xnciou,  Feb.  7,  8,  1857. 

'■'^  El  Ealandarta  Nac,  Dec.  31,  185G,  Jan,  2,  1857. 

'■''■' A  portion  of  thia  money  was  subsequently  recovered.  Maiuf.dii  Gob., 
in  Archiro  Mex.,  Col.  Le//.,  iii.  118. 

^''Full  ollicial  accounti  in  Airhim  Mex:,  Col.  Ley.,  ii.  0.'l()-7,  iii.  100-'240. 
The  city  was  taken  by  Vidaurri  and  (leu.  Zuaziia  on  tlio  llth  of  February, 
with  many  prisoners,  (Jen.  JosO  M.  AUaro,  and  (jIov.  OUiuu  being  ot'  tlio 
HwT.  aiES.,  Vol..  V.    15 


706 


COXSTITUTION  AND  prrOR^^lS. 


reactionists  wore  thus  struck  another  heavy  blow,  and 
hopes  of  peace  revived  ai^ain.  The  above  happy  event 
coincided  with  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution, 
a  settlement  of  difficulties  with  Great  Britain,  and  the 
sending  of  Lafragua  to  Spain  to  arrange,  if  possible, 
questions  pending  with  that  government. 

According  to  a  report  laid  before  the  nation  by  the 
president  and  his  cabinet,""  on  the  4th  of  March,  theie 
wore  no  considerable  hostile  bodies  in  the  field. ^- 
But  Comonfort's  government  wa.s  not  to  liave  peace. 
It  was  a  peculiar  feature  of  it  to  have  new  difficulties 
arise  as  soon  as  former  ones  that  beset  it  had  been 
overcome.  Miguel  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  minister  of  tlio 
treasury  and  of  relations,  had  resigned  his  offices  in 
January ,^^  which  gave  rise  to  strange  rumors.  Thei'o 
were  ])opular  demonstrations,  and  a  change  in  the 
policy  of  the  government  was  foretold,  grounded  on 
the  supposition  that  inasmuch  as  Lerch^  had  been  the 
autlior  of  certain  reforms,  his  separation  from  the 
government  would  be  the  forerunner  of  retrocession. 
Indeed,  there  was  a  general  apprehension  that  Comoii- 
fort  intended  a  coup  d'etat.  The  Estandarte  Xaeio)i<iJ, 
official  journal,  and  the  officious  organs  denied  it; 
but  the  conservative  press  called  it  a  good  idea,  and 
abused  the  congress  with  such  bitterness  that  the 
government  suspended  the  journal  //cw  Novedadcti. 

Comonfort  issued  a  pardon  to  all  partisans  of  the 
reaction  soliciting  it,  with  the  exception  of  such  as 
were  taken  with  arms  in  their  hands.  The  last  ul- 
tem[)t  at  San  Luis  ought  to  have  taught  him  the  fully 


miniber.  El  EMaiidarfe  iVw.,  .Tan.  6  to  Marcli  28,  1857;  El  E<'0  Xac,  \ 
I."),  18.j7;  JJldrio  tie.  Avi'ios,  March  7,  lSo7;  Baoirostro,  Hist.  Prim.  C( 
Coiis/ll.,  lOG. 

'"  Kwqiiiel  Montca,  minister  of  foreign  relations;  Ignacio  <lc  la  TJave 
governiiiout;  Josts  M.  Iglesias,  of  justice,  eccU  .liastical  aifaira,  and  piihlic 
stniction;  Munucl  Siliceo,  of  fo    unto,  colonization,  imlustry,  and  trade;  .1 
Soto,  of  war  and  the  navy;  Juan  Antonio  th^  la  Fucnte,  of  the  treasury 
public  credit.  Comonfort  Maui/,  del.  (lob.,  "207-8. 

^-  Tampico,  wliero  disturbances  had  occurred  since  Oct.,  on  the  war  schoi 
Oajara,  and  ou  shore,  submitted  to  Moreno  on  tlio  I'JtIi  of  Fob.  El  Orija 
March  U,  18.")7. 

^•^ La  Cruz,  iv.  91;  Dlirio  de  Avisos,  Jon.  8,  15,  18,  1857. 


cl). 

"lit- 

vi 

■  in- 
iialt 
and 

nwr 
in, 


i-S 


CHARGES  AGAINST  COMOXFORT. 


707 


of  exercising  clemency  toward  men  \vho  merely  wanted 
a  chance  to  compass  his  destruction.  And  yet  lie 
actually  pardoned  many  of  the  i^overnmcnt's  worst 
enemies;^*  one  of  them  was  Osollo,  at  the  re(j[uest  of 
Parrodi. 

Comonfort  had  to  overcome  by  his  own  authority 
all  difficulties  of  a  {governmental  nature  that  miu-ht 
present  themselvja  till  the  new  constitution  went  into 
operation,  and  o.  constitutional  regime  was  installed. 
Some  had  wanted  the  new  code  to  be  enforced  at  once; 
others  wished  the  dictatorship  continued  till  after  the 
elections;  and  there  were  not  wantiuij  those  who  sui;- 
gested  the  organization  t.f  a  provisional  government. 
Congress,  however,  resolved  that  the  ])lan  of  Ayutla, 
and  the  tj^overnment  it  created  with  Comonfort  at  its 
head,  should  prevail  until  a  president  and  congress 
were  constitutionally  chosen.  The  enemies  of  tlio 
executive,  on  assertions  and  comments  of  the  press  in 
the  United  States,  accused  him  of  having  solicited  au 
alliance  with  that  nation,  which  virtually  would  be  a 
protectorate  over  Mexico.  The  liberal  press  with  in- 
dignation rejected  the  reports,  which,  though  purely 
sensational,  served  to  give  weight  to  the  slanderous 
charges  of  the  reaction.  It  is  true  that  a  treaty  was 
concluded  with  the  American  minister  for  pecuniary 
assistance,  to  be  repaid,  wiiich  treaty  was  not  ratiiied 
by  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  and  therefore  was 
void. 

The  scarcity  of  resources,  an  old  affliction,  was  one 
of  the  most  serious  troubles  the  government  contended 
with;  for  it  had  to  pay  the  sums  agreed  upon  in  tlio 
English  convention,  and  with  a  much  diminished  rev- 
eime  to  meet  the  obligations  contracted  both  by  the 
lormer  administration  and  by  the  revolution  of  Ayutla. 
Added  to  all  that  were  the  complaints  heard  on  all 


"At  the  petition  of  a  number  of  citizens,  he  ordered  on  tiio  19th  of  I*\l). 
the  criminal  jn'oceedinga  aj,'uinst  the  imprisoned  Franciscans  to  hcdiscintiniicd, 
iiiiij  pi'i'iiilttcil  them  to  reestablish  their  convent  in  a  part  of  tlu-ir  old  build- 
in;,'.  Jjublaii  and  Lozano,  Leg,  Mex.,  viii.  4l'J--0. 


733 


CONSTITUTION  AXD  REFORJIS. 


sidos  of  the  doprod.'itions  caused  l)y  marauding  l)ands,"'' 
and  the  impending  invasion  of  Mexican  territory  hy 
iilihustering  forces  organized  in  California. 

The  constituent  congress  closed  its  session  on  the 
17th  of  February ,'**  without  enacting  organic  laws 
i'or  the  development  of  the  constitution,  and  the  peo- 
ple for  a  time  feared  there  might  he  troubU;  wiieii 
they  saw  day  after  day  pass  without  the  new  funda- 
mental law  being  published.  However,  as  it  did  not 
im[)ly  restriction  upon  religious  opinions,  society  placed 
its(;ir  on  the  side  of  the  government;  and  tiius  was 
the  formidable  opposition  on  the  ground  of  religion 
and  fueros  disarmed.  The  reverses  suffered  by  tlic 
reaction  had  [  roceeded  from  moral  rather  than  matc- 
lial  iorce;  for  the  people  well  understood  that  the  ])laii 
of  Ayutla  conve}^^!  positive  benehts,  equality  befoic 
the  law,  and  social  reform.  The  partisans  of  reaction 
had  now  nothing  to  hope  for,  except  from  dissensions 
that  might  break  out  in  the  liberal  party  at  the  prom- 
ulgation of  the  constitution.  The  outlook  was  \\i- 
vorable  to  future  peace  and  order,  and  therefore  the 
government  felt  enabled  to  carry  out  the  programme 
outlined  by  President  Comonfort  in  his  last  address 
to  the  national  deputies.  He  t.)ok  advantage  of  this 
lull  to  pronuilgate  several  important  laws,  some  of 
wliich  affected  the  clergy,  such  as  that  establishing' 
the  reijistro  del  estado  civil,  and  that  for  the  estah- 
lishment  and  use    of  cemeteries.''*'     These  two  laws, 

''' Specially  iu  Jalisco,  Mhore  the  Indians  i)liiiiilcri'il  several  haciendas  ii 
the  diioction  af  Cliaprila,  and  ninrd'^ivd  tho  ciiicf  authority  of  /^.ooalco.  I'm' 
this  ivasou  I'arrotii  iiad  to  resume  connnand  iu  Jalisco.  Jiii'c:  a,  Hist.  Ja/n/i", 
iv.  7")0. 

'"(Jonionfort,  in  hidding  it  farewell,  said  that  tho  task  imposed  on  him, 
iiaincly,  'la  iireparaeion  del  caiupa  ci.  quv  ia  semiiia  constitucional  iia  'ir 
liiiL'iilicai', '  uiis  an  arduous  (jiie;  but  he  tiusted  tho  people  would  aid  iiiiii  t  > 
prepare  tho  Held.  Jlo  pnmiis'Ml  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  maintain  fiieiiili> 
relations  with  t'oreigu  nations;  to  (:;iforee  a  pi'ojter  administration  ot  justii  i  ; 
to  eslablisli  a  good  linancial  system;  to  looli  after  tho  nation's  security  aii^l 
independence;  and  to  pionhilt!  ev('rythin^  conducive!  to  her  proapeiiiv. 
Archifo  Mcjc.,  I'd.  Liy,,  iii.  (i7~7-;  Jai  Aitcion,  l"'el).  IS,  l!S.')7. 

^'  Lafragua  is  saiil  to  ha>  e  lieen  the  Iranier  of  liotli  laws.  Tho  former  ri  ■ 
(piired  all  inhabitant.s  of  the  repulilic,  except  the  mend)ers  of  foreiirn  legali'MH 
anil  minors,  to  he  inscribed  in  the  icu'ister.  Without  it  tiiey  could  )>cihiiiii 
liu  civil  act,  and  iufraotors  of  the  law  were  aUo  subject  to  a  tine  of  from  uiio 


CONSERVATISM  AND  PROGRESS. 


700 


and  that  of  the  I7th  of  March  designating  the  public 
funcT.ioiiaries  who  were  required  to  take  the  oath  to 
supj^ort  the  national  constitution,  greatly  irritated  the 
clergy  and  their  partisans.  Their  objection  to  tlio 
constitution  and  the  law  w.as  not  so  much  for  what 
they  said  >i  for  what  they  did  not  say.  The  funda- 
mental code  had  failed  to  establish  the  catholic  relig- 
ion as  that  of  the  state;  in  fact,  religion  had  been 
left  out  of  the  instrument;  the  law  of  the  17th  of 
March  made  no  mention  of  the  ecclesiastics,  and  they 
refused  to  recognize  the  constitution.^** 

The  very  existence  of  the  organic  law  had  been 
endangered  by  the  hostile  attitude  of  Blancarte,  who 
refused  obedience  to  the  government  at  Zapopaii  in 
Jalisco,  and  was  joined  by  many;  but  socju  after,  Par- 
rodi  brought  him  to  terms,  and  he  submitted.  This 
was  Comonfort's  third  triumph. 

The  conservatives  called,  like  the  rest  of  their 
fellow-citizens,  to  take  pait  in  the  elections  kept 
themselves  away  from  the  polls,  several  of  them  say- 
ing that  they  would  not  mix  with  the  rabble,  nor  en- 
gage in  electioneering  trickery,  but  proferreil  to  act 
without  the  pale  of  the  law.  The  progressionists  re- 
solved to  choose  no  man  without  knowing  what  were 
his  political  views;  but  this  not  being  a  custom  in 
Mexico,  they  had  to  fall  back  on  the  candidate's 
{)olitical  record.  The  liberal  [tress  maintained  that 
the  philoso[)hical  revolution  recently  carried  through 
was  a  precursor  of  peace  and  good-will,  that  party 
hatred    and   persecution  sliould   disap[)ear,  and  only 


to  fifteen  dollara.  Tlie  acts  dtclaretl  to  lie  of  the  civil  status  were  liiitli, 
iiuirriagc,  adoption  or  uiToj;:ition,  priesthood,  and  tlic  profession  of  a  n'lij,'iinis 
vow,  wiictiier  provisional  or  purpotual,  and  death.  'I'ho  record  of  every  act 
of  life,  and  with  it  legitimacy  of  niarriaLie  and  hii'i'iand  siicccssion  to  jirop- 
erty,  was  formerly  in  charge  of  the  churcli;  tlie  rc^'istiati(>i\  <if  dcatlis  and 
hurials  and  the  control  of  ccnietcrica,  which  hy  the  old  laws  lielongetl  to  llio 
cluirch,  were  now  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  civil  authority  in  each  district 
and  town.  It  is  thus  seen  that  the  clergy  were  shorn  of  un  inunense  power. 
Arrhi'jo  Mex.,  Col.  Lci/.,  ii.  (>!)2-73'J. 

''*Tlio  law  declared  that  ofllcials  refusing  to  suhscrihe  to  the  oath  woidd 
forfeit  their  positions  under  tiie  govei'nnient.  /(/,,  iii.  1JIJ8-71. 


710 


CONSTITUTION  AND  RKFORMS. 


the  most  patriotic,  virtuous,  and  iiitolligont  citizens 
should  bo  chosen. 

Tlie  public  recognition  of  the  new  constitution  was 
the  touchstone  for  scandal;  and  as  the  days  appointed 
lor  taking  the  oath  happened  to  be  in  lent,  nuiny 
preachers  assailed  it  from  the  pulpit,  and  its  enen)ies 
in  general  made  of  the  oath  an  occasion  for  secret 
mectinijs,  at  which  the  tjovernmont  was  called  u 
tvrant  that  wanted  to  domineer  over  consciences, 
Vvhen  the  constitution  said  not  a  word  about  them ; 
the  liberals  were  branded  as  atheists  because  that 
instrument  established  no  state  religion.^' 

^[any  public  officials  from  conscientious  scruples 
refused  to  take  the  oath,  and  were  accordingly  dis- 
missed. The  archbisho]>,  in  a  circular  to  his  parish 
priests,  declared  the  oath  illicit,  which  filled  witli 
consternation  nund)erl('ss  families  whose  heads  and 
su})])()rters  had  lieen  in  the  necessity  of  submitting 
to  the  law,  or  losing  their  only  means  of  livelihood.*' 
The  priests  demaiuled  of  those  who  had  taken  the 
oath  to  make  a  public  retraction.  This  only  lessened 
the  influence  of  the  clergy,  and  made  many  turn 
lukewarm  in  reli<»;ious  matters,  seeinjr  much  that  was 
worldly  in  the  conduct  of  their  bish()[)s. 

Among  the  most  I'emarkable  documents  that  em- 
anated from  the  church  was  a  pastoral  of  the  bisho]» 
(>f  Guadalajara,  pointing  out  the  ai'ticles  which  were 
deemed  objectionable  in  the  constitution,  namely,  the 
Od,  5th,  (ith,  7th,  lath,  27th,  and  12;3d,  in  all  of 
which  the  power  of  the  church  was  more  or  less  cur- 
tailed, but  they  contained  nothing  against  Christian- 
ity, or  Roman  catholic  dogmas.  The  po])e  had  also 
conclenmed  the  action  of  the  ISIexican  government 
as   o})pressive  to    the    church,  and    refused  to  treat 

■'"Tlio  cU'i'gy  felt  that  their  buing  purposely  cxcludeil  from  the  obligation 
of  tiiUing  tlio  i>i>th  iiad  bi,'i;ii  ;i  liurd  hlo'.v  lit  tluni-  iiilliR'iico. 

^"  111  some  piu'tH  tlie  ckTgy  had  8oleinni/,(Hl  tlie  promulj^iition  of  the  coii- 
Htitutioii  witii  a  te  deum;  in  utiiers,  where  tiicy  closed  the  cliurchca,  the  pciiple 
opened  them,  making  violent  demonstrations  against  the  priests,  who  <wi 
their  part,  spoke  of  tlieir  couaciouecs  being  oppressed,  uud  God's  temples  Ix- 
in;;  outra.L'ed. 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


fU 


with  ^Moiitcs,  the  ouvoy  sent  with  overtures.'*'  The 
conservative  journals  paraded  in  their  cohnnns  a  num- 
ber of  retractions,  boasting  of  tlieir  triumph.  Co- 
montbrt,  in  order  to  avoid  disputes  with  the  clergy 
during  the  lenten  season,  went  to  reside  temporarily 
at  Tacubaya,  where  he  had  a  garrison  of  2,000  mei» 
under  Zuloaga;  but  this  did  not  avert  the  conflict  that' 
occurred  in  the  holv-week  between  the  civil  and  cede- 
siastical  authorities  of  the  caj)ital.  The  latter  refuscxl 
admittance  on  holy  Thursday,  Aj>ril  'Jth,  to  tlie  gov- 
ernor and  other  otficiuls  into  the  cathedral,  on  the 
ground  of  their  beinij  excommunicated  for  havini>" 
sworn  to  support  the  constitution."  These  dilHculties 
did  not,  however,  prevent  the  execution  of  the  presi- 
dent's decree;  the  constitution  was  gradually  recog- 
nized throughout  the  republic,  even  by  some  eccle- 
siastics. Zealous  cathohcs  much  desired  to  have 
their  reliufion  declared  the  reliufion  of  the  state,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  other  creeds.  Petiti  )ns  then  came 
from  all  parts,  asking  the  president  to  have  the  [)ow- 
ers  conferred  by  article  12;}  of  the  constitution"  used 
as  the  basis  for  the  furtherance  of  their  wishes. 

The  elections  fully  occupied  the  leaders  of  the  lil)- 
eral  party,  each  seeking  prominent  position  for  him- 
self A  central  electoral  connnitti.'e  or  club  had  b(.;eu 
installetl  in  ^Mexico,  M'hose  members  demanded  of  Co- 


m 


n 


*'  He  was  receivctl  })y  Canlinal  Aiitoiiclli,  but  not  in  liis  oflicitil  capacity, 
the  i)()[)o  refusing  liim  ixn'(ij,'iiitioii  till  tliu  jn'opci'ty  of  tiu!  chmvli  kUouM  he 
iv.storcil,  and  tlio    lioslilo  laws  enacted   were    rejjealed.   Ln  Crin,   v.   447-S, 

'-There  was  a  riot  in  eonseiinenee,  and  (inaliy  tlie  yovernnient  had  to  pm- 
teet  the  lives  of  tlie  canons.  Some  of  tlic  leaders  were  punished.  Tiie  areii- 
hishop  was  imprisoned  in  his  palace  for  a  few  tiays,  several  canons  weic 
arrested  in  the  ayunfumit'nto's  hall;  others  hid  themselves.  A  iiundjer  of 
rioters  were  put  in  jail.  It  will  l)e  v\(ll  to  oliservc;  that  in  no  ollii'r  jiart  of 
the  repuhlic  was  a  similar  insult  oU'recl  the  f,'overnnicnt.  Arrhiro  Mix,,  t'ol. 
/,('//-.  iii-  4H1-9.");  Kl  K-'fuinlnrfi  X(t<\,  Apr.  II,  I.'!,  |-  "7;  A"  ''/•",-,  iv.  ilSl- 
!).");  J/(t  JVcicioil,  Apr.  11,  14,  \S'<~;  Jiidrio  de  Afin'>,i,  .Apr.  II,  13,  15,  lS57j 
El  Eru  Xfi<:,  Apr.  I'J,  14,  1."),  1S,>7;  E/  Pronrcso,  .M,iy  1(1,  l,s.-)7. 

'■'The  federal  authoi'itics  exclusively  had  such  power  of  intervention  as 
niiuht  ho  dcsij^nated  hy  thi;  laws  in  matters  (»f  religious  cult  and  external  dis- 
eiplilie.  This  had  lieeu  niisinlei'prcted  as  undue  interference  in  matters  of 
conscience;  hut  it  really  siv'nilied  such  laws  as  niii^lit  he  enacted  for  tlie  prj- 
tcctiuii  of  the  political  institutions  and  peace  of  the  country. 


»  I 


^   I 


712 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS. 


nionfort  a  declaration  of  principles  before  giving  liiin 
their  support  for  the  chief  magistracy;  but  as  he  de- 
clined to  give  such  a  statement,  alleging  that  he  had 
no  aspiration  for  that  office,  they  took  up  Miguel 
Lerdo  de  Tejada  for  president  of  the  republic,  and 
Benito  Juarez  for  president  of  the  supreme  court, 
both  of  whom  also  refused  to  issue  the  manifesto  re- 
([uired.  The  committee  then  split.  Lerdo's  organ 
in  the  press,  and  his  most  strenuous  supporter,  the 
Chinior  Progresista,  lowered  his  prestige  by  declaring, 
to  catch  wavering  votes,  that  a  man  may  change  his 
political  opinions  as  circumstances  demand."  The 
consequence  was,  that  the  whole  liberal  press  threw 
the  weight  of  its  influence  in  favor  of  Comonfort. 

The  institutions  of  the  country  were  yet  in  jeopardy, 
not  merely  froni  the  boiling  of  the  political  caldron,  as 
seen  in  the  attacks  of  a  hostile  press  and  pulpit,  but 
also  from  the  armed  bands,  and  the  repeated  attempts 
at  revolt  in  different  quarters.  Mcjia  and  his  followers 
refused  to  submit,  unless  on  terms  inadmissible  by  the 
government.  There  was  an  outbreak  in  Aguasca- 
lientes,  and  Puebla  showed  signs  of  insurrection.  A 
plot  was  discovered  in  Tacubaya,  in  which  several 
officers  of  the  garrison  were  concerned,  said  to  be  for 
murdering  the  president;  similar  discoveries  were 
made  in  Mexico  and  other  [)laces.  A  serious  Indian 
revolt  occurred  in  Guerrero.*' 

One  of  the  great  obstacles  to  a  proper  administration 
of  afl^'airs  was  the  want  of  a  compact  and  firm  ministry, 
and  the  situation  was  rendered  more  precarious  by 


** '  Mit'aitras  inaa  apto  es  un  homln-c  para  los  negocioa  publicos,  mayorca 
hail  sulo  los  caiubios  A  que  ha  siijetado  su  opinion,  segiin  las  sabiaa  inspiia- 
ciunes  de  la  cxporicncia  y  de  las  eireiiiiistaucias.'  Quoted  ia  Rivera,  Gob.  th' 
Mrx.,  ii.  519.  In  June,  Lcvdo  and  Melchor  Ocampo,  who  had  also  been  a 
presidential  candidate,  withdrew  tlieir  names.  /(/.,  Hist.  Jabtpa,  iv.  782. 

"  Cliilapn,  garrisoned  bj'  about  200  men,  was  besieged  May  4th  by  3,000 
Indians,  under  Jnan  Antonio  and  I'adrc  Juarez.  The  troops,  after  exhaust- 
ing their  ammunition,  attempted  a  sally,  and  were  cut  to  pieces,  more  than 
half  perishing,  and  only  a  few  escaping.  The  inhabitants,  who  were  hostile 
to  the  coii«titution,  in  the  pursuit  aided  the  assailants  in  committing  many 
crimes,  (iencral  Juau  Alvarez  went  there  to  dislodge  them.  liivera,  Hist. 
Julapa,  iv.  77o. 


CHAXGE  OF  MINISTRY. 


713 


several  arbitrary  acts  of  the  govornincnt.^*'  A  sudden 
ministerial  crisis  broujjht  to  the  head  of  tiie  cahinct 
Sebastian  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  as  minister  of  relations, 
and  to  the  portfolios  of  justice  and  government,  re- 
spectively, Antonio  Garcia  and  Marcelino  Castaneda. 
The  j)olitical  character  of  the  new  ministry  was 
moderate,  leaning  to  conservatism,  whereas  the  pieced- 
ing  one  inclined  to  radical  liberalism.*''  The  crisis  was 
attributed  to  some  project  in  connection  with  tobacco, 
but  the  trouble  really  lay  in  Comonfort's  vacillating 
course,  in  his  lack  of  fixed  principles,  which  led  him 
to  recede  from  his  past  progressive  course;*^  for  which 
reason  Castaneda  remained  but  a  short  time  in  the 
cabinet,  being  succeeded  by  Jesus  Teran,  an  able, 
upright,  and  progressive  statesman. 

At  this  juncture  the  press  began  to  discuss  whether 
it  would  not  be  best  to  continue  the  dictatorial  re<»:inie, 
and  postpone  the  operaticm  of  the  constitution.  This 
sui>fijestion  was  made  in  the  midst  of  the  elections,  and 
weakened  the  progresistas.  Comonfort  vacillated  be- 
tween that  party  and  the  moderado,  which  was  his 
own;  the  latter  was  not  in  condition  to  assume  a 
leading  role,  owing  to  lack  of  organization  and  able 
leaders,  and  Comonfort  still  clung  to  the  idea  of  form- 
ing the  liberal  union  party  with  men  professing  merely 
republican  principles.  His  course  was  suicidal,  for  re- 
form principles  had  been  the  very  life  of  his  adminis- 
tration. He  seemed  to  despair  of  being  able  to  bear  the 
reforms  to  a  haven  of  safety,  and  this  aroused  suspicion 
and  distrust  of  his  intention.     However,  he  tried  to 

*'^  Twenty  men  accused  of  plotting  in  Mexico  were,  without  trial,  put  to  work 
in  chains  on  the  public  streets  by  t!ov.  Uaz.  This  proccedinfc,  if  not  ordun  il, 
Wiis  at  least  tolerated  by  Comonfort,  and  brouj^ht  liini  much  animadversion. 
A  tine  was  inflicted  on  an  editor  for  utterances  oft'ensivo  to  the  liljcral  .side. 
A  heavy  tax,  payable  only  once,  was  also  levied,  l)y  decree  of  May  'J(Jtli. 
Arckiro Mf.r.,  Col.  Ley.,  iii.  G24-32;  Port'tUn,  Mcjlro  en  JSoG-7,  '24r)-8. 

*'Tho  ciiango  took  place  June  oth,  Siliceo  being  the  only  nicnd)er  left  of 
Comonfort's  original  cabinet.  Archiro  Mex.,  Col.  Loj.,  000;  El  h'ro  .Xnr., 
June  6,  July  7,  18o7.  Lerdo  \vas  a  lawyer  aiul  president  of  a  college;  a  new 
man  in  government  affairs,  though  presumed  io  bo  possessed  of  sullicient  abil- 
ity for  tlio  post. 

*^  N.  Am.  Review,  ciii.  108-9;  Rivera,  Ilixt,  Jalapa,  iv.  780-1;  Id.,  Gob. 
deMex,,  ii.  020. 


714 


CONSTITUTION  AND  REFORMS. 


])reparo  tlio  aclvont  of  tho  constitution  so  far  as  the 
political  division  of  tlie  country  was  concerned.'"' 

^''Ho  raised  Tliiscala  and  Colima  to  tlio  rank  of  states,  pursuant  to  tlie 
now  constitution.  1'iic  same  law  in  its  47th  article  declared  tiiat  Coaliuiia 
and  Nuevo  Leon  should  be  one  state;  and  in  ita48tii  that  the  states  of  Guuna- 
iuato,  Jalisco,  Michoacan,  Oajaca,  San  Lins  I'otosi,  Tabasco,  Vera  Cruz, 
Yucatan,  and  Zacateeas  should  recover  the  extent  of  territory  thoy  had  pre- 
vious to  Dec.  31,  18.V2;  and  thereby  the  separate  territorial  status  of  Isla  del 
Ciirnien,  Tehuantepec,  and  Sierra  (iorda  became  suppressed.  Arc/tiro  Mex., 
('ill.  L<y.,  iii.  032-5;  Diariodt  Avlmn,  June "23,  18o7;  I't  Ticmpo,  Aug.  1,  IS.VJ. 
An  unsuccessful  effort  was  made  in  18.")(5  for  tlie  erection  of  a  new  stiite,  to  be 
iiamcul  Iturbidc,  with  the  iive  districts  of  Tuxpain,  Tatnpico  dc  Vera  Cruz, 
Tancanliuitz,  Huejutla,  and  the  south  of  Tainaulipas.  Solo,  M.  F.,  El  A'ncvo 
Estado,  3-117;  El  EMaudurlc  Nac,  Dec,  29,  1850;  La  Xacioii,  Oct.  18,  1850. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS. 

1857-1858. 

CoNSEnvATivE  Intrioues — Talk  of  a  Coup  d'Etat— .Spantsii  Complica- 
'jiONS — Comonfort's  Vacillating  Course — Hostility  of  the  Cleroy 
Continues— CoNORKSs  Installed— Comonfout  Avows  Likeralism — 
His  Election  as  Constitutional  President— Promises  Made  and 
Violated — Plan  of  Tacubaya — Comonfort  Becomes  its  Chief — 
Action  of  Conoress — Arrest  of  Juarez  and  Others — Reactionists 
Victorious — Comonfort's  Overthrow— Civil  War  in  Full  Blast — 

ZULOACiA,    liEACTIONAltV    PRESIDENT— JUAREZ,     CoNSllTl  TIONAL    PKESI- 

DENT — His   Narrow    Escape    from    Capture — He    Estallisiies   his 
Government  in  Veua  Cruz. 


The  conservative  party,  awake  to  seize  every  op- 
portunity aftbrded  it  by  the  disturbed  condition  of  the 
country,  boklly  came  to  the  front,  now  tliat  the  men 
of  well-known  political  views  had  been  superseded  by 
others,  who  were  new  in  government  affairs,  or  who 
favored  a  policy  of  inaction  or  compromise.  The 
president  was  urged  by  the  conservatives  to  solve 
pending  issues  by  a  coup  d'etat.  While  pretending 
to  recognize  the  sovereignty  of  the  people,  they  claime<l 
that  a  majority  of  the  nation  was  tlispleased  with  the 
new  constitution,  and  wanted  him  to  ignore  it,  and 
continue  the  dictatorship.  The  bickerings  of  tiie  lil)- 
eral  press  widened  the  gap  in  the  liberal  ranks.  The 
])resident  asked  the  official  journals  not  to  say  any- 
thing on  behalf  of  his  candidacy,  but  that  did  not  pre- 
vent the  triumph  of  the  moderate  [)ai'ty.^ 

'  Accomplished  by  sohliers  with  their  officers  at  their  head  capturing  the 
polls.  lilccra,  Gob.  de  Mex.,  ii.  5-1. 

(715) 


716 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBEllAL  IXSTITUTIOXS, 


Le  Trait  cVUnion,  a  French  journal  of  Mexico,  ad- 
vocated the  dictatorship,  and  its  remarks  were  copied 
into  the  official  journal  without  disapprobation.  And 
yet  it  is  hardly  credible  that  the  president  could 
have  fostered  such  a  scheme,  knowinjjf  that  he  could 
rely  only  on  the  limited  number  of  men  that  live  by 
politics  to  support  it.  He  was  a  man  who  calculated 
well  his  chances  before  tak'.jg  any  iniportant  step. 
The  majority  of  the  liberals,  therefore,  treated  the 
coup  d'etat  scheme  as  newspaper  clap-trap.  Comon- 
fort  over  his  own  signature  disclaimed  such  an  inten- 
tion. Then  the  progresistas  made  him  their  standard- 
bearer.  The  political  outlook  was  gloomy,  however. 
Seditions  broke  out  in  quick  succession  everywhere 
on  the  promulgation  of  the  new  constitution."  It  must 
bo  said,  nevertheless,  that  the  enemies  of  the  govern- 
ment were  not  permitted  to  have  their  own  way  alto- 
gether. The  seditious  bands,  and  some  parties  of  high- 
waymen, were  pursued  and  defeated ;  many  conspirators 
were  severely  dedlt  with.  Governor  Juarez  in  Oajaca 
expelled  all  priests  who  refused  christian  sepulture  to 
the  supporters  of  the  constitution  and  the  reform  laws. 
In  Aguascalientes  the  governor,  Lopez  do  Nava,  de- 
j^rived  of  political  rights  every  man  who  failed  t(j 
take  the  required  oath.  In  Puebla,  Governor  Ala- 
tiiste  ordered  public  prayers  to  God  to  vouchsafe 
wisdom  and  success  to  the  constitutional  authorities.'' 

Just  at  this  time  the  country's  troubles  were  com- 
plicated by  the  unfriendl}'^  state  of  the  relations  with 
Spain,  whose  government  had  refused  to  receive  La- 

''Tho  Spaniard  Cobos  invited  good  catholics  to  defend  their  tenets  liy 
force  of  arms.  Most  unfriendly  rehxtions  existed  between  the  Inshops  ami 
governors,  as  evidenced  in  their  correspondence.  Mejia,  hard  pressed  by  ll!>s;i.s 
Landa,  submitted;  but  his  capitulation  was  really  a  victory,  for  Landa,  deem- 
ing it  the  best  course  to  pursue,  recognized  military  rank  in  the  rebels.  Tlio 
president  having  disapproved  the  arrangement,  Mejia  went  back  to  his  lair. 
JioHUs  Landa,  Sfani/.,  1-04;  El  Estandarte  Nac.,  June  17,  1857;  Buenrodro, 
Hi-it.  Prim.  CoiKj.  Const.,  103-4. 

"  Details  of  occurrences  may  be  found  in  the  following  authorities;  Rivera, 
Coll.  (la  Mix.,  ii.  521-3;  J/ei.,  Mem.  Giierra,  1857,  -IG-S;  Buenrostro,  I/lst. 
Prim.  Con;/.  Con.it.,  105,  109;  El  Ettamlartc  Nac,  May  14  to  July  5,  bS57, 
passim;  El  Eco  Nuc,  May  1  to  July  9,  1857,  passim;  Diario  de  Avisos,  May 
9  to  July  13,  1857;  Ea  Nacion,  May  12-30,  1657,  passim. 


rrEPARIXG  FOR  A  COUI'  P'RTAT. 


717 


frag'ua,  the  accredited  ^loxican  |)lenipotentiary,  and 
exhibited  a  disposition  to  intervene  with  other  Kuro- 
l)ean  powers  in  the  affairs  of  Mexico.  Hence  tiie  idi;a 
that  a  war  was  innnincnt,  and  tiie  gcni-ral  alacrity  to 
be  enrolled  in  the  national  guard.*  The  conservatives 
did  not  fail  to  inako  political  capital  out  of  this  si  ate 
of  affairs,  tendering  their  services,  in  the  event  ol  war, 
as  citizens  and  soldiers. 

The  treasury  was  exhausted,  and  pecuniary  means 
being  required  to  keep  troops  in  the  Held,  the  [)rcsi- 
dent  resolved  to  take  them  where  he  could  find  them. 
This  declaration  appeared  in  the  semi-official  organ 
Kl  E.standarte  Nacional,  causing  a  great  sensation, 
as  it  M'as  construed  to  mean  the  seizure  of  mortmain 
pi-operty,  or  the  adoption  of  some  other  extraordinary 
scheme.  The  military,  and  a  part  of  the  press,  as- 
sumed then  a  threatening  attitude,  which  anwred 
Comonfort,  and  drew  from  him  severe  measures.''  In 
August  he  transferred  his  residence  to  Tacubaya,  and 
rumors  began  at  once  to  circulate  of  his  intention  to 
])roclaim  the  bases  organicas,  or  something  of  the 
kind,  with  himself  at  the  head  of  affairs.  The  names 
of  men  well  known  for  their  dislike  of  the  late  reforms 
v/ere  mentioned  as  already  chosen  for  the  higliest 
l)laces  in  the  forthcomins;  regime.  The  conservative 
jiress  kept  up  the  agitation  of  a  coup  d'etat,  and  a 
})ortion  of  the  liberal  journals  counselled  illegal  and 
revolutionary  acts,  and  that  the  first  constitutional 
congress  should  assume  the  role  of  reformer  and 
amend  the  code  of  1857.  Meanwhile,  the  dictatoiial 
powers  of  the  executive  should  continue,  and  the 
state  governments  be  restricted  in  theirs.  The  reac- 
cionarios,  encouraged  at  tlie  aspect  of  affr'.rs,  left  their 
hiding-places  and  appeared  at  armed  meetings.  ]\[any 
liberals  then  adduced  this  as  tlie  stroncjest  evidence 
that  a   dictatorship  was  indispensable,  niasmuch    as 

*  Airhivo  Mex.,  Col.  Leu.,  iii-  G93-G. 

*TI;o  military  wore  bluntly  reminile;!  of  an  iinny  circnl:ir  of  1S"»1,  prtiliib- 
iting  their  strictures  on  the  goverinnent,  ami  several  newspiipers  wore  sii])- 
presso.l,  Archivo  ilex.,  Vol.  Ley.,  iii.  UJS-TOJ;  Iiivi-ra,  Gob.  de  J7.Jx'.,  ii.  oJ3. 


718 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  IXSTITUTIONS. 


Coinonfort  could  not  ])()SHil>ly  savo  the  government 
and  overcouK!  its  many  lues,  with  a  constitution 
tratnmc'liing  his  every  action,  wlien  ho  hhould  he  all- 
powerful  to  crush  oi)position.  Kiots  continued  in 
various  parts,  and  were  daily  heeoming  more  diffi- 
cult to  quell.  In  several  cases  there  had  been  much 
hloodshed." 

A  had  feature  in  the  political  struggle  was  the  ()i)en 
d(!(;laration  of  the  tjfovernment  origans  that  the  new 
constitution  could  not  go  into  operation  till  reglamen- 
tary  laws  were  issued.  This  increased  the  ill-feeling 
between  the  civil  and  reli<;ious  authorities. 

With  the  t;xpectation  of  a  forthcoming  coup  d'etat, 
the  conservatives  became  more  audacious;  the  churches 
were  closed  in  some  towns,  and  the  state  governors 
played  the  despot  in  many  instances.  The  j)relates, 
firm  in  their  [lurpose  to  resist  the  government,  re- 
fused the  sacranieiits  to  those  who  would  not  take 
back  their  oath  to  support  the  constitution,"  while 
the  government,  .;(|ually  iirm,  demanded  the  oath  from 
every  functionary  or  official,  from  the  highest  to  the 
lowest,  without  mental  reservation,  under  the  penalty 
of  dismissal  and  forfeiture  of  political  rights.  From 
the  time  that  the  question  of  a  coiq)  d'etat  was  brought 
out  upt)n  the  arena,  some  advocated  that  it  should 
prevent  the  meeting  of  congress  by  contriving  to  declare 
null  two  thirds  of  the  credentials  of  members  elect. 


"Among  the  worst  cases  was  that  of  Colima,  Aug.  2Gth,  when  the  coman- 
ilantc  general  was  killed,  and  his  remains,  as  A7  Pdh  of  (Juadalajara  recorded 
it,  treated  moat  hrntally  by  tho  parish  priest.  Jiin  ra,  Hid.  Jala/ia,  iv.  S05. 
1  1  Puebla,  Tlascala,  Tamaulipas,  San  Lu>s  I'otosi,  Zacatecas,  and  even  at  tho 
capital  itself,  there  were  several  disturbaiicuB.  In  Yucatan  the  reactionary 
eloiiient  gained  strength  in  C'ampeciie.  Not  even  Ciiiapas  escaped  the  general 
conflagration.  The  tiger  of  Alica,  Lozada  of  Tepic,  routed  all  government 
forces  sent  after  him  and  committed  horrible  crueltiey.  Hydra-headed  revo- 
lution showed  itself  cs-crywhere,  and  though  in  most  "jncounters  the  govern- 
ment forces  won  victories,  yet  they  were  not  decisive  ci.ougli  to  insure  perma- 
nent peace.  El  Estandarte.  Nav.,  July  17  to  Sept.  22,  1857;  El  Ero  Xnr., 
Aug.  8  to  Oct.  31,  1857;  Dlario  de  Avison,  July  8  to  Oct.  .^9,  1857;  El  Ti-miio, 
Aug.  3  to  Nov.  2,  1857;  La  Cruz,  v.  G22;  El  Proijreso,  July  18,  1857;  Jiueii- 
rostra,  Hint.  Prim.  Conij.  Const.,  'J7,  101-2,  100-10;  Siiarez,  Informe,  20-8. 

'  Bishop  Verea  and  the  canons  of  Nuevo  Leon  were  arrested,  and  the 
former  was  banished  from  his  diocese.  El  Estandarte  Xac,  Sept.  20,  1857; 
JJiario  de  Avisos,  Sc4>t.  25,  1857. 


INSTALLATION  OF  CONGRESS. 


:i() 


on  thu  ground  tliat  tlioy  were  not  in  accordance  with 
the  c()nvocation  decree.  It  is  a  very  i'i;inarkal»le  cir- 
cumstance that  the  jLjfovernncjnt  had  hxjked  with  in- 
(htl'erenci!  uj»on  the  elections  of  nienihers  to  the  con- 
jj^ress,  and  tlic  result  was  that  a  majority  of  them 
jiroved  to  he  men  opposed  to  Comonfort's  policy; 
lience,  on  arrivinj(  at  the  capital  and  heing  consulted 
on  the  coup  d'etat,  they  indignantly  rejected  the 
idea.  The  cahinet  on  the  ir)th  of  8ei)tend)er  re- 
signed in  a  hody,  and  the  presitlent  heing  unahh^  to 
replace  them  at  once  with  men  of  his  own  choice, 
had  to  leave  matters  for  a  time  in  charge  of  the 
oHcittles  mayores,  or  chief  clerks,  there  being  no 
under-secretaries.**  Congress  not  having  been  in- 
stalled  before  the  IGth  of  8eptend)er,  and  (Jomonfort's 
dictatorship  being  at  an  end  on  that  date,^  the  coun- 
trv  was  left  in  an  alarming  condition,  rendered  still 
more  so  by  the  absence  of  a  res[)()nsiblc  ministry  at  a 
time  when  insurrection  prevailed  everywhere.  The 
excitement  mi  the  capital  was  so  great  that  the  busi- 
ness houses  were  closed,  and  troops  patrolled  the 
streets.*" 

At  last  congress  was  installed  on  the  8th  of  Octo- 
ber,** when  the  customary  ceremonials  took  place. 
In  his  speech  at  the  installation  Conionfoi't,  in  speak- 
ing of  what  he  had  done  to  secure  the  triumph  of  the 
laws  and  liberal  institutions  over  antiquated  errors 
and  bastard  interests,  and  of  his  determination  to 
crush  the  revolution,  hinted  at  the  necessity  of  the 
government  being  clothed  with  ample  powers.*'^  At 
subse(|uent  conferences  held  at  the  palace  the  need  of 

^  Arvhivo  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  iii.  955-6. 

"The  constitution  should  have  trone  into  operation  that  day;  but  Comou- 
fort  issiied  decrees  on  tliat  date  under  liis  jiowers  from  the  plan  dc  Ayutl.i. 
From  the  rlay  congress  opened,  he  acted  inider  tliia  fund.amental  law.  Arrhlco 
Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  iii.  954-5;  Iiuenro,itro,  Hist.  Seij.  Cotxj.  Coiwt.,  i.  50. 

'''Some  deputies  were  maturing  a  plan  to  overthrow  Comonfort,  and  put 
Juarez  in  his  place.  Kivera,  Gob.  de  Mex.,  ii.  525. 

"7i«W(()iand  Lozuiio,  Ley.  M<'x.,  viii.  637. 

''•' '  No  duda  veucerla,  como  hasta  ahora,  si  conserva  su  accion  tan  espedita 
y  cnc^rgica,  segun  la  iniportancia  de  loa  caaos  lo  requiera.'  Archivo  Mex.,  Col. 
Ley.,  iii.  95S-69,  970-1. 


720 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS. 


such  powers,  in  matters  of  war  and  treasury,  was  dis- 
cussed, and  ConionCort  was  advised  to  a])p()int  min- 
isters before  formally  bi'inginsjf  the  subject  bei'oi'c 
congress.  He  did  not  heed  the  advice.  Jose  M. 
Cortes  y  Esparza,  as  acting  minister  of  gobernacion, 
applied  for  unlimited  authority,  and  encountered  the 
greatest  opposition,  niany  of  the  deputies  not  deem'ng 
that  the  situation  actually  required  it.  Comonforfc 
then  resolved  to  assume  it,  and  indeed  lie  needed  lull 
])o\vers,  for  the  reaction,  though  constantly  receiving 
heavy  blows,  was  not  crushed.  It  kept  consciences 
troubled,  recruited  proselytes,  and  without  scruples 
as  to  means,  maintained  alive  the  fire  of  sedition. 
Congress  refused  to  allow  the  president  to  move  out- 
side the  law,  and  yet  granted  the  governors  extraor- 
dinary powers.  Comonfort  still  acted  prudently,  ap- 
pointin.g  a  cabinet,^^  who  had  some  conferences  with 
committees  of  the  congress,  and  the  difficulties  were 
done  away  with,  though  charges  had  been  already 
}iref;'ri-ed  against  the  president.  The  rei)ort  on  ample 
powers  was  much  discussed,  however,  and  greatly  o[)- 
])ose(l  as  unnecessary;  but  certain  acts  of  the  reaction- 
ists made  their  necessity  clear  enouijh.  Conixress, 
liow(>\('r,  refused  to  grant  all  that  was  asked  for,  and 
on  the  ;}d  of  Xovcmber  suspended  only  certain  clauses 
of  the  constitution  tUl  the  yOth  of  April,  1858.'-' 

'' Miiii.sfor  (if  reliitions  ami  i  liicf  uf  tliC  oal>inet,  Jii.'ui  A.  dc  la  Fuonto;  of 
jii!<tice,  I'ci'lusiastii'.'il  atl'airs,  mid  [iiililii;  iiiswiictinn,  Mamiil  Ruiz;  of  tlii'  trciis- 
uryii.id  jiiil)lic  credit,  Aliiinu'l  ruyiio;  ot  war,  .losi- ( JarciaCund  ••.  ol  foiiiciiti), 
]jiTiiai'di)  KIoi'i'h;  and  of  jj:ol)cr  i.K-ion.  lii'iiiti  .liiai'uz.  Tiio  ia>  iiaiiii'd  tool 
])osscs.-iiiii  oil  tlie.'idof  Nov.;  the  othoi's  luul  doiii' so  on  tlic2()tli(  Oct.  J/e'.c, 
Jiini.   IIwuiiilii,  INTO,  l()."»:i-4. 

" 'riu>  (M)n,jtitutio)ial  articlos  suspended  were  nine:  nami!l;  ,  freedom  of 
speech,  of  tlio  jiiess,  of  asHeniblin;.',  ami  f  luaiin'^  arms;  ren  oct  of  donii- 
tile;  the  tei  ni  of  detentions;  yuiirantees  iii  ijt.i  ,ial  proceed  'i)is:  a|if 'ica- 
lion  of  ))cnMltic!<  hy  civil  authority,  and  sc  of  pioperty,  etc.  'J"he  uoveiii- 
ment  was  also  enijiowereil  to  Iwirow  six  iinllion  dollars  on  as  easy  terms  as 
possililc.  An/iiri>Mi.v.,('ol.L('i/.,ui.  l()()S-l;t;  liihiiroxtro,  Ilii^l.  i'rim.  ('cii'j. 
C'lnsl.,  KiO,  l(i;j-70,  17">-M7;  hnhhtii  and  Ltr.an'),  Iaij.  Mix:,  viii.  (144-;). 
Minister  Jnai-ez  in  a  circtilar  stated  that  it  was  not  the  f^oveinnient's  inten- 
tion to  suspend  ti'ose  ^'uarantces  in  all  the  slates  at  unce;  and  that  it  would 
lis"  the  exiraoniniary  I'owers  only  when  inilispen?-ai)lc.  In  fact,  we  arcMis- 
surcd  that  at  flu;  ])uiilic  discussion  m  con^i'ess  it  had  lieen  .said  tlia'  tluy  wei-e 
allowed  '  |)or  solo  la  contiun/a  .|Uo  inspiral  ■  la  prcaencia  do  Juare/.  end  galii- 
note."  Jiiuri'-.,  Uiuj.  dil  L'tud.,  "JJ. 


ELKC'TIOX  OF  COM  OX  FORT. 


721 


While  tlio  governnu'iit  was  eii^a^'i'il  in  fioli(iii(_r  the 
rebelN,  congress  couiiti'  I  the  votes  fur  )»resi(leiit,  le- 
spoctivoiy.  of  the  rej)iu)lic  and  of  tl 


le  supreme  court. 


Conioii^'ort  had  an  absolute  majority  ol"  S,000.  Juaicz 
and  Laeunza  heint^thc  two  eandiihites  with  the  hi^^hest 
number  ot"  votes  lor  the  othci- j)osition,  though  neither 
I  constitutional  maioritv,  it  devcKed  on 


of  tl 


lein 


had 


u> 


/   was 


congress   to   choose   between   them,  and   J 
elected. 

l^eace  was  not  restored,  and   the  armv  had  to  be 


kept 


on  a  war 


footi 


wj 


15 


As  late  as  the  1  1th  of  Xovem- 


ber  a  conspiracy  was  detected  in  Puebla,  said  to  ha\e 
b(!en  concocted  in  the  sai^rario  of  the  catlu'dral.  The 
lei>-islature  had  a  sittin_L(  at  eleven  o'ch.ck  at  ni^ht, 


and  the  next  day  a  numl»er  ot  I'eaetu  nists  were  sliot. 
The  report  bavins^  circulated  that  ^riramon  was  in 
the  town,  Governor  Alatriste's  alarm  was  still  I'uviher 
increased.  The  f^ovcrnor  published  a  manifesto  stal- 
ing that  documents  had  l)(;en  .seized  establishing  the 
fact  that  the  conspirators  intended  to  assassinate  the 
I'ulei's.      T\\()  reactionists  of  course  declared   the  exe- 


cution!' 


to  1 


lave  ue(Mi  i)oli 


itical 


nuu'ders, 


10 


In  the  midst  of  the  turmoil   Comonfort  assumed 
the  i)Osition  of  constitutional  ore^ident  for  four  years, 


from  and  afttu'  ])eceniber 


-.7.'' 


In  1 


us  mauLHira 


I 


address  he  assured  the  repre-'.entatives  of  the  pt.-ople 
that  he  accepted  the  re.-ponsible  position  only  i>ecaase 
the  nation  was  laborinu*  under  «ireat  ililiiculties.^'*     J  Le 


I 


m 


|li)in  of 

iU)ii\i- 

|,!':ca- 

ovt'i'ii- 

|t;44-:». 

iiitfU- 

UOliM 
ImI'C  !IS- 

]i  gabi- 


''Eiirlit  thousati  1  infanti'y  and  SOf)  cavalry,  costiuc;  two  and  a  half  million 
(Inllais.  Tlicio  wi'i'o,  l)i'si(li's,  diMwm;,'  jiay  17  f,'('ncrMls  of  ilivision,  oS  nf  |pii- 
l.'ad(',  and  many  lii'lcl-ntllocrs.  This  involved  an  I'siiriidituiv  ( if  SIt.'iO, ()()!>.  I'r.  m 
<  )i't.  4,  IS,")."),  to  An;;.  -I,  Its.'iT,  hail  liecn  commissioni'd  li^•u  goniTalsi  of  division, 
."is  of  bri'^adi',  110  coloni'ls,  11(1  litnit-coloiuls  and  majorn,  making  togctluT 
1,741  ooniiiiissidMs,  cxi'hi.siv!^  of  ausiliaiy  fdiccs.  'Jo  nioft  this  cximmisi,', 
and  to  aid  nnliappy  N  lU'at.in  and  thr  ln:'itifr  states,  forced  loans  at  riiinoa:4 
rates  had  to  he  resorted  to. 

'''' Jlinni,  //i4.  Jalii/iii,  i\.  817  l'^;  Piario  ilr  Arinox,  Xov.  VI,  14,  U'l), 
1S.",7. 

''  Itiii iim-<irti,  lll-^l.  Prim.  ('n<ii}.  ('oiff..  'Jll;  Arihivn  Mi.r.,  Col.  /.','/..  iii. 
',I!IS-1UI)'J,  1(I_'-J. 

'"'lie  ereido  (pie  anil  dehia  haeer  nnevos  sari'ilirins  en  sn  ol>'<c(|uio,  y 
npni'ar  todos  los  nieilios  posihles  para  sii  balvaeinn.'  Arf/iitv  Ma.,  L\>\  I.'  ij.. 
iii.  'Ji(S-U. 

lUsr.  Mkx.,  Vol.  V.     10 


jjSjjlU*-! 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBKRAL  INSTITUTIOX.S. 


I 


asked  them  to  amend  i,lio  constitution,  evidence  of 


1 


lis  <>'o( 


)d  intentions  heinuc  the  h»v;tltv  with  wliich  li 


had  l'uhilh)d  the  pledsjjes  made  at  Ayuthi.      lie  l)ound 
liimselt'  by  oath   to  iaithluily  <hscharg(j  the  duties  ot' 


1 


)resident    in    acconhince  with    the  constitution,  and 


to  advance  the  weh'are  of  tiie  union.      Thereupon  hi3 
received  the  conni'atuhitions  of  the  diplomatic  coips 


and  of  the  authoritie 


Soon  after  he  asl<cd  con<>i 


(.'SS 


to  alh)W  Juarez,  Jja  Fucnte,  and  Coi'tes  l^lsjjarz.i, 
members  of  tlie  su|»remc  court,  to  continue  at  the 
head  of  their  respective  depar'tments  in  the  cabinet.'^ 
CX'rtain  conferences  lield  by  (Jomonfort  with  com- 
missioners from  several  states  had  a  thrcatc^nini^  ns- 
pect,  and  fears  were  entertained  that  the  chjri^y  would 
get  the  upper  liand,  which  were  all  the  more  excited 
by  a  rclitj^ious  feast  in  the  oratory  of  the  |tresident's 
palace  at  Tacubaya  on  the  1  lUh  ol"  December.      ( 'on- 


gr 


ess    became    alarmed    and    held    secret   meetint 


The  chief  officers  of  the  brigade  under  Zul(»aga  had 
been  for  some  time  urging  Comontbrt  to  strike  a 
blow.  The  state  governors  had  been  confidentially 
asked  by  persons  from  the  capital  to  effect  a  political 
change  on  the  ruins  of  the  pi"es(;nt  system;  that  is  to 
say,  the  i'ederal  congress  and  the  state  legislatures 
were  to  be  suppressed,  and  Comonfort's  dictatorship 
restored.  Anastasio  J?arrodi,  governor  of  Jalisco,  de- 
claring that  the  president  wantt'd  no  change,  urged 
the  other  governors  to  uphold  the  constitutional  sys- 


tem.    Minister   J' 


ayno"  and  dcnera 


Zul 


oatxa   were 


accused   of  plotting  against    the  constitution,  which 


19 


Tliu  British  minister  protrsted  a','ainst  tlic  election  ui  justices  of  tli 
snprx'nK^  couit,  sayin;^  tliat  tliey  slioultl  all  lie  of  tlu^  lejijal  jirofession;  tli' 
governiiKMit  intimated  in  reply  that  lie  hail  hettur  niinil  liis  own  Ijiisiness 
liirvri',  (!<ih.  lie  Mr.f.,  \\.  ,">'_'(). 


'•"On  the   Utli  tiie  or.lii 


ary  session  was   l>y  speeia 


il  (k 


M'cc  prorogue! 


thirty  vdikin/^  days.  Jriluro  A/i.v.,  Col.  Lii/.,  iii.  I(f_'!l. 

■•'  IJa/,  I'ida  </<•  Jiiiiri-.,  I  IS,  say.s  that  I'ayin)  afterward  confessed  it.  lint 
I  find  that  I'ayno  makes  a  f^'cneial  denial  in  tlie.so  words:  '  ni  iliites,  iii  entiiu 
CCS,  ni  aliora, '  LS(i(),  'ho  tenido  relaciones  polilioiis  con  niiimina  persona  dri 
jiartido  opiiesto  al  f.'ol)iorno.  de  <pie  yo  formaha  parte'  ]le  did  confess  to 
the  po-itseii[)t  in  a  letter  to  <icn.  lluerta,  donying  that  iie  entered  into  any 
eonsjiiiacy  against  the  estidilished  political  orders.  Mem.,  litKuL  Die,  "lo; 
I'dijiia,  DvJ'cnaa  que  hue',  4, 


rLx\N  OF  TACUB.VYA. 


7:3 


caused  miicli  displeasure  in  congress,  and  at  first  there 
was  tlioui^lit  oK  arresting  all  [)ai'ties  coneerned;  l)ut 
finally  the  president  was  requested  to  have  Zuloaga 
indicted.  As  C'oinonf'ort's  name  was  mixed  with  every- 
thing rumored  relating  to  a  change  of  system,  the 
minister  of  government,  ]^enito  Juarez,  deelai'ed  in 
tile  president's  ninie  that  all  sucli  reports  were  ground- 
less. And  really  it  was  unreasonable  even  to  sup- 
pose that  Comoid'ort,  falsifying  his  jtast  I'ecoi'd,  should 
take  part  in  any  sclieme  to  upset  the  ordtjr  of  things 
he  had  worked  so  hard  to  establish  ;  that  a  man  of 
his  ability,  ;<.nd  having  at  his  side  men  like  Juarez, 
liuiz,  and  others,  who  were  a  guaraitee  to  the  consti- 
tutional party,  should  exhibit  such  tui'pitude,  was  in- 
eonc(3ivable.  ^[oivover,  congress  had  given  him  pi'oofs 
of  benevolence,  and  it  was  not  credible  that  he  would 
I'espohd  to  them  with  ingratitude,  liut  incontr<<- 
vertible  facts  came  to  establish  once  more  that  thire 
is  nothing  impossible  in  politics.  The  })iinci[)le  ad- 
vanced some  time  before  l)y  the  Claiiior  Pnvjrc.sisfa 
was  now  given  a  practical  illustration. 

The  cons[)irators  having  perfected  their  plans  with 
some  governors,  particularly  with  him  of  Vera  Cruz, 
a  political  movement  was  effected  in  the  early  morn- 
ing of  December  17th,  at  Taeubaya,  to  set  aside  the 
national  constitution,  which  was  declared  to  be  not  in 
accord  with  the  customs  and  usages  of  the  Mexican 
])eople;  the  supreme  conti'ol  of  the  govi-riunent  with 
ample  powers  was  vested  in  IgnatMo  Comonfor't,  who 
N\as  to  convokt!,  within  tlu'ee  months,  an  extraordi- 
nary couLjress  for  framinLT  another  constitution  to 
coid'orni  with  tlu^  national  will,  guaranteeing  tli(3 
trui'  interests  of  the  people;  which  constitution,  be- 
lni'(>  being  pronudgated  as  tlu;  supreme  law,  was  to 
b((  submitted  to  the  voters  for  their  ajtproval;  and 
in  the  evcnit  of  its  non-acceptance,  was  to  ix;  nituincd 
to  the  congress  for  amendment.  The  president  was 
to  i'ult>,  with  a  consultive  council,  composed  of  nue 
i'e[>rcsentative  from  each  state.      All  authoiities  re- 


7-21 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  IXSTirUTIOXS. 


! 

i 

I 

I  i 

I 


•:a 


I'lisiiii;'  to  Neeoiul  tlio  ])lan  do  Tacul)aya,  as  the  new 
arraiigeiDont  was  styled,  were  to  be  siipersetled  by 
others  diwposetl  to  su[)p()rt  it.^^  Juarez,  on  lieariiig 
the  news,  t'ortliwitli  advised  Coiiioiil'ort  not  to  aeeejit 
tin;  role  thus  tendered  him.  lie  had  on  tlie  lijth  as- 
sured congi'ess  that  the  governnient  was  on  tlie  alert. 
])e|)uty  Baz,  on  the  IGtli,  had  made  known  to  tlie 
national  legislature  that  it  was  to  be  dismissed  tlu; 
next  morning,  as  he  had  seen  the  plan  at  Zuloaga's 
(juarters  the  previous  evening."*  ()n  the  17th  con- 
gress made  a  solemji  prc^test  against  the  act  of  that 
<iate  at  Tacubaya,'''^  and  decreed  Comonfort's  author- 
ity as  president  at  an  end,  and  all  his  acts,  in  his  new 
role  of  revolutionary  leader,  as  null  and  void.^'' 

The  day  following  the  j)r()nunciamiento  Zuloaga's 
bi'igade  occupied  the  capital,  where  the  governor, 
Agustin  Alcerreca,  an*l  the  small  garrison  accepted 
the  situation  without  a  murmur.  The  presidents  of 
the  supreme  court,  -Juarez,  and  of  the  congress,  Isi- 
dore) Olvera,  and  several  de[)utics,  were  arrested,  and 
congress  (HssoIvcmI.  The  ayuntamiento  of  jNIexico  was 
also  deposed.  Even  n(nv,  under  circumstances  so 
j)laiidy  showing  his  complicity  in  the  outrages  just 
connnitted,  Comonfort  a[)peared  to  hesitate,  and  it 
was  not  till  the  l!)th  that  he  officially  announced  his 
acceptance  of  the  plan  of  Tacubaya,  believing  that  the 
city  of  A'era  Cruz  would  sustain  hini,  and  after  setting 
free  the  political  piisoners,  excepting  Juarez,  he  pub- 
lished a  manifest*^  settinuj  Ibrth  the  causes  that  had 
j)ronipted  his  course.  After  mature  retlection,  he 
became  convinced  that,  under  the  circumstances,  oidy 

'''Arraiiijoiz,  Mi'j.,  ii.  .3r)3-4;  El  Ero  Xnc.,  Dec.  19,  ISoJ;  Diarlo  tie 
AriMjn,  Doc.  IS,  1S.")7;  Itiri'fit,  (lnh.  dr  Mc'.r.,  ii.  .')'2H. 

-'■'  '  Vt'liihii  poi'  I'l  iirdt'u  y  la  cdiistitiicidii.' 

■'It  ,s(^ciiis  that  111)  liccil  was  paid  that  day  to  Baz' announcement.  Htr., 
Vh/((  ,/r  Jiiarr-.,  1IS-1'.». 

■'■■Itsaid  tliat  the  '  soguiuhi  cmulillo  de  Ayiitla,'  who  had  had  so  nnicli 
t.iiHt  ]mt  into  Ills  hands,  and  only  a  few  days  bcfoi'o  had  .sworn  to  be  tho 
faithful  guai'dian  of  tho  countiy's  institutions,  had  sudduidy  turned  into  a 
'fiicinso  vnlu'ar.'  Arrhiro  .]/i.i.,  Col.  Liij.,  iii.  lOliO  4. 

■'''riiat  decree  wa.s  ollicially  [lublished,  May  L'i,  ISGl.  Dublau  and  LozauOf 
L-j.  J/ci',,  i.\.  'J17-18. 


COMONFOIIT'.S  REVOLT  AGAINST  HIMSELF. 


judicious  ivf'oruis  and  a  conciliatory  policy  would  iiiccfc 
with  aeci'ptancc  IVoni  the  pco[)lc.  His  rc'asons  aro 
j^iven  in  a  note  below. "^  Anyotluu'  course,  he  f'c^ared, 
Avould  give  the  retrograde  element  the  conti'ol  of 
affairs  iu  the  new  situati(jn;  anarchy  showed  her  head 
everywhere;  des[)otisin,  with  its  accessaries,  revenge 
and  persecution,  would  be  sure  to  i'ollow,  and  render 
it  impossible  for  liberty  ever  to  reign  in  the  country. 
His  excuses  could  not,  however,  wash  away  the  blot 
he  tlirew  upon  his  name  and  fame  by  the  violation  oi' 
his  solemn  oath.  His  conduct  at  first  aroused  })ublic 
hatred,  which  later  turned  into  eontem[)t  ibr  hi.-, 
character. 

Comonfort  labored  under  the  erroi»eous  idea  that 
he  could  biing  about  the  amalgamation  of  ])arties  bit- 
terly hating  each  othei",  and  constitute  a  government 
strono-  eiiouu'h  to  overrule  all  i)arties,  and  be  at  the 
same  time  indejiendent  of  them  all.  It  is  not  even 
impossible  that  he  believed  the  reaccionarios  would 
eventually  get  the  upper  hand,  and  consign  him  to 
the  fate  that  General  (luerrero's  eminent  servicis — ■ 
compared  with  which  his  own  were  as  nothing — di  I 
not  save  that  patriot  from.  Be  it  as  it  may,  he  soon 
saw  his  error,  and  the  entanglements  he  had  got  him- 
self into.  Seventy  de[)uties  assembled  in  Queretaro 
and  reiterated  their  [)rotest.  Anarchy,  now  that  there 
was  no  recognized  supreme  law,  reigned  in  ^rcKi<^), 
and  a  three  vears'  terrible  strugule  began.  The  i)lau 
of  Tacubaya  was  acceptcil  in  several  towns,  and  re- 
jected with  indignation  in  others.-'^     Comonl'ort,  hard 

'■'^  Till  tin;  17th  ho  oduIiI  not,  ho  suiil,  hival;  his  pleagc  to  follow  tho  con- 
.stitntioii  in  I'Vury  iiL't;  Imtiiftor  Zulna^a  ami  iii.i  liii^ado  set  iisido  tlu- coilc, 
wliich  ho  was  powerless  to  )>"eveiit,  hi^i  position  eliiin.;eil.  In  U]isotlin,L;  tlio 
('(iilc  they  tll'oetecl  ji  revolution,  wliieh  seciueil  to  liavo  been  jnoinpteil  liy 
the  foreo  of  ciremiistanees;  aii-l  in  tenileiiiiLj  him  the  chief  plai-"o  they  fihov.e.l 
tliat  their  movement  w,.s  ii.>i  iiostile  to  liberty,  for  thi'V  well  knew  him 
to  he  no  conijiiiiniiser  inth  rotrogressiuii.  Ilo  aeeeptetl  the  oliieo  uml  r 
the'  solemn  ])i'oiiiiso  an.  comlition,  »ino  ipiii  non,  that  'ninitiin  putiilo  i!fi- 
iniuarfa  en  la  situaci  -n  nnev.%,  y  que  el  gol)ietiio  no  haliia  do  iiliainlonai'  el 
eamino  <lc  una  jii'Uileutu  retivma.  m  el  peiisamiento  eoueiliailoi' '[uo  h;  haliia 
Uniado  hasta  entouees. '   JJfi:.    Viif'%ilc  Jiianz,  I'JN:   Portila,  McJ.  in   l;-!,)'!-,", 

uvvs-:!i)(). 

^■'Tlie  states  of  Mexiio.  Tla.scala,   Vera  L'vni,   Tamaulipas,  and  parts  of 


72fl 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBER.VL  INSTITUTIONS. 


pressed  on  one  k'kIo  by  constitutionalist  forces,  on  tlie 
other  by  conservatives,  and  at  the  same  time  by  the 
coalition  of  states  in  the  interior,^'^  without  having  a 
])arty  of  his  own,  was  really  in  a  quandary.  It  has 
been  bot'i  asserted  and  denied  that  he  was  at  one  time 
u  the  })(Mnt  of  joining  the  reaccionarios,  and  becomii 


o 


'.y" 


a  tool  of  the  clergy.  Judging  1)y  his  conduct,  tlie 
conclusion  must  bo  that  he  never  abandoned  the  })laii 
laid  out  in  his  manifesto.  As  soon  as  the  so-called 
council  of  state  was  installed,  the  2r)th  of  December, 
he  discovered  that  the  color  of  the  situation  was  not 
quite  so  fully  defined  as  tlu;  reaccionarios  wanted  it.'" 
Comonfort  expected  a  great  deal  from  what  ho  called 
the  assiduity  and  efficacy  of  the  council;  but  as  it  was 
an  illegal  body,  utterly  tlevoid  of  jtrestige,  and  none 
oF  the  parties  would  accede  to  his  ])retensions,  it  could 
accomplish  nothing.  His  phrases  had  no  significance. 
The  states  protested  against  his  acts,  and  continued 
their  prcjparations  lor  a  solution  of  the  difficulties  by 
tlie  resort  to  arms. 

Comonfort  realized  how  dangerous  his  position  was 
when  Vera  Cruz,  on  which  he  had  confidently  relied, 
l)ut  which  had  nev(,i'  been  in  favor  of  the  reacrtioii, 
ibrsook  him.  This  was  on  the  30th  of  December;" 
he  then  tried  to  save  himself  by  sending  emissaries 


QucrcHiiro  ami  8aii  Luis  Potosi  woro  the  only  ones  to  afiooiul  it.  Jlivera,  Ili-I. 
JalaiKi,  iv.  8:!;?,  Sli.');  Diitrio  tic  .ly(\w.  Doc.  ."W,  18.")7,  .liiii.  1,  2,  7,  IS.IS;  /.7 
/:'(•')  A'ric. ,  Dc'i^'.  '2'i,  21),  IS.')7;  Vuz.  da  .Vo/t.,  Feb.  10,  1S3S;  La  llazoti,  Juii.  (i, 
ISoS;    /.ft /'n;,  Jan.  f),  1S.")S. 

■-'•Jalisco,  (iiiJiiiajiiiilo.  (^uonUaro,  Agiiascalicntcs,  Zacatecaa,  Micliciciii, 
niul  C'olima,  'i'iicy  orgauized  iiuinoroiis  forces!  to  ii|ilic)lil  t!ic  iioustitutioii,  aii'l 
(kncral  .■Viiastasio  Parroili,  their  coinniaiulor-iii-chicf,  issued  a  produiiiaUiMi 
Bctliiig  i'orll;  .ho  general  plan.  I'urlUla,  JIiJ.  iii.  1860-7,  Ml.'i-tj;  Ltc  Ua-.m, 
Jim.  i,  I.S.kS. 

•'"Ill  his  speech  at  the  opening  of  that  council,  ho  reiterated,  thoutfh  in  an 
oliior  form,  tho  Htatoniont.'j  of  hid  last  niaullesto,  laying  .stfess  on  tin;  oftii 
pcatoJ  thougli  alisunl  and  ini[>racticaljle  theory  of  making  ui  a  whole  pctipli' 
ono  family  in  aspirations.     There  were,  licsidos,  .^irne  progrcsistas  in  tiic.  cmin 
cil  V  ho  e.\po;fc<l  tho  absurdity  of  his  plan  toamalgamato  the  parties,   lla.,  Vida 
dc  Juarez,  I'2U-7;  Itiwra,  <iol>.  dr.  Mcjc.,\\.  ^rlS;  Lt  J'az,  A::u.  I,  1S.")8;  l)iar'i> 
(/('  Ao'iHos,  Dec.  '2d,  lSo7;  La,  linzoit,  Dec.  -j,  1857;  LI  Leo  A'ac,  Dec.  '_'_', 
18:.7. 

"'  '  Kstamos  perdidos,'  said  he,  wiicn  he  saw  an  olhcial  report  that  Vera  Cru/. 
liad  retiirniHl  to  hti-  iillegiance.  It  was  indeed  a  coup  do  grace.  I'at/iw,  JL  in. 
Jiecol.  Die,  Di);  Diaiio  dc  Avisos,  Jan.  (J,  1808. 


?g 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  QUANDARY. 


727 


to  mako  known  to  the  troojjs  in  the  interior  Ills  ropciit- 
ance,  and  willins^ness  to  snrreniier  the  executive  oHieo 
to  the  president  of  the  Hupi-eine  court.  No  man  ever 
lound  liiniselt"  in  c^xaetly  such  a  plight,  lie  thought 
atone  time  of  going  into  the  interior  to  fight  in  per- 
son against  the  reaction;  but  was  detiu'red  hy  tiie 
i'aet,  which  lie  was  well  aware  of,  that  he  could  not  hy 
lorce  of  arms  combat  ideas.  He  did  not  succeed  in 
forming  a  ministry,  because  no  combination  was  then 
possible.  The  (juestion  of  releasing  Juarez  being 
broached,  Comonfort  assented,  but  still  he  was  ke[)t 
contined  in  a  room  of  the  palace,  it  being  kn<»wn  that 
the  coalition  of  states  had  resolved  his  rccognhion  as 
president  of  the  re[)ublic  the  moment  he  should  |)r»'- 
seiit  himself  at  any  place  within  the  territory  under 
their  control. 

The  hatred  of  the  lil>eral  ])arty  to  Comonfort,  great 
as  it  was  for  what  he  had  done,  was  nuich  increased 
when  it  became  known  that  the  archbishop  and  the 
bishop  of  Michoacan,  ap[)roving  the  [)lan  of  Tacubaya, 
removed  the  bar  of  excommunication  fi'om  all  who 
should  turn  to  its  supj>ort.  Comonfort  could  lind  no 
way  to  extricate  himself,  and  the  council  acknowledgeil 
their  inability  to  better  the  situation.  Some  advised 
him  to  make  a  frank  retraction,  iind  to  attempt  a  com- 
plete change  of  policy.  He  still  hoj)ed  for  relief  iVom 
General  Zuloaga's  friendship,  which  seems  to  have 
been  sincere,  but  it  availed  nothing.  Carcia  Conde, 
minister  of  war,  was  the  only  member  of  his  last 
cabinet  that  continued  desj)atching  gov(!rmnentafl';iirs; 
his  |,'ro[)osals  were  ri'J(x-ted  iVom  the  interior.  In  one 
of  thi'in  lie  had  aslvctil  for  a  meeting  of  govcu'iiors  to 
bring  Jibout  a  general  reconciliation.  The  alarm  was 
very  great.  TIk'  constitutionalists  lost  no  time.  At 
a  meeting  of  otHcers  presided  over  by  Comonfort  they 
ex[)resse("  logret  at  his  not  a(h)pting  any  of  the  ex- 
tremes; but  then,  as  at  all  times,  he  lirmlv  clung  to  his 
neutrality,  refusing  to  take  any  course  for  or  against 


72>$ 


POWXFALL  OF  LIDERAL  INSTITUTIONS;. 


any  paitv.''-  l^'inally,  on  tlic  morning  of  ^Monday, 
January  1  I,  iHaM,  wlion  Couionfurt  was  on  the  point 
ol'  (i([)artin!^  for  the  inltirior,  the  tro()j).s  quartorod  in 
Santo  Domingo  and  La  C^iudadela  revolted,  j^oinLj 
over  to  tlio  rt!ac('if)nari()s,  who  liad  ere  this  sut  aside 
the  plan  ol"  Tacnhaya.  Conionfort's  spirit  was  now 
aroused.  Declining  the  proffers  of  protection  to  his 
])erson  made  hy  the  diplomatic  corps,  he  concentrated 
n'';nl\-  .'),0()0  men  that  he  still  liad  in  the  lower  part 
ol"  the  palace  and  other  accessible  points,  showing 
much  coolness,  and  resolved  to  hold  the  tSan  Fran- 
cisco, the  head(|uarters  (.)f  the  constitutionalists,  with 
whom  he  had  come  to  an  understandinijf.  lie  th()Ui>ht 
then  it  would  he  a  lesser  evil  to  go  back  to  the  point 
of  departui'e,  and  surrender  the  executive  authority 
to  the  ])erson  designated  by  the  constitution,  as  a|)- 
pears  in  the  manifesto  he  published  in  July  IHoH,  in 
New  Yoi'l\.'*''  Ife  accoi'dingly  released  Juai'ez,''*  who 
ibithwith  repaii'e<l  to  (nianajuati),  and  on  the  llJtli  of 
January  established  there  his  govermneiit,  which  was 


^■^  Being  assured  of  every  facility  if  he  would  give  his  proferciieo  to  the 
coivjcrvativc  party,  he  refused;  ho  would  not  heuoine,  he  said,  tiie  destroyer 
ol  hi.i  foniur  friends;  could  not  lianisli  Juarez  or  Olvera,  nor  light  again."t 
Dolilad  I  and  I'arrodi.  lie  wcjuld  modify  all;  'yono  per.ic^juire  ya,  poniuo 
tl  liraxo  nic  duele  dc  eastJLCar;  ]»  ro  yo  no  puedo  eonvertiruie  en  I'earciouario.' 
He  v.as  told  to  throw  hiniself  into  the  arms  of  the  puros,  as  the  out-antl- 
out  liberals  were  called,  and  they  would  forLiet  and  forgive;  to  nationalize 
the  property  of  the  clerg}',  to  conline  tiic  inins  to  fewer  Ikjuscs,  do  away 
wiih  tlie  friars,  Iwnish  a  few  dozen  men  from  the  country,  and  perhaps  sho.jt 
;'.  nund)cr  of  others;  to  follow  a  straight  progi'essi\e  policy,  call  an  asseni- 
lily  to  make  another  constitution,  and  stop  all  timpnrizin;,'  Milh  the  clergy, 
higli  and  low.  No:  he  would  not  send  away  the  archbishop,  who  might  die 
on  the  journey,  and  the  death  wcjuld  he  laid  at  his  door.  Jlow  leave  the 
town_s  without  their  curas?  How  cxi>ect  the  sohlicrs  to  tight  witli  alaci'ity, 
luiDwing  that  dying  tiny  would  not  he  absolved,  and  at  death  would  not  bo 
buried  in  holy  grcnnul  ?  lie  wanted  tinu:  to  think,  and  to  introduce  reforms 
.slowly,  without  doing  viulcnee  to  the  conseieiu'cs  of  the  peaceful  and  tinud. 
Such  was  the  ililly-dallying  at  a  lime  when  there  was  not  a  moment  to  spare. 
'  ]ie\oluei  m  que  no  marcha,  nmcre.'  Paijno,  Moil,  I'l  Vol.  /)!<•.,  {Kt-7. 

^'  '  Menos  nialo  era  volver  al  punto  do  partida; '  the  plan  of  Taeubaya  hav- 
lieeu  destroyed  jjy  its  own  authors,  and  I'lo  leactionarj'  tendencies  of  the 
jironunciamiento  being  clear.  Cdiiunijhrt,  I'olilira,  in  I'or/illa,  Mi:j.  ( ii  ISM- 
7,  o'JI;  <  amoiij'urt'.'i  /'(tliii/,  10;  J/e'.c.,  Jtcv.  Filosd/'.  Hi.it.  Pol  it.,  in  Dor.  J  lint. 
J/f'.),-.,  1S32-7,  uos  10,  .v.; 

''*  Juarez  is  said  to  have  been  undci' the  ])ersonal  custodj' of  Manuel  Paj'no, 
to  [irotect  him  from  possible  assassination.  P'ti/iio,  Mvm,  ItrvnL  Die,  9o, 
101-5. 


FUOIIT  OF  COMOXFORT. 


7-29 


111 


n'HUO 
arid.' 
-iiml- 
lalizo 
,a\v:iV 

lit  iHo 
tho 
rity, 
it  lie 
'onus 
liiiiiil. 
pare. 

hav- 
If  t'.ie 

iiiist. 

llVllO, 

i;  95, 


at  onrn  ivoon'iiizod   bv  ii   mnioritv  of  tlio   states,  and 
bccanio  a  (•ciiti'o  of  union  i'or  tlic  lil)erals. 

But  to  return  to  affairs  in  the  city  of  Mexieo.  The 
position  of  La  Santisima  was  intrusted  hy  Conionfort 
to  (jreneral   Trias.     The  reactionists,  on    tlieir   [lai-t. 


were  not  idle. 


Tl 


lev  were  cons 


1 


tantly 


receiviliL;"  acc(.'s- 


sions  from  (Jonionfort's  arniv,  so  that  on  the  iiiLrht  of 
the  20tli  his  5,000  men  liad  diininislicd  to  scarcely 
500,  witli  whicli  insiLjniticant  number  it  would  l)c  folly 
to  attempt  defence,  (.^omonfor't  kept  U])  his  coiirai^c; 
but  bv  the  advice  of  his  friends  llanu'el  and  J*ardo, 
lui  resolved  to  leave  the  ca])ital.  In  his  sad  prt-chca- 
ment  he  uttered  not  a  word  against  the  men  who  had 
brought  him  into  it.  The  reactionary  general,  Parra, 
allowt'd  him  to  (h^part,  which  lui  did  about  eiglit  in 
the  morning  of  Januar}'  21,  185.S,  with  his  aids  and 
some  troops,  most  of  whom  deserted  him  a  little  way 
out.^**  He  embarkeil  on  the  steamer  Tennessee  on  the 
7th  of  February,  leaving  a  manifesto  expressing  the 
vain  hope  that  the  well-intentioned  of  all  jiarties,  dis- 
I'eii'ardliiL*;  iiast  animosities,  nii^'ht  succeetl  in  restorinu: 
pi'ace  to  the  country. 

Conioufort  expiated  his  errors.  Tie  went  into  ban- 
ishment as  a  last  recourse.  It  was  really  the  best 
thing  he  could  do,  even  at  the  time  when  the  best 
services  of  every  lilxM'al  were  greatly  needed.  But 
though  in  exile,  he  did  not  rcMuain  <piiet.  11*^  always 
manifested  the  desire  to  serve  his  country,  and  made 
attempts  to  return  and  defend  liberal  })rinciples.  At 
last  a  foreign  war  aiforded  C\)inoiifort  the  o[)portu- 
nitv  for  an  honorable  vindication. 

The  reactionary  leaders,  who  Tor  the  moment  could 
hardlv  realize  their  victory,  immediatelv  after  C^>mo^- 
fort  abandoned  the  capital,  took  possession  (tf  the 
national  palace  and  archives,  amidst  the  ringing  of 
bells  and  the  plaudits   of  their   partisans.     Zuli)aL<-a, 

''^  Col  Valero  cricil  diit  '  Viva  la  rclirinn  1' mid  witli  the  .">tli  cavalry  and 
Oajaca  laucor.i  retiinicil  to  tliu  city.  I'urlilld,  J/t;;'.  m  ISjG-7,  3!J2-."1. 


730 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS. 


whom  Coinonf(jrt  luid  aiTestccl,  and  soon  after  released 
because  no  complicity  in  the  revolt  of  January  11th 
nppeured  against  him,  now  found  himself  jtlaced  hy 
circumstances  at  the  head  of  affairs;  and  pursuant  to 
the  reformed  ]»lan  of  Tacubaya,  summoned  a  body  of 
representatives,  among  whom  were  some  bishops  and 
other  ecclesiastics,  to  meet  on  the  22d  and  choose  the 
president  of  the  republic.  They  met  accordingly, 
made  Jose  Ignacio  Pavon  their  chairman,  and  after 
some  unnecessary  discussi<jn  for  form's  sake,  inas- 
iimch  as  two  or  three  military  chiefs  and  the  clergy 
liad  the  whole  control,  Felix  Zuloaga  was  chosen 
])resident  by  twenty-six  votes,  against  one  cast  for 
ICcheagaray  and  another  for  Santa  Anna.  The  oatli 
of  oliice  prescribed  by  the  committee,  containing  the 
obligntion  to  support  religion  and  national  indepen- 
dence, and  to  promote  union  among  the  Mexicans,  and 
the  general  welfare,  was  .administered  to  Zuloaga  a 
little  after  midnight  on  the  23d. 

Zvdoaga  was  born  in  Alamos,  Chihuahua,  in  1814, 
and  in  1834  became  a  lieutenant  of  national  guards. 
In  183G  he  was  transferred  to  the  engineer  corps,  iu 
uhicli  branch  he  served  several  years  in  various  i)arts 
of  the  country.  In  1843  he  was  a  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel.  During  the  American  war  he  prepared  de- 
fences in  Monterey,  Saltillo,  between  Vera  Cruz  and 
]\Iexico,  and  lastly,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  capi- 
tal.^" The  next  two  years  lie  served  in  the  southern 
campaign  as  a  brevet  general  of  brigade,  and  in  1855 
was  ])romoted.  That  year  he  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  Comonfort  not  only  saved  him  from  being  shot, 
but  had  him  at  his  side  until  the  triumph  of  the  revo- 
lution of  Ayutla.  Later  he  intrusted  to  him  the  mili- 
tary operations  in  the  sierra  de  Queretaro,  and  after- 
\\ixn\  employed  him  in  the  two  campaigns  of  Puebla, 
and  a[)pointed  him  a  councillor  of  state.     Finally,  we 

^"In  July  1847  he  returned  to  private  life  in  his  native  state,  where  he 
held,  for  a  time,  municipal  ollicos  till  IS.").!,  wliL-n  ho  rejoinml  the  military  .sit- 
vioe,  being  nuulo  a  colonel  and  jjresident  of  the  military  court  for  tryiuy  rob- 
bers and  hiyhwaymeu,  which  oliice  he  fllled  several  months. 


PRKSIDKNT  ZULOAOA. 


731 


have  soon  that,  as  a  mark  of  cotifidciiro,  ho  fj^avo  him 
coniinaiid  of  the  brii^adc  stationed  in  Tacuhjiya.'"' 

At  the  time  of'takiiii;'  possession  of  llie  president  iid 
chair,  Zuloaj^^a  spoke  in  general  terms  of  liis  intention 


t 


til 


rlits  of  citizens,  but  ditl   not  1; 


secui 

down  any  jiolicy.'"  He  at  once  aj)p()inted  his  eahim.'t, 
made  ii[)  of  men  whose  antecedents  and  political  opin- 
ions dearly  indicated  that  the  civil  war  would  he 
pushed  energetically  till  the  iniluenee  of  the  army  and 
clergy  should  predominate.^" 

The  foreign  legations  rather  hastily  recognized  his 
government  as  one  de  facto.  It  would  have  been 
difficult  for  them  to  say  on  what  they  grounded  its 
l)r(jbable  stabilit}'. 

Among  the  iirst  acts  of  Zuloaga's  cabinet  was  the 
organization  of  a  government  council  with  one  repre- 
sentative from  each  state  and  territory,  regulating  its 
functions  and  duties.  The  next  stei)s  were  to  lestore 
the  fueros,  and  generally  to  annul  the  reform  laws 
passed  during  Comonfort's  administration.^"  Their 
retrogressive  acts  did  their  cause  njore  harm  than  the 
liberal    f(jrces    ever   could;  inasumch  as   the    reform 


''  Kivora  says  that  though  Zuloaga's  revolt  led  to  Comonfort's  downfall, 
it  in  but  justice  to  stato  that  lie  did  not  mean  to  bo  unyratuful  to  tlie  lato 
liresident.  Guh.  (/e  J/'.e.,  ii.  a^.'j.  Lefcvrc speaks  contemptuously  of  his  char- 
acter and  cabilities:  'Antiguo  baratero  en  una  casa  d'/  jucgo,  (jue  solo  su  nidi- 
dad  le  hubia  ilesignado  al  cleropara  (pie  cstchiciese  do  el  su  liombrc  de  paja.' 
l)oc.  (\lir.  MaxitiiUiaiio,  i.  'JO. 

•'"llowever,  the  development  of  a  policy  in  consonance  with  tlie  reformed 
plan  do  Tacul>aya  was  soon  after  initiated.  La  Cruz,  vi.  TjoS;  Me'.r.,  Kl  (!(.}>. 
Siij).,  1-9;  Curte-'i,  Dhirio  Coikj.,  i.  ap.  ,'),  note  4,  '20;  Diario  de  ylc/xox,  Jan. 
23,  •_'.'),  1858. 

^' The  appointments  were  on  the  24th,  namely;  Luis  U.  Cucvas,  minister 
of  relations;  Manuel  Lariainzar,  of  justice,  jjublic  instruction,  and  eecl'sias- 
tical  afl'airs,  who  resigned  the  oUice  April  '_"2d,  being  succeeded  ad  interim  l)y 
Hilario  I'Ugucro  from  April  J4th,  and  later  l)y  Francisco  Javier  Miranda  fi'om 
July  '0th;  llilario  Elguero,  of  government;  .Juan  Ilierro  Maldonado,  of  fo- 
ment ,  and  Josi5  de  la  I'arra,  of  war.  Ilierro  was  for  a  time  eliarged  ^^•ilh 
tiie  portfolio  of  the  treasury,  which,  on  the  "Joth  of  April,  WLiit  into  tlio 
hands  of  Manuel  Pina  y  Cuevas.  Mcx.,  Jfem.  J/cicieiu/a,  1870,  10r)S. 

*''Tlic  Lerdo  law  aud  tliat  on  parochial  emoluments  wcro  repealed  on  l.'ie 
28th  of  Jan.  J/rx.,  Col.  Ley.,  Mcx.,  18G1,  ii.  1-18;  Dhtr'io  do  Aviso ',,]:\\\.  '-'S, 
1858;  El  Eco  Nticioual,  Jan.  '29,  IS.jS.  On  the  otlier  iiand.  President  Jiiare/, 
by  his  decree  of  Jan.  19,  ISoS,  reiterated  August  ;!0  and  .lauiiary  4,  IS.V.),  ile- 
clarcd  all  acts  of  the  revolutionists  from  Dec.  17,  18d7,  null  and  void.  Archlvo 
Mix.,  Co/.  Ery.,  iv.  li,  7,  13-17;  DiibUui  aud  Lozaiio,  L<''j,  Jhx.,  vlii.  C54; 
JJuenrostro,  IJist.  Scj.  Comj.  Count.,  i.  CO. 


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732 


DOWNFALL  OF  Lir>ERAL  INSTITUTIONS. 


laws  li.'id  already  dovolopod  interests  tliat  could  not  1)0 
destroyed,  particularly  such  as  emanated  from  the  ley 
Lerdo.  However,  so  great  a  change  was  operatetl  in 
one  month,  with  the  power  and  pecuniary  assistaneo 
of  the  clergy,  that  the  government  f(>und  itself  enabled 
to  meet  tlie  liberal  forces,  among  whose  leaders  was 
lacking  the  bond  of  union  so  necessary  to  insure  suc- 
cess. The  conservative  chiefs,  on  the  contrary,  were 
now  acting  in  accord. 

The  possession  of  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz  being  of 
the  highest  import,  Zuloaga  tried  to  win  over  to  his 
side  Outierrcz  Zamora,  governor  of  that  state,  who 
never  returned  answers  to  his  official  letters,  but  in  a 
l)rivate  letter*'  apprised  him  of  his  resolve  to  sustain 
Juarez'  constitutional  authority.  The  reactionists 
still  iioped  to  gain  possession  of  the  port,  believing 
that  tlieir  opponents,  by  using  the  moneys  apjjro- 
priated  under  conventions  from  the  customs  revenue 
to  the  payment  of  the  foreign  debt,  would  provoke  a 
foreign  war.  Zuloaga  placed  much  reliance  on  the 
recognition  of  his  government  by  the  diplomatic  corps, 
as  well  as  on  the  support  oT  the  pope's  legate,  Mon- 
signore  Clcmenti." 

All  eyes  were  turned  >  >  the  campaign  in  the  in- 
terior, which  was  to  decide  the  destiny  of  the  coun- 
try. Everything  else,  even  the  dispute  with  Spain, 
fraught  though  it  was  with  danger  in  view  of  the  con- 
centration of  a  largo  Spanish  fleet  in  the  waters  of 
Cuba,  went  for  the  present  unnoticed.  Zuloaga  en- 
deavored to  win  popularity  by  an  order  suppressing 
levies  for  the  army,  and  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the 

<•  Dated  Feb.  l.'lth.  Diario  de  Avisos,  Feb.  2.*?,  1858. 

*-Tlie  Icjfiite  liiid  been  otlieially  advised  of  tlic  repeal  of  the  reform  laws. 
Znlo.nga  had  on  tlic  .'Ust  of  Jan.  addressed  the  pope  a  letter  expressive  of 
his  government's  allegiance  to  tiio  holy  see,  which  was  forwarded  tlirougli 
Cieinenti,  there  being  no  Mexicim  legation  then  in  lionie.  The  answer, 
dated  March  18th,  came  in  tlie  same  manner;  the  jwpo  manifesting  tho 
hi^'hest  satisfaction  at  the  suppression  of  those  laws  whicli  hatl  kept  the  church 
of  Mexico,  ho  said,  in  great  ntiliction,  and  rejoicing  at  tiio  promised  harmony 
bitwecn  the  stiitc  and  the  church  in  tho  future.  Diario  tie  A vUts,  February 
27,  ISoU;  Li  Critz,  vii.  1)4-6,  41o-l(i;  Jlivi  m,  lliat.  Jalapa,  v.  37;  Wajipuui', 
:i,.r.,  124-r.. 


? 


ZL'LOAGA'S  EFFORTS. 


m 


clorjTfV  and  the  pious,  froijuontly  attendod  t'liurcli, 
visited  tho  .shrine  of  the  virgeii  de  Guadalupe,  took  the 
coiuuiunion  in  public,  and  even  went  so  i'lir  a.s  to  ap- 
point himself  a  chaplain.  He  also  pardoned  deserters 
from  the  army,  and  liberated  some  prisoners,  but  at 
the  same  time  tilled  the  jails  with  liberals  accused  of 
plotting.  The  eastern  states,  on  the  other  hand, 
formed  a  league,  and  Yidaurri  was  organizing  forces 
to   oppose    the   reaction.     ^lanuel    Doblado    headed 


Hirdi*'' 


It.     I.  r  I  N      I'  U  T  U  H  I 


AQUAS  CA 


Salamanca  Campaign. 

another  coalition  in  the  interior  for  the  same  purpose. 
It  was  he  who  declared  that  retractions  in  articulo 
mortis  counted  for  nothing.  This  last-named  league 
presented  a  resolute  aspect,  Parrodi  decreeing  <»m  the 
loth  of  January  that  anti-constitutionali.sts  should  be 
dealt  with  as  conspirators.  Zuloaga  and  his  supporters 
])aid  no  heed  to  that  threat  other  than  to  organize 
forces  with  the  money  suj»plied  by  the  clergy.'"'     lie- 

*'  The  lihro  .le  iicta.s  of  tliu  oatlieilrul  clmptcr  of  .M"xit'o,  with  tlic  Bii;iiutiire8 
of  El  Obispu  ilu  Tcuugru,  urccdiuiiu,  uuu  Igiiucio  Murtiacz  y  Kujuis,  nocrutury, 


734 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  IXSTITUTIOXS. 


liovinjv  tho'.rjsclver,  under  God's  special  protection,  and 
relying  on  the  dissensions  said  to  exist  anionic  the 
liberals,  the  reactionary  chiefs  felt  certain  of  success. 
The  liberal  anny  of  tho  interior,  upwards  of  10,000 
men,  had  its  headquarters  in  Cclaya.  The  troops  had 
been  in  constant  hard  service  and  needed  rest.  San 
Luis  Potosf,  Tanipico,  and  other  principal  towns  were 
surrounded  by  liberal  forces,  and  had  it  not  been  for 
the  defection  of  many,  the  reaction  might  have  been 
easily  crushed.  The  battle  of  Salamanca  in  Guana- 
juato, fought  on  the  9th  and  10th  of  ^larch,  was  tho 
most  memorable  one,  and  resulted  disastrously  for 
the  constitutionalists,"  opening  the  gates  of  the  in- 
terior to  their  foes,  and  was  soon  followed  by  ])o- 
blado's  caj)itulation  at  Silao.  The  successes  reward- 
iiiij  tho  reactionists  in  less  than  two  months  weio 
extraordinary,  and  if  they  had  been  able  to  get  Vera 
Cruz,  their  rule  might  have  been  a  long  one.  They 
were  now  further  strengthened  bv  a  revolt  in  Maza- 
tlan,  with  the  approval  of  General  Yafiez,  and  of  tho 
troops  in  Guanajuato  and  other  towns.  But  the  con- 
stitutionalists were  determined  not  to   yield;'*'  they 

giving  tlicm  authenticity,  Jan.  27  and  28,  1858,  shows  that  even  before  the  end 
of  tlie  rciictioniiry  rcvohitioii  its  chiefs  liad  asked  for  money  of  the  ai'chl>ishoi>; 
tliat  af  tcrwunl  lie  was  asUcd  t)  contribute  one  and  a  half  million  dollars.  It 
was  first  iiitcnded  to  let  t!io  j^overnnient  liavo  tlio  least  valuable  portion  of  tho 
siher  platj  in  the  clmrches  and  convents;  and  linally,  ns  its  necessities  wcro 
vt'-.y  prciisiiip,  it  was  couultidcd  that  the  chapter  should  forthwitli  advance 
$!|.H),OD().  and  afterward  arrange  about  the  niillion  and  a  half.  Tlie  arch- 
bi.sliop  liad  in  general  terms  promised  that  the  cinirch  would  aid  the  govern- 
moiit  to  tlie  best  of  its  ability,  but  'ni  habnin  de  liipotecarso  sus  bieiics,  ni 
taiiipoco  emitirse  pagarcs,  ni  aceptarse  lihranzas.'  Otiicr  ecclesiastical  docu- 
iiK'uts  exhibit  tho  enormous  sums  furnished  by  tiie  clergy  for  carrying  on  tho 
war. 

"  They  retreated  from  Celaya  in  the  fiico  of  the  enemy,  commanded  by 
Osollo,  who  attached  them  on  the  Otli.  Many  of  tlie  liberal  battalions  tJirinv 
down  their  arms  ancl  deserted,  wjiich  became  known  to  Osollo  tliat  night. 
Sure  of  victory,  lie  vigorously  followed  up  his  advantage  tho  next  morning; 
but  Parrodi  ma<lo  Calderon's  cavalry  charge  upon  ids  ranks,  causing  mut'h 
Iiavoc.  However,  Osollo  had  <'xccllcnt  artillery,  whicii  was  ellicicntly  used, 
(.'alderon  M'as  slain,  and  most  of  tho  liberal  battalions  became  dispersed.  .\ 
few  of  tliem  stood  tlicir  ground,  repulsed  tho  enemy,  and  saved  some  pieces 
of  artillery.  Tlio  ammunition  was  despatched  to  Irapuato,  and  the  chiefs 
with  .t,000  men  moved  onto  (Juadalajara.  Diniio  !!<•  Aviao'<,  iM.ircli  i),  1,S.VS; 
Kl  Kro  Xnc,  Mareli  11,  1858;  JJiictirosIrn,  Hist.  Srij.  (Joirj.  Citn.it.,  i.  01; 
Jiiiirn,  Goh.  th  M<x..  ii.  5;Mi;  A/.,  11  Ut.  Jnfupit,  v.  ',iS-{\  4.'l-.">. 

*'  i'rcsidcnt  Juarez'  goverunieut,  iu  a  circular  to  the  governors  dotailiiig 


REVOLT  AT  GUADALAJARA. 


788 


kept  up  an  active  guerrilla  warfare,  striking  the  enemy 
or  cri[)pling  liis  resources,  as  opportunity  favored 
tliem.  It  was  easy  to  see  that  after  its  victory  at 
Salamanca  the  reactionary  govenunent  would  leave 
no  stone  unturned  to  secure  possession  of  the  })ort  of 
Vera  Cruz.  With  this  object  in  view,  intrigues  were 
carried  on  with  some  residents  of  the  jjlace,  all  of 
which  were  frustrated  by  the  vigilance  of  the  authori- 
ties. Echeagaray  marched  with  troops  into  the  state, 
where  he  had  friends,  through  whom  money  was  usimI 
to  breed  discord  between  the  regular  forces  and  the 
national  guard;  but,  thanks  to  Governor  Gutierrez 
Zamora's  good  management,  harmony  was  restored. 

Zuloaga  decreed  the  dismissal  from  the  army  of  the 
generals  and  other  ofKcers  serving  with  the  lil)erals, 
and  believed  his  triumph  secured,  when  a  portioa  of 
the  garrison  in  Guadalajara  mutinied,  with  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel Landa  at  its  head,  and  seized  Juarez,  whom 
the  circumstances  of  the  war  had  obliged  to  remove 
there  from  Guanajuato,  tf)gether  with  his  niinisters 
and  other  officials.*''  The  mutineers  confined  their 
prisoners  in  one  room,  threatening  thom  with  death, 
particularly  Juarez,  as  the  only  obstacle  to  the  triumph 
of  the  reactionists.  They  were  extricated,  however, 
from  their  perilous  position,  or  with  Juarez'  death  there 
would  have  been  an  entire  change  in  the  country's 
political  affairs,  for  s(Mne  years,  at  least. 

This  was  a  thrilling  episo<le.  Nunez,  the  com- 
mander of  the  garrison,  hastened  to  the  mutineers* 
barracks,  where  he  was  iired  upon  and  then  placed  in 
confinement.  However,  a  portion  of  the  cavalry  and 
national  guard  started  to  rescue  the  prisoner's,  and  as 
they  were  about  entering  the  palace,  the  nmtineers 


tlic  last  occurrences,  made  known  liia  firm  resolve  to  face  all  difliciiltiea,  ami 
to  incur  all  socriliccs  in  orilcr  to  save  the  laws  uml  citizens'  ri;^lita. 

'"^  After  the  ilcfcttt  at  Salaiiiuuca,  tlio  garrison  of  (iiiadal.^jara  lu'camcsliaky. 
Landa,  witli  a  portion  of  his  ruf^inicnt,  tlio  5tl»  infantry,  wUicli  was  on  ^jiiai  d 
Bt  the  government  palace,  revolted  in  favor  of  tlio  reaction.  Juarez,  /Hon.  ''' ' 
I'iiid.,  23;  Diario  de  Avinos,  March  '22,  2(i,  ISoS;  £1  Ei:o  Nuc.,  Marolt  21,  2i, 
ISoS. 


736 


DOWNFALL  OF  LIBERAL  INSTITUTIONS. 


thought  thoMi.solvos  lost.  Puraza,  who  commandecl 
tlio  guard  over  the  prisoners,  ordere<I  l»is  men  to  j»oiiit 
their  muskets  at  the  prisoners,  Guillermo  J*rieto  dis- 
suaded the  soldiers  from  firing,  and  they  left  the  room. 
Landa  an<l  one  !Morett  tried  to  obtain  from  Juarez  an 
order  for  the  faithful  troops  not  to  fir*,  against  the 
mutineers,  but  he  impassively  replied  that,  being  a 
prisoner,  lie  could  give  no  orders.  Landa  finally 
asfrocd  to  an  arran<rement  that  Juarez  and  the  others 
should  be  set  free  and  allowed  to  leave  Guadalajara, 
exempt  from  recapture  within  the  radius  often  leagues 
I'rom  it.  The  l)arty  had  a  narrow  escape  from  falling 
into  the  enemy's  hands  again  on  their  journey  to  Co- 
lima,  when  Juarez  not  only  showed  the  utmost  cool- 
ness, but  great  abnegation.'''' 

Juarez  arrived  at  Sayula  on  the  2']d  of  March,  and 
found  then;  General  Kocha  with  his  force.  ] before 
rea<;hing  Colima,  news  came  that  Parrodi  had  on  tliat 
day  surrendered  in  Guadahgara  without  resistance,*"* 
and  thus  failed  the  coalition  of  the  states  in  the  in- 
terior. 

Santos  DogoUado,  who  had  hitherto  had  only  the 
portfoho  of  government,  was  now  also  intrusted  with 
that  of  war,  and  with  the  chief  conunand — inompe- 
tent  as  ho  had  shown  ITunself  for  high  conunands — • 
of  the  constitutionalist  army  yet  to  be  organized. 
He  was  also  clothed  with  amj)le  powers  in  financial 
afi'airs  connected  with  that  army.*'' 

Juarez  now  resolved  to  establish  his  government  in 
Vera  Cruz,  where  he  could  make  his  action  better 
fi'lt.  Accordingly,  on  the  14th  of  April,  he  em- 
barked at  Manzanillo  with  the  other  members  of  his 
cabinet,  namely,  Melchor  Ocampo,  of  relations;   Man- 

*'  Full  (letiiils  of  the  afTair  iit  the  inn  of  Santa  Anna,  Acatlan,  nppear  in 
Jii'Viz,  Jiioij.  ihl  t'iuil.,  H-Ct,  47-8;  Juarez,  Curlii'*,  in  Circidniys  L<<j.  Mr.r., 

4:.J  ;i. 

*"  I'.iriodi  capitulated  to  Osollo  and  Miramon.  Tepic  accepted  the  re- 
ioiiiicil  plan  of  Tacubaya  Maicli  '27tii.  JCl  Ero  A'rtc,  March  'J8,  Apr.  10,  I808; 
Jii'ii-io  ill-  Ait'noH,  Murcli  -JU-.H,  Apr.  5,  !>,  10,  18.J8. 

'"Uuorz'fa  A  Apr.  Cth  i.t  Colimi.  Dablan  and  Loxano,  Leij.  Mex.,  viii. 


JUARKZ'  FLOATING  CABINET. 


m 


uel  Ruiz,  of  justice;  Guillormo  Prieto,  oftho  treasury; 
and  Leon  (jruznian,  of  foiiieMto,'"  on  the  Anjericun 
KteaniHliip  John  L.  Sfcjihciis,  and  in  seven  days  reached 
Paiianid,  whence,  via  Colon,  Habana,  and  New  Or- 
leans, he  went  to  Vera  (Vuz,  landinuf  on  the  4th  of 
May,  1858,  and  forthwith  installed  his  government." 

^.Wx.,  Mfm.  llncieniUi,  IS70,  1054-7. 

"  OHijially  nnnouiicuil  to  jjovfi-iior  ami  others  by  Minister  Ocanipo  on  the 
8th of  May.  JJiiblaii  and  Liiz:iho,  Lej.  Mex.,  viii.  titi5-(i;  JJiariu  de  Avisos, 
Dec.  Ul,  KS.".8. 

Hist.  Mcs.,  Vol.  V.    47 


CHAPTER  XXIX 


STRIFE   FOR   SUPREMACY. 

1858-1850. 

Presidknt  Juarez— His  Government  at  Vera  Cucz— War  Operations— 
Zdloacsa's  Difficulties— His  Chanoe  or  Policy— Kciieaoaray's  Pkd- 
nunciamiento  and  Plan— Robles  Pezuela'm  Refoumkd  Plan — Zi.  loaua 
Set  Asiue— Miramon  Comes  to  the  Front— Zcloaoa  Reinsiated— 
Robles  Pezuela  Retires — Zdloaga  Names  a  Scbstitute — Miramon 

A3   PUESIDENT — HiS  CaMI'AIUN    IN    VeRA   CkUZ  A    FaILDRE— BaTTLE  OK 

Taccbaya — Constitutionalists'  Defeat — A  Day  of  Horrors,  and  its 
Evil  Consequences. 

At  the  end  of  the  last  chapter  we  left  the  govern- 
ment of  Juarez,  based  on  tlie  constitution  of  18j7, 
installed  at  Vera  Cruz. 

JBefore  proceeding  further,  I  will  give  here  some  in- 
formation on  the  previous  life  of  this  extraordinary 
man,  risen  from  the  lower  stratum  of  society  to  become 
one  of  his  country's  brilliant  lights,  statesman,  patriot, 
and  representative  of  a  progressive  age. 

The  city  of  Oajaca,  capital  of  the  state  bearing  the 
same  name,  is  situated  in  a  small  valley  near  the 
mountain  of  San  Felipe,  a  portion  of  the  extensive 
and  complicated  ridge  formed  by  the  junction  in 
the  state  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Sierra  Madre. 
Twenty-two  mil  j,4  to  the  north-east  of  the  city  is  the 
town  of  Santo  l\>!iias  de  Ixtlan,  within  whose  dis- 
trict lies,  in  the  most  intricate  part  of  the  mountain, 
the  humble  though  picturesque  hamlet  of  lijO  or  200 
inhabitants  named  San  Pablo  Guelatao,  consisting  of 
a  few  huts  of  adobe  and  the  rest  of  straw,  but  sur- 
rounded by  fertile  soil  that  yields  a  variety  of  fine 


B?:XITO  JUAREZ. 


m 


fruit,  and  cMiil)t'llislu.'cl  witli  a  lake  to  wliieli,  for  its 
liiiijtid  waters,  the  people  have  j^^iveii  tiie  roiiiantic 
name  of  Lago  Enoaiitado.  Here  in  this  spot  was 
horn  the  ehanipion  of  Mexiean  lihtrrty  and  inde|»en- 
denee,  Benito  Juarez,  on  the  2 1st  of  Mareh,  isOd,' 
}{e  lust  his  mother  at  his  hirth,  an«l  remained  in 
charge  of  his  grandmother  fiist,  and  of  an  uncle 
next.  The  poverty  of  his  relatives  and  the  isolated 
j»osition  of  his  home  prevented  the  boy  from  receiv- 
ing even  the  first  elements  of  instruction,  and  thus 
at  the  ai;e  of  twelve  vears  he  could  neither  read  n(»r 
urite,  and  was  ignorant  of  the  S[»anish  language. 

The  people  dwelling  to  the  north-east  of  the  sierra 
bore  a  name  for  honesty  and  industrious  habits,  which 
made  them  nmch  sought  after  by  the  wealthy  fami- 
lies of  the  city  for  seivants,  whose  compensation  was 
indeed  insignilieant;  but  then  the  boys  and  gills  iL'sii-- 
ing  it  had  an  opportunity  t<^  attend  school.  Juai'e:^ 
followed  the  exam[»le  of  his  companions,  and  in 
1818  entered  the  service  of  a  worthy  and  charitable 
citizen  named  Antonio  Salanueva,"  who  became  so 
much  attached  to  the  bright  and  studious  Indian  boy 
that  he  resolved  to  educate  him  for  the  pri(,'sthood, 
and  in  due  time  entered  him  at  the  ecclesiastical  sem- 
inary. The  young  student's  application  was  truly  re- 
markable, and  his  conduct  exemplary  in  every  respect. 
He  made  rapid  progress,  and  had  already  linished  the 
first  year's  course  of  theology,  when  he  threw  off  the 
robe,  never  having  takiui  kindly  to  the  ecclesiastical 
calling,  and   went   to  study  law    in  the  instituto  de 

'  Tlio  certilioate  of  liia  chri.sttiiiing  at  the  parish  cliureli  of  Ixtlau  on  tin;  fol- 
lowing (lay  sUitc's  that  lie  was  liorii  in  wi'dlock,  ImiIIi  his  parents,  Maivolinu 
Juarez  and  Brigiilu  (iareia,  heini;  pure  Imlians;  tin  ir  worliUy  j^ooils  oonsisteil 
of  a  hut,  a  little  pio«je  of  laml,  and  a  tew  domestic  animals.  They  were 
tlicrcforo  in  not  very  coinfurtahle  eircunistances,  and  could  utTer  their  Hoa 
only  a  life  of  toil.  Uiiz,  I'itla  de  Juarez,  '2'2-'.i. 

■"  Tercero  del  Cinneu  <jue  tenia  eseiiela  pfihlica  en  Oii'incvL.'  Caiiieltanos, 
Ii'p/iUacio)i ,  in  Arraiiijoiz,  Mij.,  iii.  ap.  S)8.  Others!  say  he  wan  a  bookliinder, 
anil  it  ia  liarely  poasiblu  that  he  occasionally  had  a  hook  to  bind  or  re^xiir.  I 
am  speaking  of  1818.  liaz,  Vhli  de  Jmirc:,  '1\;  Jliixra.  Guh.  de  Mtix.,  ii.  iVJI. 
Zereeero,  Mem.,  xt'Xi,  calls  him  a  bookbinder,  and  a  '  tercero  deacubicrto  do 
la  tereera  orden  do  San  Francisco,'  one  who,  without  having  taken  the  vows 
of  chaatity  and  cluuHure,  yet  wears  a  habit  ainiilar  to  tiiat  of  tliu  other  Iriara. 


710 


STRIFK  FOR  SUPRKMACY. 


r-ioiicias  y  artes,  founded  I)}'  a  state  law  of  182G. 
From  that  time  it  may  bo  said  that  ho  l)o<^an  to  pave 
the  way  to  eminence  as  a  jurist  and  statesman  ut"  the 
most  advanced  ideas.'*  l^cifore  liis  admission  t)  tlio 
bar,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  warm  ptJitical 
campaign  of  1828,  afhhated,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
with  the  yorkinos.  Juarez  never  profited  pecuniarily 
by  the  legal  profession,  his  mind  being  too  much  en- 
grossed with  politics.*  In  184(5  he  began  to  figure 
in  the  national  councils,  as  a  deputy  in  the  federal 

'  The  creation  of  the  institnto  was  looked  upon  l)y  tlio  clergy  as  a  threat 
ngain.st  their  onler  from  the  lil)ernl  party;  and  tlioU){h  the  college  was  in 
charge  of  an  enliglitened,  lilterul-niinded  l)uniinicun  priest,  war  wan  declared 
agaiiiMt  it.  Hence  a  deadly  hatred  ensued  between  the  scnunario,  wiucii 
represented  tlie  old  system  and  continued  giving  the  education  of  the  colonial 
period,  and  the  instituto,  which  sympathized  with  progrei^s  and  was  to  impart 
modern  iscientilic  instruction.  .Juarez  exiMjrii^nced  the  moral  pre!<8Ui'c  of  iiis 
protector  and  of  the  ideas  ho  had  l)een  thus  far  educated  in,  both  rc<puring 
that  he  should  st4iy  in  the  seminario,  while  his  instincts,  deep  thought,  as 
well  as  his  intimate  friends,  crdleil  him  away  to  the  instituto.  iMiguel  Men- 
dez,  a  pure  Indian  of  bright  intellect,  wiio  died  young,  was  one  of  the  friends 
who  prompted  him  to  resist  his  jjrotector's  intlucnce.  Zereciro,  Mem.,  H'M. 
In  IS'Jt)  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  experimental  physics.  In  I83'J  ho 
was  made  a  bachelor  of  laws,  and  on  the  13th  of  dan.,  I8:<4,  admitted  to  the 
bar  with  the  privilege  of  practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the  republic.  Baz,  Viila 
dejiinri'z,  ,'{0-1;  Juarrz,  \"nla  del  Chid.,  12. 

Juarez'  personal  appearance  was  as  follows:  of  less  than  medium  height; 
dark  copper  color;  his  features  were  those  of  a  pure  Iiulian,  with  black  jiicrc- 
ing  eyes  and  a  frank  countenance.  He  had  a  largo  scar  across  his  face,  which, 
however,  did  not  tlistigure  it;  hands  and  feet  quite  small.  Open  and  com- 
municative in  matters  not  demanding  reserve,  lie  was  extremely  reticent  in 
state  atfairs;  a  man  who  reilected  and  deliberated  longlxifore  acting.  It  was 
his  wont  to  <leeply  study  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  law,  and  after  forming 
his  opinion  on  the  right  interpretation,  nothing  could  swerve  him.  His  tem- 
perament was  lymphatic  bilious,  with  all  the  energy  and  force  of  the  bilious, 
and  all  the  culm  and  coolness  of  his  race,  even  amid  the  greatest  danger. 
His  healtli  was  usually  good;  indeed,  only  once  in  his  long  political  career 
was  he  confined  to  his  lied  till  his  last  illness.  He  slept  but  little,  and  was  an 
early  ri.ser.  On  the  1st  of  August,  1843,  he  married  Margaritii  Maza,  by 
whom  he  had  tweive  children,  most  of  them  girls.  His  home  was  renii'.rkablo 
for  domestic  peace,  his  wife  being  a  model  woman.  His  private  like  his 
public  life  was  pure;  never  was  he  accused  of  corrupt  practices.  His  leisure 
moments  were  devoted  to  study,  specially  of  history;  and  though  well  in- 
formed on  general  subjects,  his  natural  modesty  precunled  all  display  of  his 
attainments.  Juarer.,  Jlimj.  dil  find.,  40;  S(ilm-S(dm'x  Diuri/,  ii.  .TO-1. 
I'ortmits  of  .Tuarez  may  be  seen  in  Zereeero,  Mem.,  o'J!);  Itivera,  llixt.  Jnla/ia, 
V.  ;{1»8;  III.,  (lob.  dc.  Mc.v.,  ii.  344;  I'ayno,  C'ttefittis,  Oa^ton,  etc.,  (iOl.  See 
also  my  Life  of  I'orjirio  ]>iaz,  chap.  vi. 

*  His  iirst  public  ortico  was  that  of  alderman  of  Oajaea  in  1831 ;  next  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  held  the  deputyship  two  years,  when, 
being  accused  of  complicity  in  an  attempted  revoluticm  in  IS.'Wi,  he  was  con- 
fined in  prison  several  months.  In  184'J-r)  he  was  jiiez  civil  y  de  hacienda; 
and  tiien  made  secretary  of  the  state  government;  a  few  months  later,  attor- 
ney-general. 


JUAREZ  AS  CITIZEN  AND  GOVEIINOR. 


741 


congress,  when  lio  sustained  tlic  jjfovormiu'iit  in  rais- 
iU'^  fuiKls  on  the  ut'clu.siastlcal  property  lor  tlio  war 
against  tlio  United  States.  In  1847  ho  was  chosen 
constitutional  governor  of  Oajaca,  rei3lected  in  1841), 
and  discharged  the  ofiice  till  1852,  wlien  he  retired 
to  private  Hte,  tlie  constitution  not  permitting  a 
second  reelection.  These  five  ^'ears  of  service  gave 
him  renown  throughout  the  republic.  After  his  sur- 
render of  the  executive  authority,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  his  beloved  institute,  and  opened  a  law  otKce, 
being  then  as  poor,  [)lain,  and  honest  as  before  ho 
held  his  first  public  trust.  But  he  was  allowed  only 
a  few  months'  rest.  His  presence  in  the  country  was 
dangerous  to  any  tyrannical  ruler. '^ 

After  the  triumph  of  the  revolution  of  Ayutla,  wo 
have  seen  Juarez  a  member  of  the  president's  cab- 
inet, and  later  a))pointed  governor  of  Oajaca  in  183G. 
His  administration  at  this  time  was  marked  by  much 
ability  and  energy.  Among  the  many  benefits  it  con- 
ferred on  the  state  was  the  restoration  of  the  insti- 
tuto  de  ciencias  which  Santa  Anna  had  suppressed. 
In  1857  he  was  chosen  constitutional  governor  of  the 
state  Ijy  112,000  direct  votes. 

The  blow  which  the  constitutionalists  received  by 
Parrodi's  surrender  tended  to  decrease  their  number, 
as  well  as  that  of  the  towns  which  had  hitherto  rec- 


'■^h 


III 


I  I" 


'The  conscrvativea  having  triumphed  in  Oajaca  in  January  1853,  Santa 
Anna  arrivcil  in  Mexico  in  April;  a  few  luontli:^  later  he  had  .luure/  hani:ilied 
from  hi.s  home  to  Jalapa.  Soon  after  lie  orderc^l  liini  to  lluumantla,  and  tui 
arriving  in  I'ueljla,  the  next  day,  Santa  Anna's  son  .lose  arrested  him.  and 
Mitiiout  allowing  him  time  even  to  g(?t  his  clothes,  conveyed  him  in  a  close, I 
carriage  seventy  leagues  to  the  pier  at  Vera  Cruz.  After  a  contineineiit  of  a 
few  days  in  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  he  was  put  on  board  the  British  mail  steamer 
without  even  paying  f-or  his  passage,  or  allowing  him  time  to  procure  money 
to  live  on  during  an  indelinite  period  of  exile.  Sonic  friends,  liowever,  went 
to  his  aid,  and  paid  his  passage  to  }Iai)una  ami  thence  to  Xcw  Orleans.  .\t 
the  last-named  place  he  lived  on  the  little  his  wife  and  friends  could  send 
him,  and  we  are  assured  that  at  times  he  had  to  eke  out  a  livelihood  hy  twist- 
ing cigars.  Ho  remained  in  New  Orleans  till  July  185.),  when  he  went  to 
Acapulco,  via  I'anamd,  and  joined  (General  Alvarez,  then  commanding  the 
forces  in  revolt  against  the  dictator  Santa  Anna,  and  was  made  a  councillor 
of  state.  Zertcei'o,  Mem.,  53G-4'2;  Jim,  \'ida  ile  Jnnirz,  78-!)l;  Rivera,  Ooh. 
de  Mix;,  ii.  od2;  Id.,  IJist.  Jalapa,  iv.  426,  500;  Juarez,  I'ida  dd  Ciud.,  I'i. 


749 


RTRIFF.  FOR  SITRFMACY. 


ojjfiiiz(Ml  only  Junn-z.  irowrvcr,  llic  lil>rrnl  party  Nvaw 
I.iiLff,  h!iviii<jf  ill  its  ranks  a  iiiajniity  of  tiic  most  cii- 
liiLrlit<iU'<i  as  well  as  ot'llu'  lower  classes.  What  llirv 
l;n'k«Ml  was  a  siitlicicnt  iiuiiilicr  ofaMo  oomiiiaii<U'rs  (o 


tr 


ivo  tlieiii  the  superiority  on  flu;  lijittlf-tieM.M.  And 
yet  the  situation  was  almost  desju'rate.  l*ajro<li  and 
I  )ol)Ia<lo  had  hceonK*  niiu'li  <Hslieartriu'd,  and  .luartz 
could  count  only  on  I  )cL,'oIlado  lor  the  niomoiit  as  a 
man  olacknowledujed  firimiess. 

The  reacti(Hiary  ijfovermin^nt  was  also  experieiicinijf 
serious  trouhle  Iroin  the  uncompioniisiin^  spirit  ol'tlKi 
clerL^y."  Anioni;  its  several  measures  was  one  that 
did  not  |>leas(!  the  peo|>le,  namely,  chanufiiiLj  the  oi- 
};ani/,atl(»n  of  the  states  into  men;  departments,  thus 
I'estoriiiLj  the  central  rei^ime  with  a  <'oniph(te  terri- 
torial and  administrative  nioditication.  Its  tinpo|)U- 
laritv  was  I'urther  increascsd  liy  the  (MHiduct  of  its 
au^eiits  in  arrest  iiii^  and  |)erse('utinL![  persons,  in  (»\teii«l- 
in<^  espiona<jfe,  enlarL-iiiij^  th(!  iiumher  of  ini'oriiiers,  and 
violatiiiiLi^  the  jirivacy  of  <loiiiicile  under  the  pretext 
that  tlu!  inmates  were  conspiriiiLj.  J^esides  the  dilii- 
culty  of  capturinij^  Vera  (^ruz,  the  conservative  party, 
in  wliose  ranks  were  '  <'lu<led  Zuloainra's  personal  sup- 
jtorters,  liad  another  of  a  very  si'rious  import;  it  had 
ln'come  <livided  into  thnu^  branches,  naiii(;ly,  Santa- 
iiistas,  Zuloaijuistas,  and  fusionists:  the  first  named 
wanted  exclusively  conservative  piiiiciples  leaninu^ tow- 
ard the  aristocratic,  and  heiiiijf  aware  of  Zuloauja's 
administrative  incompetency,  looked  ujion  him  as  a 
mere  tool  to  cairy  out  its  ends;  the  second  branch, 
e(|ual!y  exclusive  in  princi|>les,  was  for  sustainiiiLjj 
Zuloai^a;  and  the  thin!  desired  the  fusion  of  parties, 
and  leaned  toward  moderation.  The  lihoral  J^arty 
used  its  best  endeavors  to  widen  the  breach,  and  to 

*  Bisliop  Arimguiadocineil  it  a  nocossary  pri'rc!i|uisito,  hefon;  ailininistfriiiji 
tlu!  Hat'raiiKiiits  to  tliosn  who  liad  HWoni  8ii]ip(>rt  to  the  cuimtitutioii  of  IS."»7, 
or  ao(.'('j)ti!(l  the  reform  laws,  that  tlioy  aliouhl  inaki'  a  j)iilili«  retraction;  and 


flirt hi'nnoro,  fori'lgii  assignoos  of  former  ocflesiastiail  oHt^ites  liad  miUbred  in 
their  interests  at  the  hands  of  Zidoaj^a's  goverinnent,  and  liled  coinpliiints 
with  tiio  representatives  of  their  resi>eutivc  natiuns.  lihurit,  Cfoh.  (/»•  Mex., 
ii.  537. 


ZULO.UJA  A\T)  JrAllEZ. 


748 


iucrcasu  the  jirmijil  liatrt'<l  toward  tlic  rcaclioiiarv 
adininistratidii,  w  liii'li,  notwitlistandiiii,'  all  tlicsc  diaw- 
liacks,  coiitiiiiit'd  favored  l)v  I'ortuiH!  in  its  iiiilitarv 
operations.^  l'l!i>  triiini]ili.s  ol)tuiiu;d  in  battK^  inado 
it  lielii!Ve  tluit  i'>o  Ho-called  rel'ornied  plan  of  TacuKava 
would  soon  rule  o  or  tlit;  whole  country  unopjxisi'd,  in 
view  ol'tlio  (act  tluit  within  four  months  th(M  onserva- 
iivo  standard  had  licen  planted  in  most  of  th(^  populous 
cities  of  the  repuldie  amidst  the  enthusiastic  acclama- 
tions of  its  partisans. 

Vera  Cruz  ha«l  now  no  <'onmiunica(ii)n  with  tho 
interior.  The  reacti«)nists  claimed  tliat  Juarez  had 
coUH!  to  reside  there  because  h  ;'oul(i  not  (»l»taiu 
recM<j^nition  elsiiwlu're.  Zuloaija  passed  several  de- 
c.vis  (»f  a  military  character,  and  <  'Jki.s  to  creatu 
i-esources;  and  with  the  view  of  i'rii)iiiin<^  those  of 
his  enemy,  ordered  the  closuit^  of  tlu;  piu  ts  of  N'ej-a 
Cruz,  Matamori)s,  Acapuico,  and  Manzanillo,  and  the 
tcmpoiary  openinjjf  of  that  of  Tux[iam,  which  had 
recoj^niziul  his  authority. 

"J'he  national  existt!n(!0  of  ]\Iexico  was  now  in 
dauj^er;  the  l)on<ls  of  <^overnment  in  the  inteiior  and 
the  tliplomatic^  relations  with  foreiijn  powers  beiuLj 
broken,  the  situation  was  only  ^rowinLC  worse,  and 
there  was  no  a|)|»arent  cure.  Juarez  had  no  idea  "l 
{^ivinj^  up  the  stru<:^i^le.  Jn  Yucatan  the  ri'actionists 
jiossessed  only  Merida;  Tabasco  was  besi,'t  by  the  lib- 
erals; Chia[)as  was  entirely  umh.'r  the  control  of  the 
latter;  and  so  were  Oajaca,  (iuerrero,  nearly  the 
wh(»le  of  Michoacan,  Sonora,  A^•uascalientes,  Zacatc- 
cas,  Nuevo  ]^i>on,  Coahuila,  and  Chihuahua,  Tehuan- 
ti'j)ec,  C\»lima,  and  even  Tlascala;  and  amoii;^  tln! 
.states  where  Zuloa^a's  authority  was  rec(t;L,Miized, 
such  as  Vera  Cruz,  I'amaulijyas,  San  liuis  l*otosi', 
(Guanajuato,  Jalisco,  and    ^Iexic-»,  there'  weio    some 

'Miranuin  routi'tl  the  forces  of  Nuovo  Loon  i..t  ^.(is  Carrt't'iH  on  tlic! -Ofli 
of  A))!'!!.  Kcli('iij;aray  with  his  iirinv  liitil  taken  Oii/alia,  and  reenfi>iceil  l.y 
lieneral  \egrete,  wIk)  leheUed  at  ('((I'lal  Fal.so  the  "Jlst,  was  t'.ire.-iteiiin^  N'era 
C'luz.  Kl  J'lo  AVd'.,  May  .'U,  July  o,  Aug.  '20,  iSoU;  Diaiii/de  JmW",  Muicli 
24,  Ai.ril  21-30,  Juno  'jl,  1SJ8. 


, 


7U 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY, 


most  Important  points  occupied  by  the  constitution- 


After  tlie  first  shock  caused  by  the  reactionary  vic- 
tories liad  jmssed  away,  the  constitutionaHsts  felt  more 
encouraged,  and  their  numbers  increased.  Juarez' 
administration  at  first  suftered  much  from  lack  of 
resources,  but  soon  became  convinced  that  it  could 
sustain  itself  for  an  indefinite  time  in  the  port  of 
Vera  Cruz  in  spite  of  everything  its  opponents  miglit 
do.  The  reactionists  had  one  armed  vessel  at  their 
disposal,  the  (Juerrero,  but  with  her  could  not  estab- 
lish a  blockade,  much  less  as  the  liberal  government 
had  the  Deinocrata  and  some  gun-boats. 

The  time  came  at  last  when  Zuloaga's  government 
could  get  no  more  money  from  the  clergy;  so  it  re- 
sorted to  an  extraordinary  tax  levy,  against  whi(;h 
the  British  and  American  ministers  protested.  The 
decrees  repealing  the  ley  Lerdo,  the  orders  on  loans, 
and  the  double  payment  of  duties  demanded  from 
foreign  trade,  which  only  by  special  permits  from 
Zuloaga  could  affect  imports,  brought  on  further 
complications." 

Circumstances  made  it  evident  that  the  assembling 
of  a  congress,  pursuant  to  the  plan  of  Tacubaya,  to 
constitute  the  nation  "in  the  manner  most  adequate 
to  its  needs,"  was  an  impossibility,  and  Zuloaga's 
cabinet  had  to  frame  an  estatuto  orgdnico  to  serve 
provisionally  as  a  fundamental  law,  which  could  neither 
^satisfy  any  one  nor  guarantee  order  or  regularity  in 

*■  The  reactionists'  temiro  would  not  ho  secure  till  they  conquered  Sonera 
nnd  Chiliuahua,  dufeated  Vidaiirri,  and  ca])turod  Pcrote;  expelled  Garza 
from  Ciudad  Victoria,  Castro  from  Zacatccas,  Aranda  from  Zacatecas,  JJe- 
goUiulo  from  Colinia  anil  the  surroundings,  Alvarez  from  the  south;  and  gen- 
erally other  chiefs  who  hehl  important  positions,  not  to  speak  of  the  innu- 
merable guerrilla  bands  of  Villalba,  Leon,  dirdoba,  Carbajal,  and  a  thousand 
others  in  tlie  sierras.  To  face  so  many  foes  the  Zuloaguistas  had  not  the 
rerjuisite  number  of  soldiers — in  the  city  of  Mexico  alone  they  had  to  perma- 
nently keep  at  least  '2,000  men— nor  the  money  to  support  the  forces  already 
in  the«ervice.  Rivera,  /lint,  Julu/ia,  v.  81-2. 

•The  contest  had  by  this  time  assumed  the  utmost  blood-thirstiness. 
Some  conspirators  taken  in  Guadalajara  were  dcciniatcd.  Heirera  y  Cairo, 
a  fornier  governor  of  .Talisco  and  a  confirmed  progressionist,  wus  tukcu  out 
of  Uin  kacieiida  by  the  reactionist  chief  Piulago  and  killed. 


ZULOAGA  CHAVGES  HIS  CABINET, 


745 


the  acts  of  tho  reactionary  jrovermucnt,  as  under  the 
peculiar  contlitioii  of  affairs  it  had  to  jtursuc  its  course 
without  tlie  pale  of  law;  as  regarded  the  liberals,  it 
was  of  no  us(,',  the  constitution  of  1857  being  their 
sole  recognized  code. 

The  i;overnrnent  councils  tliat  the  Zuloaguista  ijov- 
ernors  organized  availed  naught;  they  were  both  a 
drag  and  a  heavy  burden  on  the  revenue,  alroaily 
scanty,  and  derived  only  from  extra  taxation  or  loans 
from  the  clergy.  The  means  furnished  by  the  clergy, 
much  against  their  will,  being  insufficient,  the  govern- 
ment seized  private  property  to  cover  the  taxes,  often 
emj)loying  the  armed  force  in  that  odious  occupation. 
In  this  manner  the  relations  with  the  American  lega- 
tion came  to  be  interru[)ted.  JSIiramon  also  committed 
violent  acts  against  Englishmen  in  San  Luis  l^otosi. 

The  failure  to  subdue  the  constitutionalists  was 
finally  attributed  to  lack  of  efficiency  of  the  ministers; 
whereupon  Zuloaga  early  in  July  organized  another 
cabinet,  with  the  following  members,  namel}':  Joaquin 
Castillo  y  Lanzas,  of  relations;  M,  Fernandez  do 
Jauregui,  of  govermnent;  Father  F.  Javier  Miran((a, 
of  justice;  General  J.  M.  Garcia,  of  war;  Pedro  Jor- 
rin,  of  the  treasury;  and  Jose  M.  Zaldivar,  of  foniento."^ 
The  retrogressive  tendencies  of  this  new  ministry  may 
be  judged  from  the  fact  that  Father  Miranda's  was 
its  leading  mind.  It  promised  a  more  stringent 
policy,  and  certainly  carried  out  such  a  one.  Its  most 
objectionable  measures  were  a  law  against  conspira- 
tors, and  another  muzzling  the  press.'^  This  change  ( )f 
policy  on  Zuloaga's  part  would  have  soon  brought  his 
rule  to  an- end;  but  this  result  was  retarded  by  ^liia- 
mon's  capture  of  Guanajuato  on  the  24th  of  July.'^ 


">.V^.c.,  Mem.  /l«r!e„'ln,  1S70,  1058. 

"  Tlie  former,  dated  July  14,  18.")S,  subjected  conspirators  to  tlic  action  of 
courts-martial;  no  trial  waa  to  occupy  over  eijjhtdays.  Death,  iiiiprisDiiiiU'iit, 
or  exile  were  the  penalties  provided.  The  other  law  caused  the  discon- 
tinuance of  nibny  journals. 

''The  place  had  heen  taken  by  the  conatitutioualista  under  Z.iazuu. 
Dt^rlo  ikAviHo,  July  21),  ISoS, 


74fl 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


Novcrtheloss,  the  reactionary  govcrnniont  controlled 
onh'  the  places  where  it  had  heavy  garrisons. 

A  number  of  liberals  deluded  themselves  with  the 
hope  that  the  war  could  be  ended  by  compromise,  and 
sug!j^<^sted  it  to  Degollado — as  if  compromise  were 
|K)ssible  between  parties  separated  by  such  a  bloody 
cliasnil  Indeed,  their  opponents  did  not  fail  to  breed 
discord  in  their  ranks,  and  some  of  the  liberal  leaders 
aided  them  to  accomplish  that  end.  Several  prominent 
loaders  pretended  to  feel  contempt  for  the  inactivity  of 
Juarez'  government  precisely  at  a  time  when  it  was 
most  active.  Vidaurri  by  his  exactions  and  arbitrary 
acts  greatly  alarmed  Juarez,  who  wrote  Degollado  to 
loassumc  the  chief  command  in  the  north  which  he 
Lad  virtually  abandoned.'^ 

On  tlic  other  hand,  Zuloaga's  special  permits  for 
trade  sxreatlv  favored  the  liberal  ijovernment.  When 
this  was  detected,  the  reactionar}'^  commander  Echeaga- 
ray  declared  the  comnmnication  with  the  port  of  Vera 
Cruz  closed  on  the  30th  of  August.  The  plottini^s 
of  the  reactionists  in  the  liberal  camp  were  met  with 
liberal  plots  in  the  city  of  iSIexico.  One  of  these  con- 
spiracies was,  unhappily  for  the  parties  concerned  in 
it,  detected  on  the  15th  of  September."  The  spirit 
of  freedom,  manifested  in  so  many  ways,  prompted  the 
government  at  Vera  Cruz  to  refuse  aid  from  private 
persons  in  the  United  States  so  long  as  its  opponent 
(lid  not  seek  the  protection  of  a  foreign  flag;  for  an  in- 
tervention on  the  part  of  England,  France,  and  Spain 
ill  Mexican  affairs  was  already  contemplated  as  among 
the  possibilities.  Juarez  had  gained  the  good-will  of 
tlie  United  States,  whose  minister,  Forsyth,  demanded 
)ns  passports  from  Zuloaga. 


"Vidaurri  without  authority  deposed  ".I'-eral  lll)eral  governors,  replacing 
tlicin  with  his  own  friends.  Some  of  the  governors  had  assumed  powers 
tliat  were  of  the  exclusive  province  of  the  general  government;  for  instance, 
tlio  governor  of  Chiliuahua  and  liia  legislature  granted  to  a  company  t!io 
exclusive  I'igiit  to  build  an  interoceanic  railroad.  Jticcra,  Gob.  deJh'.t:,  ii.  54;$. 

'^'J'heso  parties  were  executed.  AY  Eco  A'ac,  Nov.  20,  2J,  1858;  JUiario 
de  Avisos,  Sept.  10,  Nov.  19,  ISjS. 


BATTLE  IX  SAX  LUIS  POTOSf. 


747 


The  war  continuod  to  rajrc  The  constitutionnU 
ists  showed  themselves  at  various  points,  the  lar;^'- 
cst  force  being  tliat  of  Antonio  Carbajal.  Sonio 
of  these  parties  became  notorious  for  their  lawless 
acts,  and  Zuloaga  resolved  to  recognize  in  guerrilla- 
men  no  political  character,  and  to  punish  them  as 
common  criminals,  besides  holding  them  pecuniarily 
responsible  for  damages  caused.''  There  was  much 
fighting  going  on.  A  severe  action  took  place  August 
rith  near  Acdmbaro,  between  lj(;onardo  ]\farquejc  and 
the  constitutionalists  under  Pueblita  and  f)thers,  nearly 
4,000  strong,  that  lasted  several  liours,  the  night  put- 
ting an  end  to  it.  Marquez  then  marched  to  (Juere- 
tan).  Miramon  and  Mcji'a  occupied  San  Luis  Potosi 
ou  Se|)tember  12th.  A'idaurri  was  sij^nallv  defeated 
by  them  and  Marquez,  near  Ahualuleo  in  San  Luis 
]?otosi  on  the  29th  of  that  month,  after  an  inter- 
mittent fighting  of  five  days.  His  frontiersmen  left 
on  the  field  400  killed,  170  wounded,  upward  of  3,000 
prisoners,  33  pieces  of  artillery,  120  wagons  of  am- 
nmnition,  arms,  etc.  According  to  Miramon's  official 
report,  his  casualties  were  7  officers  killed,  20  wounded, 
including  Mejia,  13G  rank  and  file  killed,  181  wounded, 
and  43  missing.'"  This  victory  was  celebrated  in 
Mexico  in  many  wavs,  Zuloai^^a  decreeinij:  a  cross  to 
every  man  of  his  army  who  was  in  the  battle,  and  a 
sword  of  honor  to  IMiramon.  The  joy  of  the  n^action- 
ists  was  somewhat  dampened  by  the  reverse  sustained 
in  the  defile  of  Las  Cuevitas,  Jalisco,  on  the  21st  of 
September,  by  the  forces  of  General  Casanova,  who 
had  himself  a  narrow  escape  from  capture.  J  low- 
ever,  their  victory  at  Ahualuleo  was  so  important 
that  it  prevented  tlie  downfall  during  two  years  more 
of  the  reaction,  which  now  encountered  resistance 
oidy  in  Vera  Cruz,  against  which  place  it  brought  to 
bear  all  its  resources.     And  yet,  at  that  time  when 

'^Several  parties  were  thus  troateil.  Dhrio  (h'  Avinox,  Sept.  27,  Oct.  1.*}, 
18r>S:  AVAVoXic,  Sept.  );{to(),-t.  'M,  isr.s. 

^'•Ifiirrn,  llht.  Jalxim,  v.  |L>.S-!I;  DUirin  ,lr  Aviios,  Oct.  15,  '2.J,  Dec.  10, 
1858;  El  L'co  Aac,  Oct.'  15,  'M,  Nov.  17,  '^7,  l>s58. 


I 

i 
1 

t  '■    I 


^h 


^ 


748 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPRENLVCY. 


the  reactionists  wero  in  thoir  fullest  strenj^th — Octo- 
ber 1858 — the  capital  was  as.sailed  on  the  14th  l>y 
8,000  constitutionalists  from  Morelia,  of  whoso  coni- 
in<^  Zuloaga  had  no  inklinj^  till  they  arrived  at  the  urates 
of  Mexico.  The  assailants  were  couiinanded  by  (jren- 
eral  Blanco,  who  occupied  the  hill  of  Chapultepoc, 
and  attacked  the  Tlalpani  jj^ate,  but  had  to  retreat 
before  the  reactionary  forces  of  I'erez  (loniez  and 
Piila;  the  liberals  beinjjj  likewise  dislod<^ed  from  San 
I'edro  y  San  Pablo  and  La  Merced,  where  they  had 
intrenched  themselves  with  their  leader,  General 
Jose  J.  Alvarez.'^ 

The  capital  was  the  centre  of  agitation  of  all  the 
liberals  that  had  been  expelled  from  the  departments, 
and  who  now  began  to  feel  renewed  encouraijement 
with  the  recapture  of  Guadalajara  by  Santos  Degollado 
on  the  27th  of  October,  after  a  siege  of  thirty  days  antl 
a  formal  assault.  One  third  of  the  city  was  left  in  ruins. 
Several  executions  followed  for  unjustifiable  acts.'** 

The  defeat  of  Vicario  in  the  .south  of  ^lexico,  and 
the  occupation  of  Pachuca  by  Carbajal,  also  occurred. 
In  the  last  months  of  the  j'ear,  the  only  hoj)es  of  the 
reactionary  party  were  centred  in  Miramon's  energy, 
recognized  and  admired  even  by  his  enemies,  and  in 
the  supplies  imported  by  Colonel  Kobles  Pezuela 
through  La  Antigua,  with  which  he  at  once  tendered 
his  services  to  General  Echejigaray  for  the  capture  of 
Perote.*" 

•'  The  liberals  camo,  expecting  there  would  he  a  revolutionary  movement 
ill  the  capital.  In  tiieir  ilisappointniciit  they  rutrcituil  on  tiiu  ITtli  in  the  di- 
rection of  Los  Ifcniedios,  carrying  away  many  of  tiie  silver  bars  they  had 
taken  out  of  Morelia  and  leaving  thootlierH  with  a  sympathizer.  With  tiieni 
wont  Miguel  Lerdo  do  Tcjada,  whose  residence  was  in  Tacubaya.  ]),ario  ilc. 
Arl-iOH,  Oct.  IS  '21»,  Nov.  'J.  W.  i8.-)S;  El  Kco  Xac,  Oct.  18-31,  Nov.  1-4,  ISJS; 
Jiirirn,  Hist.  Jald/xi,  v.  130-2;  /(/.,  Onh.  i/f  Md.r.,  ii.  ^^4^. 

'"  l''elipo  Rodriguez,  l'i«ilauo,  the  murderer  of  ex-CJov.  Herrera,  and  Mo- 
rayo,  chief  of  police,  suHered.  I'ielago  was  hanged  on  the  balcony  of  tiio 
episcopal  palace.  If.  M.  I'rop.  EvIck.,  31-4,  38,  40-9. 

"•The  liberal  forces  of  any  consideration  at  the  present  time  were  those  of 
Degollado  in  .Jalisco;  (iutierrez  Zamora  and  Alatriste  in  Vera  Cruz  and  I'lie- 
bla;  (iarza  iu  Tamaulipas;  Arteaga  in  Quer(3taro  and  (Guanajuato;  Alvarez 
in  Ouerrero;  Iluerta  and  Blanco  in  Miclioncan;  Alvarez,  Delgado,  and  Mi- 
ranila  in  Monte  Alto,  ucar  the  capital;  and  those  iu  Oajaca.  liivera,  Hint. 
Jalujm,  V.  137. 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


749 


Zaeatocas  was  takon  l)y  ^larquez,  V)ut  it  availed 
him  nothing;  ho  had  to  quit  tijo  city,  and  it  was  fortli- 
with  rooccu[)iod  hy  the  constitutionaHsts.  Ho  marched 
to  (TuadaUijara  with  4,000  men,  and  Dogollado  evac- 
uated it,  his  forces  going  in  various  directions,  a  por- 
tion of  them  making  an  unsuccessful  defence  of  several 
davs  on  tiie  Tololotlan  bridij^e,  some  eiijrhteen  miU's 
from  (jruadalajara.'^'  Tlie  reactionists  were  also  suc- 
cessful in  capturing  Perote  on  the  l(3th  of  Novem- 
ber.'^^ 

In  the  early  part  of  November,  Zuloaga's  minister 
Fernandez  de  Jduregui  offered  to  resign  his  })ortfolio, 
but  tlie  resignation  was  not  accepted.  When  the  con- 
stitutionalists took  (xuadalajara  and  committed  the 
terrible  acts  of  retaliation  described,  the  utmost  alarm 
.seized  the  government  circle  in  Mexico,  and  the  oft- 
re[)eated  cry  of  religion,  country,  and  society  being 
threatened  with  destruction  was  again  heard.  The 
British  and  French  ministers,  Otway  and  (jrabriac, 
held  frequent  conferences  with  Zuloaga,  and  Spain 
showed  herself  a  most  decided  friend  of  the  reaction. 
Judging  b}'  the  satisfaction  the  reactionists  were  man- 
ifesting, it  was  })retty  certain  that  they  would  coiip- 
erate  with  the  foreign  s([uadrons  in  the  blockade  of 
Mexican  })()rts.'"  There  wert>  in  Vera  Cruz  at  the 
time  armed  vessels  not  only  of  two  Eurojiean  j)owers 
iiamed,'^^  but  one  of  the  United  States,  whi(;h  had  come 
to  demand  payient  of  the  dainis  of  their  citizens. 
The  latter  found  in  Juarez'  government  the  best  dis- 
position to  settle  the  claims. 

'■"' Aocordiiij^  to  Mar<iuez'  olliciiil  report,  Dot^ollndo  was  tlofcatcd  tlie  I4tli 
of  Dei;.,  aiul  the  city  was  occupied  the  next  day.  El  L'co  A'«f.,  Dec.  10,  '-'•_', 
'28,  KS,-)S. 

'■"  After  three  inontii.s'  !,ie;j;o  hy  ."J, 001)  men.  The  town  was  destroyed. 
With  the  fortress  were  taken  'M  pieces  <ii  artillery.     Iliri-ni,  lllit.  Ja/n/in,  v. 

i;w  41. 

■-^Tiie  Dinrh  Ofi'cial  said  that  the  European  war  vessids  at  \'vvti  Cruz  and 
T'<.nipico  liad  no  liostile  intention  against  the  ivpuhlie;  hut  'aijainst  the  van- 
dais  that  liad  committed  outra,i,'es  on  natives  and  foreigners.  ..  It  was  well 
known  Ijy  both  natives  and  foreigners  that  the  so-called  eonstitutionulist  rev- 
olution was  not  a  political  l)\it  a  social  one.' 

*^  Tiiere  v  ere  then  lying  off  Vera  Cruz  live  Spanish  and  live  Frencii  war 
ships. 


I 


750 


STRIFE  FOU  SUPREMACY. 


Juarez  a|)j)oalc(l  to  tho  oovoriiors  of  states  to  rais(3 
money  wlierewith  to  meet  the  Freiicli  tlivuleiKl  already 
due  and  guaranteed  l>y  the  custom-house  at  Vera 
Cruz,  and  also  to  enable  him  to  delcMul  the  seat  of  his 
government. 

The  failure  of  Zuloaga  to  provide  for  a  constitu- 
tion brought  on  the  destruction  of  his  govermnent. 
J']cheagaray  made  a  jiroiumciamiento  at  Ayotla  on  the 
liOth  of  December,  1858;  his  plan  being  to  sununon 
a  congress  to  Iraine  a  fun-lanieutal  law  suited  to  the 
needs  of  the  country."*  jMeantime  ])e  was  to  admin- 
ister the  govermnent.  Zuloaga  at  once  adopted  meas- 
ures to  put  down  the  revolt,  assuming  personal  com- 
mand of  the  forces  in  the  city,  and  forbidding  ail 
relations  with  tho  rebels.  He  issued  a  manifesto 
against  Echeagaray,  who  was  dismissed  from  tho 
army,  and  had  Manuel  Doblado  arrested. 

The  new  plan  was  seconded  in  Cucrnavaca,  but  met 
with  little  favor  from  either  liberals  or  reactionists, 
though  it  claimed  tolill  the  aspirations  of  the  country, 
which,  as  Echeagaray  said,  detested  political  exagger- 
ations, and  only  desired  a  rational  freedom. 

Zuloaga's  measures  availed  him  nothing,  for,  on  the 
n)orning  of  the  23d,  Gual's  infantry  battalion  in  the 
capital  revolted  in  support  of  another  plan  formed  by 
llobles  Pezuela,  which  somewhat  uiodiHed  that  of  Ayo- 
tla, and  was  intended  to  overthrow  the  existing!:  ufovern- 
ment.  Kobles  and  Eclicagaray  were  to  designate  tho 
jtersons  who  were  to  organize  a  })rovisional  government 
in  the  manner  provided  in  their  plan.*"  Robles  was 
I'ocognized  in  tho  capital  as  tho  chief  of  tho  movement. 
Zuloaga  offered  to  resign  if  the  objections  were  t<) 
himself  j)orsonally,  but  would  not  give  his  assent  to 
tho  overthrow  of  the  juinciples  of  his  administration. 

'•"  The  congress  to  bo  formed  of  three  deputies  from  each  department.  Tho 
constitution  to  be  submitted  to  tho  people  for  api)roval,  and  amended  if  neces- 
sary. JJiario  dc  Avino-  Dec. '2.1-8,  18.78;  L<Jcciv,  Lc  iU(a:iqap,  Qti;  ICa/^yxtK.t, 
Mexico,  1,'JO;  lilvvru,  Ilitit.  Jafapn,  v.  148-!l;  Id.,  Gob.  dc.  Mdx.,  ii.  547. 

"They  were  to  appoint,  in  accord  with  tlie  diicf  civil  antliority  of  each 
department,  a  junta  of  notables,  who  should  clioose  three  representatives. 


THE  PRESIDKNT  RESIGNS. 


m 


TJut  as  the  troops  on  wliom  he  rcUod  forsook  liim,  lio 
had  to  resign  the  presidency,  which  lie  did  at  eleven 
o'clock  on  the  niujht  of  the  20d,  after  which  he  went 
with  his  family  to  seek  asylum  at  the  British  le!^^'ltion, 
though  ho  had  been  assured  hy  the  revolutionists  of 
j)orsonal  S'lfcty  and  liberty.'^"  All  military  conunis- 
sions  that  had  been  issued  by  him  were  recognized  as 
valid. 

The  authors  of  the  last  political  revolution  believed 
that  neither  of  the  two  chief  contending  parties  could 
triumph  over  its  opponent,  and  secure  peace,  and  that 
by  getting  Zuloaga  out  of  the  way  an  understanding 
might  be  arrived  at  with  Juarez  and  his  su[)porters. 
Ilobles  Pezuela  occupied  the  palace  in  the  nioriiing 
of  the  24th,  and  but  for  the  greater  activity  in  the 
movements  of  officials,  the  change  etlected  was  hardly 
noticeable. 

Manuel  Roblos  Pezuela  was  a  native  of  Guana- 
juato.'" In  1852  he  was  minister  of  war,  and  tho 
next  year,  being  dissatisfied  with  the  political  situation, 
he  resigned  his  office  and  military  rank,  and  went 
abroad,  travelling  throuixh  the  United  States,  ]*^ng- 
land,  and  tho  continent  of  Europe  as  far  as  Turkey, 
ano  /isiting  the  principal  fortresses  and  scientilic  and 
military  establishments.  In  September  1858  he  re- 
turned to  Mexico  and  aided  Echeagaray  to  ca[»turo 
Perote,  having  had  ro.-jtored  to  him  his  rank  as  a  gen- 
eral. 

Juarez  had  no  faith  in  the  men  who  were  at  tho 
head  of  the  recent  movement  in  Mexico.  His  opin- 
ion was  expressed  in  clear  and  distinct  terms,  in  his 


'  i 


in  W* 


""Tlio  arrangement  for  his  resignation  was  made  at  tiic  house  of  Lio.  .losil 
M.  Godoy,  J)y  two  generals  and  one  niend)er  of  tho  legal  profession,  repre- 
senting each  of  tho  parties.  El  Ero  N<ic.,  Dec.  20,  I.S."»8. 

'•"In  1842  ho  was  a  captain  of  engineers;  in  1S4(J  a  lieut-col;  in  which 
year  ho  commanded  tho  engineers  at  Vera  Cruz  during  tlic  blockadi;  hy  l'.  S. 
forces,  and  also  in  tho  following  year  during  tlio  siege  an<l  hoiiihardmi'iit.  Fur 
hisgooil.  services  ho  was  given  a  medal  of  honor,  and  tho  congres.s  of  \'cra  (Jruz 
maiYo  him  a  citizen  of  the  state.  Ho  continued  rendering  services  through- 
out tho  war  with  tho  U.  S, 


708 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


advice  to  the  constitutionalists  to  keep  themselves 
aloof"  from  it,  and  t<»  the  soldiers  fightini^  for  the  con- 
stitutional cause  not  to  forsake  their  standard,  but  to 
continue  the  good  fight  till  victory  should  crown  their 
efforts."^ 

Robles  appealed  to  the  clergy  for  means  to  support 
the  troops,  and  despatched  connnissioners  to  (Governor 
(Gutierrez  Zamora  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  other  prominent 
supporters  of  Juarez,  inviting  them  to  second  his  plan. 
Meanwhile  the  reactionary  forces  were  kept  on  the 
defensive. 

The  departments  of  Mexico  and  Guanajuato  ac- 
cepted the  modified  plan,  and  it  was  re[)orted  that 
Vera  Cruz  was  well  disposed  thereto,  inasmuch  as 
it  recognized  for  its  basis  popular  sovereignty.  The 
constitutional  government  looked,  however,  on  these 
devices  as  by-play,  and  commanded  that  operations  on 
the  held  should  be  vigorously  prosecuted. 

One  thinj;  was  noticed  in  the  arranofements  of  the 
leading  men  at  Mexico:  that  no  mention  was  made 
of  a  commissioner  to  represent  the  northern  army  in 
the  junta  to  be  organized,  as  if  to  indicate  that  ^li- 
ramon  was  ignored.  This  greatly  displeased  the  out- 
and-out  reactionists,  and  the  result  was  that  Robles' 
action  did  not  change  the  aspect  of  the  main  ques- 
tion. 

The  organization  of  the  junta  at  the  capital  was 
delayed  by  Echeagaray,  who  was  not  pleased  with  tlie 
doings  there,  and  even  felt  disposed  to  march  with 
his  troops  upon  Mexico;  but  he  was  arrested,  and  on 
being  released  sent  as  his  delegate  Carlos  Peza,  who 
on  his  way  was  captured  by  the  guerrilla  chief  Car- 
bajal.  Robles'  plan  for  various  reasons  became  im- 
practicable, tliough  he  had  finally  agreed  to  Echea- 
garay and  Miramon  being  represented  in  the  junta, 

'•*Ia  his  proclamation  of  Dec.  29th,  Juarez  says:  'Moxicanos:  Meditad 
bien  estoa  sucesos,  y  deciil  si  hi  repi'iblica  teudrd  paz,  libertad  y  garantias  cou 
tsiles  hombres,  que  reaeciouarios.  no  respetaii  sus  propias  hecluiras;  y  gobcr- 
iiantes,  iii  ticiieu  cl  jJiestigio,  ui  la  fuerza  para  hacerse  obedecer. '  Biiz,  Vida 
de  Juarez,  140. 


RODLES  PFZUELA  AXD  MIRAMOX. 


7M 


•\vliirli  asscinl)K'(l  on  tin'  HOlli  of  ])r(Tml»('i,-^  and 
alter  frainidjjf  ruK-s  lor  tlic  cxt'ciitivo,  aiul  the  luodu 
of  callinj^  the  iiatioii  to  constitute  liersell',  proceeded 
to  clioose  a  provisional  president  of  the  ii'public. 
Itohles  liad  a  majority  of  votes,  hut  it  was  tleeided 
to  have  another  ballot,  as  it  niiixht  he  danLjerous  to 
ignore  ^Lranion's  claims  to  tiie  presidency.  Tlu; 
young  general  was  finally  chosen  hy  aO  votes  against 
4()  for  Ivobles  Pezuela,  and  jiroclaimed  to  he  the  |)i()- 
visional  president,  Ilohles  being  authorized  to  act  as 
his  substitute  till  Mirainon  should  come  and  assume 
his  duties.  A  circular  of  January  4,  IHaO,  by  Juarez' 
minister  Ruiz,  calls  tlu;  proceedings  a  scan<lal.''"' 

^liramon,  ilushed  with  his  last  victory  over  ])ego- 
llado,  repudiated  all  that  had  been  done  in  Mexico,  an- 
nouncing his  intention  to  U[)hold  the  reformed  [»lau 
of  Tacubaya.  Ilohles  then  i-etired  to  private  life  for 
a  few  days.  Much  confusion  pievailed  now  in  the 
reactionarv  councils.  Zuloa<jja  resiuned  the  presi- 
dency,  then  annulled  the  resignation,  and  finally 
decreed  that  it  was  his  ])rerogative  to  name  a  sub- 
stitute, dosiijrnatiniif  on  the  ^]lst  of  January,  IH.V.), 
Miguel  Miramon  for  that  position.  He  was  the  first 
to  hail  Miramon  as  president,  and  surrendered  the 
executive  authority  into  his  hands,  though  probably 
reserviuir  the  r'\<j:\\t  to  resume  it.^^ 

From  time  to  time  afterward  Zuloaga  manifested 
desires  of  reoccui)ying  the  presidential  seat.  Mira- 
mon took  him  into  tlie  interior,  so  as  to  have  him 
under  better  control.  Miramon  used  him  to  legalize 
his  own  arbitrary  acts.  This  did  not  last  long,  as 
another  junta  shortly  after  made  Miramon  presidt'ut 
in  his  own  ritjht.      Zuloaga  made  his  escape,  remain- 

^' There  had  been  snminoncd  loO  men,  Imt  (inly  00  nr  100  (•.imi!  togothiT, 
witli  Mariano  Kiva  I'alacio  as  president,  and  Lie.  (lonzah'Z  di;  l:i.  VoLja  an^l 
(ieii.  Francisco  Segovia  as  sccietaries.  liirovi,  (lah.  dr  Mcx.,  ii.  ."i.")!-!';  /'/., 
ll'isl.  Jnlapn,  v.  l.")7-Gl;  Jiinr'wdf  Avlwa,  .Ian.  1-4,  'JlJ,  18.')!). 

^"  'A  jnuta,  of  persons  iiaviiit;  no  mission  from  tiie  |)cople,  and  yet  calling 
itself  popular,  has  made  an  epiiurnural  appointment.'  Airhiio  Jh'X.,  Col.  L''j., 
i\:  i:i  17;  /j«:,  Vidndc  Juairz,  l4(>-8. 

»^Uiurio  de  Jcisos,  .Tan.  'J!t,  Feb.  2,  Aug.  15,  18J9. 
Hisx.  Mes.,  Vol.  V.    18 


7.-4 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


inj^  roticcalcd  till  caily  in  ISO  I,  when  lio  roappoaved, 
(•laiiiiini;  that  Ik!  was  prcsidciit.  JIc;  cai'iiijd  on  a 
caiiipain'ii  diiriui;  that  year  and  a  )>art  of  th(!  next, 
\\'\\vu  lie  went  ahroad,  rctiiriiiii'n"  to  Mexico  in  18G4, 
but  Jiot  to  iii^Miro  again  in  political  lilb. 

AFiL^nd  Miranioii,  on  assuinin<jj  the  duties  of  the 
ox(>cutive  oflic(!  with  the  usual  jonnalities,  toftk  an 
oath  to  dischar:j^(^  them  faithfully,  and  to  the  hest  of 
his  ahility,  ui)holdini^  the  llonian  eathctlic  ndiijion. 
At  tirst  he  made  no  aj»j)ointments  of  njiiiist(*rs,  leav- 
iii'^  the  several  jMutl'olios  in  charj^e  of  tlu^  i-espec(iv(5 
licial 


o 


es  mayores,  hut  on  the  lath  of  Fehiuary  he 
fonu(^d  his  eahiuet,  j)laein<jf  at  its  head  Santa  Anna's 
faA'orite  minister  and  counsellor,  Manuel  Diez  de  Jio- 
nilla.^- 

Miramon  was  born  in  the  city  of  AFexico,  on  tlio 
'21)th  of  Sepfend)er,  1(S.".2,  descen<l(Hl  from  a  l^'reneh 
family  of  l*au  that  had  \n)e\\  eniiohlod  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sevente(;nth  century,  as  is  said  to  have 
IxHMi  established  by  the  records  in  Fi'ane(>,  extracts 
from  which  were  procured  at  his  special  recpiest  by 
tlu^  bVench  minist(M-,  ^[otisicnir  de  (xabriac.  ll(!  was 
of  mid«lliiiLJ  lieiLjht  and  lean,  handsome  of  face,  ele- 
gant in  iiufure  and  manner,  with  an  opcni  brow  and 
searchuiLj  look,  dark  hair,  mustache,  and  iiuperial. 
A  man  of  fine  intellect,  he  was  and»itious,  brave,  and 
darin<4\  lie  had  niany  true  friends,  and  toward 
those  to  whom  he  gave  this  name  he  v/as  loyal.^^     In 

^'  lYicy.  ilo  ]5onillti,  minister  of  relations;  Toofilo  Marin,  of  gDvorninoiit; 
^^ann^•l  Larraiii/;ir.  of  jiistiuu,  piihlic  instruction,  ami  coulesiastical  allnirs; 
(lal)riul  Sa;,'aci'ta,  of  the  treasury;  Scverodel  Castillo,  of  war  and  niaiiuc,  wiio 
held  it  only  till  tlu;  2i)tli  of  April,  being  siieeoeded  by  Antonio  (Joroiia;  and 
Octaviai'o  Miifio/  liedo,  of  foniento.  J/e'.f.,  Mem.  Iliicienda,  1870,  10.")!); 
J)iiirii)  ill'  Ai'iM)-!,  Feb.  li),  l.S.')!t. 

"'■' liin rn,  Ilixf.  ./(i/n;ia,  v.  17.").  Arias,  Iti'iei'ia  /flit.,  gives  his  portrait,  .'!S.'. 
There  is  one  thing  against  his  private  cliaracter,  however,  which  seems  to 
have  been  ])repared  by  Monsieur  iClvin,  and  found  in  Maximilian's  privy  of- 
lice  in  Mexico.  It  was  a  document  giving  particulars  abo>it  tiie  persons  of 
high  prominence  who  had  rendered  aid  to  or  accepted  the  French  intei'veu- 
tion.  Of  Miramon,  it  says  that  ho  became  a  gaml)ler  early  in  lite,  and  that 
when  he  w.n  a  ciptaiu  of  chasseurs  in  Toluca,  he  one  day  gaml)led  away  the 
funds  of  his  eumpany,  and  then  forced  the  winner  to  returu  them  to  him: 


ri:i:sii)E\T  miuamox. 


(.1.1 


Fcljriiaiy  1840  lie  cntcrtul  ns  u  pujiil  the  niilii;ir\' 
scIkmiI,  siiwtuiiuxl  tin;  ^((Vcnmicut  in  LS47,  and  that 
same  \'<Nir  took  |>art  in  the;  hatllts  lonL,fht  aijfainst  IIuj 
United  States  army  at  Molino  del  llev,  and  C'haj»iil- 
tepee.  A  hrief  synopsis  of  liis  i-arly  military  record 
is  oivcn  at  toot."*  Of  his  action  in  tlie  revolutionary 
canij)aiij^ns  ai^ainst  (.'onion fort's  ^ovoinnu;nt,  and  of 
liis  career  since  then,  I  liavu  sulliciently  spoken  in 
tlie  j)ro])er  places.  J"\>r  his  seivices  at  the  ca|>itaI,on 
tlie  L'Oth  of  January,  18jM,  in  takinLf  hy  force  lh(j 
liospicio  and  e\-ac<»rdada  (»n  behalf  of  tin;  refornie(l 
plan  of  Tacuhaya,  lu;  had  i>een  made  a  jjjeneral  of  hri- 
gado.  On  the  2"Jd  of  l)eci;mher,  IS.'nS,  lu!  was  pro- 
moted to  <^eneral  of  divi.>ion.  liis  most  recent  st-r- 
vlces  to  th(!  cause  were  I'endered  that  same  moiilli, 
by  di'f<'atiii,i^  J)ej^ollado  in  tlie  Iiacienda  of  Ati'(|ui/a. 
Iletaking  (luadalajai-a,  ln^  pursued  the  enemy,  wadi'd 
the  Tux}»an  lliver  at  Los  Xovillos,  j-ecovcreil  ('olima 
the  'Jath,  signally  route(|  the  constitutionalists  at  San 
Joatpiin  the  'JOth,  and  ne\t  mari-licd  on  to  the  !>ar- 
rancas  de  jJeltran,  where  he  captured  .'ji!  piitces  of  ai- 
tillery,  together  with  all  the  enemy's  anununilion  and 
ti'ains.  IjeaviuLT  a<>ariison  in  Colima,  Ik;  returned  to 
Cuadalajara.'" 

^liramon  [iroved  himself  not  mer«'ly  a  hrave  man, 
but  one  [)ossessed  of  great  elliciency  as  a  commander, 
\vith  no  small  aid  from  I'ortune  thus  iar.  Some  years 
later,  while  his  courage  and  daring  wire  fully  ackiiow  I- 
edged,  ho  was  set  down  to  be  "no  scientilii;  general, 
and  rather  an  indilfei-cut  stiategist."^'^ 


'  ]iara  s.'icarsp  do  cinhnm/o,  cnyo,  el  s^ihlc  en  tiuiiio,  snln-r  In  porson.a  nm  rjiii'  ii 
liiibiii  jugailo,  y  lo  lii/i)  ilcvolvir  a.si  su  iliiii'i'n.'   I.ifi'vri',  l)vf.  Maxuiiili'iiui,  i. 

"  In  the  inilitavy  scIiixjI  hi'  went  tliniiiLrli  tlic  rc'.'iilar  frradr's  of  pniiiicitiiiii, 
from  corpoi'al  to  lit.Mitciiaiit  of  aitilh  i\  .  In  Is.'il!  Iii'si  rvril  in  .l.iliM'n.  ami  in 
lS.">!t  v.as  ill  some  actions  iiii<lir  j^cruials  SalnMaiul  l!o.>as  Laiiilaiii  tli  ■  ilipait- 
liiiMit  of  Mexico.  After  that  he  saw  uiiieh  .■ictive  se!\ice,  ami  ii>se  i-a|iii|ly,  so 
that  \vc  SCO  iiim  on  tiio  (ilh  of  .Inly,  I.S.m.  a  hicvet  lieiit-col,  anil  on  the  ;i()tli 
of  the  same  month  a  fully  eounnissioned  one. 

'■'  It  \va.s  there  Uiat  he  heanl  of  his  election  liy  the  junta  of  notables  to  the 
presiilency.  lUr<ra,  llcih.  d<'  M{x.,  ii.  oM, 

*^Sulin-Saltn'n  Diury,  i.  34. 


7.V» 


STIUFK  FOR  SUI'REMACY. 


Tho  youni,'  incsiduiit  was  at  oiuv  tlio  (»l)jt!ct  of  imifli 
attiMitioii  oM  IIm'  pait  Kotli  of  liis  personal  iVietids  ainl 
udiiiiiL-rs,  as  well  as  of  the  supporteis  of  thu  causij  lie 
rc'prcsontod.  At  a  ^naiul  l)an(|U('t  in  liis  honor,  \vlii»h 
took  place  in  IIh;  ^lini'ria  liuildiriLf,  the  thief  clerj^y 
were  present,  with  the  ministers  of  l"'i'anet!  and  ]]rua- 
dor,  the  latter  l.)ein.Lf  the  i-epresentative  of  the  .Jesuit 
j))esideiit  Doctor  (Garcia  Moreno;  the  subjei-tof  inter- 
vention  hy  I'oreij^n    jHiwers    in    Mexico  was  touched 


TLAXCALA-  ,-.      Iluiiniuillu 


'■'•-I-",,'"'''. 


'/  A    7  (.uwoiiiutfiui-i: 


.s.Juiiii..  \^ 
VERA  CRUp'\ 


I'lallxcnyaii" 


i  .».  W   -YanhnllUr 


\  uuiwulajiaii  y- 
,ilfe,        "OiUllahuaii/' 
"^   ='Yanhnill«l^ 


iluiAMox's  Veha  Ckcz  Ca.mp.ugn-. 

upon  y  Conde  de  la  Cortina,  and  a  toast  was  drunk 
to  it.'  It  has  hecn  said  against  Mirainon  that  in 
1 858  applied  to  France  for  armed  intervention,  but 
he  den   -d  the  charufe.^^ 

A.nu  g  the  new  president's  first  measures  was  a 
lieavy  IX,  which  caused  much  consternation,  of  one 
per  ceiicum  on  all  property  exceeding  $1,000  in  value. 

''  'Se  l>riii(l<)  por  la  intcrvencion  ilo  las  potencias  cxtranjcras  en  Mtixico.' 
Ji'irirri^  O'ob.  de  Mex\,  ii.  550. 

'■"  l''ioin  Xt'.w  York,  Nov.  5,  18G2.  He  also  requested  Aliuoute  to  publisb 
his  ckniul  in  Mexico. 


MILITARY  OPr.RATIOXS. 


78T 


^lirainoii's  cliit  f  .-uiii  now  \v;>><  to  cnitfm'c  Yiin 
Cruz,  to  jM'coiiiplisli  wliicli  Iif  l)oirn\v«'(|  IVoiii  tlio 
clci'uy  ;=!;{()(),()()()  oil  jwiviito  security.  Iji'Mviii-^  nil 
state  afliiils  to  l>e  attended  to  hy  the  ministels,  Iks 
started  for  A'^ei'.-i  Cruz  on  tlie  Idth  ol"  l'\l»i-uarv  ae- 
eoMipanied  liy  Minister  of  war  ( 'astiilo.  In  l*uel»I.i 
tlie  j)o|)ulaee  o-ave  liiin  a  royal  i-eeej>tioii.-''  He  Imd 
heciu  preceded  l»y  the  battalions  which  were  to  carry 
out  the  dillicult  uiidertakiiiLj.  On  thcLMst  he  went 
to  ()rizai)a,  where  *\\(}  ayui'.taniiento  j^ave  hiin  a  cor- 
dial t^M'eetinjjf.  On  the  IJd  of  Mai'ch  |)rej)arat ions  jwul 
been  coni|)letcd,  and  the  forces  hej^an  their  march.  A 
portion  of  them  under  Oronoz  atid  Xei^fete  was  sent 
to  llaidv  the  (Mii(|uihuitc!  positions,  and  the  Tamariz 
hrii^ade  to  force  the  Janiapa  ravine;  The  rest  of  th.o 
forces  inarched  on  hy  the  national  I'oad,  cai'i'yin;^"  witji 
them  a  lai'i^e  sui)[)ly  of  projectiles.  The  hopes  of  tho 
liheral  party  were  now  centred  in  Veia  Ciuz,  whero 
every  })reparation  was  made  to  meet  the  impeiidiii'L^ 
storm.  All  the  constitutional  troops  that  occupiecl 
the  defdes  of  the  sierra  were  concenti'ated  in  the  port, 
Mid  families  were;  l»y  order  of  the  comandante  general, 
Iglesias,  sent  out  of  harm'.s  way. 

Ampudia,  commanding  the  eastern  liheral  army, 
addressed  ^riramons  troops,  urging  them  to  abandon 
their  standard,  !^^onev  was  olli'red  to  such  n-action- 
ist  otficers  as  were  consid(jred  purchasable,  but  only  a 
small  nundjcr  accepted  the  bribe. 

^Icantime  the  reactionists  had  received  heavy 
blows  elsewhere.  One  of  them  was  the  capture  by 
their  opponents  of  Zacapoaxtla,  which  left  free  tho 
communications  between  A'era  Cruz  and  the  noi'tli. 
Leon,  Lagos,  Aguascalientes,  and  (Juanajuato  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  constitutionalists.  San  Iauh 
Potosi,  Guadalajai'a,  and  other  principal  towns  weio 
closely  pressed.     Morelia,  in   ^lichoacan,  where  the 

"Cliolula  st.  was  carpeted  to  tho  epiaorvp.'il  pnlacf,  wlicre  he  wii^  1i"1l;ci1. 
The  populace  puUcil  hi.s  carriage.  Entcrtiiimiicnts  idlluwcil  oiio  aiiiitliir  in 
(juick  succession.  Ho  issued  a  tlatterii)g  proclaiiuilioa  to  the  people.  DUirio 
dc  AvisoK,  Feb.  124,  l&oD. 


!  I  2  ' 


\ 


.51 


7S8 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


defeated  liberals  from  Jalisco  had  found  rcfui^e,  was 
the  general  headquarters  of  Degollado,  several  gov- 
ernors, and  other  prominent  chiefs.  Artillery  and 
war  material  of  all  kinds  were  made  there  for  the  lib- 
eral army,  and  thence  were  despatched  troops  in  all 
directions.  An  army  under  Degollado  himself  went 
to  operate  in  Qucretaro  and  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
The  reactionists  were  so  weakened  that  they  could 
not  assail  IMorelia. 

Miramon's  army  to  attack  Vera  Cruz  consisted  of 
5,000  well-i)rovided  men,  with  28  pieces  of  artillery. 
The  town  was  divided  into  four  quarters,  and  the 
j)ositions  were  cov^ered  by  about  1,,3jO  infantry  and 
440  artillerymen;  the  rest  of  the  garrison  were  some 
1,200  men. 

Cobos  and  Tamariz  attacked  the  liberals  in  the 
barranca  of  Jamapa  and  were  repulsed.  Miramon, 
on  hearing  it,  ordered  the  reserve  division  at  the  ha- 
cienda Potrero  to  retreat,  and  marched  with  the  main 
body  from  Cordoba  to  the  barranca.  Oronoz  re- 
ceived counter-orders  to  retreat  from  Omealca  and  take 
liis  position  in  the  Potrero.  The  liberals,  after  de- 
stroying the  bridge  of  Paso  del  Macho,  retreated  to 
Huatusco  and  next  to  Jalapa,  leaving  the  route  to 
Vera  Cruz  free.  Their  opponents  took  the  Chiquihuito 
without  resistance  on  the  12th  of  March,  three  pieces 
falling  into  Miramon's  hands.^"  On  his  near  approach, 
Governor  Gutierrez  Zajuora  declared  martial  law  in 
the  city,  and  on  the  18th  announced  to  the  citizens 
that  the  enemy  was  already  upon  thcm;*^  and  so  it 
was,  Miramon's  headquarters  being  at  Medellin,  wuich, 
like  Alvarado,  had  embraced  his  cause. 

While  these  operations  were  going  on,  the  consti- 
tutionalists, under  Degollado,  abandoning  Leon,  Gua- 
najuato, and  Qucretaro,  advanced  from  San  Juan  del 
Hio  to  Arroyo  Zarco,  j)aying  no  heed  to  the  reaotion- 


*"  Mirainou's  march  tlirougli  Vera  Cruz  left  its  mark  of  destruction. 
Biuiill  towns  iiiul  bridges  wore  bunied. 


All 


*'  'Los  traidort'S  cstdu  ul  t'rcuti',  de  uuestrot.  muroa.'  Rivera,  Hid.  Jalapa, 
I'Jl. 


AMPUDIA  AND  MIRAMON. 


759 


ary  chiofs  Culkjoand  Mejia,  and  inarched  toward  the 
capital.  Marquez,  however,  on  hearing  of  the  hberal 
movements,  started  from  Guadalajara  with  1,000  men 
and  nine  pieces  of  artillery,  and  dislodgetl  the  liberals 
from  Guanajuato. 

The  practical  effect  of  Degollado's  strategy  was  to 
prevent  Miramon  from  bringing  all  his  resources  to 
bear  upon  Vera  Cruz. 

The  reactionary  army  had  advanced  slowly,  expect- 
ing some  seditious  movement  in  the  port,  for  which 
reason  the  small  town  of  Vergara  was  occupied  only 
the  22d  of  March.*^  Finally,  at  a  council  of  war 
Miramon  s  officers  declared  that  the  capture  of  Vera 
Cruz  by  assault  was  impracticable,  with  a  large  num- 
ber of  their  forces  suffering  from  the  effects  of  the  ma- 
larious climate.  On  the  21)th  he  abandoned  the  siege, 
without  firing  a  gun  or  attempting  any  attack,  and  with 
his  whole  army  marched  back  toward  j\Iexico." 

Miramon  on  his  march  found  himself  intercepted 
by  Ampudia's  army,  which  on  the  2d  of  April  at- 
tacked the  reactionists  at  San  Juan  Coscomatepec, 
and  drove  them  away,  taking  some  prisoners,  aniong 
whom  were  a  Spanish  major  named  Juan  Gonzalez, 
and  Father  Francisco  Ortega,  the  famous  parish  priest 
of  Zacapoaxtla,  both  of  whom  were  shot  by  La  Llave's 
order.  A  portion  of  Miramon's  forces  under  Negrote, 
however,  routed  the  constitutionalists  in  La  Lagu- 
nilla,  cind  rounding  Las  Cumbres,  came  upon  Am])udia 
and  Alairiste,  who  retreated,  losing  three  pieces  of 
artillery  and  their  ammunition.**     Miramon  then  con- 

^'■'Thnt  same  clay  several  prominent  reaetionists  nrrivcd  on  a  I'ritisli  .steamer, 
l)elievi  ig  the  plaee  alreaily  talieii  by  their  fi'iendn.  Among  them  were  gen- 
erals Diaz  tie  la  Vega,  IManco.  ami  Woll,  and  two  sons  of  Santa  Anna.  Tliey 
lanilcil  at  Moeambo  ami  repaireil  to  Miramon'a  l)eail(inartern. 

*•*  Miramon'a  moutli-]iieee,  Li<Mit-eol  Manuel  Ilaniirci;  ile  Arellano,  sniil  it 
■wasowing  totlio  iiavucof  disease,  and  to  scantiness  of  resoureeM;  food  liail  iie- 
camosoflcareo  tliat,  'without  exaggeration,  a  general's  pay  would  not  sufliee  to 
support  a  subaltern.'  He  seoraeci  tlie  idea  that  Miramon  jiad  any  fear  of  iho 
city's  walls,  guns,  cto.  Ainiiili'n  ifc  la  O'lmp.  da  Or/rn/i',  ;i.S-4.'{;  JJinrio  i/<: 
J("«so.s  Feb.  15  to  March  31,  ISo'J;  li'h-cm.  Hint.  Jala/in,  v.  IKl-,".. 

**  Arellano  says  that  the  constitutionalists  nmh'r  Ampudia,  rraeoui-),  L:\ 
Llave,  and  Alatriste  fled  from  Coseomatcpce  on  learning  that  l.-JO!)  men  were 
going  after  tliciu.     '  Estas  f ucrzaa  cran  procmmuuto  las  (juo  vuiiiuu  a  cortar 


1 


I 


760 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


tinned  liis  retreat,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  9tli  ar- 
lived  at  Ixtapa,  whence  ho  went  on  to  the  capital." 

(leneral  Corona,  who  connnanded  at  the  capital,  in 
order  to  keep  up  the  courage  and  enthusiasm  of  the 
jj^arrison,  which  consisted  of  about  1,550  infantry,  the 
ahnnni  of  the  military  school  inclusive,  950  cavalry, 
and  ujnvard  of  GOO  artillerymen,  reported  the  receii)t 
of  oflicial  despatches  that  Vera  Cruz  had  surren- 
dered.^'^ DegoUado's  army  of  over  G,000  men  was  di- 
vided into  tliree  sections,  one  of  which  went  in  the 
direction  of  Atzcapotzalco,  another  toward  the  haci- 
enda of  Enmedio,  and  the  third  to  Ahuehuetes  and 
Tlalnopantla.  The  reactionary  forces  under  Callejo 
and  Mcjia,  who  had  followed  the  constitutionalists, 
were  not  prevented  by  Degollado  from  joining  others 
of  their  arm}^  and  from  taking  possession  on  the  22d 
of  jMarch  of  Tacubaya  and  Chapultepec,  and  entering 
Mexico  the  next  day.  Other  reactionary  parties,  both 
large  and  small,  were  also  permitted  to  go  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  beleaguered  capital.  The  incompetency  of 
the  liberal  commander  for  the  responsible  position  ho 
held  was  thus  further  confirmed.  His  undisciplined 
troops  were  easily  routed  on  the  7th  of  April,  and 
^[arcpiez  entered  the  city  without  obstruction.  So 
much  ignorance  and  lack  of  military  prowess  on  tho 
|)art  of  the  besiegers  inspired  the  reactionary  arnjy 
with  hopes  of  easy  victory,  and  they  were  not  disap- 
])()intod.  A  battle  was  fought  on  the  11th  of  April, 
in  which  the  constitutionalists  were  signally  defeated, 
])eg()llado's  loss  in  men  and  war  material  being  largo, 
and  his  force  almost  entirely  dispersed. 

The  liberal  army  had  been  intrenched  in  Tacubaya, 
Chapultepec,  and  Molino  del  Roy.     Marquez  sallied 

l:i  lotirada  do  toilo  el  ojercito  dntea  do  que  cntrara  &  C6rdova.'  Apuntcn  di-  hi 
('(ini}>.  ill'  Oflriile,  4S-}). 

.0 1'l'ovious  ti)  liis  di'parturc  he  ordered  the  execution  of  Capt.  Oscar  Rob- 
ert.   I\hrra,  IliM.  Julajm,  v.  '200-1. 

*"  It  was  |)ul)lished  in  tlic  D'ario  Ojlcial,  preceded  hy  copious  details,  ingcn- 
i  aisly  ^'ut  U[i,  iritei'speraed,  as  usual,  with  insulting  epitliets  to  tlie  coiistitu- 
tivuiiilists,  ii'>d  the  cry  of  Viva  la  religion!  was  not  omitted.  'I'ho  whole 
inipusLurc  was  reproduced  in  tho  Diario  de  Avisos,  March  '21,  1850. 


« 


FIGHTING  NEAR  MEXICO. 


781 


on  the  lOtli,  with  5,000  men  and  22  pieces  of  artil- 
lery, in  the  direction  of  San  Cosnie,  Popotla,  and  the 
hacienda  of  ISIorales.  He  placed  a  double  battery 
on  the  heights  of  Tacubaya,  to  cut  oft"  the  enemy's 
retreat  l)y  way  of  Toluca,  and  opened  a  brisk  fire  on 
the  Molino  de  Valdes,  which  lasted  till  after  dark. 
This  mill  and  the  arohbisliop's  house  were  the  most 
advanced  as  well  as  the  strongest  points  of  tlic  liberals. 
At  nightfall  there  was  noticed  a  brisk  musketry  firing, 
answered  from  a  position  nearer  Tacubaya,  and  even 
tit  9  o'clock  some  discharges  of  artillery  were  heard. 
At  G  o'clock  the  next  morning  the  lieiLjhts  of  Mexic(^ 
were  crowded  with  spectators.  No  movement  could 
then  be  seen  in  Marquez'  camp;  but  at  a  few  minutes 
before  seven  tv/elve  of  his  pieces  opened  a  tremendous 
fire  on  the  archbishop's  house  and  the  aforementioned 
mill,  and  a  column  of  infantry,  under  cover  of  it,  aj)- 
proachcd  the  mill,  being  hotly  received  by  volleys  ot 
musketry;  but  soon  the  constitutionalists  abandoned 
the  position,  and  the  firing  ceased  there.  A  few  mo- 
ments later  the  battery  on  the  height  contiiuied  play- 
ing upon  Tacubaya,  though  not  very  actively,  a  portit)n 
of  the  reactionary  army  advancing  a  considerable  dis- 
tance, and  taking  up  a  position  in  the  vertex  of  an  an- 
gle in  the  direction  of  the  archbishop's  house  and  the 
slope  of  the  Chapultepec  forest.  The  column  placed  a 
battery  there,  wliich  ke[)t  up  a  heavy  fire  from  half- 
]Ki«t  seven  till  ten.  Another  fight  occurred  at  tlio 
casa  mata,  where  the  liberals — infatitr}^  cavalry,  and 
artillery — were  attacked  by  two  battalions  o,"  infantry 
and  some  cavalry.  At  ten  the  general  dep(")t  of  am- 
munition in  the  archbishop's  palace  exploded.  Some 
grenades  had  also  been  hurled  upon  Ch.ipub,epec  from 
JJelen.  Belbre  1 1  o'clock  Mar(|uez  was  \\i  })ossession  of 
all  the  points  Degollado  had  heUl  iu  Taculiaya.*'  A 
portion  of  the  latter's  army  retrealed  to  Chapultepec, 

*'  Tlio  constitutionalist  govcrnnK'nt  attri'ontcd  to  that  explosion,  whicli, 
it  saiil,  occurit'tl  aitw  tiie  liberals  liad  tin'eo  tiiin's  ii'pnlseil  tlio  enemy's 
charges,  Dcgollado's  V'-'ti'tiit,  '  in  perfect  order  and  with  the  greatir  part  of 
his  trains  and  pieces  of  artillery.'  Aichivo  Mix.,  Col.  Liij.,  iv.  'Jl-'2. 


702 


STRIFE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


whence,  as  well  tis  from  Molino  dv\  Roy,  tliey  wore  soon 
dislodged,  ami  finally,  being  closely  j)ursued,  became 
dispersed.  Other  liberal  bodies  had  beforehand  retreat- 
ed t(nvard  the  south,  and  still  others  went  by  way  ol' 
Atzcapotzalco  to  the  villa  del  Carbon.  Marquez  cap- 
tured .')  I  pieces  of*  artillery." 

At  the  time  the  reactionary  forces  under  Marquez 
were  gaining  so  signal  a  victcjry  over  their  o[)ponents, 
!Miranion  arrivetl  at  the  ca})ital  in  a  stage-coach,  hav- 
ing in  his  company  the  general  officers  Cobos,  Diazde 
la  Vega,  Blanco,  and  Castillo.  At  half-past  ten  the 
salvos  of  artillery,  the  ringing  of  bells,  and  the  enthu- 
siastic plaudits  of  his  admirers  and  sycophants  an- 
nounced his  unexpected  return,  lie  at  once  repaired 
to  the  heights  and  witnessed  the  dispersion  of  his  en- 
emies.*' JJeijjollado  and  manv  of  his  li'onerals  and  field- 
officers  had  in  time  placed  themselves  out  of  harm's 
way;  but  others  were  not  so  fortunate. 

For  the  second  time  had  the  constitutionalist  hosts 
come  to  the  very  intrenchments  of  the  capital,  to  be 
aiifain  hurled  back  discomfited.  On  this  as  on  the 
former  occasion,  their  losses  were  heavy,  much  heavier 
now  than  before,  for  Degollado  had  brought  with  him 
all  his  forces  and  a  large  amount  of  war  material  that 
lie  had  been  long  in  <>atliering.  But  his  friends  and 
])artisans  in  the  city  failed  to  fulfil  their  promises, 
and  on  the  part  of  himself  and  his  leading  officers 
there  was  a  marked  lack  of  ability  and  of  unity  in 
action;  for  neither  attacking  nor  retreatin<>'  at  the 
ju'oper  time,  their  troops  were  torn  to  pieces  in  their 
own  intrenchments,  leaving  in  the  enemy's  hands  all 
their  trains,  artillery,  and  ammunition,  a  large  number 
of  the  slain,  about  200  prisoners,  one  of  whom  was 
General  Lazcano,  and,  it  was  said,  even  Degollado's 

*^I)iariode  AmmH,  Apr.  4,  13,  1859;  Ilivera,  J  fist.  Jalapa,  v.  192-202; 
DomcHcih,  If  inf.  (la  Mex.,  ii.  ,317.  Col  Ignacio  Zaragoza,  in  a  letter  of  April 
14tii  to  Viilaurri,  describing  tlio  battle  aiicl  itslanicatablc  result,  Kays  that  tlio 
army  of  tlio  north  lost  only  a  few  men,  and  its  morale  was  good.  Uolctiu 
Ojici'il  (Ic  .Moiitirei/,  in  La  EntrelladfOrciil.,  July  I,  l.S,")9. 

'"Ills  mouth-picec,  Arellano,  coarsely  says,  'pruscncio  la  dispersion  de 
aqviullas  cimsmas,'  Apunla  t'aitq>.  de  Oricitlr,  03. 


^i 
-o 


OUTRAGES  BY  MARQUEZ. 


7G3 


uniform  and  genural's  sash.^"     The  joy  of  the  roantion- 
ists  was  unboundctl,  and  was  manifostod  in  salutes, 
ilhuninations,  etc.;  the  victory  servinj^  ^lirainon  to 
cover  up  his  error  and  fiasco  of  Vera  Cruz.     Amid 
that  rejoicing,  and  the  clianting  of  a  te  deum  hy  tlie 
clergy,  Miramon  issued  a  written  order  to  Maiquez 
to    shoot    all    his    prisoners    of  the  rank  of  officers. 
Marquez,  being  a  man  of  very  limited  education,  re- 
gardless of  the  duties  of  humanity,  had  gone  into  the 
war  prompted  by  fanaticism  and  personal  ambition. 
Shooting  prisoners  "was  perfectly  in  order  in  his  esti- 
mation, and  consequently  he  fulfilled  Miranion's  order 
to  the  letter,  and  even  went  beyond;  for  either  himself, 
or  those  to  whom  he  intrusted  its  execution,  committed 
on   that  day  and  night  crimes  that  filled  the  world 
■with  horror.     Several  students  of  the  medical  collenfo 
had  come  out  to  attend  the  wounded  of  either  band, 
and  while  fulfilling  this  mission  were  draii^ijed  in  tlio 
darkness  of  night  from  the  bedsides  of  their  patients 
to   the  place  where  the  prisoners  were  being  shot, 
and  inunolated  with  the  others.     Both  Miramon  and 
]\Iarquez  disclaimed   responsibility  for   the    outrage, 
shifting  it  one  upon  the  other." 

*"  As  ackuowleilgcd  in  liia  circular  publislicd  in  Kl Picjmpo,  and  rpproJuccd 
in  La  ICslrelln  de  OcckL,  Juno  '21,  1831). 

^'  Ti>e  number  of  studeuta  tliua  massacred  was  eleven,  nil  of  tlieni  niom- 
bera  of  good  familica.  The  following  names  liavc  been  recorded:  Juan  Doval, 
Jose  M.  Sancliez,  Gabriel  Rivera,  lldefonao  I'ortugal,  Juan  Diaz  (.'ovarruliias, 
and  Alberto  Abad.  Another  young  man,  Manuel  Mateos,  recently  adMiitte(l 
to  the  bar,  waa  also  shot.  I  (iud  also  among  the  executed  Agnstin  .lauregui. 
Eugenic  Quisen,  S.  Fischer,  Manuel  Neira,  and  captains  I;,'nacio  Sierra  and 
Jose  Lopez.  Jiivcra,  //Lit.  Jftlapa,  v.  '20;i-4;  /</.,  Oab.  de  Mix.,  ii,  ").")!).  Min- 
ister Ocampo  on  the  'J.'kl  of  April  addressed  a  circular,  wliicii  says:  '  Se  ccbaron 
bi'trbaramente  con  los heiidos,  con  los pocos  dispersos  que aprehendieron,  y  aun 
con  lo3  cirujanoa. '  Upwarils  of  100  [lersona  were  sacriliced,  'among  tlicm  sev- 
eral of  very  tender  age.'  Arrhivo  Max.,  Col.  Lci/.,  iv.  2.3;  Didilaii  and  Lozniio, 
Leif.  Mex.,  viii.  007-0;  North  Am.  J'rricw,  eiii.  1  \'i;  Lrj'fivre,  lJo<'.  Md.riiiiilluiiii, 
i.'M-7 ;  Le/cvre,  Le  Mi'xiqiie,S\S,  '.)',i;  Marquez,  /'(J'Htac'ioii,'2i-~.  Manjuez, 
in  a  manifesto  published  in  IS'ew  York  in  1800,  says  tiiat  lie  gave  orders  not 
to  harm  the  prisoners,  and  at  his  lirst  interview  with  Miramon  told  him  so. 
After  tiieir  separation  at  the  city,  he,  Marquez,  went  liaek  to  Tacul)aya, 
where  soon  after  Lieut-col  Flores,  an  aid  of  the  president,  handed  him,  in  the 
presence  of  many,  an  order  that  read  aa  follows,  translated  into  JuigHhh: 
'Gencral-in-chief  of  the  national  army.  Most  excellent  sir:  This  very  aftir- 
noon,  and  under  your  excellency's  strictest  rcspnnsibility,  you  will  cause  to 
be  shot  all  the  prisoners  of  the  rank  of  oliciales  y  jefes,  reporting  to  me  tlio 
number  of  those  whom  this  lot  has  befallen.     God  uud  law.     ^lexico,  April 


ro4 


STRT  'E  FOR  SUPREMACY. 


The  prisoners  and  students  were  not  tlio  only  ones 
sacriliced  on  that  lltli  of  April.  Some  children  were 
speared  to  death.  Several  peaceable  citizens  were 
brou'dit  from  neiji^hborinsf  towns  and  murdered.  The 
bodies  of  the  victims  were  thrown  together  into  one 
or  more  ditches.  And  on  that  day  the  clergy  were 
blessing  the  authors  of  these  atrocities. 

The  nation  became  horrified,  and  the  leaders  of  tho 
govermnent  at  the  ca[)ital  wore  from  that  day  looked 
upon  as  a  band  of  merciless  assassins.  Degollado 
then  established  the  system  of  retaliation,  and  every 
reactionary  commander  or  officer  taken  prisoner  was 
shot.  The  reactionists  pursued  the  same  course,  and 
henceforth  the  war  was  carried  on  with  greater  ani- 
mosity than  ever  before. 

The  public  reception  of  the  victorious  army  in  tho 
capital  on  the  12th  was  enthusiastic  on  the  part  of 
its  supporters,  whose  houses  were  embellished  with 
bright  curtains.  In  the  steeples  of  the  cathedral  were 
demonstrations  of  joy.  Every  device  was  used  to 
express  the  satisfaction  of  the  reactionists.  Marquez 
and  ]\Iejia  traversed  the  streets  in  an  open  carriage, 
amid  the  cheers  of  the  populace."^ 

11,  1859.  Mirainon — a  rubric.  To  his  excellency  tho  general  of  division 
ill  eliiof  of  the  nriny  of  operations,  Don  Leonardo  Marqucz,  Tacubaya. ' 
Arrhivo  Mex.,  Col.  Lci/.,  v.  711)  '20.  Marque/,  explains  liow  this  secret  order 
fell  into  tiio  liands  of  Juarez'  government,  makhig  it  known  tiiat  lie  liad 
acted  under  onlors.  Miramon's  order  certainly  says  nothing  of  shooting 
physicians  or  students.  .Jauregui,  Miramon's  counsel  at  ids  trial  in  QueriS- 
taro,  acluiowledgcs  tliat  lie  owed  his  life  to  Mirainon  on  that  dreadful  day, 
■when  ho  was,  together  with  six  others,  on  the  point  of  being  sliot  l)y  Mar- 
qucz' orders.  Ho  adds  tiiat  Mirainon  heard  of  tho  shooting  of  the  students 
after  tho  execution,  and  bicaino  very  indignant,  but  could  not  punish  Mar- 
qucz for  tlio  brutal  act,  because  to  him  was  duo  that  day's  victory.  In  a 
letter  to  J;lurcgui,  Miramon  says:  '  I  wish  to  refer  to  Tacubaya.  You  will, 
periiaps,  sec  an  order  of  iiiino  to  shoot;  but  this  referred  to  tho  oflicers,  my 
prisoners,  and  never  to  physicians,  and  much  less  to  civilians.  At  tliis 
moment,  when  I  am  preparing  to  appear  before  God,  I  make  you  this  decla- 
ration.' Maximiliano,  (Mitutt,  227;  Arraiiiioiz,  Mej.,  ii.  .lOO.  On  the  2d  of 
IMarcli,  1801,  among  tho  first  acts  of  Juarez,  after  his  triumph,  was  to  order 
tiic  arrest  and  trial  of  Miramon  and  his  ministers,  and  all  othors  who  had 
participation  iii  that  massacre. 

'•'''  Mari|uez  wore  a  band  with  this  inscription :  'A  la  virtud  y  al  valor,  la  gra- 
titud  do  bis  liijas  do  Mtixico,'  which  had  been  presented  to  him  that  morning 
by  a  oouimittec  of  ladies.  lUivm,  Hint.  Jalnpa,  v.  204.  Tho  corps  of  engi- 
necry  g.ivo  him  a  sword  of  honor,  of  line  steel  with  a  goM  liilt,  and  a  silver 
scabbard  inlaid  with  gold.  Uiario  dc  Avinos,  April  10,  ISJ'J. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

TRIDMPU  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 

1859-1801. 

Umtkii  States'  Recognition  of  Juakkz — Mtuamon's  Actios — Confihcation 
OF  Chuhcii  Property — Interior  Campaion  of  18o9 — Treaties— Mira- 
mon's  Second  Expedition  to  Vera  Cruz — United  States'  Armed  In- 
tervention— Interior  Campaign  of18G0 — Miramon'sKetirnt')  Mex- 
ico and  Resignation — President  Pavon— Miramon's  Title  to  the 
Presidency — Approach  of  Constitutionalists — Miiiamon's  Defeat 
AND  Escape — Juarez'  Triumphant  Entry  into  Mexico. 


The  victory  of  Tacubaya,  tliougli  important  for  tlio 
reactionists,  did  not  disliearteii  their  ojniononts.  The 
latter  were  I'ui'tlier  encouraged  by  the  recognition  of 
Juarez'  government  on  tlie  part  of  the  United  Stattjs, 
wlilch  accredited  Robert  M.  jMcLane  neo,r  it  as  minis- 
ter, the  appointment  having  been  confirmed  by  tlie 
senate  on  the  Gth  of  April,  1859.  Soon  after  Jiis 
arrival  Juarez  sent  Jose  M.  Mata  to  Washington  as 
IMexico's  representative,  with  the  same  diplomatic 
rank.'  This  interchange  of  relations  created  a  dee[)  im- 
pression, not  so  much  in  jSIexico  as  in  Europe.  Mira- 
mon's minister  of  relations  solemnly  protested  against 
it,  declariuLj  null  all  attendant  arransj^ements." 

'  On  29tli  April.  Diario  dn  Avison,  May  27,  July  1,  18.">9. 

'  Dicz  do  lioiiilla.  impartially  details  tlio  relations  between  the  two  counlriea 
since  Zuloaga's  occupancy  of  tlic  executive  chair  at  the  capital,  whose  govern- 
ment the  U.  S.  minister,  For.syth,  hud  at  lirst  i'ec(>gnize<l.  He  then  alleges 
tliat  Forsyth  proposed  the  cession  to  tlic  U.  S.,  for  a  pecuniary  considLration, 
of  a  largo  portion  of  Mexican  territory,  as  well  aa  nn  irrevocahlo  privilei^e  of 
passage  tlirougli  tlio  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec.  Forsytii's  proixjsals  being  re- 
jected, he  broke  off  rclutioua,  and  h's  government  supported  him  in  it.  He 
concludes  that  tho  recognition  of  Juarez'  government  l)y  tiio  U.  S.  is  intended 
to  give  it  legitimacy  and  authority  that  it  may  aid  them  to  despoil  Mexifo  of 
her  territory.     McLauc,  in  u  uotu  to  Minister  Ocampo  of  tho  'JUtli  of  April, 

(TOO) 


4 


'I 


; 

i 

I 

;■ 

'i 
k 

I 

'i 


7G6 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


Bonillit  went  furtlicr:  lie  canccllod  tlie  ox(H]natur 
of  Consul  ]Jlack  in  JNTexico,  and  of  all  other  United 
States  consuls  and  vice-consuls  in  tlie  repuldic.  This 
was,  however,  made  nugatory  hy  Ocanijjo's  circular 
of  April  23d,  to  governors,  confirming  anew  the  exe- 
quaturs of  all  those  consular  ofticers.' 

Mexico  had  now  reached  a  state  of  chronic  anarch}', 
and  there  seemed  to  be  no  remedy  for  it.  The  so- 
called  conservative  party  favored  an  absolute  rule  with 
all  its  sequences;  and  though  h(.lding  to  a  republican 
form,  it  was  in  fact  a  military  dictatorship.  It  cou- 
tenq)latcd  the  establishment  of  a  monarchy.  The 
clergy,  which  was  the  most  influential  wing  of  that 
party,*  and  whose  chief  was  Padre  Miranda,  one  of 
]\[iramon's  ministers,  were  working  for  a  foreign  prince 
to  reign  in  ^Mexico,  and  to  that  end  opened  relations 
with  Gutierrez  Estrada,  of  whom  more  hereafter.^ 
The  policy  of  the  party  was  to  restore  the  fueros  that 
the  ley  Juarez  had  suppressed ;  to  keep  the  press  under 
restraint;  to  have  prohibitory  tariffs;  and  to  prevent 
the  incoming  of  foreigners,  which  might  endanger  the 
church.  The  constitutional  government  was  opposed 
to  all  this;  and  moreover  resolved  to  deprive  the 
clergy  of  the  means  to  prolong  the  war. 

The  reactionists  were  umcli  exercised  to  find  relief 
for  their  great  malady — impecuniosity.  The  minister 
of  the  treasury,  Sagaceta,  was  blamed,  and  then  su[)er- 
seded  by  a  young  man,  Cdrlos  G.  de  la  Peza,  under 


denies  Bonilla's  charges,  adding  tliat  his  government  looked  on  Juarez  as  tlio 
legal  ami  dc  facto  autiiority  recognized  l)y  four  liftiis  of  liio  states  and  a  largu 
portion  of  the  citizens;  which  was  particularly  tlie  case  in  the  seaports  on 
hotli  seas,  and  in  tiic  live  or  six  Mexican  states  contiguous  to  the  U.  S.  ^s  well 
as  in  those  of  the  south  through  which  U.  S.  citizens  have  the  riglit  I>y  treaty 
to  trade.  Archivo  Mex.,  <Jol.  Ley.,  iv.  '2')-3'>;  Diililanuinl  Lozano,  Lcij.  Alex., 
viii.  GO!);  Feirer,  Ciir.tt.  de  Mfx.  T'/i.  Anvr.  Gni.,  42',),  43S-42. 

"Ocanipo  dulis  Honilla's  statements  hypocritical;  the  loss  of  territory 
under  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  licing  caused  by  the  stupid  course  of 
the  conservatives,  and  the  sale  of  Mesilla  beii.g  the  act  of  the  '  imprudento 
Sr  Bonilla.' 

*  Diaz,  Baton  Biofj.,  MS.,  440-3. 

^'I'lie  correspondence  between  the  two  men  on  this  plan  was  intercepted 
by  the  liberals,  according  to  Degollado'a  circular  of  May  iiOtli  to  the  governor. 
Archivo  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  iv.  33. 


CITURCII  PIlOI'Km'Y  COXFrSf'ATEP. 


707 


wlioso  nianac^ernoiit  tlio  conriisioii  in  ilic  finaiiocs  was 
greater  than  ever.  That  chani^c!  eaiiscd  the  rt'siu^na- 
tions  of'Diezih)  Bonilla,  Larrainzar,  and  Marin.  Tlx-y 
were  succeeded  July  7lh  l»j  Oetaviano  Munoz  Ijcdct, 
niinistor  of  fomento,  who  assumed  ad  interim  the  jioit- 
foHo  of  rehitions;  Isich-o  Diaz  be(;amt!  minister  of  Jus- 
tice; and  Antonio  (\)rona,  who  iiad  sueeeeihMl  (Jastillo 
in  the  war  department,  took  tenn)orary  chan^^e  of  that 
of  oovernnjcnt." 

iMiramon  issued  a  manifesto  on  tlie  need  of  ref<»rms, 
claiming  that  Ids  motto  was  to  go  forward,  for  not  to 
advance  was  retrogression.  lU)  spoke  of  wise  meas- 
ures and  not  bloodv  victories  as  the  means  of  cxtri- 
eating  the  country;  exj)r(^ssed  himscilf  liherally  in  rv- 
gard  to  the  i)ress,  and  used  other  tine  phititu(h's;  hut 
failed  to  present  any  well-delined  plan  of  aihninistra- 
tion.^ 

An  effort  was  made  at  this  time  to  arrive  at  an 
understanding  between  the  belligercMits  on  some 
matters  of  general  interest,  such  as  guaranteeing 
the  sal'ety  of  the  mails;  but  all  such  ])roj('cts  wei'o 
abandoned  on  the  |)uI)lication  by  Juarez,  July  I'J, 
1859,  of  a  law  to  confiscate  and  nationalize  the  [)i'op- 
crty  of  the  clergy,  and  of  his  decree  of  the  next 
day  rcgulatini;  the  mode  of  carryini]:  it  into  effect.^ 


'i\ 


fit 


I    i; 


*Dinr!o(le  AvhoM^Jwly  12,  ISilO;  Mdx.,  Mrm.  Ilanfuda,  1S70,  IO-'jO. 

'Tliis  (locunieiit  was  issiioil  iit  CliaimUepi'c  on  tli<^  I'-'tli  of  .Inly,  and  pub- 
lished in  Mexico  on  tlic  sr.iiic  diiy  and  the  i;!tii.  JJiaiio  ilr  AviHati,  .July  l.'t, 
l!l,  iO,  IS.")!). 

"It  was  passeil  with  the;  unanimous  approval  of  tJM!  ministers,  all  ul  wlionj 
countcrsi','ned  it.  In  the  preamlih;  tlio  oh  r<;y  are  accused  of  liein^  the  pro- 
moter.s  of  the  war;  of  their  o[ien  rehellion  aifainst  the  legitini.ito  autliority 
representing  the  national  sovenij^'nty;  and  also  of  their  w;:sling  away  the 
fiin<l3  intrusted  to  their  care  for  pious  purposes  in  flupi)orting  the  fratricidal 
strife,  and  nil  for  the  solo  ])urpo:',c  of  rciulcring  thoniselvcs  independent  of 
the  civil  authority.  The  law  conliscates  all  ecclesiastical  ])roperty,  excepting 
churches  and  their  contents.  All  convents  of  friars,  ami  reli','iiius  hrothei-- 
hoods  or  congreg.ations,  arc  suppressed,  and  no  new  ones  arc  to  hn  cstahlislu d. 
Existing  nunneries  arc  allowed  to  continue,  hut  all  under  tlic  exdusivo 
jurisdiction  of  the  respective  <lioccsan.  Nuns  quitting  Ihcir  convents  to  ic- 
turn  to  secular  life  are  to  bo  reimbursed  nt  once  the  money  they  took  witli 
them  as  dower  to  the  convents.  Those  who  took  no  dower  are  to  be  paid 
^."ilX),  and  to  cover  such  claims  and  the  rcqnirenicnts  of  public  woiship,  four 
million  dollars  arc  nppropriatcil  from  the  general  fund.  Airhivo  .l/r.r.,  r.,/. 
J.cy.,  iv.  8J-114;  Mix.,  Vod.  lli'J'urmu,  14J-00;  Diaz,  JJitlon  iiioij.,  MS.,  43J. 


\l 


7flS 


TUIUMril  OF  THK  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


Tlii.s  was  soon  rollowed  l)y  otljcr  ('Jiactmciils  diitH'tly 
alK'cliiig  the  chiirfh,  namely,  on  civil  niarria;^»',  pri-- 
S('fil)ln<^  thu  I'ornialitics,  and  dodarinLj  null  all  niar- 
1  iai^os  contraetijcl  without  havinijf  iij'st  complied  with 
them;  on  ca|K;llanias,  declarinjjf  them  included  in  the 
]»roperiy  to  be  nationalized  under  the  law  oC  July 
IJtli;  on  (he  personal  <'ivil  status,  intended  to  I'ully 


cs 


tabli 


isn  in(ie|)en(lence  between  c 


bet\ 


rhurel 


1  anc 


I  stat( 


on 


cc 


meteries,  takini^  the  control  of  them  from  the  ehunh 
and  J^iviii!^  it  to  the  civil  authorities;  and  finally, 
a  despatch  was  sent  to  ^fiimel  Castillo  l?ortui;al, 
attache  having  in  his  charge  the  archives  of  the  Mexi- 
can legation  in  liome,  apprising  him  that  the  pi-esi- 
dent  had  onlered  that  legation  suppressed,  as  useless 
after  the  inde[)endencc  of  state  and  church  had  been 
declared;  and  directint;  him  to  leave  ]lome  and  brinu: 
with  him  the  aichivtJs,  to  be  preserved  in  the  depart- 
ment of  relations." 

The  law  of  nationalization  of  the  ecclesiasti(;al 
estates  greatly  contributed  toward  the  emling  of  the 
civil  war.  The  <jjovernment  at  Vera  Cruz,  havin<jf 
staked  upon  that  measure  tlie  existence  of  the  liberal 
]);irty,  lost  no  time  in  tK!V(lo[»ing  its  effects  by  the 
sale  t)f  such  property.  Against  contracts  of  that  na- 
ture an  energ(!tio  protest  was  made  by  j\liramon's 
minister,  JNIunoz  Letlo,  who  addi'ossed  himself  to  the 
forcMgn  ministers.  Similar  jjrotests  were  also  filed  by 
reactionary  corporations  and  authorities."^     Owing  to 


»  I'asaed  rospcctivcly  July  'JH,  28,  .31,  and  Ausuat  .*?,  IS.IO.  ^x.,  Cd,l.  />- 
fnvuni,  1()I-!SS;  Arvh'n\>  Mix.,  ('ol.  Ley.,  iv.  IIO-K'J,  liW-OO;  Diili/aii  nnd 
JjdZdiio,  Lcij.  Mi'X.,  viii.  7()">.  Minister  Ocainpo  in  his  circular  of  Augu.st  (itli, 
on  tliu  iiiauuor  of  carrying  out  the  laws  on  civil  status  antl  ccinctciics,  lays 
much  stress  on  tlio  need  of  tlie  state  goveniinents  providing  decent  cemeteries; 
lie  lays  serious  charges  at  tlio  door  of  a  [lortionof  the  parish  priests  for  refusing 
Cliristiaii  burial  to  the  indigent  who  could  not  pay  the  church  dues,  as  wrll 
as  to  the  exconiinunicated,  which  was  done  witli  the  remains  of  the  dislin- 
guislied  citizens  I'edraza  and  Farias.  On  the  lirst  point  he  says:  '  Lasordida 
i'  insensihle  avaricia  del  clero,  la  repugnanto  y  bilrbara  frialdad  con  quo  algu- 
nos  de  sus  miembros  tratan  A  la  pobro  viuda  »1  al  desvalido  hui^'i'fano. .  .el  in- 
I'lvible  pero  cierto  ciiiismo  con  que  dicen  eoinetelo,  li  quien  necesitaria  ayuda 
y  coiisuelo.'  Archiro  Mcj:,  Col.  Li';/.,  iv.  1G3-72. 

'"The  execution  of  the  law  encountered  .an  energetic  resiataneo  on  the  part 
of  the  clergy,  the  archbishop  and  his  uuilrugans  prcaciiing  and  writing  against 


RRACTIOXAIJY  SrUKMI^S. 


700 


llio  (litViciiltics  in  ilic  way,  there  was  not  activity  cnon<4;li 
in  cDiiveyanees  of  eeclesiastieal  projiei'ty  t(»  meet  tlu! 
ex|)eetatif;ns  of  tiie  liljerals  at  \ Cra  Ciii/,.  It  was 
evident  tliat  speculators  j)referre(l  to  jxj.stpone  t(»  a 
more  suitable  tinu!  o|H>rations  in  that  line.  As  to  the 
reactionary  jjfovernnient,  it  increase*!  tin;  |)overty  (»t' 
its  treasury  hy  the  suj)[)ression  of  a  luimher  of  es- 
talilished  taxi's  without  providiiiLj  means  to  replace 
tlie  sums  tluis  lost.  Jtals(>  (leereed,  on  (he  ICdJiof 
.)idv,  many  linancial  measui'cs  that  were  eiitirelv  in- 
a|»|)lical)l(!  und(!r  tlu3  existiiii^  circumstances."  The 
idea  contomplated  at  Mexico  of  levyinnr  thirty  million 
<lollars  was  an  ahsurd  one;;  the  departments  could  not 
hear  such  a  tax,  as  the  pro|)erty  holders  and  merchants 
M'cj-e  i-uined,  and  the  other  classes  in  the  utmost  in- 
dii4t!nce.  The  ayuntamientos  piftitioned  for  the  sus- 
piMisioii  of  t.lu^  so-called  ley  d(;  hacienda,  which  lu'lped 
to  bring  on  the  reaction  a  furthei-  loss  of  pr(!sti<j^e. 

The  nvictionary  pn^ss  made  the  most  of  tlu;  laws 
enacted  at  Vwn  Cru/,  assertinj^  that  rc^lij^ious  unity 
was  on  the  point  of  destruction,  an<l  that  the  pi'oj)lu 
were  al)out  to  he  forcibly  deprived  of  tln^r  catholic 
worshi[);'''*  insistint^,  to  give  still  o-reater  warmth  to 
tlu!  (pjestion,  that  the  askiui^  by  the  liberals  of  aid 
IVom  tlu!  United  States  was  treason.  But  what  ke])t 
the  rcjactionists  in  conside'rable  alarm  was  the  lack  of 
activity  they  beijan  to  notice  in  ISIiramon,  who  ap- 
))earod  to  have  devoted  himself  entirely  to  conjugal 
felicity.^' 

it.  I'adro  Mirnnd.'i  pnl)lisli('(l  a  ])aini)lilot.  ICvoii  a  munhcr  of  lilxirals  (lisap- 
jirovi^il  of  the  I'liactniciit. 

"  Siipnvt'S.st!il  the  Imai'il  of  piililii;  cri'clit;  iaaucil  new  bonils  to  tlie  amount 
of  <'i;;',iiy  iiiillioiiH,  to  ('xi'liaiigi^  tlitiu  fof  a  certain  claas  of  clainiH  with  a  \nv- 
MiitiMi  of  from  live  to  clivi  ii  ]i(r  criitimi  on  tlic^  face  of  tlic  lioiiil;  rstaliliMlicil  a 
class  of  1)om(1h  without  interest;  and  hii<l  an  inii)o«t  of  thirty  millions  on  the 
(iepartnienta  an<l  teiritoiie.s,  hiliorei'M  and  otheis  of  the  poor  class,  and  tlie  in- 
ternal trade  iKiing  left  nneneundjered;  the  interior  custom  lionses  were  to  he 
iiseil  only  as  warehouses;  and  forci^'u  inorchaMdisc  was  to  i>ay  duties  at  the 
j)laee  of  consumption,  llUrru,  dob.  dc.  Mix.,  ii,  504-0;  JJiario  (h;  Arlsuit, 
.lnly'2(»,  isr>!). 

'•'On  their  puhlication  at  /.icatccas  hy  (ionzalez  Ortega  there  was  a  riot, 
in  whii'h  many  were  killed  and  woundeil. 

'^NotwitlistnridinL;  which,  a  conspiracy  having  been  Jiacovered  in  8upt., 
UiHi.  Mkx.,'Vol.  V,    W 


770 


TKIUMl'II  OF  Tin-:  COXSTITUTIOXAUSTa. 


Military  opi'i-atioiis  luui  by  no  uiL-aiis  IxM-n  ncrr- 
It'C'ti'd,  as  on  tlu;ir  result  (Ifpuiidcil  tlu;  trium])li  of 
oiic!  or  tliu  other  coiitostaiit.  Miraiiion  tlespatdied 
^Mannie/.  and  Aleji'a,  on  the  ll>tli  of  Ajtril,  witli  a 
stroni^  army  to  operate  in  Mielioaean.  'I'liey  oceupiiid 
Morelia,  wliieli  luid  been  abandoned  l)y  the  liberals  on 
t\\c  'Ji)tli,  and  were  received  witli  open  arms,  particu- 
hirlv  l)V  tl)e  ceelesiasties.'* 

Most  of  the  bberal  iorocs  had  marched  toward 
(iiianajuato  to  reuidbrce  llinojosa,  Orte^^a,  and  Zaia- 
j^oza.  Manjuez  tarried  but  a  lew  (Uiys  in  ^lorc  lia, 
mardiinLT  with  liis  whole  foi'ce  to  Guadalajai-a,  and 
then  Pueblita  and  other  liberals  reoccupied  Morelia 
j\lay  .'5(1.''  lluerta  and  Doblado,  who  iiacl  escaped 
from  Mexico,  had  conferences  on  the  Uth  «)f  Mav.'" 
]{uerta  still  f^ot  more  resources  I'rom  the  ])lace, 
though  the  state  had  contributed  already  one  and  a 
half  million  tlullars. 

iVIanjuez  went  on  undisturbed  to  Guadalajara,  and 
entered  it  on  ^lay  lotli,  being  received  under  a  tri- 
umphal arch,  and  crowned  with  a  "olden  wreath. 
Other  hijjfli  honors  were  also  paid  him.''  Marqucz 
made  a  trip  to  Tepic,  wliich  had  been  captured  by  the 
reactionists  June  l2*.)th,  shot  some  citizens,  and  i-e- 
turned  to  Guadalajara  with  twenty  loads  of  silver, 
taken  while  being  clandestinely  expt)rtcd. 

jMost  of  the  central  towns  were  the  })rey  of  male- 
factors, among  wLom  must  be  included  many  chiefs 
of  guerrillas,  wjio  liad  adopted  the  appellation  of 
one    or   the   ctl  er   contending  party.     Carbajal,  on 


tlie  parties  implicated  were  pxccutcd.  But  it  seems  that  in  Augr.st  he  had 
jwnloiiod  a  mini) let-  of  political  prisoners.  El  Eco  Hi/ij>.-Aiii.,  Oct,  31,  IS,")!); 
JHririo  (le  Avixos.  Aug.  17,  18.")9. 

"The  eatlwjtlral  was  reopened,  and  a  te  deum  chanted.  Religion  was 
again  asoendent. 

'•'  Some  reactionists'  houses  were  stoned.  Morelia  was  left  without  horses 
or  money,  Marquez  having  di'ained  it  of  ijOO.OI.'O  within  a  few  days. 

'"The  few  remaining  church  hells  with  which  the  reaction  had  heen  hailed 
were  now  brought  to  the  ground,  »:id  religion  was  again  at  a  discount. 

"  The  ayuntainiunto  presented  him  a  magnificent  baton,  on  the  gold  head 
of  which  was  an  inscription  in  memory  of  liia  victory  at  Tacubaya.  A  to 
deuni  formed  also  a  part  of  the  programme. 


BATTLE  AT  LAS  VACAS. 


771 


the  lil>oral  side,  liad  a  party  nuide  up  mostly  of  rob- 
Ikts  and  assassins,  whose  outrr.i^i's  were  i.inunic'ral)le. 
I'lascala  was  a  jj^reat  sufferer.  ( 'arbajal's  tyianny  is 
said  to  have  heen  insuireral)le,  hut  no  one  daied  op- 
poses him. 

Miramon,  recoverinij  liis  wonted  aetivity,  started 
in  NoviMuher  lor  the  interior.  Many  women  of 
Morelia  had  asked  liim  to  free  them  ihnn  tlie  eonsti- 
tntionalists.'^  To  oppose  th(;  Hheral  forces  which,  un- 
der De<ifollado,  were  marcliinuf  on  Qui^retaro,  Miramon 
concentrated  those  of  VeK'Z  and  ^fejia,  and  liiirried 
on  to  that  city,  accom|)anie(l  only  hy  his  aides-de-camp, 
and  adopted  the  requisite  measures  to  inflict  another 
of  ]ii,s  dama<jfin''  blows  on  the  enemv.  Marchinj;  hv 
the  Celaya  road  he  appeared  before  the  liberal  force  in 
the  afternoon  of  the  TJth  of  Xovember,  and  after  re- 
jcctini^  at  a  conferi'uce  Dcj^ollado's  proposals  to  leave 
him  the  command  in  chief  of  the  army,  if  he  would 
swear  to  support  the  constitution  of  1857,  coupled  with 
the  agreement  that  a  coni^ress  should  be  convoked  to 
i-eforni  that  code,  he  sii:jnally  routed  him  in  the  morning- 
of  the  lyth,  at  La  Estancia  de  las  V^acas,  capturing 
thirty  pieces  of  artiller\',  500  stantl  of  arms,  annriuni- 
tion,  wagons,  and  420  prisoners,  among  whom  were 
generals  Santiago  Tapia  and  Jose  J.  Alvarez,  both 
wounded."* 

])e<jf()llado  had  in  May  Cfiven  up  the  command  for 
a  time  to  bring  supplies  from  abroad,  which  he  landed 
in  June  or  early  in  July  at  Tampico,  and  took  at 
once  to  San  Luis  Potosi.     Huerta  had  also  received 


'"It  was  in  August.  D'lnrio  dc  Ar'n^o^,  Aug.  25,  1859. 

''••.Mirfunon  told  Dognlhulo,  on  leaving  liiiu,  tliiit  the  lil)Cfals  would  l)c  de- 
ft-atc'd  Ijffore  the  cxpinitioii  of  twi'utj'-four  hours.  The  cannonading  began 
nt  7  o'clock.  At  9  tiie  lihcrala  attacked  the  enemy's  left  flank,  sustained  hy 
Mcjia's  brigade.  Tlio  reactionists  were  likewise  assailed  on  the  rigiit  and  in 
tiie  centre,  and  being  defeated  at  the  latter  point,  were  in  danger  of  losing 
tiie  battle,  when  Miramon  made  a  simultaneous  effort,  coniinanding  t!io  centre 
in  person,  which  turned  the  tide.  Although  the  liberals  fought  desperately, 
it  was  all  over  at  eleven  o'clock.  Dobladoand  Arteaga,  with  about  l,()00nien, 
fled  to  Morelia,  where  new  forces  were  raised.  Degollado,  arrive<l  alone  at 
(Jnanajuato,  in  the  night  of  the  14th,  and  the  next  day  started  for  San  Luis 
I'otosi,  whither  some  of  the  scattered  liberal  troops  fouud  their  way. 


772  TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 

largo  quantities  of  arms,  wltli  which  lie  reopened  the 
campaign  in  Guanajuato. 

The  appearance  of  the  hberal  forces  at  La  Estancia 
(le  las  Vacas  had  been  the  first  step  of  a  well-arranged 
])lan  whose  chief  objective  point  was  Mexico,  but 
the  want  of  simultaneous  action  resulted  in  the  defeat 
at  La  Estancia,  and  the  plan  had  to  bo  abandoned. 
Fortune  was  frowning  on  the  liberals,  who  met  with 
disaster  at  Tulancingo,  Maravatio,  and  Toluca.  They 
liad  lost  in  the  different  encounters,  since  July,  10,000 
men,  G2  pieces  of  artillery,  7,300  muskets,  3,000 
sabres,  3,000  accoutrements,  and  a  large  quantity  of 
other  effects.™ 

The  defeat  at  La  Estancia  was  not  considered  in 
Vera  Cruz  a  crushini'!'  blow,  because  of  a  wromx  im- 
]>r(;ssion  that  Marquez  had  revolted  against  Miramon 
i'or  suspending  him  from  conmiand  and  ordering  him 
into  arrest  for  his  seizure  of  a  money  conducta.  8o 
much  credence  was  given  to  the  report  that  Juarez 
allowed  semi-official  commissioners  to  hold  coaferencos 
with  Roblos  Pezuela,  which  afterward  assumed  an 
ofKcial  character,  grounded  on  the  belief  that  the  latter 
would  accept  the  constitution  and  reform  laws.  IIe.de- 
w'waI  it  on  the  11th  of  November,  and  finallv  declined 
negotiating  without  express  instructions  from  ]\Iira- 
mon.  Martjuez  had  taken  in  Guadalajara  .$000,000 
from  a  conducta  of  .$1,9G4,000,  pleading  extreme  need 
of  funds  for  the  troops,  which  were  becoming  demor- 
alized, and  Jalisco  might  be  lost.  Shortly  before  he 
had  levied  a  force/,  loan  of  $100,000.  In  a  manifesto 
he  tried  to  justify  his  acts.  Miramon  disapi)roved 
th(^  affair  of  the  conchicta,'-^  from  fear  of  consequences, 
ivpaired  to  Guadalajara,  suspended  Mai'quez,  anrl  or- 
dered him  to  report  in  Mexico,  where  he  was  placed 
under  arrest. '" 


'^"nirn-n,  IIUl.  Jn'aprt,  v.  200-2;  Id.,  nob.  do  Mih:.,  ii.  TjCO;  Arrhivo 
Nr.v.,  Col.  Li'if.,  iv.  aS-'.i;  irinrU)  dr  .Ir/.w.s  Nov.  1."),  18,  19,  24,  2(i,  1S.")!»;  L,t 
L^hulla  (/«'  O,'-;,/.,  Auj,'.  12,  Nov.  2.'),  Doc.  2,  !»,  1S.")!>. 

■'  It  wiis  liiuiUy  Mliippcil  iit  Sail  Bins  on  llio  IJritish  iiiaii-of-wiii-  Annl/n/sf. 

'■-Mar(|uuz  had  bfoii  uii^jry  buuuuso  inuuy  of  his  troop.i  hud  boon  taken  from 


TREATY  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


"3 


Tlic  reactionary  president  was  cuthusiastically 
greeted  at  Guadalajara  by  his  partisans,  and  started 
with  about  J3,000  men  and  a  tew  artiikuynien  lor 
Cohnia,  where  the  liberals  under  Ojj^azon,  Kocha,  and 
others,  to  the  number  of  about  5,000,  were  concen- 
trated in  the  barrancas  of  Atenquiquo  and  Belt  ran. 
lie  tlanked  the  position  on  the  18th  of  December  at 
a  place  called  El  Perico  with  two  l)attalions,  went 
to  Tuxpan  lliver  defended  by  Kojas'  forces,  whom  he 
defeated,  and  on  the  22d  entered  Colinia.  The  next 
day  Miramon  attacked  his  o])ponents  on  the  <)p[)0' 
site  height  of  the  barranca  of  Tonila,  and  on  the  24tli 
drove  them  hence,  capturing  prisoners  and  artil- 
lery."^ After  that  Miramon  hastened  on  to  ]\[ex- 
ico,  where  he  arrived  on  the  7th  of  January,  Ih(jO, 
and  began  preparations  for  a  campaign  in  Ve»a  Cm/. 
The  I'cactionists  now  believed  themselves  invincil)le. 
At  the  end  of  1851)  tliey  held  sway  as  far  as  Aguas- 
calientes,  Zacatccas,  and  San  Luis  Potosi;  at  the  last- 
nanu;d  place  Vega's  brigade  of  Woll's  division  liad 
arrived  on  the  25th  of  November.  WoU  himself  had 
reoccupied  Zacatccas  the  21st. 

President  Juarez  began  to  fear  that  he  would  be 
left  without  the  means  to  cure  the  maladies  of  his 
country.  This  apprehension  brought  him  at  last  to  give 
a  willing  ear  to  the  proposals  of  the  American  minister, 
McLane,  and  (  >  acce[)t  United  States  volunteers  in 
the  liberal  ranl'i.  President  Buchanan  and  his  cab- 
inet, setting  aside  the  neutrality  laws,  per-mitted  the 
exportation  of  war  mate-rial,  giving  further  evidentvi 
of  their  protection  to  i\w.  lil)eral  |)aj'ty  in  the  trcntv  th;it 
bore  the  name  of  McLane-Ocampo,  signed  the  l4Lh 

liiiii.  lie  wanted  inch  j,'i'iuMiil  to  ilo  his  part.  '  I)c  Id  contniiio, '  \u'  siiid  in 
uiiu  of  liis  despatcii^s  wliicli  was  iiit(,'iic.'|iti,'d,  '  sc  pci'dciil  <l  goliiurin),  y  iios 
Ufvanl  A,  todos  fii  sii  caida.'  M(iri/iii::,  Maui/.,  l-l'J;  /Jiiirin  i/i'  Ari.^us,  Deo. 
rj,  18.")!);  liircra,  Jllsf.  J'tl'i/ia,  v.  'Mi-').  It  sl'ciiis,  Iiowcmt,  that  MirauKurs 
visit  to  ( iiiaihil;ijaia  on  tiu.t  occasion  ha<l  heen  iiiainly  (.infill  iiy  l!ic  attempt 
of  .Man|uez  to  pioohiiin  Santa  Anna  pri'sid"i!t.  "v  ■•  Miianiiin'a  loiter  to  Maxi- 
milian ai  QiU'ri'tai-o,  in  Xfunncoi'',  IliM.  M''j.,  xviii.  10-2-3. 
^  La  (Jitinioii  de  tiinaloa,  Jan.  21).  18G0. 


774 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


of  December,  1859 — a  treaty  that  iintlerwent  several 
ainendiuents.-*  Its  most  objectionable  clause,  in  the 
estimation  of  a  large  number  of  Mexicans,  was  that 
giving  the  United  States  the  right  of  protecting 
their  citizens  and  interests  by  force  of  arms,  in  cer- 
tain events,  within  Mexican  territory.  This  condition 
]>laced  Mexico  at  the  mercy  of  her  sometimes  over- 
bearing sister.  There  was  another  clause,  it  is  as- 
serted, in  which  the  Mexican  government  expressed 
its  willingness  to  accept  in  a  certain  form  the  pro- 
tectorate of  the  United  States,  should  circumstances 
in  the  future  render  it  necessary  for  Mexico  to  assume 
such  an  obligation.^*^   Miramon's  government  protes  led 

'*  It  granted  the  U.  S.  or  their  citizens  the  riglit  of  transit  ail  perpetual  1 1  y 
throe  gruat  highways  across  the  Jlexican  republic,  namely:  1.  V>y  railway  o-' 
otlier  moans  of  oomnmnication  across  the  isthmus  of  Telniantcpcc  from  ocean 
to  oooaii;  '2.  By  railway  from  some  point  on  the  llio  Gramlc  across  the  states 
of  Tamaulipas,  Coahuila,  and  Nuc^-o  Leon,  Durango,  and  Sinaloa,  to  the  port 
of  Ma/.utlan  on  tho  I'aoitic;  3.  IJy  railway  from  the  territory  of  Arizona  across 
the  state  of  Sonura  to  Ouaymas  in  the  gulf  of  California.  It  granted  also,  in 
connection  with  that  right  of  transit,  the  following  privileges:  To  cstahlisli 
warehousos  at  the  termini  of  all  those  roails;  to  navigate  the  waters  communi- 
cating with  them;  to  transport  elTects  and  mercliandiso  from  Arizona  or  Cal- 
ifornia, or  moio  distant  points,  to  other  parts  of  the  U.  S.  free  of  duty,  through 
all  and  each  of  said  routes,  whatsoever  might  be  their  class  or  place  of  pro- 
duction or  manufacture.  Such  goods  might  bo  warehoused,  paying  only 
cartage  and  storage,  and  no  duties  unless  imported  into  Mexico  fur  con- 
sumption. A  large  number  of  U.  S.  manufactures  or  productions  nught  bo 
imported  into  ^lexico  at  the  termini  of  the  several  transit  routes  on  the  basis 
of  perfect  reciprocity;  tho  congress  of  the  U.  S.  to  determine  whether  tho 
goods  were  to  be  admitted  free  of  duty,  or  pay  a  lixed  rate.  Art.  8  gave 
the  U.  S.  the  right  of  conveying  troops  and  military  supplies  across  the 
republic  of  Mexico  oy  tho  Sonora  and  Tehuante]iec  routes,  as  if  they  were 
Mexican  troops,  etc.  Art.  9  authorized  the  U.  8.  to  protect,  by  force  of  arms 
if  necessary,  all  these  transit  routes,  if  Mexico  failed  to  do  so.  Art.  10  guar- 
anteed freedom  of  religion  and  of  worship  to  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  in  Mexico, 
whetlier  in  temples  or  private  houses.  Art.  11  declared  that  no  forced  loan 
should  jver  be  levied  on  U.  S.  citizens.  To  compensate  Mexico  for  tlie  import 
duties  she  thus  deprived  herself  of,  the  U.  S.  agreed  to  pay  her  four  million 
duUars,  of  which  sum  two  milli.)n3  were  to  be  retained  to  cover  claims  of  U. 
S.  citizens  against  ]Slcxico.  There  was  also  a  convention  to  enforce  treaty 
stipulations,  and  to  maintain  order  and  secui'ity  in  the  territory  of  the  ropul)- 
licsof  Mexico  and  the  U.  S.,  stipulating  that,  in  consideration  of  tho  disordered 
state  of  tlie  frontier,  the  forces  of  the  two  republics  might  act  in  concert  and 
coiiperation  to  enforce  the  stipulations  of  their  treaties,  if  tlie  lives  or  property 
of  the  citizens  of  one  of  them  wore  imperilh'd,  and  their  government  unablo 
to  protect  them.  Jtircm,  O'oh.  <le  Mix:,  ii.  ."VJD-'luO;  /(/.,  IJtst.  Jalnpn,  v  'l',Vd- 
4'.),  "JO!)-?');  J)iaiio  lie  Ari>io<,  J:ui.  f).  1800;  Zamacoit,  Hint.  M<J,,  xv.  3.'J7-42, 
JJoini'iti'ch,  nisi,  lilt  Ml. v.,  ii.  .'U'J-li. 

"'i'ho  treaty  was  doomed  by  the  European  press  of  serious  import  for 
Mexico  if  it  ever  went  into  operation.  The  London  Tunis  cxpressid  tho 
belief  that  the  country  would  virtually  become  iu  a  short  time  an  appendage 


THE  TREATY  REJECTED. 


77; 


1 

1 


against  the  treaty,  and  sent  the  protest  to  European 
governments  as  well  as  to  the  department  for  foreign 
affairs  at  Washington.  Even  in  Vera  Cruz  tlie  treaty 
caused  some  displeasure,  several  officers  of  the  national 
guard  resigning,  and  the  artisans  and  soldiers  manifest- 
ing their  displeasure.  Doblado  preferred  a  compromise 
witli  the  reaction  to  foreign  intervention ;  and  the 
minister,  Juan  Antonio  de  la  Fuente,  refused  to  ap- 
prove it.  The  reactionists  made  a  great  outcry  over 
it,  alleging  that  national  territory  had  been  sold; 
that  independence  and  religious  unity  had  ceased  t(» 
exist;  commerce  and  industry  were  forever  ruined; 
national  honor  and  dignity  trampled  upon;  and  prot- 
estantism given  the  freedom  of  the  country.  The 
liberals,  in  general,  on  the  other  hand,  saw  in  the 
treaty  nothing  but  an  aniplitication  and  extension  of 
the  treaties  of  1831  and  1853.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
though  confirmation  was  warmly  urged  by  Buchanan 
and  otaers  with  powerful  arguments,  the  senate  did 
not  deem  it  wise  to  burden  the  country  with  such  obli- 
gations, and  rejected  the  treaty. 

Almonte,  Miramon's  minister  in  Paris,  made  a 
treaty  in  eight  articles,  on  the  2Gth  of  Xovember, 
1851),  with  the  Spanish  ambassador  Mon,  binding 
Mexico  to  prosecute  and  punish  the  authors  of  out- 
i-ages  against  Spanish  subjects  in  the  hacientlas  San 
Vicente  and  Chiconcuac;  and  thouixh  it  was  acknowl- 
ed'jed  that  Mexicans  were  not  amenable  for  tliotsc 
yets,  Mjxico  agreed  to  indenmify  those  subjects; 
S[>ain,  on  her  part,  consenting  that  such  indemnities 
should  not  be  held  as  precedents  for  other  cases  of 
the  same  nature  that  might  occur.  The  Gth  arti<!e 
gave  full  force  and  vigor  to  the  treaty  of  Xoveml)er 
12,  1853,"''  with  )ut  even  an  incidental  mention  of  the 

of  the  U.  S.  The  U.  S.  papers  manifesteil  great  surprise  at  the  inai,'nituile  of 
tlie  concessions  luiido  hy  Mexico  for  so  small  a  sum  as  four  niillion  (lolhiis, 
V.  hen  twelve  years  befoi-e  the  U.  S.  had  oH'ered  lit'teen  millions  for  tiie  trun^it 
across  Teluuintei)ec,  and  later  paid  ten  millions  for  the  (iailsdcn  purchase. 

^*A  convention  for  the  adjustment  of  Spanish  clainn  nuule  liy  Santa 
Anna's  adinini.stration.  Mix.,  JJorrho  Iii/irii.,  ist  pt,  40y-14;  Cui'Ua,  Jjiurio 
SciHido,  i.  no.  8,  05.  no.  'J,  70,  ii.  uo.  1)3,  ll'J4. 


m 


TRIUMPH  OP  THE  CONSTITUTIOXALISTS, 


revision  of  non-Spanish  claims.  Juarez  and  his  cah- 
inet,  on  the  ^Oth  of  January,  18G0,  })roteste(l  against 
the  validity  of  such  a  treaty,  and  it  never  beean;e  a 
law.'^^  On  the  other  hand,  Miranion,  in  a  circular  to 
the  foreign  diplomatic  corps,  endeavored  to  refute 
Buclianan's  statements  in  his  last  message  to  congress, 
protesting  against  the  pretensions  of  his  government.''"* 
Some  changes  occurred  soon  after  the  conclusion  of 
the  McLane-Ucampo  treaty  in  Juarez'  cabinet.^ 

\\  :  ri'vhile  both  bellij^'rents  had  been  swelling  their 
ranks  'arrying  on  an  active  campaign.     The  con- 

stitution st  forces  were  quite  numerous  early  in  1 8G0, 
and  jMiramon  made  pre|)arations  for  a  second  cam- 
])aign  against  the  city  of  Vera  Cruz.  On  the  8th  of 
Febiuary,  18G0,  he  started  from  the  capital,  accom- 
panied by  his  minister  of  war,  Diaz,  to  place  himself 
at  the  head  of  Kobles'  division,  timing  his  move- 
ments by  a  [(rearranged  combination  by  which  a  small 
squadron  under  Mexican  colors,  and  commanded  by 
General  Marin,  was  to  sail  from  Habana  to  coijperate 
in  the  attack  on  Vera  Cruz.  The  squadron  was  ex- 
pected off  that  port  about  the  entl  of  February. 
Juarez  on  the  23d  made  a  proclamation  declaring  it 
a  [)iratical  expedition,^'^  and  the  United  States  naval 
I'orces  had  orders  from  their  government  to  prevent 
the  intended  cooperation. 

Each  contending  faction  used  its  best  endeavors  to 
injure  its  adversarj'.     The  reactionists  raised  parties 

■'Oil  two  grounils:  lat.  Its  injustice;  2(1.  Its  execution  ))y  persons  Iiaving 
no  iiutiiority  to  ))in(l  the  fepul)lio.  J/c'r.,  Jiercrho  lidcrn.,  "Jd  |)t,  'IVi-wX; 
Dnhlitii  iiiitl  Lozaiio,  Lnj.  Mfx.,  viii.  7IU-(>;  Archivo  M<x.,  Cut.  L'l).,  iv. 
'2l;{-.")();  Lifrn-'',  J>or.  Ojir.  MdxiinHiniio,  i.  'J7-S. 

'^^Arnunioiz,  Miij.,  ii.  IJfl'J-TO;  liinira,  (ioh.  dc  M6x.,  ii.  570. 

^'■' Miguel  Lerdo  do  Tejada  liecume  minister  of  tliu  treasury,  Doc.  22,  IS.IO; 
Igniioi-)  do  la  Llavc,  of  govoriuiient,  Dee.  14tii;  Jose  do  Kiiip.iraii,  of  foniento, 
Jan.  21,  lS(iO;  JosiHiildo  I'artearroyo,  of  \var,.iau.  10,  1800;  and  Santos Dego- 
llado,  of  relations,  .Jan.  2.'1,  1800.  Mix.,  Af<  m.  Jfacicmla,  1870,  10.V)-7.  Ocani- 
po'i  resignation  was  owing  to  ids  dislilvo  of  Lerdo  on  account  of  his  political 
record;  in  fact,  they  hated  one  another  with  a  cordial  hatred.  Jtiaru,  JlUt, 
Jnliijxi,  V.  28.'1. 

•"Marin  and  iiis  olficers  acting  under  cominissions  that  had  been  cancelleil 
for  their  desertion  to  a  foreign  country.  Ardiiio  Mvx.,  Col.  Lnj.,  iv.  ;iJo-U. 


BRITISH  THREATS. 


777 


on  the  coast  to  prevent  suj)])lies  reaclilninf  Vera  Cruz; 
and  the  liberals  procuretl  the  tlesertion  ottlie  eneniy's 
soldiers,  before  whose  minds  was  constantly  kept  the 
fear  of  death  by  black  vomit. 

Miramon  marched  slowly,  havin<^  with  him  about 
3,000  men  with  a  large  suj)ply  of  artillery  and  ammu- 
nition. He  was  incessantly  harassed  by  guerrillas. 
At  Paso  de  Ovejas  he  granted  amnesty  to  all  who 
would  retire  to  live  peaceably,  and  promised  death  to 
every  man  taken  in  arms  three  days  after  the  date;  of 
the  pr-iclamation.  Negrete  marched  from  Orizaba, 
by  the  T  jeria  road,  and  joined  Miramon,  svho  now 
had  about  5,000  men,  and  established  head(|uarters  at 
Mijdellin  on  the  2d  of  INIarch,  awaiting  IVIajin's arrival 
to  begin  his  attack.  Success  was  by  no  means  cer- 
tain, for  the  reason  that  the  steamer  hidlanola — • 
under  the  United  States  flag — which  had  been  char- 
tered by  Juarez  to  watch  Marin's  squtidron,  came 
into  port  and  anchored  with  other  vessels  of  the  same 
nationality  under  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Uliia, 
thus  indicating  their  intention  to  take  part  in  the  de- 
fence. 

At  this  time  negotiations  were  opened  between 
Medellin  and  Vera  Cruz  that  came  to  no  result,  the 
proposals  of  both  presidents  being  rejected.  These 
negotiations  were  initiated  by  Captain  Aldham  of  tho 
British  war  ship  Valorous,  who  obtained  a  pass  from 
Juarez  to  visit  Miranion  and  hand  him  a  note  from 
the  ]3ritiHh  foreign  ofHce,  in  which  was  manifested  a 
<lesire  that  an  armistice  of  six  months  or  a  year 
should  be  agreed  to  by  the  belligerents,  to  allow  tinu; 
for  a  general  assembly  empowered  to  give  the  coun- 
try a  government  of  res[)eetability  and  order,  togiitiicr 
with  civil  and  religious  free(lv)m.  The  ]3ritish  go\- 
ernment  threatened,  if  its  proposition  were  uidie(;ded, 
to  demand  reparation  of  damages  to  its  subjects  in- 
Hicted  by  cither  belligerent.  JNIiratnon  assented  to 
the  armistice,  under  the  joint  mediation  of  England, 


778 


TRIUMPH  OP  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


France,  Spain,  and  the  Unitcvl  States.^^  Juarez  re- 
jected the  proposition,  and  issued  a  declaration  against 
coin[>ron)ise  in  any  form. 

There  were  lying  in  Vera  Cruz,  besides  the  steamers 
Jndinnola  and  Wave,  under  charter  to  the  liberal  au- 
thorities, the  United  States  frigate  Savannah,  and 
corvettes  Saratoga  and  Prehle.  IMarin's  squadron, 
com])Osed  of  the  steamers  ^-Vhp/y^^  Miramon  and  J/r^r- 
ques  de  la  Ilahana,  was  descried  in  the  offing  at  half- 
past  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  March  Gth.  The 
ships  steamed  along  the  coast  from  La  Antigua  and 
anchored  in  Anton  Lizardo  at  four.  On  passing  San 
Juan  de  Ulua,  they  had  been  signalled  to  show  their 
colors,  which  they  did  not  do  till  opposite  the  Spanish 
vessels.  By  the  time  they  reached  the  anchorage, 
tliev  wi;rc  boarded  bv  several  of  Miramon's  officers. 
The  Indlanola  and  Wave  had  been  ready  to  tow  the 
Saratoga.  Captain  Jarvis,  connnander  of  the  frigate 
and  senior  officer  present,  sent  a  lieutenant  and  80 
men  to  the  Indlanola,  and  another  officer  with  an 
cfpial  nundjer  of  men  to  the  Wave,  each  officer  at 
once  assuming  conjmand  of  the  steamer  he  was  on. 
La  Llave  wont  on  board  one  of  the  steamers.  The 
attack  on  Marin's  ships  was  successful;  at  midnight 
tlu!  two  vessels  were  a  prize  of  the  United  States 
naval  force.  The  General  Miramon  made  some  resist- 
ance, and  then,  in  trying  to  escape,  got  aground.  The 
lUarqiies  de  la  Ilahana  attempted  no  defence.  The 
Saratoga  fired  90  shots.^''  The  prizes  were  afterward 
sent  to  New  Orleans  to  be  adjudicated  on  by  the  ad- 
miraltv  court. 

Captain  Jarvis'  proceedings  were  protested  against 
by  the  commander  of  the  Spanish  war  hngllahanero, 
f)n  the  13th  of  March,  claiming  the  Marques  de  la 
Ilahana,  as  Spanish  property.     The  commander  also 

^'  Miicli  correspondence  passed  from  March  12tli  to  Apr.  2Ist  between 
INIiraiiioii's  (.(overmiicnt  and  tlio  lo,t;atioii8  of  Kngland  an<l  Fiance  as  well  as 
Captain  Aldliani.  JJiitfio  ilc  Auisos,  Apr.  'JO.  l.S(iO.  Tlie  proposijd  asseinlily 
was  ti>  1)0  composed  of  r'en  that  had  tilled  public  trusts  from  I8'J'2  to  IS.'),"}. 

•"-The  casualtica  ou  both  sidea  vvero  40;  one  of  the  wouuded  was  LaLIuve. 


A  NAVAL  EMnROOLIO. 


779 


claimed  tlio  captured  wlii[)  Cmurpeion,  but  no  heed 
was  paid  to  the  deuiaiul.  The  coiiunaiider  of  llie 
French  naval  I'orce  protested  against  the  Suratoj/tt's 
interlerence  in  the  attuirs  of  IMexieo,  which  he  called 
an  unlawful  precedent.  ]\Iarin  was  put  in  jail  in  New 
Orleans,  and  subsequently  released  on  bail.  On  the 
27th  of  March,  calling  himself  a  jefe  de  escuadra,  or 
rear-admiral  of  the  Mexican  navy,  ho  entered  a  similar 
protest.^* 

The  action  of  Captain  Jarvis  had  been  in  obedience 
to  the  orders  of  his  governn?.ent  to  recognize  no  block- 
ade of  Mexican  ports  by  the  reactionists.  He  was 
also  instructed  to  land  from  his  ships  such  an  armetl 
I'orce  as  might  be  deemed  sufficient  to  afford  })rotec- 
tion  to  United  States  citizens. 

The  right  of  the  United  States  government  to 
interfere  between  the  belligerents  to  hinder  their  free 
action,  or  of  their  war  ships  to  attack  and  ca[)turo 
Marin's  squadron,  is  not  at  all  clear.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  approval  of  Jarvis'  course  by  the  president, 
the  United  States  district  C(nirt  at  New  Orleans  de- 
clared the  ca})ture  of  ]\Iarin's  shi[)s  illegal,  and  decr-eed 
innnediate  restoration.  Notiiing  was  said  of  damages, 
Marin  having  waived  them.  That  was  right  enough, 
but  meanwhile  Miramon  had  been  de[)rived  of  the 
services  of  the  ships  as  well  as  of  the  war  material 
they  had  brought  for  him."* 

The  besiegers  prosecuted  their  operations  without 
interruption    from    sallies    of   the    l)esieged,    though 

'^TliP.  Spanish  leiration  at  Wasliinf^ton  also  jirotcstcd,  ami  ilcmanded  tliu 
rcatitiitiuu  of  tlio  Mnii/iir-i  dc  la  ll<th  uki,  m\A.  Hiilisfautioii  to  lii.s  l!:i;;.  I'liU 
parliciilara  on  tliis  airnir  may  be  olitainud  in  Iiinra,  (loli.  do  M< j\,  ii.  ",2  :t, 
00!);  C6rtiH,  IHano  Con;/.,  i.  ap.  5,  no.  4,  30,  ii.  no.  2H,  402-4;  //".  -S".  (i<»t 
Jfor.,  (Jong.  .■}(},  Sos.  ],  Sun.  !);  Diftrh  di'  ^Irisas,  Marcli  17,  1!),  '21,  Apr. 
lO-.'iO,  May  .3,  4;  Lcjccrc,  La  Mciiqitr,  i;}2-.V.);  Zninaroit,  JIIkI.   Mvj.,  xv. 

;j7:{-s!),  i)o;j-7:<. 

^'Tlieir  cargoes  consisted  of  l.OtM)  fourtecn-iiicli  boinhs,  2  hrass  moi'tars, 
4,000  Htand  of  arms  for  infantry,  and  npwards  of  0(1,000  rations.  'I'lio  c-;- 
pensos  of  the  expedition  \\\'re  no  less  than  .SiiOO.OOO,  the  Jlrii-'iiit'n  dc  la 
IJiibuiin  costing  .Si;i',),O00,  and  tlie  (Irmrid  Miramon  870,000.  Rivera,  ilifi. 
Julcqia,  V.  301-0;  Uiario  dc  Avisos,  July  10,  14,  "Jo,  IbOO. 


780 


TRIUMPH  OF  Till';  COX.STITUTIOXALIST.S. 


small  gueiTilla  parties  gave  tlioin  niiicli  aimoyanrc  in 
waylaying  their  supplies.  The  ])]aii  of  a  I'usioii  was 
fostered  hy  the  few  reinnaiits  still  left  of  the  incHlerate 
j)arty  and  by  property  lujlders,  most  of  the  latter  ior 
their  own  private  (^nds.  Miramoii  listened  to  them, 
ami  sent  a  cominunication  to  General  Ramon  Iglesias, 
commander  of  the  forces  in  Vera  Cruz,  oti'ering  to 
pursue  the  most  rational  course  to  bring  about  a 
[K'aceful  arrangement.  Negotiations  follo\ve<l,  but 
no  understanding  was  arrived  at,  because  of  Juare// 
refusal  to  do  anything  tiiat  was  not  in  accord  with 
the  constitution  of  1857,  under  which  he  was  acting 
as  president.  ]\Ioreover,  he  would  not  give  his  con- 
sent  to  tbreign  intervention  in  the  adjustment  of  the 
country's  affairs.^'  Miramon,  on  his  part,  accepted  no 
amendment. 

The  besiegers  threw  bombs  into  the  city,  and  con- 
tinued the  exercise  from  the  loth  to  tlie  20th  of 
j\[arch,  doing  but  little  damage.^**  Miramon's  casual- 
ties i'rom  warfare  and  disease  had  been  larije.  At 
last  he  saw  that  he  was  foiled,  and  concludetl  to  re- 
treat. The  retreat  commenced  in  the  morning  of  the 
'21st,  Miramon's  object  being  to  reoccupy  his  lines  of 
Orizalja  and  Jala[)a,  where  the  guerrillas  allowed  hiiu 
no  peace  and  many  of  his  men  deserted  and  joined  the 
liberal  ranks. 

Miramon  reached  Mexico  on  the  7th  of  April,  and 
both  there  and  on  the  route  avoided  unusual  honors. 


'■'  It  had  boon  aj^ced  that  tliero  slioiUd  bo  a  truce  under  the  guarantee  of 
the  U.  S.,  Kiighaid,  Kranee,  Spain,  and  I'riiHsia,  wlio  were  also  to  say  what 
waH  to  be  done  witli  the  treaties  entei'ed  into  with  forei;;!!  powers  by  both 
eoiitending  parties.  Tlie  whole  nation  was  to  deciile  the  points  at  issue. 
Here  was  the  stuniblinj^'d)hK'k.  Juarez,  di'nianded  that  the  eonstitutioii  of 
1S.")7  Hhould  be  reco;;nized  as  the  supreme  law,  and  that  every  aet  done  HJiouhl 
be  pursuant  to  its  re(|uircinents.  Miramon  could  sec  in  this  only  delay  in 
military  operations,  without  any  advanta!,'(!  for  his  party,  or  the  least  proba- 
bility of  the  civil  war  coming  to  an  end.  1'lie  Krc^ieh  govt  had  instructed  it» 
miinster  to  attiunpt  a  pacification  through  a  national  <:onveiilion,  leaving  out 
tiie  religious  question,  as  the  Knglish  proposition  had  bt^en  unpalatable  to  tlio 
consei'vatives.  Juarez  would  not  trust  European  mediators,  whose  partiality 
for  the  reaction  had  been  marked. 

'•^  It  was  calculatccl  that  5,000  balls  and  500  bombs  were  thrown,  and  that 
>the  besieged  hurled  about  0,000  grenades. 


MIRAMOX  AND  URAOA. 


781 


^vlll(•ll,  under  tlio  rirciiinstniicos,  jippoarod  to  liiiii  iis 
mockery.  Tin;  eoiistitulioii.'ilists  liad  heeii  taiijL^Iit 
l)y  reverses  how  to  iniiict  injuries,  '\l\v.  cjinipaii^n  in 
the  interior  liad  Keen  soinewliat  l)risk,  and  advan- 
tMj^eous  for  tluMi).  Karly  in  Aj>ril  Ortei^a  entere«l 
A^uascaliiMites,  tlio  reactionist  JIaniin.'Z  retrejitin^', 
tlireatiMied  hy  llra^^a,  wlio  joined  Zanigoza  near  San 
l^uis  l\>tos(.  ( )rt(3,ir'i  next  went  to  Zaeatecas;  ]{;i,- 
mirez  had  gone  to  Fresnillo.  lJrai(a  was  on  his  way 
to  concentrate  at  Zaeatecas  wlien  the  reactionist 
]{oniulo  J)iaz  d(3  la  Ve<ra  attacked  liini  at  ]ionia 
Alta,  north  of  San  Jiuis,  on  tiie  24th  of  April, 
and  was  defeatc'd,  fallin<j^  j)rison(;r,  toj^ethcT  with  (;!en- 
eral  Calvo  and  otliei's;''  in  conscujuencc  of  which 
San  Luis  J*otosi'  was  eva(;uated  hy  the  niacttionists. 
Aft(,'r  tliis  several  chi(,'f  interior  citi(!S  W(!re  either 
taken  or  besieL,^ed  ))y  the  liherals.  ( )a  jaca  had  heen 
hesieged  niiusty-eii^ht  days,  when,  on  the  a|)[)roach 
of  a  reactionist  briujade,  ^Ik;  siei^e  was  raised."'^ 

J)(?L''<>llado  was  siMit  hack  into  the  inti'rior,  and  he 
appointed  IJrajj^a  fpiarti.-i'inaster-^enciral  of  the  army. 
Jjarijfe  l)(xlies  of  liherals  were  concentratiid  to  attack 
])laces  occuj)ied  by  their  foes,  whose  resour(;es  wer(3 
Ix'comin^  low.  (Juadalajara  was  closely  pressed  by 
( )L;azon,  and  its  comniandei',  Woll,  despaired  of  mak- 
i;i;.(  a  successful  d(!f(^nce.  Minimon  repaired  to  the 
iiitttrior  early  in  iNFay  IHGO,  with  the  double  obj(!ct  of 
iclievinjj^  that  ])lace  and  attackini^  Uivii^^a.  Takin;^ 
Yvith  him  from  (^)ueretaro  the  troo]»s  of  iMeji'a  and  Cas- 
tillo, he  advanced  to  Ira|)uatoand  Salamanca.  UraL^a, 
who  had  his  hcad'iuaiters  in  San  '<\;lipe,  sciiit  some 
troo[)S  to  (jiuanajuato  and  left  the  rest  in  Silao. 
]\Iiram(m  marched  against  the  last  place,  and  vJraga 
i(.'treated  to  Leon,  stationed  his  main  army  and  trains 
in  Lagos,  and  ti'ied  to  draw  the  (Jiiemy  to  the  ( '(MT*) 
(lordc^.     His    movements  were   such,   that   Miramon 

"  It  is  understood  that  Vcgii  lost  1,()00  riieii,  IS  iiii'oos  of  iirtillery,  tiiul  'M) 
vaL'oiis. 

'■"  C'olios,  with  H,(K)J  liioii,  had  withstood  doulilc  tiiat  iiumhcr;  h(!  iiiade  ;in 
ahle  dffcnci.',  aided  Ijy  Trcjo,  the  iiuiii  wlio  iiiaile  liiu  guUuiit  liglit  at  I'eiole, 


7S2 


TRlUMni  OF  TIIK  COXSTITUriOXALLSTS. 


could  not  tlt'tuct  his  |)ur])ose.  The  latter,  being  utiaMe 
to  divide  his  i'oice,  had  to  ehaiii^e  his  j)laii  repeatedly. 
Thus  went  Miranion,  advaneinL,'  to  (luadalajara,  whieli 
was  threatened  by  IJraga,  whose  aim  was  to  widtii 
Miranion's  distance  from  llamirez'  brigade,  leaving 
the  latter  isolated  and  surrounded  by  superior  hostile 
forces.  IJut  Uraga  connnitted  the  blunder  of  assault- 
ing (jiuadalajara  with  j\[iramou  in  his  rear.  The  at- 
tack was  made  on  the  'ioth  of  May  with  7,000  men. 
The  garrison  of  that  place  was  i},000  strong.  He 
was  rei)ulsed,  seriously  wounded  in  the  thigh,  and 
taken  prisoner.  At  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  Mi- 
ramon  arrived  to  aid  in  completing  the  victory.  The 
assailants,  who  were  under  Ogazon,  Valle,  Zaragoza, 
and  others,  left  300  wounded  in  the  streets  of  the 
city,  and  hastily  retreated  to  the  ravines,  carrying  away 
twenty  pieces  of  artillery.  This  mishap  to  the  lib- 
eral cause  postponed  its  triumph  for  several  months.''' 

In  Jalisco  took  place  other  occurrences  worthy  of 
mention.  March  14th  San  Bias  was  attacked  by  sev- 
eral small  vessels  in  the  service  of  the  liberals,  and  the 
schooner  Ipahi  was  captured.  In  April  the  foreign 
residents  of  Topic  asked  protection  from  British  war 
ships  at  San  Bias  against  the  threats  of  the  liberal 
chief  Colonel  liojas,  who  had  attempted  to  levy  a 
forced  loan  of  $00,000.  The  Amethyst  landed  a 
force  and  hold  the  place.  The  Pijladcs  prevented  the 
entry  into  the  port  of  armed  vessels  that  the  governor 
of  Sinaloa  had  fitted  out  to  transport  troops  and  ar- 
tillery.*'^ 

On  the  9th  of  May  a  reactionary  force  of  2,500  or 
3,000  men  under  Calatayud  was  defeated  at  Ixcuintla, 
alter  thirteen  hours'  tiirhtinjif." 

"*  This  was  one  of  the  most  interi'stiiig  episodes  of  the  three  years'  war. 
Uraga's  forced  rotircinent  was  not  much  deplored  by  tiie  lihends,  his  heart 
not  being  in  their  eause.  He  had  never  cared  mucii  for  the  constitution  of 
Its.")?,  for  Juarez' government,  or  Degollado's  authority.  JUnra,  Ouli.  ile  Mrx:, 
ii.  577-S;  Gonzalez  Ortctja,  Apniit.  Bio;/.,  44-();  Dlarlodii  Avisos,  May  29,  30, 
June  5-23,  July  18,  1800;  Arrainjoiz,  Mrj.,  ii.  31)4. 

*"  Whatever  the  British  olticera  intended,  tliey  certaiidy  aided  the  reac- 
tionists. 

"  llo  lost  300  killed,  500  wounded,  4  cannon,  all  Ida  ammunition,  and 


WARFARE  IX  THE  INTKRIOR. 


783 


It  is  recorded  to  the  discredit  of  the  liUeral  caiiso 
that  one  of  its  I'orees  on  the  '2\)t\\  of  Apiii  visiUd 
]>erniejillo's  haciendas,  San  Vicente,  Doloi'es,  and 
(,'iiiconcuae,  sacked  them,  and  sliot  tour  Spanisli  sub- 
jects, which  tended  to  conipHcate  the  difficulties  with 
Spain.  ■ 

lianiircz  rcoccupied  Zacatccas  early  in  June,  and 
on  the  I5th  was  routed  hy  Ortej^a  at  the  hacienda  <»f 
J'ehuelas.'^  The  action  histed  two  and  a  half  hours. 
Whole  battalions  were  captured,  artillery,  trains,  small 
arms,  and  and^ulances  fell  into  the  victor's  hands.^' 

^liramon  marched  to  southern  Jalisc«)  with  (1, 000 
men  and  32  cannon,  having  with  him  Mejia  and  Cas- 
tillo, and  found  the  constitutionalists  to  the  number 
of  8,000  under  Zarai;oza  intrenched  on  the  hci<j;-iit 
of  Zapotlan.  After  a  few  days'  hesitation,  he  con- 
cluded that  it  would  not  bo  safe  to  attack  the  enemy 
in  his  stronghold,  and  retreated  to  Guadalajara.  The 
defeat  at  Pemudas  had  some  iuHuence  in  checking  his 
imj)etuosity.  Leaving  Castillo  there,  he  retreated  to 
Lagos,  which  had  been  occuj)ied  and  then  evacuated 
by  Ortega,  where  he  reorganized  and  augmented  his 
army;  but  he  could  no  longer  communicate  with  the 
capital,  owing  to  the  activity  of  the  guerrilla  jiarties.^' 
He  afterward  repaired  to  Leon,  where  Zuloaga,  whom 
he  had  been  virtually  holding  as  a  prisoner,  effected 
his  escape.  This  flight  much  alarmed  Miramon  and 
his  supporters.  The  council  of  state  was  called  u[)<>n 
for  a  decision.  The  disappearance  of  the  president, 
that  emanated  from  the  plan  of  Tacubayp  ilThI  gave  a 
legal  status  to  Miramon,  was  a  serious  M:;i(er.  He 
might  recall  his  decree  of  January  31,  1859,  and  want 

other  supplies.  Citn(lroStii(ip.,4,  5,  in  Veijct,  Doc,  MS.,  4;  I'cija,  Li<j.  Rc<(i'(n, 
11-1"),  ill  Ve<](i,  Doc,  iii.  no.  7<i"). 

*'^A7  MciUtijrro  E^p.,  May  ,"),  ISGO. 

^'It  is  said  the  lattur  uttiickcd  against  Dcgolhido's  pxprcs.s  orders. 

^'Ortejiii  had  the  enemy's  dead  oliiuurs  luiried  in  Agiia.scalieatus  with 
military  honors.  The  otliera  he  i-cleased  on  parole;  hut  shortly  iiftir  their 
return  to  Mcxieo  they  were  serving  under  Miramon,  who  had  shown  little 
interest  for  them.   GonznUz  Ortc'ia,  Apnitt.  Bio;/.,  Sr>-9. 

*'■  The  reactionists  under  Alfaro  experienced  a  reverse  iu  Los  Cerritos  at 
the  hands  of  I.  M.  Carbajal  and  1<\  Antillou. 


784 


TUIl'MIMI  OF  TIIK  COXSTITUTIONALISTS. 


lo  icmssiiiik;  liis  ])(>siii()M  or  iimkc  sdinc  oim  I'lsc  liis 
sultstitiUc.  'I'lic  coiiMcil  ol"  st;ito  slmTcd  over  the  plan 
of  'r.'X'iihayji  that  cn-atcd  it,  <l*'('lai'iii!^  that  uikIit 
any  circuiiistaiici's  Miramon  should  ('oiitimic  as  |»n  si- 
th'iit/"  His  partisans  allt'sj^cd  iliat  on  assuming;  thi^ 
))i('sid('nliai  ollicc  \\v  had  liniit«>d  his  tcinii*'  of  it  till 
1h(>  I'cpuMic  should  he  pacified;  which  not  havin<^ 
Ix'cn  as  yet  ai'coni|)lishcd,  he  was  to  continue  lioldinLf 
tlie  suj)>('ine  powei'. 

'I'lu!  iiluTal  paity  now  felt  certain  that  tho  reaciion- 
istn't'veiiiinent  could  not  hold  out  much  lontj^cr.  Alter 
its  defeats  at  l*inos,  Ixcuintla,  Lonia  Alta,  and  I*ehu- 
elas,  and  tht(  retreats  Ironi  Vera  Cruz  and  Sayula, 
th(!  trinin|)]j  of  the  constitutional  <-austM'ould  not  he  Ji 
douhtlnl  matti'r.  Many  hopeful  advantai^'c^s  for  the 
count  I'v  in  the  i'njovuient  of  free  institutions,  law,  and 
<»rder  wen;  ex|)ected  from  the  |)resent/  ])olitical  itua- 
iion,  despitt^  the  hostil(>  attitude  toward   .lua  •:ov- 

<'i'nin»Mit  of   I'^ni^land,  l^^i-ance,  and   Spain,  ann  .    ..irLje 


tortion   of  the   iVmerican 


ni'ess. 


I 


I'ussia  also,  anc 


th(!  two  most  retrc)t»'r(>ssive  ^ov(>i-ninents  in  America 
af.  that  period,  (jiuatemala  and  i'icuador,  continued 
recojjfni/inn'  Miramon's  sj^overnmeid,  until  its  collapst;. 
JMiiamon's  star  was  now  in  the  descendent.  The 
constitutionalists,  under  (Jonzalez  ()rte;j^a,  Zarajjfoza, 
Antillon,  Dohlado,  Herrioziihai,  and  other  chiefs, 
UKU'ched  au^ainst  liim  on  th(>  Silao  hills  and  completely 
I'outed  him,  on  the  lOth  of  Auujust.  Tho  victoi'ious 
army  under  the  chief  command  of  Orteuja  was  entitled 
'Divisiones  ITnidas  de  Za(;ateeas  y  iAEichoacan.'  lie 
I'emained  on  tin;  tield  till  In;  saw  there  was  no  vv- 
ti'ieval,^^  and  then    started    for    C,)ueretaro,  M'hc>re   ho 

*'''riii'  f^'i'duiiils  of  tlii'ir  ili'cision  wen":  tliat  tlii'  uutioii's  wclfari'  (Icin.'iiiilfd 
it;  tli:it  it  was  a  iit'ccssity  ami  the  piiMic  will;  tliat  tlic  al>.si'Hi'i!  of  tlio  onu 
iliil  not  imply  tin- cessation  of  tlii'olhi'r.  Jiir(r(i,  (loh.dr  Mc.c,  ii.  i")7!t;  Itinrio 
(/(•  .Irrsox,  Jiilic  Ki,  Auj,'.   l(i,  IStiO. 

^'It  was  iiiipriick'iit  to  face  an  army  three  or  four  times  laruor  than  his 
own.      1  le  lost  all  his  artillery,  and  only  his  personal  eoinaj,'!^  saved  him  from 


•aptiii 


ArnniiiDr.,  Mi j.,   ii.  ,'{(i(i.     Aeeordinu'  to  tlii^  O/iii 


lie  S'nidloii-  of 


Sept.  1  I,  and  hn  F.slirlla  ,1c  ihrhlriitv  of  Sept.  "JS,  JSllO,  hesides  the  artillery 
luid  trains,  he  lost  up\\ar<ls  of  'J.OlKt  jnisoners,  aiiioni;;  them  many  ollleers  of 
all  ranks,  one  of  whom  was  'lomiis  Mejia.     All  the  [jrisoiicr.s  were  releuaed, 


DOWM'AM,  or  MIIIAMON. 


780 


niM'iNcil  on  lli((  I  I  i  Ii,  rt'.'irliiiiu'  Mexico  (li;i(  s;mii' ni'^lit 
;i(  M)  o'clock.  I  l»Mor(!i\villi  suiiiiiioiicti  liis  ininistci-s 
<o  discuss  tilt"  situation,  and  it.  was  i-csolvcd  that  lio 
slioidd  j^^ivo  ii|)  t1i»;  presidency  for  a  lew  days,  dniin"^ 
\\  liich  intrrre^^iHini  the  presidcid,  of  the  sii|ii'eine  "(turt, 
J^iiacio  Pjivon,  would  iu-i.*^ 

MiiaiMon  insistiid  on  a  ucw  choice  of  j)residenl,  as 
Zidoaij^a  could  not  hold  tho  (»llico  lor  an  indelinilr, 
jteriod.  'I'he  junta  of  departmental  representatives 
creatcMl  l»y  ZuloaLja's  law  havini^  heen  installed  with 
Teodosio  l^ares  as  president,  aixl  iMamiel  Ijarrain/ar 
and  Mai'iano  Icaza  as  secretaries,  they  cliost;  on  tho 
I  Ith  olWu^ust  Miranion,  hy  a  majority  only,  it  ha\- 
iiiL,^  lieeii  so  ai'ranL;('d  to  ^ive  the  i'arce  a  lit  tie  sem- 
blance of  impartiality.  After  that  ther(>  was  much 
.show  (»r  enthusiasm,  atid  tin  usual  lor-malities  of  tak- 
iuL^  posKes.si(»n  of  tho  [H'esiduntial  ollice  wi^i'o  L;-ona 
throni^h.*" 

J*avon,  diiiinjj^  his  tcnuro  <»f  only  two  days, did  noth- 
]u[f  except  to  puhlisli  the  act  <»('  Miramon's  eK-ction. 
]|e  r(!turned  to  his  ])ost  in  the  stipi-eme  coui't,  and 
lield  it  till  th(?  political  problem  was  solved.  Al'ter 
that  ho  rittirod  to  private;  lit'o. 

Miramon  soon  aftor  his  installation  as  j)i'esident  ad 
interim,  on  tho  18th  of  August,  ap[)ointe(l  his  caI)inot.'*" 


nnd  a  s;if(!-c()ii(liiot  given  tlicin.  (Jciici-jiIm  (!iii/,  Hcniaiidc/,  iiml  I'lirliccf) 
were  iiiiioiif;  llic!  roiu'tionaiy  nlliicr.s  Uint.  |i(iisliiMl  in  ilic  IimIIIc.  (luir.dliz 
Orliijii,  A]>iiiil.  />'((»/.,  41  ;{;  JUdi'li)  t/c  ,lr/*/.v,  Aiij^.  l.'t  -0,  Sci)t.  7,  I-,  -'•, 
Oct. -I.  IHIH). 

*'*\\('.  hail  liocn  a  |ml)li('  Hcrvjint.  siin'i'  IS'J'J  (ir  IS'J.I,  l>c^iimiri;;  Ium  career  in 
the  jiiiliciary  anil  cnnliiiuin;^  it  in  tlie  linaiicial  ilcitii'tnirnt.  I'x'tweeii  ISU 
niiil  \X.'>1  Ik^  liclil  hiL;h  jiositioiiH  in  liie  jiidici.ii  y,  and  in  thiUattii' year  ho 
vas  rctircil  an  full  pay,  havini;  served  ihir'ly  jcars.  At  the  lieLriiiniii;^  "f  tho 
three  years'  war  he  was  |iresiiling  over  the  nutiunal  Hiii>renit^  iinirt,  and  had 
])cen  retained  in  that  IKt.st. 

^''Tho  vnteiif  tho  jiiiitu  wan  puldislied  hy  edict;  th(!ro  was  the  rej,'ular  lo 
deuni,  the  arcidiishop  reieivini^  Miramon  at  the  dnor  of  the  eatlicilral.  At 
till!  felicitations,  Miianion  naid  it  was  not  hecniniiig  noMo  souls  to  In;  east 
down  liy  misfortune:  'Animo,  senores,  ya  triunfara  la  causa,  santa  (pie  de- 
fendemos;  ya  f-c  pondr.i  M^jico  en  caniino  de  ociipai-  nn  lui,'ar  dislinijiiido 
outre  las  naciones  cultas';  and  so  she  is  certainly  iloiiii,',  hut  not  liy  the  road 
Miramon  anil  his  iiolilical  coiipcrators  were  misleading;  her. 

'*".luaii  N.  Almonte,  then  alu'oad,  ndnister  of  relations  and  president  of 
tho  oahinot;  'IVodosio  l^-ires,  Tcofilo  Marin,  Tsidro  Diaz,  Antonio  (,'orona,  ami 
(iivhriel  Sau'aceta,  holding;  tho  other  portfolios.  Larus  was  also  placeil  in 
Uisi.  Mix.,  Vol.  V.    &U 


TMIUMPII  OF  THE  COXSTITUTIOXALISTS. 


^Mfaiiwliilc  the  ftjivos  victorious  at  Silao  advanced 
upon  Qucrctaro,  constantly  swcHiny;  tli>ir  ranks  and 
incroasino'  their  rcso'irccs,  liaviiii^an  al)undance  of'artil- 
lery;  but  aujainst  ])ul)lic  exj)octation,  they  retreated  to 
the  interior  on  discoveiing  tliat  there  was  no  move- 
ment at  the  capital  on  behall'  of  the  constitution. 
TIu!  reactionary  government,  nothiniif  daunted  by  the 
terrible  disaster  at  Silao,  actively  reorganized  its  forces, 
resorting  to  forced  levies,  and  procuring  resources  to 
meet  its  urgent  net-ds.  The  troops  stationed  in  the 
east  were  concentrated  at  the  capital,  and  other  meas- 
ures i.(l()[)t(Ml  for  a  campaign,  which  Miramon  deter- 
mine<l  should  be  iii  the  valley  of  IMexico.  He  now 
resolved  to  release  IMai'quez  from  his  arrest.^^  The 
capital  by  the  end  of  August  saw  all  communication 
with  the  I'est  of  the  country  cut  olK  The  guerrilla 
]);M'ties  had  also  dug  a  trench  on  the  road  between 
j\[e\ic()  and  Puebla.  Amidst  all  the  turmoil  Joaquin 
Francisco  Pachcco,  Spanish  ambassador  accredited  to 
the  government  of  the  republic,  wlio  had  arrived  at 
Ymx  Ci'iiz  on  the  frigate  lU'.rciKjitchi  on  the  23(1  of 
JMay,  chose  to  present  his  credentials  to  ]\[iramon, 
first  obtaining,  through  devices  not  altogether  hon- 
orable, pe) mission  from  Juarez  to  travel  into  tlio 
interior^" 

Tile  ceremonial  of  official  reception  would  be  called 
iLaoniiicent  by  some  and  ridiculous  l)y  otiiers.     The 

cliiirgo  pro  tcin.  of  the  ili'i)artment  of  relatiDiis.  Mvx.,  Hfi'in.  Ilnrieiiila, 
1870,  KKiO. 

'■•'  t);ijaca  was  taken  by  tlic  li'.'eraU:,  wlih^li  icloastul  ala;\','e  iiiimlK'r  of  men 
of  their  ])i)litieal  ercecl  who  had  been  eonliuetl  there.  The  same  thing  luul 
oeciirred  at  (Jim.hilajai'a. 

*'-Oii  hia  arrival  lie  iliscliiimc^.  any  intention  to  inedil'e  witli  tlu!  dis.scn- 
f?if>ns  of  the  eountry.  In  a  private  letter  to  Jiiave/  l.o ''xprissed  sympathy 
fnr  Mi'xii'o  ill  her  distressed  emidilioii,  maiiifesliiig  liis  u  isU  to  yo  to  the  cap- 
ital to  fuliil  'mi  mi-ion,  (juo  i.o  tieiie  pur  oliji'io  el  danaile  iii  lidstiiizarle. ' 
lie  then  asked  l(>r  a  piss  tiiroiigh  the  region  nmler  Juarez' eontrol,  and  lor 
an  escort  for  himself  and  his  suite  of  fourteen  persons,  which  reiiuesis  were 
courteously  acceded  to  the  next  daj\  After  visiting  .McL.me  and  l)e  (iahriae, 
who  was  on  liis  way  to  Europe  after  laying  hy  in  live  years  liie  snug  sum  of 
!ii;l,"ivl,()()!l,  he  went  on  to  .lalana,  where  the  authoriiies  extended  every  mark 
of  consideration.  He  a'; ived  m  ^iexico  on  or  aliout  the  1st  of  June,  and 
was  received  with  high  honor.  Arniinjolz,  M>J.,  ii.  ."!i2-4;  liinra,  Hi^l. 
Jifhijtii,  V.  ."iilCi;  ('(//'/(s,  J)liino  Cominno,  i.  «p.  •">,  ii".  t.  !7--t),  oO-l;  X'^i V/v, 
Mtx.  it  r/iilvn\,  lol)-02j  El  Mtimijiro  Eqt.,  June  8,  ISGO. 


rREPARATIOXS  FOR  A  NEW  CONTEST. 


787 


ainbassndor  and  liis  suite  vent  in  solcnni  jiroees- 
sioii  ai'DUiid  the  pla/a,  the  carriai^e  eonveyiii^'  i'aehe- 
co  and  Man^ino,  the  introthictor  of  loreijj^n  min- 
isters, bcinj^  thawn  hy  six  tine  horses.  I)i  his  speec  li 
J-*aeliee(>  s])()ke  of  ^Nlexieo's  indepenchMic*,'.  liojiin^f  that 
she  and  Spain  would  look  upon  one  an(<ther  as  sisters.'"'' 
Miranion  had  now  every  reason  to  believe  that  the 
constitutional  army  would  soon  make  another  attempt 
to  caj)ture  the  capital.'  Ortetra  had  concentrated  at 
(,)ueretaro  7,000  men,  amonu^  whom  were  the  prison- 
ers t.aken  at  the  last  three  impoi'tant  actions  lost  by 
the  I'eactionists.  and  28  pieces  of  ai'tilloi'v.  The  con- 
stitutional continu;'('nt  I'rom  Tamaulipas  was  called 
away,  which  liad  much  intkieiiee  to  j)ostpoiie  I  lie  plau 
oi' attacking'  [Mexico,  where  tlie  i'eactioni>t  bri^'ndes  of 
Chacon,  (jrutieri'ez,  llol)les,  and  Xen'rete  wei'c  already 
in  ]K)sition."'  ]\[iramon  organized  his  army  in  three 
divii^ions,  under  the  respective  conunauds  of  Ilobles, 
]\Iarquez,  and  ^NFejia,  with  Orono/,,  Xe^^'ete,  A'elez, 
Cobos,  Cruz,  and  Chacon  in  cliarn'e  oC  the  brii^'ades. '" 
Ortega  went  to  (jiuanajiiato  after  resources,  which 
Avere  so  scarce  that  it  ln;came  an  absolute  necessity 
to  seize  at  ]_ja!4'una  Seca,  near  San  ijuis  J^otosi,  the 
conducta  bound  to  Tampico,  amountinj.^  to  31,100,000, 
.hicli  had  alivady  ])aid  ei^lit  pt'r  centum  f  >r  duties 
n  leaving  (j^uanajuato,  Zacatecas,  and  San  Luis.'^' 

^M  lliiwin;,'  discriiilioiis  of  tlui  wlmlc  nllair  in.'iy  l>o  found  in  ]>iii.riii  ild 
ArU'ts,  Aui,'.  'IX,  IS(i;);  ('iirl('<,  /iiririn  <'itn-ir<-«i,  i.  iip.  ;">,  r  •    4,  •_'!-•_'. 

^'<ionx:ilcz  Oi'tei,'!).  whose  foici's  hud  ridv.'UU'i'd  iis  near  as  Cuaiititlan,  ail- 
divsscd  ii  i-ii'i'ulai-  to  the  foreign  ri'[)rcscntuti\i's  on  the  'l\i\\  of  August, 
iippiising  tluMn  that  he  liad  orders  to  taici^  thu  I'ity  liy  force  of  ariiis,  and  tliaC 
liis  government  wouhl  not  lie  resj;onsihh!  for  injuries  and  damages  sull'ered 
liy  foreign  residents,   ''liiii'.i,  ])hinn  ComiriM),  i.  up.  5,  no.  4,  '_'_'-■'{. 

■'"  Other  reasons  gi\cn  were,  tiiat  tiie  season  re  n<lered  ::iJlitary  operations 
in  the  valley  inipraetieaK'e.  'I'hero  was,  besides,  a  respeetalile  reaetionaiy 
foree  in  ( inadala  jam  whieii  it  was  expeijient  to  destroy  holoru  mureliing  on 
Mexico,   (i'on:((/c:  Or/ri/ri,  vl/miil.  /</'";/.,  4.3. 

■"''J'hi^  liherals  cxperioneeil  anotlier  disaster  at  Tolnca.  JIaving  h"ard 
tliat  Miramon  was  coming  upon  thi'in  in  foiee,  they  aliau'loned  thi;  place;  hut 
as  the  enemy  made  no  movement,  tlley  returned  to  meet  with  u  sui'jirise, 
losing  .'IS  prisoners  many  of  tlu-ii'  chief  oiiicers. 

'■''  It  Wi;    done  on  the  !)tli  of  Sept.,  IS(i;>,  hy  order  of  I)e<;olladoand  Doiilado. 

It  was  an  unfortun'iti^  step,  as  it  ereateil  much   alai-m  among  the  i chauts; 

besides,  the  fundi  lielonu'eil  mostly  to  foi'eignei's.  'I'iii'  foreign  mendiarits 
liillicrto  hud  favoicd  tht;  liberal  cause;  but  the  allair  at  Lugiina  8cca  made 


on 


788 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


The  seizuro  of  thu  conducta  by  Degollado's  order 
vas  disappnncd  of  by  the  governineut  at  Vera  Cruz, 
^vhieh  well  knew  wbat  complications  and  enibarrass- 
Uicnts  it  would  entail  on  Mexico;  for  a  convention  had 
been  already  signed  by  Spain,  France,  and  England, 
in  which  Prussia  was  also  to  have  a  share,  for  inter- 
ieriniif  in  the  attairs  of  Mexico,  even  without  the  con- 
sent  of  the  United  States/*  It  was  stipulated  that 
the  mediators  should  propose  a  general  armistice  lor 
a  year's  time,  during  which  the  Mexican  people  should 
be  called  upon  to  fix  the  principles,  or  basis,  for  their 
government,  the  mediating  powers  sanctioning  what 
the  couijjress  should  deteriuine.  Those  jjovernments 
represented  to  that  of  the  United  States  the  motives 
prompting  their  course,  which  they  based  on  the  weak- 

oiu'inies  of  thoin,  the  most  excited  being  the  Siwniards,  Frencli,  and  Oor- 
niiiiis,  who  did  not  get  hack  their  money.  Armni/uiz,  Mdj.,  ii.  .'ilO;  J'ni/)io, 
Me.v.  ji  CiifM.  Fiiiaitc,  U)3-l(];  Mt'x.,  Mem.  J/ncii'inIa,  1870,530-1;  li',v<rn, 
<!>!>.  de.  Mex.,  ii.  5t>2-3.  The  money  was  distributed  at  Lagos,  notwit!i.stand- 
iii!,' the  protests  of  the  foi'eign  consuls.  However,  Dcgolimlo  returned  them 
§100,000,  promising  that  the  balance  would  bo  paid  after  the  triumph  of 
the  liberal  cause.  Juarez  on  the  'Jttli  of  Uetobur  dccreetl  the  rei)ayment 
of  that  sum  out  of  the  proceeds  of  convents,  for  the  sale  of  which  his  decree 
iiii'orded  greater  facilities  than  the  original  law  ui  July  l.'i,  IS.")!).  That  de- 
cree was  also  publislied  in  Mexico  by  his  order,  Jan.  10,  ISO).  Another 
ilccrte  of  Dec.  17,  ISOO,  applieil  to  the  payment  of  claims  for  damages 
(■:;nscil  by  the  existing  war  not  only  the  sums  provided  for  on  the  "Jlth  of 
Oct.,  but  also  further  amounts  out  of  the  funds  proceeding  from  sales  of 
national  property,  and  out  of  the  proceeds  from  customs  at  Tynipico.  JJiKc., 
(wl.  fWormii,  •20"_>-;},  "iU-lS. 

'•"A  hitter  dated  July  .SI,  1800,  from  Xo.  9  Rue  Roipicplan,  I'aris,  and 
attriliuted  to  Juan  X.  Almonte,  was  published  by  the  newspaper  /-«  lli  vnln- 
cioii  on  the  7th  of  October;  it  says:  'This  point  [that  of  mediation |  being  ar- 
ranged in  Madrid,  1  forthwith  retunujd  to  this  city,  where  I  prevailed  on  tho 
French  government  to  invite  Prussia,  so  that  France,  Spain,  England,  and 
I'russia  arc  agreed  to  otler  tiio  mediation.  Mons.  do  Salignj'  ha.s  been  al- 
ready despatched,  and  in  tho  early  days  of  tho  coming  month  he  will  leave 
heie  for  Mexico,  via-  tho  United  States,  to  arrive  in  Vera  Cruz  early  in  .Sept. 
On  his  arrival  in  Mexico  he  will  lind  tiiei'c  Sefior  i'acheco,  Herr  Wagner,  and 
perhaps  Sir  (^'liarles  Wyke. .  .Saligny  has  orders  to  act  without  waiting  for 
Sir  Charles  Wyke;  so  tli.it  tho  representations  of  Spain,  ''ranee,  and  Prussia 
being  ill  accord, . .  .the  mediation  may  bo  otlicially  tendered.  The  mediation 
being  accepted,  a  general  arniistice  will  bo  agreed  upon,  anil  then  will  be  de- 
termined tho  mode  of  asseinl)ling  an  extraordinary  congress  to  reconstruct  tho 
nation. .  .In  the  event  of  Juarez  and  company  refusing  to  accept  tho  mediation, 
Aviiich  I  do  not  think  they  would  refuse  now,  it  seems  to  mo  that  the  powiM's 
aforesaid,  .specially  Spain  and  France,  will  adopt  other  more  etiieacioua  means 
to  force  the  red  ))arty  to  listen  to  leason.  Tho  U.  S.  Imvo  been  invited  to  eo- 
ojicrate  on  behalf  of  tlie  miMliation;  but  they  have  refused  to  lend  their  .sup- 

f)!)rt,  tliougli  opi)osing  no  obstacle,  which  is  ipiitc  an  advantage,  'pucs  asi  va 
a  Europu  amunsuudolus,  y  mas  turde  vendru  la  intuiveiiciou. ' 


FOREIGN  IXTERVENTIOX. 


789 


ncss  inanifosfccd  by  the  two  contoiKlini^  paiti(\s,  and 
oil  the  c  ire  II  111  stance  that  neither  8[)aiii  nor  the  Unileil 
States  had  assented  to  exercise  a  H(»le  intervention. 
They  pretended  that  it  was  a  humanitarian  mission 
they  were  about  to  perform. °'  Nothinj^  came  out  of 
the  mediation,  because  Juarez  adliered  to  his  answer 
given  in  the  sprinj^  of  the  year  to  pro])osals  of  the 
British  foreign  office.*"'  But  the  jxditical  troubles 
that  disturbed  the  United  States  in  the  latter  end  of 
18G0,  and  preceded  her  gigantic  sectional  war,  aug- 
mented the  agitation  of  the  European  courts  on  Mex- 
ican affairs.  Toward  the  end  of  November  arrived 
Dubois  de  Saligny,  the  new  French  minister,  whose 
instructions  were  to  recognize  Miramon's  govern- 
ment."* 


'"'lutlic  latter  part  of  1800  there  were  five  Spanish  wixv  ships  opposite 
Vera  Cruz,  tliat  hail  gone  to  hack  the  (k'niand  for  the  return  of  the  Sjtan- 
isii  bark  Comrjirioii,  eomlrnined  as  a  jiomX  prize  l>y  the  admiralty  court  at 
Vera  Cruz,  as  also  a  demand  for  the  suspension  of  the  decree  to  stoj)  payment 
of  the  money  stipulated  to  he  paid  under  the  international  conventions,  wiiich 
decree  had  been  issued  liecau.-se  the  f^overnincnt  had  not  the  means  to  meet 
tlie  obligations.  These;  Spanish  vessels  mlLrlit  have  useil  force,  and  thus  the 
reactionary  party  would  liave  again  proudi,  lilted  its  head;  but  there  were 
also  seven  or  eight  U.  S.  men-of-war  moving  along  the  coast,  that  might  have 
taken  a,  part  in  the  perfornumces. 

"^Matthews,  the  Ih-itisli  representative,  left  Mexico  after  he  lost  all  hepe 
of  bringing  about  an  arrangement  between  the  belligerciiis.  .Juarez  j)leadiil 
that  the  constitutional  government  could  accede  to  notiiing  uluiti'Ver  n  t 
grounded  on  the  constitution  of  IS.'iT,  from  which  he  derived  his  a\ithorit\ , 
and  wiiereby  he  exercised  the  executive  functions.  Curlfs,  Dhirio  Ciiii'jir.-iii,  i, 
aj).  5,  no.  4,  24-40.  l)egollado  essayed  a  plan  of  his  own,  supiiosed  t'>  have 
l>ev'>  influenced  by  the  IJritish  minister,  Matthews,  which  he  formed  at  l.nu'iis 
and  entith'd  I'lan  tie  I'acilicacion,  to  bring  about  a  compromise  with  time 
who  were  di-^satislied  with  the  constitution  of  IS.*)7.  Ho  proiKjseil  th;it  a  con- 
gress should  witiiin  three  months  decree  a  constitution,  on  the  basis  of  the  re- 
form laws;  that  X\w  diplomatic  corps  together  with  delegates  of  tlie  two  riviil 
parties  should  name  a  president,  who  was  to  be  neither  .Miramon  nor  tluarez. 
The  plan  was  sent  to  (Jnnzalez  Ortega,  then  besieging  (Juadala jara,  who,  like 
all  other  chief  oliicers  before  whom  belaid  it,  rejected  it  with  iiidign.ition. 
It  was  almost  inconceivable  that  a  man  who  had  been  such  a  steailt'ast  eham- 
pion  of  the  legal  government  should  have,  at  the  very  time  when  its  triumph 
was  almost  certain,  turned  round  to  modify  its  princi[iles  and  set  \ip  .inotlier 
standard.  Juarez  deplored  as  well  as  became  indignant  at  such  a  stultilieatio;i, 
and  at  once,  Oct.  ITtii,  removed  Degollado  from  the  coimnan<l  which  he  held 
oidy  nominally,  for  Ortega hatl  been  for  sonu;  time  the  virtual  coiumander-iii- 
ehief  of  the  forces  in  the  north.  Airhh'o  aMcv.,  I'ol.  L/i.,  iv.  ,'t77-f^O;  .liiiir<~, 
Bioij.  fhlChiil.,  ',\\''2;  Jlnz,  Vhla  do  J iiare-.,  IS.VT;  Dnhlaii  and  Lminiii,  l.nj. 
J/f.t\,  viii.  754-.J,  7(»"J;  Cortes,  JJinrio  Coni/nsD,  i.  ap.  .">,  no.  4,  U;i-7;  Arritmi'ir., 
JIvJ.,  ii.  ;iso. 

'''  it  was  rumored  that  he  was  a  man  of  liberal  opiidoiis,  and  it  was  held 
to  be  certain  that  he  would  uct  in  accord  with  the  L'.  S,,  h.iving  hail  conler- 


700 


TRIUMPH  OF  TIIK  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


Juarez  had  on  the  Gth  of  that  nioiitli  clcerecfl  tlic 
election  of  i'epresentati\'e.s  to  a  general  congress,  and 
of  president  of  the  re})ublic.  At  this  time  he  felt  so 
sure  of  his  triumph  tliat  lie  made  pivpai'ations  to  trans- 
fer himself  and  his  government  to  the  valley  of  ^[uxico, 
an.d  made  arrangement  for  resuming  the  payment  ol: 
the  foreign  debt  in  January  IcSGl.  Ijut  we  nuist  now 
retrace  our  steps,  and  make  ourselves  acquainted  with 
the  military  situation  on  which.  Juarez  urounded  his 
hopes  of  immediate  success. 

Gonzalez  Orte<>'a  had  in  October  concentrated 
17,000  men  around  Guadalajara,  whilst  the  garrison 
Avas  of  less  than  7,000.  Marcjuez  made  rapid  marclu.'s 
to  relieve  the  place,  reaching  Guanajuato  with  ids  force 
considerably  increased.  ILuerta,  Ogazon,  and  Rojas 
were  detached  to  lu)ld  him  in  check:  thev  at  first 
suffered  some  reverses,  1)ut  finally  defeated  him.  The 
garrison,  under  Severo  del  Castillo,  expected  no  I'elief; 
and  beinu' destitute,  Castillo  entered  into  a  parley  with 
the  enemy,  and  was  allowed  to  leave  the  place  with 
his  troops  on  the  l20th  of  Octoljer."-  Kis  foi'ce 
uiarched  by  way  of  Santa  Ana  to  'L\'[)i(',  without  am- 
munition, and  with  unloaded  arms,  whilst  the  con- 
stitutionalists marched  u[)on  Tolotlan,  and  on  the  10th 
of  Xovember  at  Calderon  utterly  routed  llie  army  of 
i\Iar(|uez,  wIkj   was  not  aware   of  Castillo's  arrange- 

ciK'cs  with  thcgovoiiiiiK'iit  Mt  \Viisliiii;.,'tiin,  aiul  iil)t;iiiuMl  its  consciit  to  join  tlio 
tripartite  cuiivnitidii  t;)  I'slalilish  aiiroNisiiiiuil  goviti'iiiiiciiL  in  .Muxico,  to  which 
olijoct -McLiuii'  hail  lici^ii  iliri'ctt.'il  to  cuiiiiciati'. 

''-Tliat  clay  tiiu  liesici^crH  hail  taken  Santo  l>omin'io  anil  I'',l  (Virnicn.  Cas- 
tillo niado  an  arranL;cnir'it  w  ith  Zarago/a,  which  was  appiov  t.l  liy  (lon/,i!,'/. 
{)rte,i,M,  by  whicii  Ijoth  Ijclh^crcnt  forces  were  to  retire  in  oppipsite  iliiei.'lions, 
tlivi  l>esiej,a'il  toward  tin.'  west,  the  ])csie,L;ers  towai'il  the  east,  till  tlicy  weie 
twelve  leagues  heyond  thiM'ity;  meantime  ('astillo'.s  artillery  v., add  lie  left  in 
the  town.  Commissioners  tVoni  hotli  parties  wen-  tliei'  to  anan'^e  the  terms 
for  the  incorporation  )f  the  reactionary  lorees  in'i  the  constitutional  army 
to  march  together  upon  the  ca|iital,  and  if  they  cuald  come  to  no  agreement, 
the  armies  were  to  g(j  hack  to  their  ]>osilions,  and  hostilities  should  he  re- 
snmetl.     'i'liis  truce  gave  tlio  constitutional  army  an  inuneuse  advantage,  as 


v.ill  he  seen  in  the  text,  (ii)iiziiliz  Orlfijii,  .i/iiii.t.  Jliini..  -H-li;  /'irtni,  (lah. 
ilr  J/'.r.,  ii.  .-)S;i-i.  A  portion  of  the  reautionary  forces  joined  Hohlado  aod 
Antlllon;  others,  violating  the  armistice,  went  with  Castillo  to  Tepic,  a. id 
many  dishanded  them.-iclves.  liinra,  Ilitt.  JalipA.,  v.  3(J0. 


MIRAMON'S  LAST  EFFORTS. 


7!)  I 


niont  till  a  few  hours  bcforo  bointjf  attacked."'  ^Far- 
qtiez  and  A'clo/  took  to  Quci'utaro  and  Mexico  the 
news  of  their  disaster. 

Miramon  then  I'rankly  set  forth  the  situation  in  a 
manifesto,  and  summoned  a  junta  of  pronsinent  citi- 
zens residing  in  tlu;  capital  to  determine  what  ouglit 
to  be  done.  Tiio  junta,  among"  whom  were  the  arch- 
bishop, bishop  of  JMonterey,  other  ecclesiastics,  and 
several  generals,  met  on  the  3d  of  November,  but  no 
result  was  arrived  at  on  that  day;  two  days  later  it 
was  resolved  to  defend  the  city  to  the  last."*  ]\Iira- 
mon's  govermnent  had  been  unable  to  estaljlish  any 
financial  svstem,  its  onlv  resources  beini'-  obtained 
from  the  ch;rgy,  or  by  forced  loans,  which  together 
witli  those  levied  by  the  liberal  ])arty  ruined  many 
fortunes  antl  put  others  in  great  jeopardy.  Having 
now  no  means  to  support  his  trooi>s,  lu;  pei'mitted  the 
chief  of  police,  Lagarde,  on  the  Kith  of  November,  to 
jnter  the  house  of  ^Ir  J^arton,  in  tht;  cahe  (k^  C.'apn- 


en 


chinas,  with  an  order  I'rom  ]\[ar(]uez,  under  the  pretext 
of  arms  beinu'  hidden  there.  The  next  day  an  armed 
force  imdor  Colonel  J;iure<''ui  invaded  the  house  with 
a  nundjer  of  workmen,  who  forced  open  the  doors  on 
which  were  the  seals  of  the  Jh'itish  legation,  and 
carried  away  nearly  8"00,000,  in  disregard  of  all  i)ro- 
tests,  and  of  the  fact  that  the  money  belonged  to  J  Jrit- 
ish  bondhohk'rs."''  With  tliese  funds  ^liramon  organ- 
ized new  troo]>s  to  fight  the  munerous  hosts  that  were 
ap[)roaching  tlic!  valley,  including  Am[)udia's  force  from 
Yeia  Cruz. 

A  large  number  of  reactionists  had  now  forsaken 
their  siidcing  cause  and  joined  the  liberal  party.      The 


"•'It -was  Ha  ill  that  ^lannuv.liail  7,0111),  ami  !iisail\cis;iry  IVU  ujinii  liim  wiUi 
nt  k-ast  10,000;  aii<l  tlvit  Uic  Innucr  lust  all  liis  aiiiiiiuuitinn,  l)a,"ja^<',  ami 
trains,  ami  •J.OdO  or  ;i, ()(»()  ^ii  isoiiiTs. 

'''  })i(irio  df  Av'i^nx,  Nov.  <i,  ISliO  From  ttio  timo  (if  tlui  sci.-oiid  failutc  to 
capturo  Vera  Cni/,  tin;  reartioirists  nii't  willi  a  .sei'irn  of  ruvcrsus,  wlu-rcliy 
tlii'y  lost  all  the  ilciiartnumtH  t'xcc|itiiiL^  Nh'xico  and  I'lU-Ma. 

'''■''Mar(|iicz  liad  asUcd  Wliitflioad,  tluir  a;,'cnt,  tor  a  loan  frotn  tlu'si!  fuml-i, 
iind  had  ticcli  rtitnscd,  the  n,i,'cnt  pleading  that  he  had  no  ailthuiiiy  to  i,ix:edu 
to  the  leqnest.   Ziiindcuix,  lliM.  M'j.,  xv.  lOo'J— i-. 


792 


TRIUMrH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


liberal  forces,  having  defeated  their  adversaries  at 
every  encounter,  marched  on  toward  the  capital  with 
the  eclat  that  prosperity  always  imparts,  swelhng  their 
ranks  with  officers  and  men  of  the  other  party. 

Tlie  city  of  Mexico,  being  threatened  on  all  sides  by 
the  constitutionalists,  was  placed  under  martial  law  on 
the  1.3th  of  November.  At  the  end  of  the  month 
Carbajal's  forces  were  in  Zumpango  do  la  Laguna 
and  Villa  de  Guadalupe,  Berriozjlbal's  in  Toluca,  and 
Ampudia's  in  Tlalpam.  The  army  from  Guadalajara 
was  advancing  under  the  connuander-in-chief,  Gon- 
zalez Ortega.^"  Miramon  made  arrangements  to 
move  his  forces  with  great  rapidity,  forced  a  portion 
of  Ampudia's  to  retire  from  Cuautitlan,  and  sallying 
out  on  the  first  of  December,  struck  the  constitution- 
alists a  blow  at  San  Bartolo.  With  the  continual 
movement  of  his  troops  he  managed  to  got  supplies 
into  the  city.  But  with  all  his  extraordinary  enei-gy 
he  could  not  check  the  discouragement  of  his  party 
nor  the  repeated  defection  of  his  troops.  Xothing 
ihiunted,  however,  he  resolved  to  strike  another  blow, 
selecting  as  his  objective  point  Toluca,  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  liberals,  where  a  great  many  of  their 
])rominent  men  were  assembled.  He  had  not  been 
misinformed  about  Berriozilbal's  lack  of  precaution. 
Leaving  Mexico  at  dawn  of  the  8th  of  December,  on 
the  next  day  he  gained  a  victory  ove*^*  the  liberal 
forces,  which  were  almost  totally  captured,  together 
^vith  Degollado,  Berriozitbal,  and  Benilo  Gomez 
Farias,  as  well  as  fourteen  pieces  of  artillery,  trains, 
a  large  supply  of  small  arms,  etc.  The  prisoners  were 
kindly  treated."'     Miramon's    success  facilitated  the 

"''He  mn veil  slowly,  strengthening  his  ranks,  and  replacing  tlic  military 
8U])plies  expended  in  .lalisco.  He  wanted  to  licsiege  Mexico  witli  25,000  men, 
and  expected  to  reacii  tiic  valley  on  December  loth, 

''^  'I'lie  Spanish  minister  stated  to  hia  government  that  Miramon  had  re- 
solved so  to  act  before  he  started  to  assail  Toluca.  He  also  said  that 
ninong  negollado's  captured  papers  was  a  plan  of  attack  against  Mexico,  in 
thr?  iiandwriting  of  Matthews,  the  Britisli  charge.  Arramjoiz,  Mij.,  ii.  .S71-'2; 
Anh'irn  Me.v.,  Col.  Lei/.,  v,  4;  CorUs,  Diario  L'oikj.,  ap.  o,  no.  4,  DO;  Diario 
ik  .Iciso.t,  Dec.  17,  ISGO. 


DEFEAT  OF  MIRAMOX. 


793 


arrival  of  provisions  in  ]\Icxico,  and  liis  friends  bccanio 
very  enthusiastic,  not  beinj,^  willing  as  yet  to  believe 
that  their  chief's  star  was  on  the  wane.  But  partial 
successes  could  not  prevent  the  steady  approach  of 
Gonzalez  Ortega's  anny  of  about  9,000  or  10,000  men, 
with  44  pieces  of  artillery,  which  left  Queretai-o  on 
the  10th  of  December,  and  was  to  be  further  reiin- 
forced  from  Morelia  and  elsewhere.  IMiramon,  with 
the  double  object  of  saving  the  capital  from  the  effects 
of  a  siege  and  assault,  and  of  defeating  the  enemy 
before  the  concentration  of  all  his  forces,  started  from 
Mexico  on  the  20th  of  December,  at  the  head  of  his 
best  troops,  8,000  strong,  with  thirty  pieces  of  artil- 
lery, the  brigades  being  respectively  commanded  by 
Marquez,  Velez,  Negrete,  Ayesteran,  Cobos,  antl 
others.  On  the  morning  of  the  22d  he  was  between 
Arroyozarco  and  San  Francisco  Soyaniquilpan,  es- 
tablishing his  lines,  and  trying  unsuccessfully  to  cut 
otf  the  liberal  left  wing.  The  fight  began  at  eight 
o'clock  in  the  mornint;  on  the  heiolits  of  San  ]\Iit»-uel 
Calpulalpan,  and  had  terminated  at  ten,  and  with  it 
the  reaction  and  the  three  years'  war. 

Ortega's  army  was  1G,000  strong,  ^liramon's  about 
one  half  that  number.*'^  The  latter  made  so  vigorous 
an  attack  that  it  dislodged  the  Juaristas  from  many 
i:)ositions.  The  combatants  gained  or  lost  ground  only 
foot  by  foot.'^''  Ortega  steadily  reijnforced  weak  posi- 
tions. Mariano  Miramon,  the  general's  brother, 
charged  with  the  cavalry,  but  a  number  of  his  men 
went  over  to  the  enemy;  the  rest  fled,  running  against 
their  own  infantrv,  and  jjfeneral  confusion  follo\ve<l. 
ISIiramon's  centre  was  then  broken;  the  rest  followed, 
artillery,  trains,  annnunition,  wounded — all  was  alian- 
doned.     Miramon    was    utterly   routed.''^     lie    went 

**  Arrangoiz,  M _,.,  a.  ^''2,  would  have  it  believed  that  Mirainoii's  iiu'u 
were  most  of  them  demoralized,  which  cuuiiot  bo  true,  judging  from  tiieir 
pi'OWL'sa  iu  the  battle. 

•'■■'Domeneuh  says:  'Miramon  se  multiplie;  lui,  ses  gi'in'^raux  Maniuoz, 
Negrete,  Cobos  et  autres  font  des  prodigea  do  valour.'  IH'<(.  da  J/cxi'jiic,  ii. 

^^ Ooiizalez  OrlPija,  Aptiiil.  Bioj.,  47-50;  Uulelta  dc  Xotk.,  Doc.  '25,  KStiO, 


704 


TRIUMPH  OF  Tin<:  CONSTITU'JIOXA LISTS. 


liack  to  ^FcxicM)  {it  2  u'cIdcIv  in  tlui  nioniiiiL;  nf  (lie 
2;](l,  Jind  smmiioiic'd  liis  iiiiiiistcrs  lor  ci^iit  o'chtck  to 
consult  on  tlu!  situation,  nWvv  wiiicli  he  ictiivd  tosnutcli 
a  little  I'est  till  the  a|)[)ointe((  hour.  'V\\v  rc|)reseiita- 
tiN'es  of  France  and  Spain  attended  tin;  council  of 
ministers,  and  as  a  result  of  their  deliberations  r»- 
])aire(l,  accoini)anied  with  j^'enerals  J)ei'rio/.al'al  and 
Avesteran,  to  dionzah'Z  Ortega's  head(|n;irtirs,  to 
treat  ()n  terms  of  capitulation.  ^Miranion  Iiad  an  in- 
tention of  retiring  to  Puehla.  The  whole  day  passed 
in  discussions,  and  in  a<lo])ting  precautions  to  pievent 
dest'rtions,  a]arniin<>"  symptoms  of  delecti(»n  iHing  no- 
tice(l  in  the  sevei'al  barracks.  At  last  it  was  rcsoKcd 
that  the  only  course  left  was  to  capitulate.  Jhit  ( Joii- 
zalez  OrtcLia  would  listen  tonothinu"  hut  unconditional 
surrender;''  and  when  the  conunissioners  returned,  on 
the  "J-Uh,  the  cry  then  was,  each  one  for  himself;  the 
ministers  went  into  hitling,  and  Miranion  suirendered 
the  citv  to  Deiiollado  ami  JJerrioZiihal,  who  had  been 
chosen  by  the  ayuntamiento  ibr  the  preservation  of 
l)ublic  order  till  (Jeneral  Ortena's  arrival;  alter  doin!>' 
Avhich,  the  remaining"  trooj>s,  and  many  ])rominent  re- 
actionists, among  them  Aliramon  and  Zuloaga,  assem- 
bled in  the  Ciudadela,  and  after  dividing  among  tliem- 
selves  $1-|.(),000,  started  together  by  the  Toluca  road, 
j\[iramon  disappearing  after  a  while.  In  bis  attem[)t 
to  reach  the  coast,  he  narrowly  esca})ed  capture  at 
Jico,  in  the  vicinity  of  Jalapa;  his  companions,  Isidro 
Diaz  and  Ordonez,  were  taken.  ]\liramon  remained 
in  concealment  at  Jalapa,  and  ilnally  was  conveyed 
by  a  J^'rench  man-of-war's  boat  on  boaitl  a  vessel  of 
that  nation,  called  Lc  Mvrcure,  that  took  him  to 
Euro[>e.''^ 


Jan.  7,  I'^iil :  CdrtcK,  Diar'io  Comireno,  i.  np,  5,  no.  \,  90;  Cdrtex,  D'lurio  SIciick/o, 
i   1,  >.  IJ,  l_'S;  Ari'hivo  Mex.,  Col.  Li'i/.,  v.  11-10;  Ztuudroi.-i,  Hist.  Mdj.,  xv. 


1   1,  >. 

■I  U 
own   picitL'i'ti( 


dwi'Vi'i',  lu!  cliiHTinllv  :u'('C( 


(Icil  tofoi'ciiTiK  rs  ai'niii)<,'  tliomsclvcs  for  tliuir 


till  t; 


ifiivui'niiu'ut  I'oulil   ;iHor<l  it  to  tlit-'iii.   (' 


/oiKjri  ■■ 


1.  111).  .).  Ill), 


4.  iU-1; 


I  rrniiijiii 


J/. 


■J- 


ii.  :i74-(i 


'I'liiM  :issisl;iiu'i'  rfudiTuil  iiy  the  I''i'l'ik'!i  navy  to  Mii'.'iiiion  ciiIIimI  for  and 
gave  rise  to  a  wanu  corrc-sponJence  u;i  tlio  part  of  tlie  .Mexieim  gjvornnienb 


JUAUF,Z  AT  THE  CAI'ITAL. 


705 


^Mirainon's  (lii^lit  nut  an  i-ud  to  tlie  dt-adlv  strifi'  and 
unheard  of  vicissitudes  of  the  last  threi;  years.  'I'he 
victorious  liberal  army,  of  ahout  "2'), 000  men,  entered 
tile  capital  on  new-year's  day  amid  the  joy  and  en- 
thusiasm of  the  [leople,  who  had  draped  their  housrs 
in  white,  and  [)oured  U[)on  the  men  a  rain  of  llowers 
and  laurel  wreaths.  The  jj'reetinuf  was  one  worth  v  of 
the-  army  that  had  I'ouiiiit  so  bravely  to  restore  the 
reii^Mi  of  justice  and  law,  as  well  as  the  ma^'iia  charta 
of  the  country's  liberties,  reform  and  future  pi-o;.;'i'ess.''' 

After  the  severe  punishment  of  some  malefai-toi's 
by  (^uaiiermaster-n(-Mieral  Zai'a^o/a,  .Juarez  arrived 
at  th(i  national  ca])ital  on  the  I  1th  of. January,  1S(!1. 
JIu  had  hastened  his  journey  because  (jronzalez  Oi'teuia 
was  exercisinu;'  supreme powei's  in  decrec^ini;'  measiu'fs 
Avliich  Were  of  the  e.\.clusi\e  ])rovince  of  the  executive. 
The  [)resi(lent  was  enthusiastically  j^'reeted  by  his 
})artisaiis,  as  well  as  by  the  hi^h  militaiy  and  civil 
olHcers,  as  i'ar  out  as  (jruadaluj)e,  and  on  entei'in^- 
the  city  in  an  o[)en  carriaj^'e,  amid  the  populai'  accla- 
mation, his  presence  was  further  annoiuiced  by  the 
salvos  of  artillery,  lie  at  once  published  a  niani- 
fosto.'" 


juiil  tlii^  liritish  naval  coinmnmlur  AMlinm,  with  tl'.e  ooinniandiin;  olficcr  of 
tlio  Frt'iiili  naval  forces,  Li;  ii'uy.  l.aUT,  (jii  tlic  L'Jd  of  Mai'ili,  ISil,  (.oiii- 
j)Uuiit  was  laisuil  in  the  IJritisli  liouso  of  cuiimioii.s  that  Miranum,  wlio  had 
stolon  nioni'y  from  tlio  liritisli  legation,  had  lici'ii  favori'd  to  t'si;.i|i(^  on  a 
French  shi J).  J'laicz  onlcrcd  tliat  Miranion,  Marnucz,  and  idl  others  mIio 
Mere  ini[)licatcd  in  ihcsu  allairs  should  he  arrested,  pro-ecuteil,  and  |nini;heil, 
■xvitli  eonliscation  of  their  iirnpcrties  included;  of  w  Iiirh  the  liriiisli  repre- 
sentative was  ollicially  ajuirised.  U'lhtni  ilc  Su/!r.,  Ann.  -jy,  I'S,  Fcli.  U,  ID, 
22,  lS(il;  Ai-r/ilro  Mi.i:.,Cnl.  Liij.,  v.  I'.lt-o;  Dnhhni  nwA  Luzann.  Lui.Mi.r., 
ix.  U);  lldiitnnVx  Purl.  Dili.,  elxii.  ',.',")l);  Kl  Aiiiijo  (Id  I'li-h/a,  Fcli.  'ji;.  ls(i|; 
Lc  Tmit  d'Uiihii,  Feh.  S,  li;,  -J.',  Apr.  'Jt,  May  l',  1S()|.  All  that,  however, 
did  not  previ'Mt  that  Miranion  sliould  he  received  an<l  honori'd  at  tlie  Spanish 
court  liy  the  (pieen  on  the  2d  of  Dee.  of  liiat  year. 

'■'A  trai,dc  and  MiKjily  e|iisode  sealed  the  end  of  the  reactionary  rule. 
Anionic  the  unfortunate  victims  was  \'i ■■onto  Sei,'ura,  who  ha<l  l)een  a  foreihlu 
A\riter  in  favor  of  tiie  reaclion  as  chie.  .ditor  'pf  tlie  /')iar!<>  (/<•  .Ic/.vos',  sonfteu 
tpioted  in  I'oiineetion  with  tlu^  last  tliree  years' events. 

'' Dated  Jan.  lOtli.  After  i(>n;,'ratulatiie.,'  the  nation  on  tlie  success  of  tlio 
conslitulional  readme  over  so  many  dillieulties,  lie  soleiimly  pled.i,'es  himself 
to  surrendiu'  the  executive  authority  to  tins  elect  of  the  ])eop|e.  an  ho  had  con- 
sidered it  a  <le[)osit  intrusted  to  his  responsiliility.  Arr/iiro  Mcr.,  Cnl.  /.'.'/., 
V. 'J;!-();  hiihl  III  anil  Lo:ano,  Lcj.  Jlc.c,  ix.  0;  COr/cs,  JJhiriu  t'omjir-o,  i. 
ap.  5,  no.  4,  'Si. 


708 


TRIUMPH  OF  THK  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


The  war  of  iiHlcpendctico  acliieves  for  ^[oxico  auton- 
omy; but  nuicli  roiiiains  to  1)0  done  before  tshe  eau 
fit  herself  for  this  new  sphere — before  she  can  be  re- 
lieveil  of  the  fetters  and  encumbrances  worn  by  lur 
durinj^  three  centuries  of  despotic  tutelage.  Kelief 
ccmics  only  in  another  struggle  between  the  new  and 
old  order  of  things;  against  superstition  and  class 
supremacy,  protracted  through  nearly  half  a  century, 
and  forming  a  probationary  transition  period  to  the 
era  of  development  under  Porfirio  Diaz. 

The  period  of  independence  opens  auspiciously, 
Avith  the  country  recovered  from  the  ravages  of  war; 
but  prudence  is  cast  to  the  winds  in  framing  plans  for 
the  future,  and  in  carr^'ing  them  out.  The  forma- 
tion of  a  republic  is  the  natural  outcome  of  a  rising 
by  the  people  for  the  people,  as  indicated  in  the  speedy 
fall  of  Iturbide's  empire;  and  equally  natural  is  the 
eagerness  to  imitate  the  constitution  of  a  sympathiz- 
ing neighbor,  the  successful  prototype  of  the  new 
evolution.  The  conditions  of  the  two  nations,  how- 
ever, are  widely  different  in  race  characteristics,  cli- 
matic and  other  environments,  and  in  interests  and 
leanings;  and  while  Mexico's  adopted  institutions  are 
modified  somewhat  b}^  French  ideas,  the  new  culture 
standard  for  Anahuac,  yet  they  are  hardly  suited  to 
a  people  just  out  of  leading-strings — a  pcjple  so  far 
unschooled  in  the  self-control  required  for  the  enjoy- 
ment of  true  liberty.  Moreover,  it  seems  hazardous 
to  separate  a  hitherto  united  country  into  semi-inde- 
pendent states,  especially  when  there  exist  large 
bodies  of  ignorant  aborigines,  who,  constituting  a 
class  of  minors,  require  the  care  of  one  supreme  guar- 
dian. On  the  other  hand,  the  federal  system  is  en- 
couraged by  the  diversity  of  races,  based  to  some  ex- 
tent on  ancient  tribal  differences  and  distribution,  and 
fostered  by  the  isolated  or  sectional  warfare  of  the  in- 
de])endence  struggle;  and  it  soon  becomes  apparent 
that  in  the  division  of  states  lies  a  source  of  strength 
for  the  people  in  the  conflict  now  beginning  with  the 


f 


GENKRAL  REMARKS. 


ro7 


consorvativo  elomuiit;  while  the  gradiuil  spioiul  of 
ediK'.'itioii  and  liberal  ideas  serves  to  lessen  and  control 
the  danijferous  elements  anionijf  the  masses,  and  to 
brini^  the  needful  training  and  sell-restraint.  The 
federal  system  is  therefore  well  enouoh  for  ^Fi-xico, 
and  time  and  experience  are  alone  needful  to  lit  her 
lor  its  desii^n  ancf  scope. 

The  primary  obstacle  and  mistake  lie  in  exaic^ijfor- 
ated  ideas  of  liberty,  interpreted  as  license,  with  mi^ht 
as  right.  The  people  copy  the  letter,  not  the  s[)iril, 
of  the  United  States  constitution;  and  disregarding 
as  they  do  the  relative  duties  of  states  and  gen- 
eral government,  the  letter  only  hampers  the  admin- 
istration. They  grasp  too  readily  at  any  plausible 
j)roject  without  weighing  its  value  and  ulterior  ell'ect; 
and,  unguided  by  leading  principles,  they  neglect  to 
carry  out  its  commendable  features  with  any  degree 
of  reasonable  consistency.  The  people  of  the  United 
States  are  men  of  order,  who  wait  patiently  till  judgti 
or  ballot  shall  decide  a  question.  The  wide-s[)read 
interest  among  all  classes,  in  houses,  land,  sa\ings 
banks,  is  an  element  that  binds  them  to  sucli  order. 
In  ]\[exico  climatic  influence  and  indolence  of  cliarac- 
ter  tend  to  diminish  the  importance  of  home,  with  its 
all-modilying  iniiuence,  and  hinder  the  acquirement 
of  proj)erty  among  the  masses.  Having,  therefore, 
less  to  risk,  they  hesitate  less  in  yielding  to  the  ap- 
])eal  of  turbulent  and  designing  leaders,  who  feel  no 
ct)nq)unction  in  plunging  the  country  into  tumult  and 
civil  war  for  the  attainment  of  private  ends.  Impetu- 
ous by  nature  and  impatient  under  restraint,  they 
are  readily  fired  by  flaming  and  plausible  outcries  to 
turn  against  the  salutary  and  corrective  limitation  of 
reform,  allowing  no  time  for  testing  its  value  or  let- 
ting it  take  root. 

Warned  of  the  looming  clanger,  and  observing  the 
heterogeneous  and  discordant  elements  among  the  peo- 
ple, the  conservative  party,  composed  mainly  of  th*? 
wealthy  and  privileged  classes,  begins  early  to  take 


rns 


TIUL'.MIMI  01'  Till';  CONSTITrTIOXAI.lSTS. 


steps  (or  scc'iiriiiL,''  j^rt'doiuinaiH'c,  l)y  stri\Inn'  I't  a 
|L;()Vfi'iiiii('iit  cciitrali/i'd  at  tlu-  rapital  in  one  sti'oiiL;- 
hand  ami  ciiciiclt'd  Wy  ai'isloci-at ic  hulwaiks,  as  in- 
stanced ali'ea<ly  in  tlie  empire  of  ItuiMde.  This  re- 
solve stands  re(hHMned  to  sonu^  extent  hy  th(>  eoiiNic- 
tion   that  the  masses  ai'e  as  yet  unlitted   I'lM-  an  equal 


shan;    in    the   a(hninist ration.      Thi 


peoi 


.le.  1 


lowewr 


wlio  ha\  e  aehi(>\e(l  the  independeiiee.and  louncK'd  Upon 
it  loi^ht  hopes  of  (Mjuahty  and  sell'-iade,  are  not  dis- 
]ti),e(l  to  siirrendei'  the  IVuits  oC  tlu'ii"  eftorts  to  a  class 


uhien    has    co 


nli'ihuted  little  or  nothin.L"'  toward  tli 
great  ohjeet.  The  result  is  a  hitter  strife  hetween  the 
two  ereat  parties,  known  in  coui'si'  (»!'  time  under  the 
dill'L'reut  names  of  reat'tionists  and  pro^ftjssionisis, 
('ons(M-vativo,s  an<l  lihorals,  aristocrats  and  democrats, 
and  so  forth,  with  numerous  sui)di\  isions,  whlcli,  undi  r 
various  disguises  and  pretensions,  manai^*;  t(»  win  o\er 
or  unite  for  a  time  upon  i  common  issue  a  m(»re  oi 
less  strou!^^  rc])i'i>sentat  ion  from  thc^  o])posite  side. 

In  the  heat  of  eonllict  little  hesitation  is  shown  at 
the  means  for  sustaininij;  excitement  or  attaining;'  suc- 


ci'ss: 


nd  so  we  hehohl  now  a  persecution  of  individ- 
uals and  classes,  as  instanced  notahly  in  the  ex])ulsion 
of  Spaniards,  which  has  an  etl'ect  not  unlike  that  of 
the  hu<i;uenot  ex[)atriati()U  in  l''i'ance;  anon  a  deplor- 
a'ole  })illa;4'e  oi"  massacre,  involving'  innocent  piM'sons, 
and  staining'  the  honor  of  the  nation;  and  at^'ain,  a 
goading-  and  rousing  of  race  feeling  whi<']i  threatens  a 
delugi!  of  hlood.      And  so  the;  country  is  I'acked  and 


torn  hv  M  series  of  inilictions  that  retard  DroL*"! 


'y 


V 


•ess  an( 


imperil  national  existence.  The  prime  movm-  in  the 
struggle  is  the  growing  mestizo  lilement,  with  its  lofty 
amhition  and  intelli'^Mit  enei'!>A'.  Tin.'  oi)i>ress(.'d  and 
iieLi'liM'ted  Indian,  ever  the  i)rev  <»f  the  victor,  still 
holds  aloof,  regarding  the  issue  with  mingled  indilFer- 
ence  and  suspicion,  for  he  has  so  fre(|uently  been  de- 


ceived m 


hisl 


lopes. 


A  leading  factor  in  the  strife  is  the  army;  at  times 
a  mere  instrument,  but  only  too  often   the  arbiter. 


KLKMKXTS  OK  AXARCITY. 


790 


Infl.itfd  l)y  scll'-iiii])()rtiHic'o  since  llic  \v;ii'  of  iiKlcjtcii- 
tlciK'c,  it  I'cailily  <l('\('l(i|is  inlo  ;i  (■(iiiiioiiiiil  Ircdin^-  on 
till'  vitals  of  the  iiatitm.  It  hecduies  the  |iliaii1  iii- 
sti'uiiieiit  of  its  aiiihitioiis  spirits  men  who,  iiii|iclle(l 
l)_y  vanity  and  ^i-eed,  seize  a  rav(>i-al)l(!  inonient,  and, 
assisted  i»y  distance  iVoin  the  centiu;  or  hy  the  preoc- 
cnjiied  or  enfoiced  situation  ol'  the  authorities  swiiij^ 
Ihi'nisrlves  hv  a  si-ries  ol"  I'reciuentlv  hhxxMess  revoiu- 
lions  IVoni  coi'j)orals  and  liiMitenants  to  generals,  mean- 
while hidiuL;"  <lel'alcations  and  extortinn'  concessions, 
^'^  ilh  urowiiiM-  strcMiL^tli  they  heconie  |)ai-ty  leaders, 
inenaee  tin;  supreme  n'overnment  itseir,  and  I'ither 
dictate  terms  or  install  ummv  compliant  rulers.  Tiio 
I'esult  is  an  administi'ation  at  once  s|)iritless  and  in- 
eiiicient,  depending' on  i\\r  caj)rice  of  seliish  factions, 
and  unal)le,  from  lack  ol'stahility  and  means,  t<»  cai'iy 
out  the  policy  of  reform  with  which  it  has  deluded 
the  j)eo])le  and  i^aiiu'd  consent  to  a  temu'e  of  [)owci'. 
J''re(picntly  the  new  heads  aim  only  at  a  di\ision  of 
spoils,  in  view  of  their  precai'ious  position,  and  pro- 
mote maleadministration  by  surrenderinn"  places  of 
trust  to  those  who  \\i\vc  helped  to  install  theai,  to  fa- 
A'oiites,  and  to  op])onenl's  who  must  iw.  conciliated. 
C'oi'ru]»tion  extends  into  every  di-partnicnt ;  oilicials 
ahuse  their  ))owei"  hy  extortion  and  oppression,  intent 
only  ou  makiiiL;'  the  most  of  their  [trospect ively  hrief 
term.  Jlalfthe  national  I'cveiuie  is  al)sorl)ed  ere  it 
I'i'aches  tlu>  treasury;  justice  is  sold  to  the  hiL;'hest 
bidder;  and  the  ai'ui y,  the  main  reliance  of  the  ])owers 
that  bo,  becomes  diMiiorali/ed  under  ollicers  who  de- 
pend on  its  n'ootl-will.  'riie  people  themselv(;s  eiicour- 
ai>'o  al)uses  by  an  indolent  good  nature  that  objects  to 
harsh  thouo'li  wholesome  ri'straint. 

One  strikiuLj  result  of  the  disorder  is  forele'n  in- 
tervention and  invasion,  based  on  unfullilled  pi'omises 
and  obliixations,  lured  by  thirst  for  ti'adt.'and  spoliation, 
and  favored  bv  anarchy;  all  of  which  y'ivo  cuiso  and 
op[)ortunity  for  secession.  A  powerful  niMi^hbor  be- 
stirs herself  to  iroad  the  nation  to  a  war  for  which  it 


soo 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


is  wholly  unprepared,  with  iindiscipllned  and  poorly 
anned  troops,  and  with  jealous  and  incapable  officers, 
who  drive  veterans  to  despair,  needlessl}'  sacritice  the 
raw  recruits  bravely  offering  their  blood  for  home  and 
]il)erty,  and  encourage  the  foe  to  become  more  and 
more  exacting.  Even  in  the  midst  of  evil  may  be 
found  some  good,  however;  for  v/liile  half  tlie  national 
domain  is  ceded,  the  region  is  really  a  wilderness,  so 
far  as  Mexico  is  concerned,  and  a  source  of  weakness 
by  demanding  a  costly  defence  against  white  and 
Indian  invaders.  Its  loss  is  merely  precipitated,  to 
serve  niore  speedily  to  open  the  portals  for  an  elevat- 
ing intercourse. 

The  church  stands  side  by  side  with  the  army  in 
being  a  prime  mover  in  the  turmoil.  It  is  no  longer 
the  great  bond  between  the  races.  Its  influence  lias 
been  sadly  lessened,  its  holiness  sadly  batcered  during 
the  war  of  independence,  dimming  the  sacred  character 
of  its  servants;  while  its  wealtli,  to  the  very  altar  ves- 
sels, lures  an  ever-swelling  host  of  hungry  spoilers. 
Its  very  existence  is  threatened,  prompting  to  steps 
for  defence,  in  an  alliance  with  the  aristocratic  party, 
with  similar  motives  and  sympathies.  But  this  action 
only  ex])oses  it  to  a  double  buffeting.  Its  wealth  is  not 
only  subjected  to  a  heavy  drain  in  support  of  revolu- 
tions fostered  by  the  clergy,  but  the  hostile  factions 
find  herein  an  excuse  for  carrying  out  their  schemes 
of  spoliation  and  reform,  thus  cutting  off  resources 
which  have  served  to  feed  desolating  wnrs,  and  re- 
stricting privileges  employed  to  keep  the  masses  in 
sni)erstitious  subjection  and  deploral)le  ignorance. 
The  cl lurch  assumes  at  last  its  t)'ue  position,  as  a  con- 
sol  tov\',  humanizing  medium,  subordinate  to  the  state 
and  depending  on  the  government;  divested  of  dan- 
gerous I'ueros,  and  purged  of  noxious  drones  in  the 
shape  of  religious  communities.  This  may  be  re- 
ganled  as  the  greatest  triumph  of  the  people,  bring- 
ing as  it   does   tolerance,  civil   marriage,  and   freer 


MEXICAX  LEADERS. 


801 


oorly 
icers, 
!e  the 
e  and 
0  and 
lay  be 
tional 
3SS,  so 
vknoss 
o    and 
ted,  to 
jlcvat- 

rmy  in 
longer 
ire  has 
dnring 
avacter 
tar  ves- 
poilers. 
()  steps 
?  party, 
5  action 
,h  is  not 
revohi- 
factions 
schcinos 
jsources 
and  n;- 
asses  in 
iiorance. 
IS  a  con- 
:he  state 
of  dan- 
in  the 
be  re- 


3,  bring- 
nd   freer 


education  to  crush  superstition  and  Hit  the  mind  from 
bondage. 

A  phase  of  the  deohno  in  ecclesiastical  influence  is 
the  absence  from  the  rank  of  national  leaders  of 
priests  who  shed  sucli  lustre  on  the  preceding  jteriod. 
The  cliiefs  are  now  military  men,  as  may  be  jiidgt'd 
from  tie  character  of  the  period,  vith  a  s[)rinkHiig  of 
lawyers,  who  owe  tlieir  elevation  ])artly  to  the  acci- 
dent of  vice-presidential  positions,  partly  to  opi)()rtu- 
nities  !n  the  leo^islative  field.  Prominent  anion"" 
presidents  are  several  heroes  from  the  war  of  inde[)en- 
donec,  beginning  with  Victoria  and  Guerrero,  both 
pure,  unselfish  patriots,  unaffected  and  amiable,  but 
little  fitted  to  direct  the  experimental  steps  of  a  young 
nation  along  a  new  path,  in  the  face  of  bitter  opposi- 
tion. In  contrast  to  these  stand  educated  men  with 
aristocratic  tendencies,  like  Bustamante  and  ]?e<lraza, 
the  former  long  a  pillar  of  centralism,  and  with  a  cer- 
tain administrative  ability.  Gomez  Farias  achieves 
distinction  in  being  the  first  president  to  opeidy  assail 
the  detrimental  influence  of  the  church;  and  he  sur- 
vives to  triumph  two  decades  later,  while  his  oppo- 
nent, Li'icas  Alaman,  the  great  leader  of  the  consurv- 
ativep,  dies  in  the  midst  of  his  })lans  for  establisliing 
a  monarchy.  In  the  course  of  ever-seething  revolu- 
tions, rulers  succeed  one  another  in  rapid  succession, 
some  ludding  their  positions  only  for  a  few  days,  to 
leave  hardly  a  trace,  while  a  few  manage  to  complete 
a  full  term  of  office.  Among  them  are  too  often  mere 
creatures  of  tlio  moment,  the  to\s  of  militarv  <'a- 
price;  now  vacillating  and  ))ri  crastinating,  anon  rash 
with  defective  ])rojects,  with  occuisional  spui'ts  of 
stronger  and  redeeming  but  unsustained  efi'oi'ts.  ])ut 
there  are  also  able  and  patri(.>tic  men,  who  cffcet  some 
good,  only  to  rouse  the  storm  by  tlieir  plans  ibr  re- 
form, aiul  fall  under  the  ruins  of  tlieir  noble  though 
unstable  structures.  Among  them  figure  pi'udent 
and  well-meaning  men  like  lleri'era,  the  man  of  ])ea('e, 
and  Comonfort,  who  proclaims  the  final  federal  con- 

Hni.  Mex.,  Vol.  V.    01 


III 


802 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


stitiition;  worthy  judges  like  Pefia  y  Pena  and  Ce- 
ballos;  tlio  financier  Eolieverria;  instruments  of  the 
army  in  Canalizo  and  Lombardini;  brilliant  soldiers 
like  ]\liranion,  I^ravo,  and  Anaya;  the  liot-hcaded 
l\iredes;  the  reformed  conservative  Arista,  and  the 
converted  democrat  Almonte.  The  most  conspicu- 
ous personage  of  the  period,  however,  is  Santa  Anna, 
arch-intriguei",  political  juggler,  brazen  blusterer.  A. 
wor.shij)per  of  success,  to  which  he  sacrifices  honor  and 
true  patriotism;  using  men  and  institutions  as  means 
for  his  own  ends;  prostituting  an  ability  which,  ccmi- 
bined  with  energy,  raises  him  to  the  category  of  a 
genius,  while  lack  of  principle  and  firmness  lower  him 
tc  al)ject  baseness.  Ever  dissimulating  and  obedient 
alone  to  the  political  barometer,  he  stands  ready  to 
desert  a  cause  or  patron  at  the  first  indication  of  I'ail- 
ure;  to  parade  now  as  a  reformer  Avith  dazzling 
promises  and  scanty  fulfilment,  anon,  as  a  despot 
with  iron  heel  and  regal  pomp.  In  diplomacy,  an 
unsustained  Tallejraiul;  in  war,  a  sorry  Napoleon. 

Ho  it  is  whose  aml)ition  tends  to  revive  at  inter- 
vals the  centralist  idea  of  the  conservatives,  that  relic 
of  colonial  days  and  of  Iturbide,  only  to  strengthen 
opposition  to  it  by  abuses  and  oppression,  and  foster 
a[)[)reciation  of  and  fitness  for  the  federal  system. 
One  more  bloody  ordeal  is  recpiired,  one  more  purify- 
ing patriotic  sti'uggle,  ere  the  peo|)le  arc  permitted  to 
estaMish  full  libertv  in  the  dear-bou<jjht  constit'itiou 
of  1857,  under  wliicli  a  Juarez  and  a  Diaz  are  unable 
to  loosen  the  still  bindin<>'  fetter  and  inauu'urate  the 
era  of  advancement. 


Fii'st  amoiit;  till-' :no.-!  iii(let;iti^;al)lo  of  Mexican  writers  iuul  zealous  col- 
lectors of  lii.iloriual  nmt(Mial  is  C-Viilon  Maria  IJnstaiiuiiite,  who  was  lioru  in 
Oajaea,  Nov.  4,  1771.  His  fatlicr,  Joaii  Antonio  Saiiclicz  do  ]5iistaniante, 
was  a  Si)aiuar(l  by  I  irtli,  and  his  uiotlier,  (Jeroiunio  Merecilla  y  Osorio,  was 
the  second  of  four  wives  witli  \\  lioin  Sanelie/  do  linstaiiianto  intermarried, 
1  ho  ri.^id  manner  in  wiiich  religious  duties  were  observed  in  tiie  family  iin- 
jilanteil  in  C'.iilos  Maria's  mind  a  tone  of  deep  piety,  wliicli  was  lU'ver  after 
crudier.ted.  llavin.i^  received  tlie  rudiments  of  education,  at  the  ap"  of  15 
he  entered  the  seti.inario  eonciliar  at  Oajaca  to  study  jiliiloso]iiiy,  'I  he  first 
year  \u:  f.;i!ed  in  ids  I'xaunnation.  This  stimulated  liini  to  increased  exertion, 
and  tiic  following'  year  he  jiasscd  with  marked  approljation  of  tlic  exannners. 


CAllLOS  MARf A  BUSTAMAXTR. 


803 


I 


ITo  tlicn  went  to  Mexico  ami  took  Iiis  (U';j;fco  as  liai'lit'lnr  nf  arts,  and  rotnni- 
iiig  to  Oajaca,  giaili:atc(l  in  tlicoloL.'}-  at  tlii'  coinoiit  of  San  Ayiis.in  in  IMK). 
In  '(uly  1  01  lie  was  adniiLa'd  to  tlu;  liaf,  and  lia\iu,if  hoon  a|'i.oiiiU'il  iil.i^di' 
do  la  audicncia  of  ( Juadalajara,  Ida  dutic.a  in  ctiniiua!  (■a.st;s  (.aiisid  iiini  so 
iniu'li  jiain  tliat  lie  soon  resigned  liia  jiusition  and  returned  to  Mexico,  wliero 
in  the  famoas  trial  of  C:ipl.  Turioio  dc.  1  .Mazo  y  I'ina,  aeeiis(  il  of  tUc  niiirdcc 
of  Liieas  do  (lalvez.  oapt.-;^en.  of  Yucatan,  lie  nia<le  ,so  alile  a  defenei!  as  to 
save  t!ie  priisoner'.s  life.  For  sonic  years  iSustaniaiite  jjiirsuecl  Ids  jirofession, 
and  jj'ained  great  celelirity  in  several  other  iinjiortant  causes.  In  ISOo  he  he- 
gan  to  publi  -h  the  Jliario  tie  Mcx'r.o,  liavin:,'  with  (dliiciilty  obtained  the  jier- 
nuiision  of  lUirrij^'aray.  '1  he  olistaeles  whicli  lie  eueoiintered  in  this  umler- 
taUin.;  were  ninneious.  When  Ihc  war  of  indeiiendeiue  hroke  out  in  ISIO, 
IJus'aiiiiantc  attaelicd  iiimself  to  the  ciiiise  of  the  revolutiimisis,  wiumi  lie  aided 
indirc'-tly  as  i'ar  as  lay  in  his  jjower.  Availing  hiiusidf  of  the  iilierty  of  tliu 
press,  proelaiineil  in  ISI'J,  he  pnhUshi'd /.'/ ,/).'///(/;/7o,  in  wliirji  he' atlaeUod 
t'allcja,  iind  on  the  iiiipiisonnient  of  lJ/:aidi,  the  authorof  the  I'lus'ulor  Mcx- 
irnno,  he  escaped  a  .'inular  f  ite  liy  ili.^dit  to  /aeatlan,  then  occupied  ]>y  O^orno. 
Ho  tlicncc  pi'oi.'ceded  to  Oajaea.  where,  having  l)eeii  ap|5oiiited  a  l)rigadicr 
and  inspector  general  of  cavalry  hy  Morelos,  he  organized  a  retdnient.  lint 
tlu!  Iiatile-licld  was  not  lUustamantc's  provinci;;  and  when  tlu;  congress  of 
I'hilpancingo  was  inaugur'itcd,  .Morelos  appointed  him  ileputy  to  represent 
^lexii-o.  On  the  lligiit  and  dispersion  of  congress,  Iiiislainantc  experienced 
grci'.t  hardships,  and  on  .-•everal  occasions  narrowly  eseajied  witli  his  life, 
'i'wico  lie  attcui|ited  to  einhark  at  Jsantla  and  eseaiie  to  tin;  L'.  S. ,  hut  on  l)Oth 
occasif)ns  was  iinstrated;  and  he  was  linally  driven  to  accept  the  imlnlto 
^larch  S,  ISJT,  at  I'lan  del  Itio.  Ifaving  removed  to  \'eia  (auz,  he  deier- 
mined  to  carry  out  his  intention  of  cniigratiiiL;,  hut  having  embarked  on  lioard 
an  ]'hi;.disii  brig,  August  I  Itli,  tlie  captain  of  the  port  went  on  iioard  and  took 
him  jiiis'incr,  hKhdn;;  liiiii  in  tlie  castle  of  San.luande  I'liia.  rroceedings 
Vvere  instituted  again.;t  him  for  attempting  t  )  leave;  the  coimti'v  without  liio 
pennission  of  tlie  governmcut,  and  lie  was  eondenine(l  to  eigjit  years"  impris- 
onment. He  reniainecl  in  San  .(nan  de  L'lua  till  Feliriiary  ISl!»,  wlienllie 
mari  ie;d  di;  cainjio,  I'asciud  de  IJnan,  in  command  at  \'era  Cruz,  rcdeased  liini 
and  assigned  tliat  city  as  the  place  of  his  eonlinement.  Wiien  the  Siianish 
constitution  was  prcjclaimed  in  IS'JO,  tlie  ciiuiinal  court  ineliided  lUistamaiito 
in  the  amnesty  proclaimed  liy  (he  c(jrtes.  vVs  KOi)n  as  iuile|)endenee  was 
neliicved,  he  returned  to  the  eajiital,  wli.'ro  ho  arrived  in  Oct.  ISiil,  after  an 
absence  of  nine  years.  Ihist.niiante  tiien  plunged  deeper  in  ]iolities  than 
ever.  \Viien  congress  met  in  i'elp.  bS'J'J,  he  took  his  seat  as  deputy  for  Oajaea, 
and  was  one  of  the  niciniiers  imprisoned  by  itarbide.  After  the  downfad  i.f 
the  emiiirc  he  was  airain  ivelectcd.  ami  was  a  nieiiibcr  in  all  succeeding  con- 
gresses until  Ids  tleath,  whieli  occurred  Sept.  "Jl,  ISIS,  the  disasters  of  his 
country  in  tin;  war  with  the  I'.  S.  having  doidil  less  hastem-d  it.  IJustiniauto 
married  I)oriii  Manuela  \'illas(Muu',  \\  h  >  died  in  -\ug.  IS4(i,  and  shortly 
afterward  he  entered  into  a  .second  marriage  wilii  a  young  person  whom 
ho  hail  educated  and  treate<l  as  a  daughter. 

(.'iirlos  liustamante  was  a  man  of  no  erdinary  t.alent;  but  so  ill  balanced 
was  his  mind  ih.it  he  wa.s  constantly  going  as' ray.  llisard  'ut  imagination  and 
tmcurlied  entiiusi.;sm,  together  with  a  childlike  credulity,  made  hiia  too  mueii 
the  tool  of  desi;ning  deii!a;;'i  giies.  .\s  .a  statesman  lie  was  imswervin;,'  in  his 
patriotism,  Imt  l;'s  lixed  viewi  only  emlaa'cd  tiie  two  broad  and  ;,'eneral 
priiiciiiles  of  iiulependenee  and  reiiubli.'anism.  In  all  other  respi/cts  he  was 
vari.ible  and  inconstant,  and  would  desert  his  party  for  trilling  causes.  In 
his  eninilies,  as  wt  U  as  his  friendships,  he  was  more  consistent.  He  never 
forgave  I  turbidc  for  his  nedeet  of  the  old  revolutionists.  Simiile-minded  an  I 
disinleresled.  Ids  line  of  conduct  was  never  guided  by  sellisli  motives  or  by 
greed  of  gain.  In  spite  of  his  many  errors,  it  e.in  never  lie  ileiii.d  that  his  in- 
tent inns  were  good. 

'I'lie  iiiling  p:is^ion  of  Unstainanti"  was  (he  puMii'atioii  of  his  works,  for 
coUeetiiiL'  material  for  wideli  he  liad  u  mania.     Archives  were  ransacked;  doc- 


804 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIOXALISTS. 


umciits  were  gathered  in  from  all  quarterR;  and  iicrsniis  were  consultcil  who 
liiiylit  liirow  liglit  on  iiai'ticiilar  events;  while  every  dullar  that  he  eouhl  spare 
outside  tlie  leciuirenienta  of  his  household  wa.s  devoteil  to  ]iUsliinL;  his  works 
tlirouyli  the  press.  1'hc  most  important  of  tiiesc  is  CikkIio  IHftoricn  ilv  la 
11  rdaioa  dr  la  Ahiei'ca  Mf.dcuiia.  MeNieo,  1S:2.'{,  iV  ;3'2.  Tiiis  produetiou 
vas  eommcnued  on  the  l")tli  of  Sept.,  1810,  and  was  i)ul)lished  in  six  ^niall  4to 
volumes,  the  lirst  of  whieh  was  issued  in  IS'JIi  and  the  last  in  ISo'i.  A'o  reg- 
ular i)lan  is  ohserNcd  in  the  Ciiaiiro  /linldrico,  whieh  consists  of  a  series  of 
letters  without  order  or  rei,'ularity  with  regard  to  the  se(|uenee  of  events. 
The  author  seems  merely  to  have  added  letter  after  letter  as  fast  as  he  could 
j^atlier  material  for  the  narration  of  incidents,  whether  they  weie  connected 
or  not.  Although  a  vast  amount  of  valuable  documents  aie  rcprod\iccd  and 
Ji  great  many  others  referred  to,  his  statements  must  always  he  taken  with  the 
utmost  caution.  He  is  in  no  sense  a  reliahle  author.  Accepting  withor.t  re- 
flection any  talc  tliat  fell  in  with  iii.'j  own  views,  numy  of  the  occurrences  lie 
relates  aree.\aggerated,  warped,  or  utterly  false.  But  worse  than  this:  lUista- 
mante  is  not  a  thoroughly  honest  writei',  and  hy  the  suppression  of  facts  in  sciuio 
cases  and  the  ]ierversion  of  them  in  others,  he  lays  hinuicU'open  to  tlieniost  seri- 
ous censure.  Other  less  heinous  oflences  are  noticeable  in  the  <  'iiuilro  I/isfnrico. 
I'erorationsare  fre(pient,and  the  rancorous  spirit  and  bitterness  wliicli  tli'V  dis- 
l)lay  do  not  make  the  perusal  of  them  pleasing.  AVith  regard  to  style,  it  ia  easy, 
lluent,  and  clear;  sometimes  marked  by  a  degree  of  elegance,  buttoooften  lUis- 
tamante'a  language  is  disligured  by  low  expressions;  wliile  the  freijuent  occur- 
rence of  forensic  and  ol)solete  worils  exposes  him  to  the  charge  of  allectation. 
This  work  has  been  severely  eriticiseil  by  his  countrymen,  but  no  one  luisa]iplied 
more  ungenerous  terms  to  it  than  Zavala,  who  (jualitics  it  as  a  farrago  of  false, 
absurd,  and  ridiculous  statements,  wliile  he  charges  tlio  auth'"  witli  cnntinual 
perversion  of  the  truth,  and  with  putting  his  country  to  shann  oy  atlbrding  evi- 
dence of  the  want  of  candor  and  honesty  in  a  writer  of  its  annals.  J/inl.  licv. 
iMi£.,  '2.  This  attack  dieted  from  Bustamante  an  equally  sweeping  and  lui- 
just  condenniation  of  Zavala's  work.  In  Ids  indignation  he.  gives  that  author 
the  lie  direct,  and  declares  that  he  had  written  a  history  without  knowing 
even  tlio  names  of  the  principal  jiersons  who  figure  in  it.  (  Vico,  Tir.-:  .S'(;//o.s',  iii. 
sup.,  I'rol.  vi.,  and  p.  ,'ilS-'JI.  On  the  other  hand,  Meiidivihiud  Alaiiian  .speak 
in  terms  of  high  appreciation  of  the  services  rendered  by  Dustaniaiite.  And 
not  without  justice.  The  greatest  credit  is  due  to  the  member  for  Oajaca  — 
for  during  his  whole  congressional  career  Bustamante  was  a  deputy  lor  that 
state,  with  rare  exceptions— for  the  untiring  zeal  with  which  he  [)i-osecutcd 
his  literarylaboi!*  during  a  life-time  of  political  turmoil.  Had  he  only  possessed 
the  ((ualities  wliich  would  have  enabled  him  to  use  rightly  the  large  accumu- 
lation of  authentic  material  which  he  succeeded  in  laying  his  hands  on,  ho 
would  have  been  the  greatest  Mexican  historian  of  modem  tiiiu  s.  As  it  is,  he 
can  hardly  be  regarded  as  having  advanced  much  beyond  the  grade  of  an  in- 
dustrious compiler, 

A  second  edition  of  the  Ctiiniro  I/!-<f(iriro  was  issued  in  live  4to  V'llumes, 
comprising 'J, '284  pages,  during  tiie  years  1S4!5  to  1S4(!,  inclusive.  Asacoiitinua- 
tiin  to  tiie  id)ove  work,  Bust.imaiite  published,  in  1S4(!,  Ilhlana  ihl  ihiiyi  ra- 
il i'  1).  AijitMinde  I/iirbhh',  an  Svo  volume  of  '2'X\  pages  of  text,  with  an  index. 
This  book  displays  the  feelings  with  which  tin;  writer  regarded  that  unt'nitu- 
nate  leader.  I  have  referred  to  various  works  of  Ihistamante  in  this  and 
1  revious  vohimes,  and  lo  enuniei'ato  all  the  otiieis  wmild  be  uninterestiiig. 
^Mention,  however,  must  l)e  made  of  La  (lali'ria  do  Aiiltijito.'i  PriiicipcH  .lAi.c- 
iraiio>i,  Miiitaiinn  dc  In  AhitncdH,  d  Coiiirr-s'icioiwssulirc  la  llisloiia  Aiil'xjiia  di 
M'xira,  Mexico,  bS.'J.')  and  I8:((),  "2  vols,  which  was  published  witli  the;  olijcct 
ot  assisting  tlie  young  women  of  .Mexico  in  aci|uit'inga  knowledge  of  the  hisLory 
of  their  country;  Kl  iltdnni'li'.  Mi.rirniio,  iNlcxico,  bS42,  bein:,'  a  liistory  of 
I'lesident  ]5ustamante's  government  from  1S;{(>  to  the  elevation  of  ."^.'inta  .Vnna 
tu  the  presidency;  A/nii.Irs  /inra  la  Uiilvria  ihl  ilohlvnio  dc  Vii'orin;  Id.  dt> 
Simla  Anna;  and  I. a  Apnr'ifion  OKad'ihiji'ina  dc  Mexico.  Mexico,  iSJ.'i. 
This  last  work  illustrates  the  author's  fanaticism,  it  being  a  defence  of  the 


BUSTA.MANTE'S  WORKS. 


805 


aiitlu'iiticity  of  tlio  iiiiiiiculons  nppcaraiK'i!  of  the  vir;,'in  of  Oiiadalnpo,  in  dis- 
l)i(i()i  ui  llic!  (louljts  cast  tipoii  it  by  Doctor  .liiaii  liaiitista  Miifioz  in  an  is*iy 
wiiicli  lie  lt:iil  lufoic  tiiu  iicadiiiiy  of  iii.stoiy  at  Mailiid  in  ITI'l. 

llnstanianto  did  not  conlino  hiniself  to  orij;inal  pi'odiictioiis,  but  ^tililisliuil 
n  lar;,'c  iHiinlicr  of  tiic  woiUh  of  other  autiiora,  \\  hose  nianns-cripts  lio  iis<  iicil 
from  oblivion.  Tho  njost  notable  of  theses  an;:  /ai  /iistori'i  tic  Jhriirtii  <  'ar/r.-t, 
which  Ihistainanto  began  to  publi.sh  in  l.S'JO,  lielieviiig  it  to  1)0  an  original  nn- 
c'dilcd  history  in  the  ^Mexican  hiut,'Ua!j;e,  written  by  ,luan  Baiitista  de  S.iii 
Anton  jMufU)/,  (Jhinialpan,  a  native  ^lexiian.  lie  soon  discovered,  how- 
ever, that  it  W.1S  only  a  tianslaliun  of  (ioinara'.s  history.  The  same  year  ho 
l>uijlished  in  a  4to  volume  /,"/  Jjt.iciilninili  iito  t/c  In  Americd  por  (.'uhui,  which 
he  attiibutcd  to  the  J'laneisean  friar  Vega,  and  T-wroco  en  Ion  Vltimtm  Ti- 
ciiijioK  (Ic  sii!<  Aiili'jiw.-i  l!i'ifi'<,  l>y  Veitia.  In  \K\'l  he  ])roduced  Drxri-i/n-ion  de 
td-t  ild.-i  J'ivtlra.i  Aiili'jiiiin  Mix'ifiiiHii,  (jiu'  ki'  llitllciion  ( n  In  i'la-.a  ilc  Mixuo  tn 
Hill),  coil.  Ocus'iDii  till  yniro  Kiiij'tdrnitti,  by  l.eon  y  (lama.  Still  later  iii 
Is  11  he  brought  to  light  l/i^/firiii  di'  Id  Cuiiijinriiii  tie  Ji'i^ks  m  Ninrii  K^jiniiit, 
\iy  I'ailre  Alcgrc.  Tlie  historians  of  Mexico  are  greatly  indebted  to  ISusta- 
manU'lor  his  discovery  and  pul  ill  cat  ion  of  these  an<l  othervalual)le  manuseriiits, 
but  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  he  cciuld  not  desist  from  interpolating  in  the  text 
observations  of  his  own,  without  distinguishing  them  from  theuiiginal,  ami 
from  suiipressing  portions  that  api)eared  to  him  of  no  value,  ^'et,  where 
eomparisun  of  his  publications  with  the  originals  has  been  iiossil)le,  he  lias 
been  provcil  fre'piently  guilty  of  this  litetary  crime.  'J'ho  litterateur  .biso 
Fernando  Itamirez  has  ex|>oseil  his  <lishonesty  in  this  respect,  jiartieularly  in 
Nahagun's  large  work,  which  lUistamanto  published  duiing  IS'JII  and  Is.'M,  in 
three  4tu  volumes,  the  lirst  under  the  title  of  //istaria  tie  In  <  '(iiiiinisfii  'If  .l/c'.c- 
iro,  pp.  ,')."(),  and  the  two  following  containing  respectively  .'{!t7  and  liliU  |iages, 
luuler  that  of  Il'iKlorid  itciifrid  ttf  l(f<  ('t)\tt.i  tif  Xiitrn  K.-ijun'itt.  Sahaguii'.s 
manuscript  had  lain  for  two  ccmtnries  in  the  Franciscan  library  at  'J'olosa  in 
Spain.  Discovered  by  .luai.  IJautist.a  MuTkjz,  l-ord  Kingsborough  (.btained  a 
eoiiy,  and  published  it  in  London  in  IS.'iO.  .Another  copy  had  been  obtained 
by  llrigadier  Diego  (Jarcia  l';ines  and  brought  to  .Mexico.  l)Ustamanteav;nled 
himself  of  the  latter.  J'.ut  llamiiez  cor.ipai'cd  IJiistaniante's  edition  with  that 
of  Lord  Kingsbcirough,  and  the  discrepancies  wei-o  lound  to  bo  of  the  gi'axcst 
inijiortanco,  with  evei'y  presumption  in  favor  of  the  correctness  of  the  l.oudcn 
edition.  I  nuist  not  omit  to  mention  the  //is/nrin  (.'iril  ij  I'olilini  tlf  Me.firt), 
of  I'adre  Andres  C.'avo,  written  at  Rome  in  the  IStli  century,  and  giving  a 
chronological  history  of  .Mexico  from  the  time  of  the  eonipies't  to  17'i'i.  'I'his 
worlv  miglit  forever  have  lemaineil  unpublished  had  it  not  fallen  into  the 
hamlsof  ISustamante,  who  brought  it  out  in  IS:!t'>-,S  in  four  volumes,  eompiis- 
ing  1, 17  t  pages,  under  tho  title  of  Iah^  I'n,^  Siijln^  tic  Mtixhi)  tliiniiiff  '  I  <lo- 
bifiiio  JJ-jiuii'il  /iii.-ilti  Id.  h'litrdtlti,  ill  I  Kjiri-ili)  Triijnnuilf.  '\'\w  history  is  <on- 
tin.ied  from  .June  I7<)7  down  to  the  independence  in  IS'21,  in  a  supplement 
wii.ten  by  the  editor.  ]5iislamantc's  v.vwX  may  be  imagined  when  it  is  eon- 
sidereil  that  to  write  this  supplement  he  searche<l,  aceor<ling  to  his  statement, 
171-  volumes  of  the  secret  correspondence  of  the  viceroys.  Tri x  Slijlox,  iii.  sup. , 
I'rol.  ii.  In  all  Bustani.ante's  publications  of  this  class,  he  inllicts  upon  tho 
reader  a  nuiltitude  of  unnecessary  notes  of  his  own,  many  of  them  being  use- 
less or  irrelevant. 

Among  the  perioilicals  edited  by  nustamanto  I  may  mention,  besides 
those  already  alluded  to.  /,d  Alii</)ii  ili  ('/iHpuiiriiniii,  IS'il-'J;  and  Ld.  I'm  iff  In, 
Pti'r'ft,  lS;>l-'_',  which'  .itains  the  history  of  presidents  \ictori;iand  (liierrero. 
lie  moreover  published  in  other  jieriodicals  a  multitude  of  articles  on  diller- 
ent  subjects,  besides  innumerable  separate  pamphlets.  His  wiitings  fre- 
(puuitly  exposeil  him  to  disagreeable  conseipicnees,  and  on  more  than  ono 
occasion  were  the  eausu  of  his  being  imprisoneil. 

Cirlos  Rnstamante  was  of  medium  height,  with  iv  jilea-^ing  expression  of 
covnil  naneo,  In  early  life  he  became  bald  and  his  hair  turneil  gray,  which 
gave  hin\  the  api)earanee  of  l)i'ing  older  than  he  really  wa  ■..  lie  sjxike  witli 
great  facility  in  public,  but  hi  j  voice  was  harsh  and  disagreeable.    Tliis  fault, 


II 


806 


TI'JUMl'H  OF  THE  C0N:=;TITUT10XALISTS. 


togc'tlicr  with  his  hahit  of  introilucinj  trivial  ideas,  liad  an  uiiploaaaiit  cfTcct 
mioii  lii.s  auiliciice,  and  not  iinlremR'ntly  \vl>il<)  lio  was  addi'La^iiiig  thi',  lioiisc 
the  JK'nrhi'H  would  bi'coniu  dc  crtod.  hi  IS'oo,  Ijciiuj  in  danger  of  jiolilical 
lierKcc'iiticti,  ho  imldi.siicd  in  his  def'-'ncc  Ids  aiilohiou'raphy,  under  the  litlL', 
Jl((>/  tieinjiu--<  (/t  hthUir  y  livinjjoi  de  cl/ar;  and  soun  alter  liia  dealii  nn  anony- 
iiiinia  writer,  'nu  aniigo  de  I)on  CarU)s  y  mas  aniigo  de  la  \erdud,' issued 
^iolkku  liiujr'l/iat.i  ilfl  LictHciado  D.  (Jdiios  Maria  de  Umlcununtc,  y  Jiticio 
CrUico  de,  Kitu  Obrax,  Mexico,  1841),  pp.  5(j. 

Manuel  Larn.iii/ai',  in  his  A/ijiniriH  Idran  sobrr  /«  I/iifoiia,  supplies  a  brief 
sketch  of  llustaniantes  life,  witn  a  short  review  of  his  principal  works. 
Larrain/.ar  treats  him  with  more  generosity  and  justice  than  many  critics 
lia\e  dune,  lie  also  informs  us  that  the  eolleetiou  of  Bustaniante's  works 
c'.j.nprise  IS),  I4'J  pages,  and  cost  hotwcen  $40,000  and  §50,000.  Sue.  JA.i'. 
6'.  oj.  Liolcf.,  xi.  ol  4-10.  lliistamante  kept  a  diary,  in  wliich  all  notable  events 
\vere  enterctl.  Sliortly  before  his  death  he  deposited  this  manuscript  in  the 
urcliive  of  the  apostolical  college  of  (juadalnpo  at  Zacatecas.  It  consisted  of 
a  ;,'reat  nniaber  of  vohinns— as  many  as  80  according  to  some — but  the  eon- 
tents  are  of  no  unusual  value,  as  all  essential  parts  of  it  were  used  in  his 
j)rinted  works.  Most  "i  i5iistamantc's  manuscripts  after  his  decease  fell  into 
tiio  possession  of  Jose  Maria  Andiade,  a  publisher  and  bibliopliilist  of  Mex- 
ico, who  laid  the  foundation  of  what  was  intended  l)y  Maximiiian  to  be  the 
iuiperial  library  of  ^Mexico.  After  tlic  fall  of  that  prince,  the  collection  of 
b:)oko  was  transjiorted  to  Europe  and  sold.  Bustamante's  manuscripts 
formed  an  intei'esting  portion  of  this  collection,  and  I  fortunately  secured 
most  of  them,  inchuling  eight  heavy  4to  volumc^s  of  Mcmtiraiidiui),  6  ■■<(ii 
A,  nntcK  ji"  vscrihlr  1(1  hlMoria  de  lo  pniic'ipidmculc  orcurrhl.o  en  Jlcxiru,  lS4t 
tj  1S47;  nine  volumes  of  Voz  de  la  I'atrifi,  four  volumes  of  the  Oid/iiicle 
Jle.rkiino;  Mrdiduti  para  la  I'ueljicacion  de  la  Amrrlra  Mcxiv.aita;  the  histo- 
ries of  \"ictoria's  and  .Santa  Anna's  administrations,  besides  others.  All 
t!ie:ie  writings  are  in  the  autiior's  own  iiandwriting.  They  are  mucli  more 
c  (inplete  than  the  jjrintcd  works  with  which  they  correspond,  or  for  which  they 
fjiipplied  the  material.  Dut  the  most  interesting  is  Mexico  eii  IS.'fS,  a  frag- 
ment of  44  leaves  written  on  both  sides,  and  repi'esentiug  the  last  ell'ort  'f 
this  untiring  worker.  It  contains  a  series  of  notes  of  the  principal  military 
and  political  events  in  Mexico  during  the  middle  of  1848.  The  ti-st  33 
Ij.ives,  with  the  exception  of  one,  arc  in  Ijustamante's  iiandwriting,  then, 
as  his  strength  failed,  an  amanuensis  was  employed.  This  fragment  was  be- 
gan March  ITth,  and  ends  abruptly  on  the  l!4th  of  June,  barely  three  months 
before  the  author's  death. 

Maniul  Rlrcra,  //isioria  Aiithjuai/  Mndernade  Jalapa  y  de  la>i  llevohie'ion( s 
dtl  Ealadode  VeraCrnz.  Mexico,  1  SO!)- 1871,  8  vo,  5  vols.  A  history  of  Mex- 
Ijo,  l)ut  conlincd  principally  to  tiic  state  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  town  of  Jalapa. 
It  begins  with  the  occupation  of  the  territory  now  called  Vera  Cru;',,  by  tlio 
Ulmecas,  previous  to  the  arrival  of  Cortes,  and  concludes  with  the  year  ISGS, 
by  far  the  larger  portion  of  the  work  being  taken  up  with  the  jjcriod  from 
1808  dovii)  to  the  latter  date.  It  was  originally  intended  to  divide  tUo  work 
into  live  parts,  but  this  plan  was  not  adhered  to,  as  the  4111  completes  the  work 
i.i  vol.  V.  The  promise,  too,  of  an  appendix  of  st  itistical  iaforination  at  tho 
end  is  not  carried  out.  Jvich  chapter  embraces  three  histories,  namely,  tlio 
uational,  the  state  iiistory,  and  tlie  local  history  of  .lalapa;  generally,  but  not 
idw.iys,  in  the  al»ove  order.  Numerous  plates,  chiefly  portraits  of  governor.s 
of  Vera  Cru/,  views,  and  plans  of  the  principal  towns,  illustrate  each  volume, 
'riie  author  derived  his  information  from  the  writings  of  Sahagun,  Motolinia, 
llorrera,  Ijetancourt,  and  Tor(]ueniada  for  the  cjn;piest;  for  the  history  of 
later  times,  fi'oin  the  work  of  IJoturini  and  some  others,  who  prollted  by  tho 
clill  fresh  remains  of  Indian  histoi'y;  the  works  of  Iluuilioldt,  and  tiie  />/••- 
(■/'  tiuiria  de  Oeoijrcifia  y  EMailislira,  liy  Orozco  y  lierra.  For  modern  history, 
th;;  writings  of  Alanian,  llustamaute,  and  Zavala  were  consulted.  The  most 
interesting  data,  however,  were  derived  from  manuscripts  furnished  by  the 
areiiives  of  some  of  the  towns  lu  the  eastern  i)art  of  the  republic,  and  by  pri- 


BlBUOGRArHICAL  XOTICS. 


807 


vatc  indivitlu.'ils.  Beginning  with  ISOS  tlio  yens  are  printeil  on  the  margin 
of  o.u'h  page.  As  ii  rule,  alter  ljO!t,  eaeli  eliapter  iueanies  the  lii.Uury  ot  a 
single  year,  hut  otlierwise  there  is  niueli  eunlu.sion,  re[ieuiic)n,  ami  want  of 
Ciinncetioii.  Piihlic  doeunientH  arc  not  gi\  en,  exeepting  in  one  or  two  in- 
stances, althougii  tiie  more  important  ones,  as  tlie  coiLslitiiiiDiis  of  18J1  ami 
1S.j7,  etc.,  and  tiie  numerous  plans  and  acts,  aie  t-upplied  in  a  eontlen.-ied  form. 
'J'he  autlior's  style  is  eoneise  and  generally  clear.  In  the  lirst  part  of  tlio 
work  the  general  history  is  very  niuea  condensed,  reeidv  ing  more  attentioii 
from  the  revolution  of  ^Imelos  to  tliat  of  .JuariZ(;f  1S.j8  (id,  liut  gradually 
becoming  condensed  again  in  reeording  the  latter  events  of  tl'.e  Frt'noh  inter- 
vention. Tiio  state  and  local  history  of  Jalajia  is  given  w  ith  the  san)e  de- 
gree of  fulness  throughout  the  liiat  four  vols,  init  in  tlie  tifth  is  more  Ijritf. 

J iiaii  Siinnz  //  Navarro,  Inj'ormc  sobre  la.-i  Cai(.'<(is  ij  Canirlcr  </>'  los  Frcit- 
enlcs  (Jumliion  Puli/icos  Ocurritloscntl  E-itwlode  i'licafait,  etc.  Mexico,  1801, 
4to,  pp.  lO.'i.  A  report  of  (Jeneral  Suarez  on  the  condition  (jf  Yucatan,  drawn 
up  hy  order  of  the  -Mexican  government.  The  thiee  subjects  especially  dealt 
with  are  the  division  of  the  peinnsula  into  two  states;  the  cause  and  charac- 
ter of  the  fre(|nenfc  polilical  changes;  and  the  sale  of  indians  as  slaves  to 
{,'uban  planters.  This  report  coutains  much  xaluahle  information,  more  than 
100  pages  bein';  occupied  by  ollicial  documents.  Attention  is  lirst  called  to 
the  comparative  indepeudcneo  of  Yucatan  under  the  viceroys,  the  decline  of 
the  power  of  tlio  priesthood,  and  conseipient  los-j  of  property.  Then  fuUows 
a  political  and  historical  sketch  of  events  during  the  [leri-xl  from  ls-_'j  to  1801, 
S'.ippiirted  by  (hjcumtaitary  evidence.  No  details  of  battles  are  given,  geiiei-al 
mention  of  them  only  being  made.  As  regards  the  (picstiou  of  luiiians  being 
sohl  as  slaves,  tiic  fact  a])i)ears  fully  established;  as  late  as  18.')0  even  caji- 
tured  Mexican  soldiers  were  sold.  Notice  is,  moreover,  made  of  the  eoiuUtioa 
of  the  highways,  of  the  army,  of  education,  agricidtiire,  and  the  judicial 
courts.  A  brief  historical  sketch  of  Belize  is  adiled,  with  remarks  upon  its 
detrini'-ntal  ctl'eet  upon  Yucatan  by  the  introduction  of  contraband  goods. 
Campeclio  is  regarded  as  afl'ording  au  asylum  to  (Jaban  slave-ships.  iSiigges- 
tions  are  made  for  the  amelioration  of  allaiis.  Tlic  same  autlior  previously 
■nublished,  in  lS.~iO,  HUloria  tic.  Mexico  ij  dd  O'ciicrid. .  .Santa  Anna.  It  is 
stated  on  the  title-page  that  events  ineluiled  in  the  period  from  182!  to  184H 
lire  narrated,  but  as  they  arc  only  carried  doun  to  is:i;5  the  book  may  be  re- 
garded as  incompU^te.     The  writer  seeks  to  defend  .Santa  Anna. 

Lids  Manuel  del  Rlvcro,  Mrjico  cii  JS.}.',  ^tladrid,  1841,  sm.  8vo,  pp,  3'Jl, 
is  tho  production  of  an  unprejudiced  Spaniard.  Tiiough  it  would  ap[)car 
from  tho  title-page  that  the  W(jik  is  a  description  of  .Mexico  in  1812,  the  au- 
thor gives  a  phihj.sopliical  I'eviewof  her  histury  fr.nn  tho  time  of  the  eoiupiest, 
portraying  the  social  and  political  positions  of  the  iii' march,  the  Spanisli 
aristocracy  in  Mexico,  the  ehurcli,  ami  the  native  population;  the  gradual 
production  of  a  great  inonarelr!cal  power,  but  at  the  same  the  development  i>f 
a  society  democratie  in  its  latent  principles;  the  slowly  increasing  hatreil  of 
immigrant  Spaniards  by  the  Creoles,  and  tlie  ultimate  result,  the  inde[)C!i- 
dcnce  of  the  colony.  Tho  war  of  independence  is  cursorily  but  criticidly  dis- 
cussed; and  then  all  branchi;s  of  the  community  are  in  turn  submitted  ti>  tho 
same  analysis.  The  intellcetaal  and  pulitical  faculties  of  the  people  aro 
examined,  their  conditions  detected  antl  placed   before   the  reader  m  a  lair 

I'Jiml  Karl  /fcinrich  Frtilvrr  von  Richllwfcn,  Die  Aii^-^crcii  mid  Inncreii 
PoUtisc/icii  Ziiftiindc  dcr  Itc/niblih  von  M<  xico,  etc.  Berlin,  l8r)4,  Svo,  pp.  4'.)!l. 
An  account  of  the  interiial  and  external  political  condition  of  .Mexico  since  tho 
independence  down  to  tho  year  of  date,  by  an  cx-l'rus.;ian  envoy  and  minister 
resident  to  the  rei)ublic.  Tho  imprint  seems  to  indicate  that  its  jmbli- 
catioii  was  the  work  of  the  I'russian  government,  and  apparently  iiitemled  aa 
a  hand-book  to  modei'n  Mexico.  The  title,  gauged  by  the  contents,  is  a  litilo 
misleading,  as  tho  author  devotes  no  sj^ace  to  the  many  events  which  maku 
up  the  political  history  of  the  republic  during  the  ycais  covered  by  his  vol- 
ume, except,  indeed,  a  list  in  chronological  order  of  the  admiuisLrations  since 


808 


TRIUMPH  OF  TlIK  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


Iturbidc.  l?nt  liis  gonoml  infornintion  i.s  various  nii<l  pci-tiiiont;  liis  hook  is 
a  coiiipciid  of  iLsitiil  infoi'uiatioii  al)out  Moxico,  its  i(:.s(jiiri,cs,  imluHtiifs,  gfii- 
ciiil  iKlniiui.stiiitioii,  cliurcli,  aiiiiy,  otc,  licing  .succiia'Uy  trLiiLctl  of  aiul  In- 
tel liijfiilly  groujied.  His  iiiipulsi;  as  a  writur  is  hoiiust,  jiulyiuj,',  w  here  iio 
tliiiiivs  tliat  coimiieiits  arc  opportune,  tlie  Mexican  peojile  with  much  iusi^^ht. 
Kxce[)t  f(jr  a  paragraph  in  liis  preface  wliicii  points  to  cousidii'alilc  faith  in 
Santa  Anna,  he  Ht'cnis  to  lean  towaril  no  party  or  opinion  of  the  country  ho 
desciihes.  As  an  appendix  to  his  \vor!i,  he  )^i\es  copies  of  the  constitution, 
■with  two  reform  acts,  and  a  treaty  with  England. 

Belt ni, III  (J.  C),  L<!  Mrxlrjufi.  Paris,  1830,  8vo,  2  vols,  443,  431  pj). 
Account  of  travels  through  Mexico.  Beltrami  was  a  royal  counsellor  and 
meniher  of  the  niedieo-hotanic  so'jiety  of  jA)ndon,  and  of  other  seientitic  as- 
sociations. Ill  health  anil  tiie  abolition  of  his  court  caused  him  to  Ijccome  a 
traveller;  and  us  such  he  issued  several  works  relating  to  his  pilgrimage  in 
Europe  and  America  (see  ii.  l'.)(i-S,  and  other  places),  wherein  he  displays  a 
republican  and  iinti-cliurch  spirit.  He  promises  other  works  on  ditlereut 
countries  in  America.  The  present  book  is  a  continuation  of  .1  I'iliiriiiKtue 
in  Kuroiie,  and  America,  which  docs  not  pass  outside  of  the  U.  S.,  and  like 
that  written  in  foiin  of  letters  adib'essed  troni  diU'erent  places  to  a  countess. 
He  opens  with  the  voyage  from  New  Orleans  to  'J"ami)ico,  whence  he  pro- 
ceed;* into  the  interior  through  San  J^uis  I'otosi  and  Queretaro  to  (luadala- 
jara;  thence  by  way  of  (juanajuato  to  Mexico  City  and  Vera  Cruz,  wlieu 
tiuj  work  ends.  During  this  trip  he  gives  his  observations  on  cities  and 
country,  on  institutions,  iinlnstriea,  manners  and  races,  and  political  occur- 
rences, iutei'spersing  tlic  narrative  with  fi'ecpient  learned  allusions,  analogies, 
and  historic  anecdotes.  As  a  naturalist  and  savant  lie  devotes  attention  to 
lino  arts;  as  an  anti-churchman  he  wages  bitter  warfare  on  the  ignorant  and 
immoral  friar.?;  and  i-i  a  moralist  he  discourses  ou  popular  characU'iistics. 
His  classic  an.i  other  similes,  and  quotations  in  Latin,  etc.,  are  perhaps  too 
fre(jucnt,  but  much  useful  information  is  given.  Tlie  style  is  admiriibly 
suited  for  letters,  and  throughout  runs  the  French  piipiancy  which  is  always 
so  attractive. 

Matliicti  dc  Fosspi/,  Lc  Mexique.  Paris,  1857,  8vo,  pp.  viii.  and  '281.  Tiio 
author  entered  Mexico  with  the  Goatzacoalco  colony,  and  remained  in  tho 
country  as  a  trader,  travelling  extensively  through  the  republic  in  that  capac- 
ity. He  gives  an  account  in  this  volume  of  his  travels  and  residence  in 
Mexico  during  the  period  from  183 L  to  18."i(i,  describing  in  the  easy  French 
style  tiie  politics  and  people,  the  country  and  its  resources;  in  fact, 
everything  of  interest  tiiat  fell  l)eneath  his  cyn.  Of  good  oilucation  ami 
connections,  he  was  able  to  form  the  acquaintance  of  prominent  jicrsons,  ami 
conscrpiently  to  gain  a  higher  insight  into  society  and  politics.  l5eing  a  fair 
observer  and  vivacious  writer,  he  has  imparted  zest  and  interest  to  his  narra- 
tive. He  rather  Hatters  the  Mexicans,  and  finds  fondgners  more  objectionable 
than  others;  nor  does  he  spare  his  own  people.  Where  views  are  expres.sed, 
they  appear  impartial  and  sound.  A  second  edition  of  las  work  was  pub- 
lished in  Paris  in  1SG2.  Fossey  also  published  in  Mexico  in  1844  his  Vkuje 
a  Mijko,  12uio,  pp.  359,  originally  written  in  French  and  translated  into 
Spanish. 

JoKi':  Fi'rrcr  dc  Couto,  CiioMiom'jf  de  Mcjtco,  Venezuela  y  Amdrica  en  General. 
Madrid,  18(J1,  8vo,  pp.  (JGO.  Tids  work  contains  much  valuable  historical 
and  political  matter.  The  author  vindicates  tho  administration  of  the  Span- 
iards in  the  new  world  from  the  time  of  the  discovery,  and  urges  that  tho 
reorganization  of  Mexico  should  be  elJected  by  European  intervention.  lu- 
deeil,  tho  whole  work  was  written  with  that  oi)ject.  During  the  same  year 
Ferrer  published  C'ome/itarios  xohre  la  CueWton  dc  Mexico,  a  small  work  of  48 
pages  in  pamphlet  form,  designed  to  be  a  supplement  to  the  above.  It  con- 
tains the  same  political  views  with  regard  to  tho  relations  between  Mexico 
and  the  U.  S.  After  entering  into  an  explanation  of  the  dilTcrcnt  races  and 
political  p;irtie3  in  Mexico,  and  giving  a  brief  sketch  of  events  from  the  time 
of  the  indepcuilence,  tho  writer  proceeds  to  state  his  views  reganUug  the 


LIST  OF  AUTHORITIES. 


803 


politifnl  events  which  took  place  in  Mexico  (hiriiiL,'  tlie  three  years  [irevidiis 
to  the  Freiicli  iiiti  rvcntion,  eoinlciniiiii'^  Uk;  aeliiiii  of  t\w  I'.  S.  with  rcMpi  ct 
to  Alcxico,  mid  (lisiijiproviii .;  of  th<'  sliigjii.sii  iictioii  of  liis  uwii  nation,  .Si)ain. 
A  second  eilition  of  the  large  work  \va«  issccil  in  1S()_'. 

liir,(inv(init  ( /Inidii  ilcj,  Li'  Jlixii/iic  Coiili  iti/ioKiiii.  Paris,  ISd'J,  I'Jnio, 
388  pj).,  ina[).  A  brief  idstory  of  Mexico  under  republican  ri  '  eidelly 
with  11  view  to  explain  the  causes  and  need  for  the  allied  iutirvention  of 
1801  'J.  The  latter  episode  occupies  the  last  1(10  pages.  'J  lie  lemaining 
pages,  from  71  to 'JiS.'),  relate  to  the  republican  lulc  from  1821  to  ISUO.  Tlio 
])revious  pages  are  (jccupied  with  the  revolution  and  conipiest.  The  book  is 
to(j  brief  in  its  outline  to  be-  of  value  tor  any  but  the  iutcrvenlion  period. 

Krtirlsli)  Eiiahfd  ttiiil  .Mdiiiid  (l<»i:.(il(~,  I. laud,  Mijifn  1 1  itiurho- 1  >(  scrip- 
tiro,  Si'ijiiiilo  (li;  Id  Cruii'ira  Mil'itdr  ilc  la  ICoiitilii-ion  K.'<iidtiiild.  jMadii<l,  Istij, 
Svo,  pp.  .'ilKi.  All  histoiical  and  descriptive  ai:couiit  of  the  Mexican  re[)ublio 
fruiii  a  Spanish  point  of  view.  'I'hc  revolution  is  bliilly  sketi'hed;  the  rela- 
tions with  the  \j.  S.  aie  more  fully  entered  into.  Nearly  one  half  of  tlio 
volume  is  devoted  to  description  of  the  country,  its  people  and  proiluclions. 

Fuller  references  for  the  last  live  chapters  are:  Curlin,  Jtidrio  Smailo,  i.- 
ii.  passim;  /'/.,  JJiario  Cnni/n-yo,  i.  passim,  ii.  401.'  4,  1'>4-'\  TT-'i,  vi.  passim; 
llumvro,  ///V.  hili:  JJnrop.^  24  m,  84-04.  I80-!», -J-J.".  ;iO;  /-/.,  Ili^xiiiu-jo  lllsl., 
12(!;  /(/.,  Tdhlii  Siiio/i.,  1-78;  Id.,  Si/,  .l/c'.r.,  .'t-i'J;  Sii'trrz  y  XitrnriO,  liil'unuc, 
2(J-8,  (i.->-107,  i:5-J  70;  Zanmroix,  Ili4.  Mi'J.,  xi.  I,  007- lo'oO,  xiii.  87:5  SO,  xiv. 
oOS-l'J,  lOO'J,  XV.  passim;  7V»///«M  and  Lorjuio,  Li;/.  J/(.i'.,  ii.  lS,')-00,  iii.  li;{- 
9,  vii.-ix.  passim,  x.  •j;{-4,  "208,  770-7;  Xarco,  Hist.  <  'mii/nso,  i.-ii.  passim; 
J/c'.i.,  Col.  Ldii's  i'lnid.,  libl-'J-',  ;V);{-70;  /</.,  Col.  Lnf.,  llir.  ij  ()ril..  iv.  HI,  vi. 
10l'-:{,  i;!.V0,"vii.  3-8,  iL'-l.S,  7'),  8t-,-.,  11."),  i:;4-.-),  'l.-)l,  187-05,  viii.  :{7,  58- 
GO,  '288-0,  200-;!()0,  3:fl-'J;  liL,  Col.  I.iijcs.  KS(;i,  i.  1-18,  -JOl,  ii.  10-00;  l<l., 
Lrijisl.  Mij.,  18.")l-0,  passim;  Id.,  Mem.  Jfi'l.,  \S1;],  annex  no.  '2.  ll-'.i;  Id., 
Mam.  (liiirrn,  1857,  1-134,  and  annexes  \-l.)\  Id.,  Mim.  Ihn:''",  1857,  .'i-i;}, 
annex  no.  140,  pp.  5;!l-'_';  Id.,  1808,  annex  no.  45,  pp.  5  0;  /'/.,  1870,  passim; 
Id.,  Man.  Ihiuiiilo,  1808,  (i;  Arrhiru  MfX.,  Col.  Liyis,  i.-vi.  passim;  //.  S. 
Gort  JJoc,  Cong.  :!;!,  Scs.  1,  11.  Kx.  100;  Sen.  Joar.,  OJO-l;  II.  .lour.,  10S2; 
Id.,  Cong.  .'15,  Scs.  "J,  Sen.  .Jour.,  017;  Jd.,  (.'ong.  .'}(!,  Ses.  I,  .Sen.  .lour.,  OS-J- 
3,  Sen.  'JO,  l-i:!,  vol.  ix.;  II.  Kx.,  Mess,  and  Doe.,  pt  i.  13-18,  .'{0-51,  pt  1(1- 
17,  .•J54-80;  Id.,  Cong.  3(i,  Scs.  '2,  Sen.  1,  10-'21,  vol.  i. ;  Id.,  Cong.  :!7,  Ses.  2, 
Sen.  1,  50;  J[.  Kx.  .M),  100,  1'20;  11.  .Jour.,  12,V2;  A/.,  Cong.  .'18,  Ses.  2,  !>en. 
II,  33;  /(/.,  Cong.  3!),  Ses.  I,  Sen.  17:  H.  Kx.  73,  70;  A'nv'/v.  Ilisf.  Jidd/m.  ii. 
504,  iii.  30,  iv.  v.  passim,  vi.  828-0;  Id.,  (lol>.  dr  Mi'.i:,  ii.  4.35,441,  4.")3  ()42, 
(iSis  Id.,  Mi\e.  r!,it.,  22,  27  8,  ()3-4,  220-7,  38.5-(i;  h'osa.,  Ensdijo.  4  15; 
lldniosa,  yeijorio  jiromor.,  1-110;  lurcro,  .Mvx.  en  IS.'/.',  110  18;  AVas  Ldiidn, 
iMdiiiJcs/.,  l-('4;  Rircliulor  jidi diijno,  1  10;  Jle.e.,  I'trol.  cniilra  ■'•in  Aiiii't, 
pi'.ssim;  /(/.,  j)lix.  Lri/iicion.  Circ.,  i.  4O0-4S,  ii.  307;  -/'/.,  (^ddii/o  Itiftirtiid,  37- 
S.  02-0,  187-8,  l07-'2bo,  '202-3,  21 1-1.3,  .'!38-4l,  .•101-'2.  .'iOS;  'La  hd-.oii,  Deo. 
18,57-.Jan.  1858,  passim;  A7  Eco  dr  Ocridoiile,  Apl.  13,  20.  '27,  May  '2,  II,  I8.")!t; 
Lijcrrv,  Le  Mc.c.  ct  I'liilcrv.,  passim;  /(/.,  Dor.  Ojic.  Mttxiiii",  i.  23-0,  40-57, 
00-1-25,  13,')-77,  ii.  314-31;  Mex.  Srrnps,  ii.  47,  .50-7,  03,  455;  J/c'.c.  //  la  In- 
tirr.,  1-122;  Mi'x.,  La  Inlcrv.  Euro/).,  1  -S;  Mcxiqiic,  L'' Intervention  Frdnrtii.te 
(I'aris,  1808),  1 -'20,  :i0-40,  .VJ-l'JO;  I!osu.i,  El  CIrro  y  Iih  Ilerol.,  1-11;  Mix., 
J>iario  Ojir.,  Mch.  31,  1870,  1-3;  Md.'tsirax,  Essrd  d'Ewpire,  1-30;  fJundro 
Siudjit.,  fol.  3-7,  iu  i'ei/d,  Dor.;  Dire.  Unir.  Hist,  (lioq.,  x.  751-2;  Bdz,  Vidii 
de.  Jnnriz,  51-0;(,  104-8,  120-35,  180-'228;  Id.,  Lri/  dr  IJ  dr.  Julio  dr  1S.J0,  II- 
31;  I'l.,  Maiiif.,  1-10;  h'raham's  Maij.,  xlvii.  300-70,  404-5,  xlviii.  175,  403; 
Lazo  E:trnda,  Ororlon  Civ.,  1-10;  JivocLU'/utrst'n  Mex.,  03-4;  iJndan  dr  nil 
Eslud.,  l-'2(i;  Martin,  Pnris,  109-372;  El  Espanol,  Apl.  (i,  '20,  23,  1853;  Coro- 
iiddo,  Mani/.,  1-15;  Xid.  Drm.  Quart.  Iliv.,  Meh.  1800,  230-40;  I'ai/ne'.i  Hist. 
Eitrop.  Col.,  310-17;  Barharhano,  Mem.  Camp.,  00-120,  ap.  130-44;  Esralrra 
y  Liana,  Mrx.  Hist.  Drsrript.,  141-5;  Xai/arlt,  Los  Piivhlos  del  Est.,  12; 
Eslado  Mai/or  (,'ral.  Epv..  2,  4;  Hall's  Lijr' Max.  1st,  '20-8.  04-7;  ElConsli- 
<»c.,  Feb.  '20,  Apl.  13-14,  .June  8,  1808;  Adoriio,  Audi.  Mabs  .l/c.c,  3-32, 
144-52;  Gonzalez,  Hist.  Aijuasc,  '209-320;  Id.,  llelac.  J.archa  Brviuda,  1-10; 


810 


TllIUMPII  UF  TIIK  CONSTITUTIONALISTS. 


Oh.r,  M< 


v.,   IMJd,    IST-!);    l;idlllh<U 


477 -■"<).'!:  X-  -I/".  /.'- c,  ciii.  lOS-JO,  i;i7   |-J;  A/lmi/h-  Moufhli/, 


Ml 


■rii'ji 


I -!»:>;  Hull 


{\\   ;(,  ;>l(i;  Kl  Km  Stir.,  \S'>~  M,  |/;isMiiii;  Ainmli  liiil.  Ia 


4. 'if  is,  -J^S  !)(!;  / 
41-1,  141 


iir.iiiii'uiii 


/,  .1/. 


;/'■•*■ 


Ml. 


'  l/lH    II 
'ill    ' 


I, 


'./■ 


'iijiir, 


M(i  ;i.sS;  /'(/v:,  y>/,v.  d'loij.,  i.  4    -.")•_',  ii. 


!4,  4N,S  rhtO,    ii.  •_>7-J  4,  iv.  1(17 


(iiilii  r, 


lie  L'sfriiilii,  Ml 


«/  Arrli'ihiijiir,  1   ;>S;  •'^iiiinz  y  Xuriirru,  In/uivii',  'Jl-S,  V>'t'l'>,  !)7   lOIt,  \'2l 

7>i;  Toniil,   \'iili)  J'ltrlii'.,  (i;  Mixiijiif,  l.c  (I'ludml  I'rim,  1-H,  lt'_'-4;  IIhIiiIjk, 

A]iiiiit.  Hint.  J'ri\i/i'r/i)S  Miiiiiinj.,  luiHisiiu;  Ciiiinli),  Lii  Itvml.  i-ii  Mv.i\,  \7t-',\'.\ 


Mc 


L'sUilii/oOii/.  /•/•«(•;<.,  !)    I(i;  .)/o 


S,  vi.  7.    l!J-'.'0, 


tiiijii  no 


1  ,S;i:  /(/.,  r,,/.  J)i 


:V2,  40  IK);  Ciinillii,   Virilii  .'iir  Mir 


;i-44;  /• 


l,S(il- 


/'risciil.,    ;!4  (i;   J,\ 


'M-it;   III  iiiKi    llinl.    y   L'.ijtlii\,    !)-S.'i;   Liiimi'tuiir,   Ji't'/in 

Arriiiiiz,   Ti'iitddo  Miiv-L'.nii ;  (Jhiinlo,  Ji'rj>ri.^i  n/.,  1    1(1;  .Mr 

vi M,  Ji'ijli'.r.  soltrc    J)irr.   JJjii'<r.,    \-M;    /iilrrrriiriun  /v'lirij).,    1 -S;    'J'nnihiii/'i 


Mn, 
All,- 


1-r 


M 


ri>l-i 
sc/li'io 


it.  Siihiti/ns  Jiiijl.,  1-14;  Fluri.i,  J>v 


I  to. 


Jlirtuiiiin, 


I'arhr 
A  la  Xi 

■II  III, 


1  4(i;  /; 


/;<■/. .v.,  A 


l-.it;  /'( 


J' J II 


dr  .Ii, 
IS;   Ml 


d 


"I" 


1   80;  Olisin 
Ji'.rol.,  17-4:i; 


Arlirid;.i  l'id>L,  1    'JS;  /V/'/k  )/  ( 


/Jijtriis  Iti'jh.r.,  l-lc");  I'rorr.ii)  Jimtniiilo 


■V 


..X.  '(/  Trdi.  ,s' 


»/., 


]    i'lt;  Mr.rlqiir  rl  r/:.ij).,  Miin.,  1 -'_'4-',  •J(i4-(i,  ■JSO-.'i.'>!l;  .Miyhinv,  Mnil.  Xi'i/n 


d.;  Mr 

Jhir.  Hist.  Mii 

Jii/'iiniir  Ciiiiii. 


it  la   Moiitiirhir,  !)-!: 


.1/- 


1S:!-J  7.".,  ii'i.  10;  l.r  Mr 


n, 

n: 


I'duK.,    I  list.,    J'olil., 


iit/iin 


rl  r/iilirr.,  1   .").">;  J/-'. 


I'i'OCiix.,  KS74.  1.")  ;iO,  (;!)-7<>,  1-JJ  (i.  up.  xiiv.  vi.;  Minimi, ii. 


Jir/iiisa  .Uiiiixt.,  1-'J21;  Iil.,  A  I'l  \(f 


/.'  ilr  Julio  ik  ISo'K  1    IJ;  Mr 


I'my.  Ii'iijliun.  Ihh.  t'omj.,  1-11(1;  /</.,  hinrho  MiJ.  Aij.  Com.;  Id.,  Li  ij  Unj., 


]-17;  /'/.,   Von>^t.   l\d.  EK.  I'U.   Mi 


1  '.'OS;  Id.,  ( 


orrr-/>. 


I., 


Mr 


Wusliiiiijtoii;  Id.,  'rrnldilu  riitrr  I'l /i.  Mi.v.  y  L'l y  drCrrdriiu,  1 -10;  Id.,  (luli. 


((  lo.i  Mr.r.,  1  -i);   /(/.,   Mr 


( 'oust,  li  hi  Ni 


1  .")();  Id.,  ('. 


'irillini  y  ,111  I'liin. 


.'S;   /d.,  MiniH:  (1 


'J(),  May  ."),  JiiiLc  S,  etc.,  l.S(iO;  Jh 


lie  Mci:,  1   !tO;  Mi  iixoj.  h'yiiiri.  ( Kl ),  Aww. 


dr  I 


III}  I. 


J).  I 


,1.  11 


1   ."■)(!;   Vdlu 


mor. 


Iliwi.  (I'rii.  Slit  Aiiiiii,  .'!'_'-.");   Criiliiirla   (I'd),   Chili.,  Aug.    IS,    IS.Vi; 


Oirrland  Mtldy,  v.  'JCi-.'iO;   Arrininja,  KUniio  Fiiii.   Orampo,    1   !);   Kirutry, 


Mo 


1    17;  llisl.   Ma:/.,  ix.  1.14;  IhMs'  Wild  l.i/r 


Mrirh.  Miiii.,\\\\.  17-'-:!;  Didn 


Mr 


i:{J  40;  /;. 


■|.()- 
Sisirr  II 


:);    lliiiil'n 


S;  Dcrrrho  (Kl).  v.  l.")   1(1,  TO-"-',  4(i-S;  Br 


10(i- 


diid,  Ciiiria  Maiidiiila,  l-.S'' 


Afiiiiii,  llriiliiir  Mr.r.,  1()'J-S(»;  Aiiiiirrc,  Esrrito  Cuiilist.,  1  28;  l)i. 


1)1  h. 


Coiiii.,  i.  (iO-'J,  74-S,  ii.  TiO-J;  Id.,  ',)  Cony.,  i.  30  "J,  107-8;  Id.,  .S'  Coiislil. 
LnjisL,  I.  4:;S  41,  iii.  --'O.'i;  Ariz.,  //o»v7/',s  Co'/c,  480-8;  Cluralirr,  Ir  Mr.rii/ 


iir 


I'M,  547  U8;  Cam/i'.i   ViardiooL;    18(1',),  ."i.'iO;  (' 


dr  Mr.  (La),  J.\4. 


July  lS(il.  jiiLSsiin;  Traidorrt  Jir.yados,  1-80;   Trstimonlo  Aei  ri'j.  /'inrlirndi 


1-40;   (.' 


Kl  I, 


npi 


8-14;  Lr  Sniiil,  (lurn-e  Mix.,  I'J  ;!4;  ( 7( 


JI11.V.,  30-47;  .'/..).•.,  Si  iilrnriirf  dr  J" 


y 


i/lioiri 
Iii'laitcia,    1-31;  llohirtm 


III' 


Iloii'ldmoh,  10;  OirlUina,  Munif.  Junta  hiqnidaloria,  1-43;    Itoh 


insiui  ,1   iilr. 


d   III)-  Milil.  Chirfl.,  30.");   Li 


inprirri 


Aolr 


Mr 


30-4,-),  '212,  4.37  4S, 
Fisciil    1-S7; 


4'i(i-()l;  .V.  /v.  (loldm   Km,  Apl.  "JO,  18,j(i;  ('a-msola,  Arn.<iirion 

I'nz  (La),  Jan.  I,  •_',  3,  etc.,  18,jS;  Aim.  Cidmdario,  IS.kS,  iii.  21   40;  J/., 


Calrntl.  Man.  y  Cnia, 


is.yi, 


Aim.  (  atrnd.  (la' 


IS.'.C).  (iO 


18.1 


rO-liO;  18.-)8,  54-74;  IS.IO,  47  74;  18(;0,  48-71;  18()2,  45-03;  ISOf,  51-05;  18(;5, 


)l-83;  A! 


Culrnd.    lilt 


'dr,    18," 


7,  passim;  hinrio  dr  Arimi.i  ( Kl ),  sorios 
Apl.  14,  18,57,  to  Deo.  22,  1800,  piissiin;  Silm-Salm'n  Diary,  i.  213-14,  ii.  173; 


Jlarifii-:  (  Li 


Mr 


dn),    M'ini/.,   1-42;  Maripirz  dr  Lion,  I'ri'niar.,  24-7;  Id. 


I'u.it.,   MS.,  80  00,   103-0,   111-17,    122-3,   148-84;  Xorinia,   Fnnrsto.i 


Jirc,  5;  Sun  Luis  Polosi,  Protrsta  dri  Ohi.ipo,  1-34;  /(/.,  Conslil.  Polit.,  Proy. 
dr,  1801,  pp.  3(i;  Id.,  Pray,  dr  ('oiistit.,  1801,  pf).  55;  Id.,  Conntil.,  Proyr-lo 
dr,  1,857,  Pl>.  37;  Id.,  Conxlit.  PoUUca,  18(11,  pp.  38;  Pmsnmiriito  Xiir.  (Kl), 
Nov.  18,55  tt)  May  185(J,  passim;  Co-it ro'x  Itrjiiihlir  Mr.c.,  13,  11-12;  (Jan la 
ill  Ins  Trill.,  .1;in.-\hK\  1,801,  passim;  Mrx.,  Li 


d  thr  Moh 


Dortr 


and  Courts,  MS.,  8;  Mi.r 
14-21,  ill  Iinprrio  dr  Mr. v.,  iv. ;  Solo,  Kl  Xi 


tiiii,  I    117;    Ticmpn  (Kl),   Aug. -Nov.   1857,  passim;   Shrpard's  Lmid  A'l., 


y, 


Kl  S 


onorrii.ir. 
Pari.,  iv.  !t21-,')0;  t' 


MlIi.  18,  Apl.  1,5,  22,  20,  :May  0,  etc.,  1,8.53;  T. 


Ili.it. 
I  (El),  IVb.   11,  .\Ioir.  i),  A|.].  14,   18,  22-3,  etc., 


18.33;  Valdoviiioa,  Vcrdad  para  todos,  1-20;  (jnjano  del  Gu'i.  (Kl),  Sept.  1,  1 


AUTIIOniTlKa. 


811 


l.*-\V>;  I'l  (•/'((  s  Xiuniit  HiJIf.e.  Ctm-I.  Fi-om-n- Mi  v.,  l-'JIl;  lliil'orl.'-i  .Iii-dsh 
Mixiro,  10;  Maiiini,  Jhr.'jii/i'n.i.,f<l-'2;  Tin:'  J'!  ii!oii  ( l.<  ),,]:,\i.-\hv.  IS(i|, 
l>;issim;  /htri  rimis,  JViur.m.  In  en:  in  .\J<.-.,  4;i  111;  ('(iinim  rr.  /Mu/.,  I'lniji/.i 
Jii'lil,  i.  ."i7!l-!l-,  iv.  "»•_'.'{,  .");il;  hoxxiij,  Mijif/ri',  'J(il  "J;  I'ii/i'n  /'i.l/i.irinii  Ihe 
Jh'iiiii,  11)7-17;  I'li'iriKii/,  (ilcs  il  /inimx,  '.'i>'J  It;  /fur,  lii/iliiiii,  I'n.iinf.  fur 
(■/ (I'oli.  /■.'<} Ill ii.,  I  '_'(i'J;  .S'oc.  Mi.f.  (li-iiij.  l>iilil.,\V\.  Ilt.">,  ix.  177;  Pi iii'"-r.  I!'i\, 
i.  -ts!);  IV(/v/'i.<,  ('iin,i/ll.  Est.  I'lirUii,  [  ;i'2;  i'lixlii  l'>i<'iiit.  Am.,  .'IIIO  I ;  l.uhn, 
\'i<i.  Xiii/nli jii;  \-\'Mi\  J)iir.  /nlircijit.  'J'linijiiro,  1-41;  Ji'iiill'i,  J liMviirnd,  |- 
].">;  Viiliiili-.,  ()iiii\  I'dtriiilirii,  I -ir>;  t'li/iliii'iii.  Si  riiiiiii  /'niil.,  \  \'2;  I'riitu, 
/in/iriirif.,  1  1.'!;  /(/.,  Onninn  Cii'.,  1-14;  (i'rriii'/<  Mnimii-.i,  'JIX!  l.'i;  Vhiin mi.c. 
Ml .i:.,  '1S\\  Hiiijirn,  A/iilnr.  dr  Aw  M<.i\,  Is  IJ.'i;  Miillir,  Jx'iixin  ill  Mi.r.,  iii. 
4S'.'-r.i:t,  .V.M)  ;t:  MimlUl  y  J)iiiirti,  E.^hul.  d-r^nil.  liiillr.,  471;  (•'nlltin/'i, 
Ciiriiln)  isf.,  ]).  ii.;  /(/.,  I  in  11'  Itisii'in,  t^  70;  '  /'/,  Hnmiiio  //!st.,  I  IL',  ^'i  !»; 
Kl  S'lijlii  A/.V.,  si'iiiH.liiii.  l)c(;,  l,S,");i,  All;;.  I,  IS.V>,  to-liily  .•!!,  Is.'pS,  .(.jii.  I,") 
to  |)(f.  .'fl,  ISlil,  |iassiiii;  Orlnjii  (./c^iin  <iiin:iili':),  Aimiil.  Ilimj.,  II  '>-;  Cmi- 
firniiliir  (JJIJ,  Au^'.  KMH, '^7.  ft.;.,  IS.V.);  lini,  Mnnorin^,  171  ■.i7-';  M.'^i-'l. 
6  Sen  (,'olir,,  ii.  1-4,  .MO  SI;  A/iviim,  Mr.r.  nnil  Mix.  /.n^t.,  ill  ."!;  J>iniliiir'^ 
Mix.  I'liim-K,  W  IS,  4."!  ,".!»,  s:M0,5.  \X\  I4.')-S,  17:!  '•;  /.''<'  //i'<ji'nii<-A  m.  (I'J), 
Apl.  I,  .Miiv  1.^1,  :!l,  .liiiK^  1,1,  Jill.  I,".,  An;;.  l.">,  Sc|it.  IT),  Hcc.  I f.,  ;i I ,  I S.VI ; 
Jill.  I."),  Is.'.(i;  .Nciv.  1,-.,  ;;o,  ls.")7;  Fd'.  1">,  .M.li.  :;i,  .Miiy  I,  Aii^'.  .'il,  .S.'i.t.  .'io, 
O.t,  ."il,  X<iv.  ;!0.  Dec.  I.">,  IS.VS;  IS,')0(1I,  pjissiiii;  diurririu  Hnlil.  dlii-., .Unw 
!l,  IS.Vl;  Miillliiuix.ii,  Tdijr/iiir/i,  47.S-S;(;  < 'omn  ilil  J'liiii:  (hi  J,  .Miiy"  l:t,  IS(iS; 
(iir.innn,  Cuitlru  I'ulnh.,  J  "Jl;  Mhr  ji  'J'l  rdii,  Afnuilin  liimj.,  S  111;  F/iii/'."  Mi.i: 
Viiili'r  Max.,  'J7  :t(i,  Ki.'i  !)S;  Maiiiin::,  El  J'linHllriiili),  ll.'t  14;  /'/.,  Siniip. 
JIhl.  J/irol.  Mix.,  i.  l7.")-(!.  l!l(i-'_'r_',  'J7.">;  Jhl'm^n,  Mnnii'isl.  Ar.nli.  y  OhU- 
]ini,  I  !!.■>;  Voz  ill'  Mij.(Lii),  Miiy  H;,  \m;\-  CiiIkiI'ii-o,' /list.  Afin.,''2?,-'M'\; 
ilnruui.  (,'on.slil.,  ('ii.io  ili'  Conr.  .s'jIht,  I  .'{'J;  Intirv.  Kiiri>]t.  I'li  Mt'j.,  Alij.  In- 
il/riii:,  l-'J7;  //'^•'•■••■(/'(f.f,  /liija  Ciil.,  'J4(i;  WiLiim'-i  Mix.,  il-'i  /'miinili,  dr.,  I.''.(]- 
7,  .".!)S  ll)-_';  Wiiiiiiiiiix,  Mix.  mid  ('.  Amii\,  \-l\:\l;  Zm-.,  Mnn.,  lS7l,.'>-(;; 
Villiiiral,  Pin/i'  Ojir.;  Tiilorx  And/iiiar,  l!)-'_'0,  JSO,  IJ-JO-liO;  Znri-i  ri>,  I'ir. 
Mix.,  ."r_'S  !);  Id.,  itli^irrvur.,  I  ')'.\;  Viillijn,  Col.  J/nr.  Mix.,  i.  no.  .'!_';  Z iriil  i, 
J'l  i:  Mi'x.,  ii.  170  SO;  Onj.,  Mnn..  IS.">S,  '_'-!),  unci  fuiiicxcs  I  7,  liS;  /(/.,  Mnn., 
]S(JI,  "J  I.");  <liin-ra  Enjntnii  run  Mi.'.r.,  I--.">'J;  Ci"  ( llii^  di),  i)lt.-irr.  Inlirr, 
E'lriip.,  \  \K\;  Kstritda  If  Zi  lun,  Miiiiiial  Guhrrn.,  1(I')-HI4;  Doinrii  h,  l.'l'in- 
jihr  .Uix.,  -J.'.;  /./.,  Jnn'rd'nn  J/;.«.,  IJS'J  01;  Jd.,  lli-it.  d>i  Mix.,  n.  •J4'_'-4!-J; 
J/a«o»,  Olla  I'odridn,  4-_'l-;!l,  4.".:{  0,  (;7:!  .">;  M'lX,  Ex/ied.  dn  M'X.,  0  1-', 
IS,  -JI,  ,T)-S|,  71.")  ."t-J;  ^'dl■■^''  Ji'r;/.,  x.Nxii.  1.")!,  xxxviii.  :!71--';  En  mult,  in 
SniilhxD.iinn  Hi  I  it,  1SI>7,  4->J  .T;  A/iii.i/.  I)if'.  den.  Krlu'iiiinntil,  WAVl;  I'mhlii, 
PiiiU  <lni.;  J{itrp.  Mtlili/  Mmj.,  xii.  IIS,  xiv.  117,  •Jliif,  404,  xvi.  'J.IO,  401, 
.'">4.'),  (ISO,  s;{:!,  xviii.  111,401,  .')14,  xix.  tiO.Vd,  xx.  117,  xxi.  'J.V.),  (i;i:!,  wii. 
]!■_',  xxxvii.  .VJO-."),  ()(;7-S;  Furniiiiil,  L[fi  uf,  100-0;  Ciirnrd,  Viiidirnr.,  1  ~1, 
Ain/i/ii  dil  Fiiihh)  (J:l),  I'Vli. -.luiic  ISIil,  jijissim;  lliitli  rjii Id'n  U.  S.  nnd  .Mix., 
'J7,  iil'l).  I47-."m;  /'ivhi'4<>,  dun'rii  E<iiiniii.iTiii  .Mi.c,  l-.")S;  Aimnt.  Il'ff.  dnirrn, 
Eiiro/i.,  'i-l'];  Ziiri  inhii.'i  .Mirrhdnl,  .">  (i,  l.")-l(!:  I'roijri^ii  (El),  May  l(!,  .Inly 

4,  IS,  \i>v.  -is,  |S,")7;  /,'(,/,'/.  dr  Xolir.  (El),  Do'.  ISl'iO  ti)  A|il.  ISO'l,  |i:tssim; 
Jloir/.  d/ir.  E"l.  Sin.,  .Iiinu  -Jit,  IS71,  Jul.  7,  IS7-',  Mcli.  1.  H,  June  14,  IS7;!; 
Jlandn-'a  dr  Aiintla  ( Ln ),  .Ian.  I'J.  I!l,  Tel).  0,  l(i,  '_':!,  Apl.  I'-',  10,  Jniii-  II, 
•JI,  July  -A,  rj,'Xov.  -JO,  Dim:.  -Jit,  JO,  ISIO;  .Ian.  .'t,  17,  J>,  ."il,  Fol..  7,  lS.-)7; 
O'd:-.  dr  diidl.,  .Mav  JO,  Sc|)t.  J.'l,  Dec.  J,  lS.-;{;  Ajil.  IJ,  .M.lV,  .'1,  IJ,  10,  JuiKJ 
J,  Sept.  7,  1S.')I;  \i)v.  0,  'l',\,  IS.Vi;  dnr.  dr  (Wihi  /.'iid,  .\;m.  Jl,,liinc  17,  Mv-i- 

5,  IS.")l;  CWrt  /,'iril.  Hill.  Ojir.,  Due.  j;{,  IS.")t;  <i'ar.  dr  Xir.,  J)ic.  7,  1S07;  '>'"'•. 
<lr  Sdlr.,  Apl.  ?>,  IS.')(i;  ('I'ld.  Ainir.  I'lijins,  i.,  iv.,  pa.'isini;  //dn.idrd'.-i  /'ml. 
])ih.,  cliv.  S7S,  elxi.  :i.'{0  41,  'JOO.VT-.,  clxii.  'J.IO.  clxv.-viii.,  index  '.M.  x.'; 
Lo<ddd,  Ciii's/ion  Mi.i;.,  (!  0";  Mdfkdy\-i  l.'i/r  anil  L'di.,  7S  H7;  Xarimi  ( Lii ), 
]S,")(i-7,  pas.sini;  AriVniio,  I'H.  llnra-i,  JO-J;  Id.,  driviim  Mnn.  drn.  O.inllu, 
1.">-J1;  Id.,  Mix.  Ill  In  I'ronlrrd,  l-.'SJ;  /(/.,  Apiinf.  Cdin/i.  drim/r,  1-0."),  np. 
1-JS;  Jai/Wii/ii'i,  Mi  in.  Xii;.  pnid.  .Mix.  y  Eip..  pp.  ;>I7;  /</.,  A'l;/'"'.  pnnl. 
Mix.  y  E'lp.,  lilt,  diiinnn.,  p[).  l.'i;  K<tdnddrlr  Snx.  (El),  1S.")7,  passim;  Cnii- 
n  Ill-ion  E.</i.,  Vontisf.  Mnn..  ]>p.  l.'iO;  l.n  Cnn,  i.  I,  ii.  J.">,  .'!JS,  :iOJ,  ISO,  CJI, 
iii.  IJU,  iv.  01,  1J5-0,  J.~)l-J,  ;JJJ,  JSl  O.J,  v.-vi.,  passim,  vii.  04-j,  o')i,  4l.j- 


812 


TniL'MPII  OF  TITR  rOXSTFTrTIOXALISTg. 


10.  •»n-2,  41'^,  fiK);  ElOnialm,  M.li.  11,  1.S,-|7;  riiirirf  roll.;  Apinitmn.  nohrf. 
J)n-"'hi>  I'nh.  Kdis.,  K-l'l;  I'niU  ( ICI ),  Dec.  L'H.  IsyJ:  A'-o  ilf  K^imiia  ( Kl ), 
Aug.  i:!,  'JO,  Nov.  I-J.  ls,-.;{;.liiii.  7,  l»,  •-•«,  Kcl).  I.">,  Mrh.  Ai.I.  Is.')!,  piLssini; 
J'( /i  r>i'ilt'»  Mil.  I/irai'^,  ii.  'JO;  < 'ilxillon  y  del  CoikIp,  1)p.  Mtijhn,  l-lL'(i;  I'liira.i, 
Jii/oi-iiii;  l-lll;  Air.,  lii.ht.  OJir.,  Mcli'.  II,  18.'i7,  Nov.  'M\  ISOI,  I'Vl..  l.'i,  Oct. 
4,'l.s()'J;  J.'iihio,  lliixj.,  MS,,  htO-7;  l>ari^'  <llimi>i«:i,  MS,,  200-'.';  It'inciro, 
Jtiriiio  O/tCf.;  liiirdjdK,  /'i rKi'nirio)!,  ,'{-3'2;  livrdoiinra.  Comliiriii  ttb.  /'iicli'ri, 
1  MM;  Jlrnni.  dc  Nii'i.  (La),  May  5,  '2!»,  1S0!I;  Lazcatin,  MaiiiJ\»t.,  1-10;  I'os 
f/('  .S'')»  (I'd),  Nov.  !),  I(i,  l8.Vi;  1S.")()  9,  passim;  Cur.  di'  Exp.,  l.S,"il~.">,  passim; 
J. HZ  di'  /a  Lihi'ilod  ( Ijii),  (.'olima,  Sept.  0,  18.")9;  Eslr>'llii  de  Orciil'",  .Juiic- 
l)iu.  IS.V.t,  piissiiii;  J:in.  4,  Fob.  'J'J,  iMtli.  2'-',  Apl.  I'J,  Jnlv  fi,  Oct,  IS.  ISO!; 
Jim.  10,  17,  Oct.  10,  1.S02;  Feb.  (i.  lS(i:{;  July  10,  1807;  Soritn/ml  (L"j,  Sept. 
IS,  Oct.  10  11,  '24,  IS07;  Pajidrs  I'ariot,  xvi.  pt  18,  xxiv.  pt  I,  xxv.  pt.^  I.  'A, 
4,  xxvi.  ])t  !>,  Iviii.  pts  11,  12,  19,  xcii.  pta  1-4,  8,  9,  12,  xciii.  pts  4,  0,  7,  10, 

11,  l.'l,  10-17,  xciv.  pts  .'{,  T),  0,  xcviii.  pts  2,  8,  10,  eii.  pts  I,  ,1-'),  7-11.  I.'l, 
ciii,  pt  9,  (vi.  pt  1,  cviii.  pt  9,  ex.  pt  ;^,  cxv.  pt  I,  exxi.  pt  I,  exxvi.  jit  14, 
e.';N?<v,  pt  .'i,  ccxxiv.  pt  II,  ccxxvii.  pt  1,  eexxviii.  pt  4;  Ihiro,  A  »iik  ( 'uiiipnl., 
1  4.'1;  (trttiiijK),  L'sjioti.,  1-  'J4;  /(/.,  Min.  (^iii)ire  Jiifin  do  Minist.;  I'fii/)in,  Li/hv, 
;t07;  Jd.,  Mi'iii.  Jli'i\  J)ir.,  \-\'A~;  Id.,  i'ltculnx,  diiMfuf,  etc.,  00()-l,  749- ."lO, 
and  i.- XX xvi.;  Jd.,  Mer.  i/Cinnl.  Fiiiuii.,  99-IH8,  .'li;^-40;  /(/.,  Coiir.  Ei/idi/iiolr, 
1-71,  ami  i.-xxviii.;  /(/..  Carta  xol>re  Ax'tntos  Mix.,  21-70;  Id.,  JJi'/nixn,  II,"); 
/'/. ,  J/r,c.  yrlSr.  Endtuj.;  Juarez,  Jlio;/.  del  Ciiid.,  1  "2- l.'l,  17-.'I4,  40-8;  IV'/a 
( I'I'icidd),  Li'/rra  Itixefin,  9,  1.')-  I.");  Iil.,  Dor.,  iii.  7<''"i;  Portil'a,  E/iisodio  llisl., 
l-'204;  III.,  Mrjiro  ca  JS6(J  y  JSoJ,  32.  54-00,  90,  109-00,  2-29-40,  '24.')-  ol,  '28,S- 
300,  310-49;  (.larza  y  Htdlculirux,  Paxtnralex;  Id.,  Coiilix/ar.,  l-.">4;  Santa 
Anna,  Corrcspoiiil.  rcroijida,  l-'20;  Id.,  A  nun  Comyittr.,  l-'20;  /(/,,  Smldo  drl 
Context.,  l-i;i;  Id.,  Muni/.,  1-24;  Mitiniuin,  Cimdar,  1  '28;  /(/.,  H-'nuon,  1- 
40;  Miranda,  Al<i.  J'fjtcv.  Citest.  Paz,  1-22;  Alvarez,  Maui/.,  1-71;  Id.,  A  una 
Coiiriud,  33-,").),  08-70;  Atrixtain,  Expos.,  1-00;  Defiollado  (Santos),  liixena, 
1  39;  Elipiero,  Aii<.i(do,  1-00;  I'ardo,  In/orme,  1-24;  GarriUo,  El  i>n';ien  de 
Ellin  ;  Conioii/'ort,  Li  Politica  de,  1-30;  Id.,  Mauif.,  1-118;  Id.,  Mnuilicxto 
dildoh.,  9(.  I'lO,  108-St,  207-8;  /(/.,  iJe/eiire  of  Pol'iry,  1-24;  Ferrer  y  Couto, 
Curst,  de  Mr.c,  '23-48;  Id.,CueM.  Mix.,  I'eii.  y  Am,  Gen.,  passim;  Abliof'a 
Ml. I-,  and  U.  S.,  110-40,  183-0,  '283-310,  309-77;  ISnitamante,  En,ta}/o,  20  38, 
l()3-9,  193-,");  Diaz,  liioq.,  MS.,  432,  440-3;  Hernandez,  Extad.  Me/.,  M-0; 
Con;/,  aiohe,  18.")3-4,  2234,  '22,")8;  1859-00,  030,  1444;  linenroxtro.  Hist.  Prim. 
Con;/.  Cinixt,,  passim;  Id.,  Jlixt.  Seijundo  Coiitj.  Const.,  passim;  Arroniz,  Tra- 
td'hi  Mac-Lane;  Arrain/niz,  Mij.,  ii.  passim,  iii.  3-8,"),  ISO;  Deterho  Intern. 
Mix.,  l.^t  pt,  '2,')S-S3,  3;i3-50,  0(i0-99;  2il  pt,  109-7.">,'213-29,  247-53,  321-44; 
Sa  pt,  5-19,  324-5,  542-3,  095-700,  820- 8,  903-08,  1154-03. 


